1xEV-DO RF Performance Engineering

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1xEV-DO RF Performance Engineering
CL3724
Issue 1.0
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Legal Information
This is an Alcatel-Lucent proprietary training course.
All trademarks and service marks specified herein are owned by their
respective companies.
The information in this presentation is proprietary and is the sole
property of Alcatel-Lucent Inc. For permission to reproduce or
distribute, please contact Alcatel-Lucent at 1.720.482.6047
Copyright 2008 by Alcatel-Lucent Inc. All rights reserved.
Legal Information
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Course Description
CL3724 provides a basic overview of the RF engineering optimization
processes unique to 1xEV-DO. Alcatel-Lucents suggested optimization
techniques are discussed utilizing case study data gathered from in-
service systems that have recently been optimized.
Case studies will be used to highlight fundamental flaws in the current
RF design: such as coverage holes, dropped call regions, multiple pilot
areas, and outages due to RF propagation problems. Students will be
given the opportunity to resolve these problems by suggesting
parameter changes. Various RF optimization techniques will be utilized
by the students to improve the performance of the system under study.
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Intended Audience
This course is intended for the following audience:
1xEV-DO Radio Frequency (RF) performance engineers,
RF design engineers,
Optimization engineers,
Technicians with limited 1xEV-DO optimization experience or personnel who
will be implementing additional EV-DO RF carriers.
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CDMA/1xEV-DO RF Engineering Curriculum
CL8304
3G-1X
Experienced
RF Engineers
CL3723
CL3716 (basic)
CL8300C (Experienced
engineers)
CL8302
2G/3G-1X
CL8303
2G/3G-1X
CL1522/
CL1523
CL8306
1xEV-DO
CL3724
CL8307S
EV-DO,
Rev A
CDMA
Fundamentals
RF Design
Engineering
Base Station
Call Processing
RF Performance
Engineering
Topic
System Performance
Monitoring and
Analysis Tools
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Contents
CL3724 consists of the following lessons:
EV-DO RF Performance Basics
EV-DO Handoff Matrix
EV-DO Revisions Summary
EV-DO RF Troubleshooting
EV-DO Multi-Carrier Optimization
EV-DO Quality of Service (QoS)
Alcatel-Lucent EV-DO Optimization Tools
Case Studies and Solutions
EV-DO Hardware and Other Impacts
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Course Objectives
At the end of this course, you should be able to do the following:
Describe 1xEV-DO network from an RF perspective
Identify the major factors in EV-DO RF performance and
troubleshooting
Describe multi-carrier optimization
Describe QoS
Identify the features and functions of EV-DO optimization tools
Analyze EV-DO optimization case studies and outline their solutions
Describe EV-DO hardware and other Impacts
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End of CL3724 Course Introduction
EV-DO
RF Performance Basics
Factors influencing performance
1
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Lesson Objectives
Describe EV-DO RF optimization,
its parameters and tests
Describe service measurements
Identify the key performance
indicators for EV-DO RF network
Describe key factors in handoff
and data throughput
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1xEV-DO Performance and Optimization
Uplink
Input
Router
Downlink
Input
Router
Downlink
Input
Router
Uplink
Input
Router
Flexent Mobility
Server (FMS5)
Flexent Mobility
Server (FMS0)
OMP FX
(Element Management
System)
1x EV-DO BTS 1
1x EV-DO BTS 64
1x EV-DO BTS 384
1x EV-DO BTS 320
Packet
Data
Service
Node
(PDSN)
AAA
Ethernet
Ethernet
IP Network
Critical Elements
Router
Internet
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RF Optimization
Several RF attributes influence performance:
RF conditions
Adequate Signal strength
Dominant Pilot coverage
Channel conditions (fading type, amount of shadowing)
Loading on the links
Proper RF parameter settings
Important part of RF optimization
Some key RF parameters on the next slide
Overlay on an existing 3G1x offers a good starting set
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RF Optimization Parameters
Neighbor Lists
CBR/UCR adjustments (cell attenuation)
Antenna adjustments (downtilt, azimuth, beamwidth)
Neighbor Search window size
Handoff parameters (Detection, Drop and Comparison thresholds; Drop
Timer; Max Legs)
Access parameters
Active /Reverse Traffic Search window size
Reverse overload/power control parameters
Reverse rate transition probabilities
Tx/Rx delays
Paging and Inter-RNC handoff related
Dormancy timer
Most
Moderate
Rarely
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RF Optimization Tests
Test Set-Up
Cabled Pre-Test
Sector Testing
Cluster Drive Testing
Session Transfers: EV-DO to 3G-1X and 3G1X to EV-DO
Protocol Stack Parameter Optimization
Drive Test RF Optimization Examples
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1xEV-DO Drive Test Set-up
Test terminal
Performance/Optimization/Analysis software in laptop
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Verify the Test Set-up Make a Test Call w/o 1xEV-DO Air Interface
Verify the drive test equipment and backhaul network w/o an RF link
BTS
RF Couplers/Attenuators to
allow direct-connect
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Sector Testing
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Cluster Drive Test Example
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Service Measurements and Key Performance Indicators
Often SM based KPIs provide initial pointer for problems affecting
performance
Further investigation/detection of root cause may require
drive/stationary tests
Most of such issues should have been detected prior to commercial
launch
Networks are dynamic; so cant identify/resolve all problems upfront
Cell adds, traffic pattern changes, subscriber growth, new AT adds
Many problems affecting performance leave similar signatures
One or more KPIs / associated metrics are impacted
Troubleshooting requires elimination of potential sources to get to the
root cause
Broader effect of any performance fine-tuning on end-user performance
can only be characterized via SM
Key Performance Indicators
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Key Performance Indicators
Evaluating RF Performance in a wireless Data network centers around a
few key questions:
How successfully can the calls be setup in the network?
How reliably can the calls be sustained in the network?
Hows the throughput performance (per user and sector level)?
Certain primary metrics that help address above questions are termed
KPIs
Reduce a host of SM counts to a manageable starting point for analysis
Role of KPIs in
Performance evaluation
Benchmarking
Performance troubleshooting
Planning (capacity and growth)
System engineering studies
Performance feature validation
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KPIs for 1xEV-DO
KPIs are indicators of:
Coverage
Capacity
Network optimization
System provisioning
Service quality experienced at the end user
Similar to 3G1x Data network, three KPIs can be defined for 1xEV-
DO Network
Established Connection (Call) Rate
Dropped Connection (Call) Rate
Data Throughput
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Analysis using KPIs
Each KPI can be computed on a per sector basis
Actual analysis may be performed on a per sector basis
Several counts available with sector granularity
A particular problem may exclusively impact one or more isolated sectors
However, often a cluster of contiguous cells may be required
Impact often widespread
E.g, due to external interference, excessive loading
Skewed metrics due to mobility
E.g., call attempts may be pegged on cell, but AT has moved into neighboring cell before problem
occurs
Active set on a different cell
E.g., Failure to perform handoff with the impacted cell pegs drop call on the surrounding cell
Certain critical mass required for meaningful analysis
Call attempts / data usage
Sufficient historical benchmark
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KPI: Established Connection Rate
Measure of the success with which calls can be set up
Mathematically, expressed as:
Term Definitions
Connection Requests (CR)
Similar to Origination or Termination Seizures in 2G/3G1x
Simply means an access or a call attempt to establish a connection received at
the AN from the AT (after UATI assignment)
Connection Failures (CF)
Several failures associated with call setup after traffic channel assignment
Failure to acquire mobile, other reasons
Requests Connection
Failures Connection Requests Connection
Rate Connection d Establishe

=
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KPI: Established Connection Rate (cont.)
Established Connection Rate can be expressed separately for
AT Initiated calls - first attempt following session establishment or
after dormancy
AN Initiated calls (similar to terminations) - reactivation from
dormancy only
Some important symmetrical peg counts for each call type are
listed below:
AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Request
AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures - Reverse Link Not Acquired
AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempts Failures No Traffic Channel
Complete Received
AT (AN) Initiated Connection Attempt Failures No Resources Available
AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures Other Reasons pre-TCA
AT (AN) - Initiated Connection Attempt Failures Other Reasons post-TCA
CR
CF
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Call Setup Flow
Controller AT
BTS
Route Update & Connection Request Msg
Allocate Traffic Channel Request
Allocate Traffic Channel Response
AcAck
DRC Cover Indication
Send Traffic Chn Assignment Traffic Channel Assignment
Send DRC + Pilot and ramp up
Reverse Traffic Channel
Mobile Acquired Indication
Send RTC Ack RTC Ack
Traffic Channel Complete Traffic Channel Complete
Ack
Configuration Negotiation Procedures
Connection Request
Traffic Channel Assigned
No TCC Received
Rev Link Not
Acquired
Negotiation Failure
Other Reasons
AT receives a command (from client or network
page) to initiate a call. AT updates overhead
messages and waits for the next Access Slot to
transmit. Assumes AT was already assigned UATI
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RF Access Failure/ Block Calls - Call Setup Flow
Controller
AT BTS
Route Update & Connection Request Msg
AcAck
Send Traffic Chn Assignment Traffic Channel Assignment
Ack
Configuration Negotiation Procedures
Blocked Call
RF Access Failure
AT receives a command (from client or
network page) to initiate a call. AT updates
overhead messages and waits for the next
Access Slot to transmit. Assumes AT was
already assigned UATI
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Paging Effectiveness
AT
Cell
HDR
C
RouteUpdate & ConnectionRequest(AN-Initiated)
AcACK
TrafficChannelAssignment
Send DRC + Pilot and ramp up RTC
RTCAck
TrafficChannelComplete
Allocate Traffic Channel Req
DRCCoverInd
Allocate Traffic Channel Resp
SendTCA
MobileAcquiredInd
SendRTCAck
TCC
ACK
Send Page Page
TPA10 Buffer recvd
data from the PDSN.
AT is dormant, suspend
Timer is not active
Data packets
CR init AT Attempts Page Attempts Paging
Failures Paging
1 Rate Succ Paging
=
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Paging Effectiveness (cont.)
Page transmission Failures
Page Attempt not responded to
Page Attempts
Page Attempts AT initiate Connection Requests
PF
PA
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Enhanced Idle State (EIS) Protocol
Permits shorter slot cycles for reducing paging delay
Permits longer slot cycles for improving battery life
Permits dynamic slot cycles defined for different ATs
Permits not-monitored time defined for improving paging delivery
Connection is
dropped and
AT switches to
the idle state
Period 1 duration Period 2 duration
Period 3 duration
Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3
continues for idle
state duration
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EIS Performance Expectations
Slot Cycle 6 (SC6)= 426.67 msec
Slot Cycle 7 (SC7)= 1.28 sec
Slot Cycle 9 (SC9)= 5.12 sec
Slot cycle i Period i
0x00 to 0x06
0x07 to 0x1c
slots 4 x
slotcyclei
2
slots 768 x
7 0
2
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
x slotcyclei
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EIS Performance Expectations PING RTT
Slot Cycle 6
Slot Cycle 9
Slot Cycle 7
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EIS - Page Mask
The RNC will not send the AT unicast message during the Mask period.
To prevent the AT from missing a unicast message, a Page mask is
used. This allows the AT to specify periods during its idle state when the
AT will tune away to monitor different technologies (e.g., 3G1x paging,
IEEE 802.11).
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Block Call Rate
Defined as Traffic channel Assignment denied
Maximum users reached on all sectors reported in the Route Update
Message for a given Connection Request
ASIC or MAC indexes limitations.
Maximum number of users reached, HROC not able to release connections.
CPFAIL# 15007=CPFAIL_CARRIER_SELECTION_FOR_TRAFFIC_CHANNEL_FAILED
Some components of Other Reasons
E.g., calls blocked due to total dormant sessions on a TP exceeding limit. There
is a finite number of session the RNC can support
TP Utilization Threshold, currently set to 85%.
No specific blocking due to power overload
Different than 3G-1X where IAOC can block calls.
Forward link when transmitting always uses fixed full power
Reverse link power is managed by controlling transmission rates via Reverse
Activity Bit (RAB) or Rate Limit mechanisms
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Fast Connect Call Flow
Controller
Prior connection ended normally.
AN received Conn Close with
Suspend flag enabled. AN receives
data from the network while AT is
in suspend mode (<5sec from the
prior Conn Close). AN decides to
invoke Fast Connect
BTS
Send Traffic Chn Assignment
Traffic Channel Assignment
Ack
Fast Connect (request)
FC TCA Sent
FC Fail - No
TCC Rcvd
FC Fail - Rev
Link Not
Acquired
FC Fail No Resources
FC - Established
Conn
Blocks
RF Failures
Requests Connect Fast
TCA to esp R No Failures Connect Fast
Connects Fast for Rate Call d Establishe
_
1 =
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Drop Call Rate
Measure of unintended interruptions / call releases due to RF or
network impairments
Mathematically, expressed as:
Unintended Connection Releases
Similar to Lost call or CPFAIL call shutdown for 2G/3G1x
CPFAIL# 44000=CPFAIL_REVERSE_LINK_LOST_IN_CONNECTED
CPFAIL# 420XX= Several Causes
Two main peg counts
Connection Released - RF Link Lost
Connection Released - Other Reasons
Established Connections
Connection Requests minus Connection Failures
Derived from numerator for Established Connection Rate metric
s Connection d Establishe
Releases Connection Unintended
Rate Call Drop =
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How is a Call Dropped ?
Connection Released - RF Link Lost
Two ways this can happen:
Cell can no longer decode DRCs at all handoff legs, possibly because:
Of bad Reverse Link: excessive path loss, external interference, mobile has tuned away to
receive a voice call on 3G1x or has spent too much time on a particular 3G1x search in
hybrid mode
AT loses forward link (erased frames), cant recover within DRC Supervision Timer (240
ms), stops transmission of the Reverse Link
Handoff failures
Cell sends Traffic Channel Assignment but times out waiting for Traffic Channel Complete
message after 3 attempts
Handoff flow illustrated on the following slide
Cell times out waiting for any Ack required message (such as,
Neighbor List message) after 3 tries on the Forward Traffic channel
Connection Released - Other Reasons
Internal software errors
Timeouts
Failure building/sending messages
Call states not in sync between TP and AP
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Handoff Example
Pilot
Strength
T_ADD
T_DROP
Send Route Update
Above T_ADD
Recv TCA
Move Pilot to
Active Set
Sends TCC
BS sends
TCA
Below T_DROP
Starts T_TDROP
timer
Timer expires
Sends RU msg
BS sends TCA
Moves Pilot
To the Neig. Set
Send TCC
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Handoff Call Flow (Soft Add or Drop)
Connection Released -
RF Link Lost
Soft/er HO failures
due to no AT Response
Controlle
r
AT
Existing
BTS
Route Update Message
Allocate Traffic Channel Req.
ACK
Send Traffic Channel Assignment
Traffic Channel
Assignment
Traffic Channel
Complete
Traffic Channel Complete
ACK
New
BTS
Soft/er HO failures -
no resources
Soft/er HO Other
failures - post TCA
Soft/er HO Other
failures - pre TCA
Soft/er HO attempts
Soft/er HO TCA Sent
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Inter-RNC Idle Handoff - Call Flow
UATI Request
A11 Reg Request
A11 Reg Resp
UATI Assignment
UATI Complete
(request Upper Old UATI)
(Upper Old UATI)
Assign First
(CC+UATI 024)
IS Xfer Attmpt
Fail Other Reason
Fail No Resp Prev Subnet
A13 Conf
A13 SI Req.
A13 SI Resp.
Release Session
PDSN Cant Connect
Source IP Addr Not Found
Reject
LEGEND
AT
Target RNC Source RNC PDSN
Common
A11 Reg Udpate
A11 Reg Ack
Attempts
Failures
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Inter-RNC Idle handoff success:
A comprehensive characterization of inter-RNC idle handoff session setup success rate
Includes failures encountered during A13 session transfer
Includes Prior Session / Color Code / Assign First
Same metric regardless of the method chosen (Color Code or Assign First)
Failures
INT_SUBNET_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_OTHER_REASON
(main reason is target RNC did not receive UATI complete from the AT)
ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_RJCT_MSG_RCVD
(A13 Reject msg sent by source RNC as it could not locate the UATI since its session was already
closed)
ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_SRC_IP_ADR_NT_FOUND
ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_NO_RSP_ PRV_SBNET
ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_ORG_PDSN_CANT_CONN
ISBNT_IDL_TRFR_FAIL_PRIOR_SES_NO_RSP
INT_SUBNET_IDL_TRFR_PRIOR_SES_BAD_REQ
Requests Setup Session subnet - Inter
Failures Setup Session subnet - Inter
1 Rate Success HO ISub =
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Data Throughput
Defined as amount of data transferred per unit time
Two different measurement points
End user experience
Sector level capacity
Throughput can be characterized at various protocol layers
RLP layer offers a suitable measurement point
Can be computed readily from existing SM counts
Rev. A introduced different QoS flows: Best Effort, Convers. Speech, Convesr. Video, etc
Higher layers (PPP/IP/TCP/Application) outside our infrastructure
Lower layer (Physical) too far away to reflect proper end user experience
Mathematically, can be expressed as (in kilobits per sec or kbps)
| |
| |
| | Subpackets Frames TimeSlots
hour in received d or transmitte octets RLP Original
Throughput Sector reverse Forward
+

=
8 1
| |
| |
1000 10
8 1

=
Sector Per s Connection Active Average
hour in received d or transmitte octets RLP Original
Throughput User Per reverse Forward
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Data Throughput (Cont.)
Each throughput metric can be computed separately for forward
and reverse links
Term Definitions
Number of Original RLP Octets Transmitted in 1 hour
Includes original data only (that is, no RLP layer retransmissions)
Bytes sent to the AT on the downlink
Note some RLP data may never reach the AT either because RLP NAK or RLP re-
transmission is lost over the air
No way to account for it (usually very small - of the order of 0.02%)
Number of Original RLP Octets Received in 1 hour
Includes original data only (that is, no RLP layer retransmissions)
Bytes sent by the AT on the uplink
Average Active Connections per Sector
Computed similarly as the Erlangs counts in 2G/3G1x
Every 10 seconds, AP increments a counter with the # of active users on the sector
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Data Throughput dependencies
Achieved throughputs are a function of transmitted packet rates
Transmission rates in turn depends on several factors
Amount of data to be sent (backlog)
Application dependent
Internet delays
Transport protocol (TCP/UDP)
Backbone network issues (packet drops, routing configuration)
Client and server configuration issues
RF conditions (coverage, mobility, dominant pilot, etc.)
For forward link, AT itself requests rate to be able to achieve 1% packet error
On the reverse link, AT may lower rates if it estimates insufficient transmit power headroom
Loading conditions
Fwd link - the more the # of active users, the fewer the slots per user
Rev link - overload control to manage AT transmitted rates
All backbone network integrity related issues need to be resolved prior to/ in the
initial stages of commercial use
Using controlled stationary and drive tests
Difficult to pinpoint with SM
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Forward Link Scheduler Rel. 0
Alcatel-Lucent supports Proportional Fair Scheduler on the forward link
Proportional -At a given instant, AT experiencing strongest SNR (and hence
requesting highest DRC rates) has a higher probability of getting serviced in a
given sector
Fair - In a typical field environment, short term RF variations cause SNR at
individual users within a sector to peak at different times, so high likelihood
of giving everybody a chance
Goal is to maximize sector throughputs while minimizing data starvation for
the disadvantaged users
Serve the AT with the highest ratio of
[ current_DRC / short_term_filtered_average_of_transmitted_rate ]
Hold back data for other users until the ratio improves
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Forward Link Scheduler Rev. A
RTx Queue
FTx Queue
DARQ Queue
Flow a
Flow b
Flow x
User 1
User 2
User n
Calculate bit stuffing metrics for each flow
Generate a list of candidate Instances
Select one (or several) best candidate Instance(s)
Maximize the packing efficiency
Calculate a priori probability (Optional)
Make scheduling decision
FL Scheduler
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Forward Link Scheduler Rev. A
Mac Flow Layers Example Bound Priority
Signaling SLP and etc Naks, auth, etc AN 1
Speech Application VoIP or VT SN 2
Video-48K Application VT SN 3
CMCS Application SIP SN 4
BE Application FTP SN 5
Video 48
Speech
CMS
BE
Scheduler
EV-DO Modem (EVM) Card
Time = Queue time
M
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CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Reverse Link Rate Control Rel. 0
No specific scheduling algorithm on the reverse link
Each user can transmit at max allowed rate subject to ATs view of available tx
headroom and backlog
Cell manages maximum allowed rates in overload conditions
Preserve coverage
Avoid instability due to overload
Maintain DRC and ACK channel performance - important for fwd link throughputs
Two methods
Reverse overload control using Reverse Activity Bit (RAB)
If the bit is set, AT will probabilistically halve its transmission rates
Coupled with rate transition probabilities
Cell will set the bit when overload conditions based on estimated loading (depends on number
of users and received energy levels) and RSSI are met
Rate Limit
Active only when RAB based control is disabled
Cell will lower the maximum rate broadcast on the Control channel
Translations settings for max allowed users for each rate
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Reverse Link Rate Control Rev. A
Token Bucket Single Flow
T2Pinflow
(new resource based on RNC assigned
priority to flow)
BucketLevelSat
(maximum allowed bucket size)
BucketLevel
(unused accumulated resource)
PotentialT2POutput
(maximum allowable withdrawal)
Data
T2POutflow
(actual T2P
withdrawal)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Reverse Link Rate Control Rev. A
High T2PInflow Zero Inflow
RAB from
BTS
T2PInflow
Multiplexe
r(flow
properties,
QoS)
Select PS;
Subject to
several
constraints
PHY. TM
T
2
P
O
u
t
f
l
o
w
T
2
P
O
u
t
f
l
o
w
TxT2P
PotentialT2POutflow
PotentialT2POutflow
T
2
P
_
t
o
_
Q
QRAB
Token Bucket Multiple Flow
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Short and Long Term RAB Filtering
All of the RAB bits received from all the sectors in its active set are
logically ORed and are filtered.
RAB bits
from all
sector in
active Set
RAB
Detector
Short term
IIR Filter
Sampling
at 6.67-ms
rate
Sampling
at 6.67-ms
rate
Long term
IIR Filter
(4 slots
default TC)
(384 slots
default TC)
FRAB
QRAB
-1,1
-1,1
-1,1
0, 1
AT
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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T2PInflow Equation
T2PInflow
( )
n i,
T2PInflow
n i,
T2POutflow 1/
1 - n i,
T2PInflow 1 1
n i,
T2PInflow
+
+ =
T2POuflow
( )
( )
=
=
=
1 QRAB
1 QRAB
, T2P,FRAB T2PUp
, T2P,FRAB T2PDn
n i,
T2PInflow
{ } { } { }
( ) { } ( ) { }
( )
( )
( )
{ } 1 QRAB P b
b 1-
b
Priority
T2PDn
T2PUp
0 1 QRAB P T2PUp 1 QRAB P T2PDn -
0 T2PInflow E T2POutflow E T2PInflow E
= =
= =
= = + =
= =
T2PInflow is updated according,
where,
At steady state,
Steady state T2PInflow
(determines resource
allocation, QoS) is obtained by
solving this equation
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Priority function Example
The long term T2PInflow is one the
factors that determines QoS of the
flow
Long term T2PInflow is determined
by the intersection of priority
function and loading b/(1-b)
Three flows, red has fixed
allocation (delay sensitive), blue
has a fixed allocation but can
benefit from higher rate (delay
sensitive) and green elastic
allocation (delay tolerant) and
uses available resource to achieve
high rates
Priority Functions
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
T2PInflow
T
2
P
U
p
/
T
2
P
D
n
Flow 1 Flow 2 Flow 3 b/(1-b)=-10 b/(1-b)=0 b/(1-b)=1 b/(1-b)=17
High RoT
Low RoT
b/(1-b)
T2PInflow vs. loading
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
1
9
1
8
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
-
1
0
-
8
-
6
-
4
-
2 0 2 4 6 8
1
0
1
2
1
4
1
6
1
8
2
0
b/(1-b) dB
T
2
P
I
n
f
l
o
w
Flow 3
Flow 2
Flow 1
CL3724-SG.en.ul
54
3G1X HSPD vs EV-DO Rev.0 HDR vs EV-DO Rev.A HDR
RX Power
dB
Ec/Io
dB
SINR
dB
DRC
kbps
Download
FTP
kbps
Upload
FTP
kbps
Download
HTTP
kbps
Upload
HTTP
kbps
Latency
ms
-70.79 -3.27 na na 125 138 146 140 332
-64.48 -1.45 9.96 2,184 1,189 150 1,313 150 149
-68.60 -1.47 9.81 2,130 923 150 1,246 151 206.07
-63.08 -0.97 11.66 2,873 1,261 818 1,352 944 84.51
-63.61 -1.49 9.89 2,638 685 766 848 881 149
3G1X HSPD
EVDO R.0
EVDO R.A
Average of numerous drives in 2 small cities different sites each drive
Expectations Examples
CL3724-SG.en.ul
55
Lesson Summary
At the conclusion of this lesson, you
should be able to
Describe EV-DO RF optimization,
its parameters and tests
Describe service measurements
Identify the key performance
indicators for EV-DO RF network
Describe key factors in handoff
and data throughput
CL3724-SG.en.ul
56
CL3724: End of Lesson
EV-DO Handoff Matrix (HOM)
2
CL3724-SG.en.ul
58
Why HOM?
Handoff matrix data is used to adjust neighbor lists and improve
handoff performance.
HOM is an on-demand tool which users run on the OMP when HOM data
is needed. Unlike service measurements data, the HOM tools are NOT
running all the time.
The EV-DO HOM tools are similar to the CDMA HOM (handoff matrix)
tools with several significant differences.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
59
What Does EV-DO HOM Do?
The EV-DO HOM tool is explained in this module.
For a single service node (SN) and for a specified period of time,
EV-DO HOM counts the undeclared neighbors and the successful and
attempted handoffs from each sector in the SN to every other
sector in the system.
It reports the following:
Added and dropped legs both completed and attempted for:
Soft and softer handoffs
Soft, softer, and hard handoffs
Undeclared neighbors* (using PN offset) for each sector
The start and end times of the handoff data collection
*An undeclared neighbor is a PN offset that is not in the current set of strongest pilots for the AT
but is strong enough for the AT to propose as a handoff candidate. Undeclared neighbors that
occur frequently in HOM data may need to be added to neighbor lists.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
60
How Does EV-DO HOM Work?
During an EV-DO HOM Study, each successful add or drop of a call leg
from active sessions is recorded as a handoff. Attempts are counted
also.
Each AP maintains a matrix where it counts the number of handoffs
and the undeclared neighbors for each source and target pair of
sectors (the From sectors and the To sectors).
At the end of the study, the counting stops automatically and is stored
on the APs until the user requests a report of the accumulated data.
The OMP pulls all the HOM data from all the APs that collected it and
merges it into one ascii file on the OMP.
The data is written on the OMP in a default directory on the OMP in
the format specified by the user.
Idle transfers and handoffs from idle sessions are not reported.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
61
How Do I Use EV-DO HOM?
To start an EV-DO HOM study:
/omp/bin/evstarthom [-h][-t DURATION]
-h Display the help information
-t Duration of the study (10-1440 minutes, default is 10 minutes)
To collect EV-DO HOM data or to stop a running study early:
/omp/bin/evdisphom [-o file_name] [-fshw]
-o Output file name for HOM data
-f Output the data in colon-delimited format. With no f option, data is output in table
format.
-s Stop a study early, before its duration has elapsed. No data is collected.
-h Display the help information
-w Wait for no longer than 15 minutes to collect data. When used with s, study is
stopped and data is written to a file on the OMP shortly after the data is
available from the APs.
Users who want to run these commands must use logins that are in the
ECP group on the OMP.
The new FAF for EV-DO HOM must also be active.
HOM data file is written in /omp-data/logs/hom/evdo_summary_files.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
62
What Data Does EV-DO HOM Collect?
EVDO HANDOFF MATRIX RELEASE 25.0
Start Date: 08/29/2005 Start Time: 08:00:26
Stop Date: 08/29/2005 Stop Time: 23:00:02
Service Node ID: 33 Reporting RNC(s): 20, 21, 22
DECL: DECL:
TO CELL TO
TO UNDEC: SECT TO
FROM FROM SECT PN UNDEC: ACTIVE ADD ADD DROP DROP
CELL SECT DECL OFFSET CHAN# AP IP COMPL ATTEMP COMPL ATTEMP
83 2 N 108 875 N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A
83 2 Y 113 2 10.204.232.15 1 1 1 1
83 2 Y 113 3 10.204.232.15 5 6 5 5
83 2 N 128 875 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A
83 2 Y 133 1 10.204.232.8 8 9 9 9
83 2 Y 133 3 10.204.232.8 3 3 5 5
83 2 Y 138 1 10.204.232.10 0 6 0 0
83 2 N 140 875 N/A N/A 1250 N/A N/A
83 2 N 156 875 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A
CL3724-SG.en.ul
63
Lesson Summary
At the conclusion of this lesson,
you should be able to
Identify the main RF
optimization tools for EV-DO
Describe the features and
functions of HOM
Analyze sample reports from
various RF optimization tools
CL3724-SG.en.ul
64
CL3724-SG.en.ul
65
EV-DO Revisions
Summary
3
CL3724-SG.en.ul
66
Lesson Objectives
Give a brief summary on EV-DO revisions
CL3724-SG.en.ul
67
EV-DO Evolution and Differentiators
CL3724-SG.en.ul
68
Enhanced DO and DO Rev A Evolution
Other
MSM5500
MSM6500
MSM6550
MSM6800
CSM5500
CSM6800
EV-DO Rev 0
Device HW BTS HW EV-DO Capability
PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM5500
MSM6500
MSM6550
MSM6800
CSM5500
CSM6800
EV-DO Inter-User QoS
Content Server, Controller, Sub Database/
Manager
MSM6500
MSM6550
MSM6800
CSM5500
CSM6800
EV-DO BCMCS w/o Enhanced
Physical Layer
PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6500
MSM6550
MSM6800
CSM5500
CSM6800
EV-DO Intra-user QoS
PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A Enhanced
Physical Layer
PDSN and AAA Enhancements MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A QoS
Content Server, Controller, Sub Database/
Manager
MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A BCMCS (Gold/
Platinum)
Enhanced PDSN and AAA
IMS Core
MSM6800 CSM6800 EV-DO Rev A w/ VoIP
CL3724-SG.en.ul
69
Rev A Benefits
Improved Forward Link
Larger payloads drive data rates to
3.1Mbps
Improved MAC supports over 100 users
per sector
Packet Division Multiplexing improves
performance in good channel
conditions
New Channel enabling Increased
Forward Throughput
Improved Reverse Link
Up to 1.8 Mbps data rate
Throughput and latency gains with
hybrid ARQ
Improved MAC Layers on reverse link
Quality of Service (QoS)
Inter-User Priority by User
Intra-User Priority by Application
Requirements for VoIP/PTT
applications
Broadcast/ Multicast Service
(BCMCS)*
Multimedia content to multiple users
Improved support for real-
time packet applications,
including VoIP, Gaming, Push-
to-Talk (PTT)
Can leverage advanced all-IP
architectures to further
improve performance and
deployment flexibility
Enhanced capabilities to
enable service flexibility and
new revenue generating
features
CL3724-SG.en.ul
70
Rev 0 vs. Rev A Data Rates
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
153.6 kbps
307.2 kbps
614.4 kbps
921.6 kbps
1,228.6 kbps
1,843.2 kbps
2,457.6 kbps
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
153.6 kbps
Forward Link Reverse Link
Rev 0 Data Rate Rev 0 Data Rate
Rev A Data Rate Rev A Data Rate
4.8 kbps
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
153.6 kbps
307.2 kbps
614.4 kbps
921.6 kbps
1,228.6 kbps
1,536.0 kbps
1,843.2 kbps
2,457.6 kbps
3,072.0 kbps
4.8 kbps
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
115.2 kbps
153.6 kbps
230.4 kbps
307.2 kbps
460.8 kbps
614.4 kbps
921.6 kbps
1,228.6 kbps
1,843.2 kbps
CL3724-SG.en.ul
71
Rev A Performance
Reverse link
RLP throughput
Number of active
packet data users
per sector-carrier
Number of VoIP
calls per
sector-carrier
with 2% blocking
- Four way receive diversity
- Two way receive diversity
AT with single antenna
AT with dual antenna
Dual antenna receive
forward and reverse links
Dual antenna receive
forward and reverse links
200 kbps
1000 kbps 1100 kbps
800 kbps
680 kbps
400 kbps
700 kbps
340 kbps
Rev 0 Rev A
20
N/A
30
45
(35 Erlang)
Forwardlink
RLP throughput
CL3724-SG.en.ul
72
New Rev A Protocols
New Protocols
added in Rev A
Adapts data
reliability, latency,
and data rate for
each session as a
function of its QoS
requirement
Comparable Rev 0
protocols are the
default protocol
Although major
changes in Rev A are
at the MAC and
Physical layers,
protocol changes
occur on every
layer except Session
and Security layers
Multi-flow Packet Application
Flow Control
Protocol
Radio Link
Protocol
Location
Update
Protocol
Data Over
Signaling
Protocol CDMA2000
Circuit
Services
Notification
Protocol
CDMA2000 Circuit
Services Notification
Application
Multimode
Capability
Discovery
Protocol
Multimode
Capability Discovery
Application
Application
Layer
Enhanced Forward
Traffic Channel MAC
Protocol
Enhances Control
Channel MAC
Protocol
Subtype 2 Reverse
Traffic Channel MAC
Protocol
Enhanced Access
Channel MAC Protocol
Subtype 3 Reverse
Traffic Channel MAC
Protocol
Subtype1 Reverse
Traffic Channel MAC
Protocol
Stream
Layer
Session
Layer
Mac
Layer
Security
Layer
Connection
Layer
Physical
Layer
Virtual Stream Protocol
Session Management
Protocol
Address Management
Protocol
Session Configuration
Protocol
Enhanced Idle State Protocol
Generic Security
Protocol
DH Key Exchange
Protocol
SHA-1 Authentication
Protocol
Subtype 1 Physical Layer
Protocol
Subtype 2 Physical Layer
Protocol
CL3724-SG.en.ul
73
Lesson Summary
Know about EV-DO revisions
CL3724-SG.en.ul
74
EV-DO RF Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Techniques
Resolution
4
CL3724-SG.en.ul
76
Lesson Objectives
Perform basic troubleshooting
of RF problems (such as lack of
coverage, excessive pilots,
interference, and non-
optimized neighbor lists)
Examine inter-RNC border
issues and RNC grouping
CL3724-SG.en.ul
77
Lack of RF Coverage
Description
Inability to close either link
Reverse link more susceptible compared to fwd link esp. at higher RF loading
Areas suffering from heavy shadowing (in-building, route blocked by buildings,
trees, etc.)
Impact on all 3 KPIs
Symptoms / Identification Techniques
First identify the affected area by focusing on cells with simultaneous impact on
several SM metrics
Low Established Call rate
High Dropped call rate
Low Data Throughput
High RLP re-transmission rate
ratio of RLP Octets Re-transmitted to RLP Octets Transmitted on the fwd link
ratio of Missing RLP Octets Requested to RLP Octets Received on the rev link
Best detected via drive tests / stationary sampling
AT rx power < -105 dBm, AT rx SNR < -10dB, AT transmit power > 20 dBm
CL3724-SG.en.ul
78
Lack of Coverage Link Supervision
AT supervises the forward
link by monitoring its own
DRC Channel
See flowchart
RAN supervises the
reverse link by monitoring
the ATs DRC Channel
If only a small number of
good DRCs are received
during a certain time
period, then the
connection is released.
Transmit DRC
Consecutive
null-rate DRC for
T
FTCMDRCSup
?
No
Yes
No
Yes
Stop RTC
Less than
N
FTCMPRestartTx
consec.
non-null-rate DRC for
T
FTCMPRestart
?
Abandon connection
Start RTC
T
FTCMDRSupervision
= 240 ms
T
FTCMPRestart
= 5.12 s
N
FTCMPRestartTx
= 16 slots
T
FTCMDRSupervision
= 240 ms
T
FTCMPRestart
= 5.12 s
N
FTCMPRestartTx
= 16 slots
CL3724-SG.en.ul
79
RF Access Failures Established Connection Rate
AT didn't receive AcAck message
Max. Number of Probes reached.
Weak RF Conditions. Ec/Io of Ref
PN -10 dB.
AT didn't receive TCA/RTCAck or
the AT shut off reverse link
transmitter due to DRC
supervision failure and because of
this AN couldn't acquire AT on the
reverse link
Access Failure
Access Failure
Access Failure
CL3724-SG.en.ul
80
Access Procedure
x = - Mean Rx Power (dBm) + x
0
= - Mean Rx Power (dBm) +
OpenLoopAjust + ProbeInitialAdjust
Persistence
Test
1 2 3 N
1
1
Persistence
Test
1 2 3 N
2
2
Persistence
Test
1 2 3 N
p
N
s
Probe Sequence No.
Power
Increments
Step
~ ~
T
s
x
0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
81
Enhanced Access Channel (EAC) MAC
Transmit Power
Preamble
9.6 kbps Data Channel
Pilot Channel
1 Frame
4 Frames
Transmit Power
Preamble
Pilot Channel
4 slots
2 Frames
REV 0 Access Channel
Transmit
Power
Preamble
Pilot Channel
4 slots
4 Frames
Transmit
Power
Preamble
38.4 kbps
Data
Channel
Pilot Channel
4 slots
1 Frame
Access Channel Capsule
Access Channel
Capsule
REV A Access Channel
CL3724-SG.en.ul
82
Pilot Strength Correction Factor (PSC)
Open Loop Power Control for ATs transmit Power:
Ec/Io of the desired sector to which access probes are directed:
Rev. A modifies the ProbeInitialAdjust and makes it dynamic:
CL3724-SG.en.ul
83
EAC and PSC Expectations
CL3724-SG.en.ul
84
Access Channel Translations
SN General General 2
SN Pilot
CL3724-SG.en.ul
85
Access Channel Translations
CL3724-SG.en.ul
86
Translation Parameters: Recommended Values
Preamble Length Slots: 4, (Service Node Enhanced Access Channel,
Sector Carrier Enhanced Access Channel)
Probe Time Out Adjust (in units of 16 slots): 0, (Service Node
Enhanced Access Channel, Sector Carrier Enhanced Access Channel)
Sector Access Max Rate (kbps): 38.4, (Service Node Enhanced Access
Channel, Sector Carrier Enhanced Access Channel)
Pilot Strength Correction Min (dB): 0, (Service Node Enhanced Access
Pilot Strength Nominal (dB): 0, (Service Node Enhanced Access
Pilot Strength Correction Max (dB): 5, (Service Node Enhanced Access
CL3724-SG.en.ul
87
Translation Parameters: Recommended Values (Cont.)
Terminal Access Rate Max (kbps): 9.6, (Service Node Enhanced Access
Channel MAC)
EAC Power Offset Nominal (2s complement in units of 0.5dB): 0,
(Service Node Enhanced Access Channel MAC)
EAC Power Offset 9k6 (2s complement in units of 0.25dB): 0, (Service
Node Enhanced Access Channel MAC)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
88
Enhanced Control Channel
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
5
4
2
5
4
2
5
5
2
5
5
2
5
6
2
5
6
2
5
8
2
5
8
Arrival of
page at
Base Station
Arrival of
page at
Base Station
2-slot
offset
2-slot
offset
page
TX Start
page
TX Start
page
TX end
page
TX end
Control Channel Cycle
Control Channel Cycle
256 slots (426.66 ms)
256 slots (426.66 ms)
Connection setup time reduction
Sub-sync control
channel cycle
64 slots (106.66 ms)
6
6
1
3
0
1
9
4
Rev 0 Control Channel Cycle
Rev A Control Channel Cycle
Synchronous
control channel
Packet
Asynchronous
control channel
Packet
Sub-synchronous
control channel
Packet
CL3724-SG.en.ul
89
Lack of Coverage Drop Call Rate
Dropped Call
CL3724-SG.en.ul
90
Lack of Coverage Drop Call Rate
CL3724-SG.en.ul
91
Lack of Coverage Data Throughput
Low Throughput = Low SINR
CL3724-SG.en.ul
92
Lack of RF Coverage (cont.)
Mitigation Strategies
Drive test based optimization to improve and verify coverage changes
Antenna adjustments (azimuth, remove excessive downtilt)
Use a higher beamwidth antenna
Add a repeater (esp. for in building locations)
Add a cell
Secondary benefits possible in terms of overall performance improvement
Improved pilot coverage on forward link can result in improved DRC rates
Except CBR option, all others improve rev link coverage, possible reduction in
interference due to AT power mitigation
CL3724-SG.en.ul
93
Excessive Pilots
Cell 22
Cell 91
Cell 121
Cell 201
Cell 150
Cell 72
AT in 3-way Soft Handoff
PN156
PN216
PN300
PN186
PN234
PN330
CL3724-SG.en.ul
94
Excessive Pilots (Cont.)
On a relative basis (compared to other cells), look for cells with higher
value of:
Ratio of Greater than 1-way CRs to Total CRs
[ Connection Requests with 3 or more Pilots + Connection Requests with 3 Pilots +
Connection Requests with 2 Pilots ] / [AT + AN Initiated Connection Requests]
Soft and softer handoff attempts (excessive HO activity)
Although more indicative of mobility, combine with other metrics
In case of one-to-one overlay on an existing 2G/3G1x system, look for pilot
pollution using 2G/3G1x SM on the underlying cells:
High ratio of Total Walsh Code to Primary or Secondary CE to Total CE usage
High instances of candidate Pilots seen above Tadd/Tcomp
Handoff Matrix analysis for high soft/er handoff %
Undeclared Neighbor List to locate overshooting pilot not in the neighbor list
Simultaneous impact on Est. Connection Rate and Data Throughput
CL3724-SG.en.ul
95
Excessive Pilots (Cont.)
Similar to Lack of RF coverage, drive tests more effective
Assuming wide enough impact on the routes
RF optimization efforts aimed at creating dominant Pilot
CBR (simultaneous adjustment - up on some cells/down on others)
Antenna adjustments (downtilt, azimuth)
Add a cell if all efforts to break the tie fail
usually such areas also have low or marginal coverage
Minimize impact from the distant overshooting Pilot (kill it or use it)
CBR increase or downtilt
Otherwise, include in the neighbor list
Active/Optimize the SoftSlope Handoff Algorithm
CL3724-SG.en.ul
96
Problem Areas Identified
Best ASP SINR
(dB)
20to 100 (0)
10to 20 (159)
5to 10 (960)
0to 5 (1327)
-5to 0 (748)
-10to -5 (73)
-30to -10 (1)
Overl ay
Origination Failure (1)
Low Throughput Areas
Low throughput and Origination
Failure
Area 1
Area 2
Area 3
Area 6
Area 3
Area 4
Area 5
CL3724-SG.en.ul
97
Average RLP TP
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
RLP Throughput - Forward
Mean = 644.907 Std Dev = 385.904
4
0
5
4

o
c
c
u
r
e
n
c
e
s
kbps
[0,1) [1,80) [80,270) [270,450) [450,700) [700,1000) [1000,2500)
PDF CDF
CL3724-SG.en.ul
98
Low SINR Area 1 - Pilot Pollution
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
96 96 96
96
96
96 96 96 96
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
324 324 324
324
324
324 324 324 324
324 324 324
324
324
324 324 324 324
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
84 84 84
84
84
84 84 84 84
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340 340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40
504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
104 104 104
104
104
104 104 104 104
CL3724-SG.en.ul
99
Low SINR Area 1 - Pilot Pollution [Cont.]
BestASPPN CountOfBestASPPN AvgOfAvgOfATReceivePower AvgOfAvgOfBestASPEcIo
116 62 -71.5 -6.7
268 14 -73.5 -6.8
504 5 -74.8 -7.8
CL3724-SG.en.ul
100
Low SINR Area 2 Pilot Pollution
1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40
1_1_40
1_1_40
1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40
1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172
1_2_172
1_2_172
1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172 1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148
1_3_148
1_3_148
1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52
88_1_52
88_1_52
88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52
88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212
88_2_212
88_2_212
88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212
88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308
88_3_308
88_3_308
88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
125_1_72 125_1_72 125_1_72
125_1_72
125_1_72
125_1_72 125_1_72 125_1_72 125_1_72
125_2_120 125_2_120 125_2_120
125_2_120
125_2_120
125_2_120 125_2_120 125_2_120 125_2_120
125_3_368 125_3_368 125_3_368
125_3_368
125_3_368
125_3_368 125_3_368 125_3_368 125_3_368
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
CL3724-SG.en.ul
101
Low SINR Area 2 Pilot Pollution [Cont.]
132 98 -70.5 -5.8
504 46 -70.4 -6.2
40 19 -72.7 -6.6
212 1 -65.2 -4.8
CL3724-SG.en.ul
102
1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40
1_1_40
1_1_40
1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40 1_1_40
1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172
1_2_172
1_2_172
1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172 1_2_172 1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148
1_3_148
1_3_148
1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148 1_3_148
6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4
6_1_4
6_1_4
6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432
63_1_432
63_1_432
63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432
63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164
63_2_164
63_2_164
63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164
63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140
63_3_140
63_3_140
63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316
180_2_316
180_2_316
180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316
180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328
180_3_328
180_3_328
180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296
187_1_296
187_1_296
187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296
187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376
187_2_376
187_2_376
187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376
187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104
187_3_104
187_3_104
187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 324 324 324
324
324
324 324 324 324 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 296 296 296
296
296
296 296 296 296 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
104 104 104
104
104
104 104 104 104
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 400 400 400
400
400
400 400 400 400
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132 132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40
CL3724-SG.en.ul
103
268 27 -70.6 -5.7
432 21 -69.3 -5.6
104 4 -68.0 -7.2
CL3724-SG.en.ul
104
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112
10_1_112
10_1_112
10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112
10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104
10_2_104
10_2_104
10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104
10_3_44 10_3_44 10_3_44
10_3_44
10_3_44
10_3_44 10_3_44 10_3_44 10_3_44
31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236
31_1_236
31_1_236
31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236
31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316
31_3_316
31_3_316
31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316
38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456
38_1_456
38_1_456
38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456
38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100
38_2_100
38_2_100
38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100
38_3_176 38_3_176 38_3_176
38_3_176
38_3_176
38_3_176 38_3_176 38_3_176 38_3_176
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52
88_1_52
88_1_52
88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52 88_1_52
88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212
88_2_212
88_2_212
88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212 88_2_212
88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308
88_3_308
88_3_308
88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308 88_3_308
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80
100_1_80
100_1_80
100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
100_3_492 100_3_492 100_3_492
100_3_492
100_3_492
100_3_492 100_3_492 100_3_492 100_3_492
169_2_168 169_2_168 169_2_168
169_2_168
169_2_168
169_2_168 169_2_168 169_2_168 169_2_168
169_3_128 169_3_128 169_3_128
169_3_128
169_3_128
169_3_128 169_3_128 169_3_128 169_3_128
173_1_412 173_1_412 173_1_412
173_1_412
173_1_412
173_1_412 173_1_412 173_1_412 173_1_412
173_2_156 173_2_156 173_2_156
173_2_156
173_2_156
173_2_156 173_2_156 173_2_156 173_2_156
173_3_144 173_3_144 173_3_144
173_3_144
173_3_144
173_3_144 173_3_144 173_3_144 173_3_144
183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208
183_1_208
183_1_208
183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208
183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184
183_2_184
183_2_184
183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184
183_3_196 183_3_196 183_3_196
183_3_196
183_3_196
183_3_196 183_3_196 183_3_196 183_3_196
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
184 184 184
184
184
184 184 184 184
104 104 104
104
104
104 104 104 104
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
176 176 176
176
176
176 176 176 176
100 100 100
100
100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100
100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100
100
100 100 100 100492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 444
4
4
444 4492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492444
4
4
444 4492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 80 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 8080 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 8080 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 8080 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 8080 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 80
CL3724-SG.en.ul
105
500 17 -61.4 -5.4
104 15 -60.3 -6.2
176 14 -59.6 -5.4
184 5 -60.9 -6.9
100 3 -59.3 -6.0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
106
Low SINR Area 5 Pilot Pollution (Overshoot)
10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112
10_1_112
10_1_112
10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112 10_1_112
10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104
10_2_104
10_2_104
10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104 10_2_104
14_1_80 14_1_80 14_1_80
14_1_80
14_1_80
14_1_80 14_1_80 14_1_80 14_1_80
14_2_60 14_2_60 14_2_60
14_2_60
14_2_60
14_2_60 14_2_60 14_2_60 14_2_60
21_2_224 21_2_224 21_2_224
21_2_224
21_2_224
21_2_224 21_2_224 21_2_224 21_2_224
31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236
31_1_236
31_1_236
31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236 31_1_236
31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316
31_3_316
31_3_316
31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316 31_3_316
34_1_244 34_1_244 34_1_244
34_1_244
34_1_244
34_1_244 34_1_244 34_1_244 34_1_244
34_2_292 34_2_292 34_2_292
34_2_292
34_2_292
34_2_292 34_2_292 34_2_292 34_2_292
38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456
38_1_456
38_1_456
38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456 38_1_456
38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100
38_2_100
38_2_100
38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100 38_2_100
66_1_32 66_1_32 66_1_32
66_1_32
66_1_32
66_1_32 66_1_32 66_1_32 66_1_32
66_2_240 66_2_240 66_2_240
66_2_240
66_2_240
66_2_240 66_2_240 66_2_240 66_2_240
67_1_88 67_1_88 67_1_88
67_1_88
67_1_88
67_1_88 67_1_88 67_1_88 67_1_88
67_2_304 67_2_304 67_2_304
67_2_304
67_2_304
67_2_304 67_2_304 67_2_304 67_2_304
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80
100_1_80
100_1_80
100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80 100_1_80
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16
100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16 100_2_16
121_1_120 121_1_120 121_1_120
121_1_120
121_1_120
121_1_120 121_1_120 121_1_120 121_1_120
121_2_132 121_2_132 121_2_132
121_2_132
121_2_132
121_2_132 121_2_132 121_2_132 121_2_132
151_1_136 151_1_136 151_1_136
151_1_136
151_1_136
151_1_136 151_1_136 151_1_136 151_1_136
183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208
183_1_208
183_1_208
183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208 183_1_208
183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184
183_2_184
183_2_184
183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184 183_2_184
213_1_172 213_1_172 213_1_172
213_1_172
213_1_172
213_1_172 213_1_172 213_1_172 213_1_172
213_2_468 213_2_468 213_2_468
213_2_468
213_2_468
213_2_468 213_2_468 213_2_468 213_2_468 217_1_460 217_1_460 217_1_460
217_1_460
217_1_460
217_1_460 217_1_460 217_1_460 217_1_460
217_3_228 217_3_228 217_3_228
217_3_228
217_3_228
217_3_228 217_3_228 217_3_228 217_3_228
219_2_164 219_2_164 219_2_164
219_2_164
219_2_164
219_2_164 219_2_164 219_2_164 219_2_164
108_1_140 108_1_140 108_1_140
108_1_140
108_1_140
108_1_140 108_1_140 108_1_140 108_1_140
108_2_96 108_2_96 108_2_96
108_2_96
108_2_96
108_2_96 108_2_96 108_2_96 108_2_96
72_1_404 72_1_404 72_1_404
72_1_404
72_1_404
72_1_404 72_1_404 72_1_404 72_1_404
241_1_264 241_1_264 241_1_264
241_1_264
241_1_264
241_1_264 241_1_264 241_1_264 241_1_264
241_2_276 241_2_276 241_2_276
241_2_276
241_2_276
241_2_276 241_2_276 241_2_276 241_2_276
242_1_28 242_1_28 242_1_28
242_1_28
242_1_28
242_1_28 242_1_28 242_1_28 242_1_28
242_2_496 242_2_496 242_2_496
242_2_496
242_2_496
242_2_496 242_2_496 242_2_496 242_2_496
247_1_8 247_1_8 247_1_8
247_1_8
247_1_8
247_1_8 247_1_8 247_1_8 247_1_8
247_2_32 247_2_32 247_2_32
247_2_32
247_2_32
247_2_32 247_2_32 247_2_32 247_2_32
252_1_484 252_1_484 252_1_484
252_1_484
252_1_484
252_1_484 252_1_484 252_1_484 252_1_484
252_2_88 252_2_88 252_2_88
252_2_88
252_2_88
252_2_88 252_2_88 252_2_88 252_2_88
259_1_36 259_1_36 259_1_36
259_1_36
259_1_36
259_1_36 259_1_36 259_1_36 259_1_36
259_2_128 259_2_128 259_2_128
259_2_128
259_2_128
259_2_128 259_2_128 259_2_128 259_2_128
261_1_24 261_1_24 261_1_24
261_1_24
261_1_24
261_1_24 261_1_24 261_1_24 261_1_24
261_2_500 261_2_500 261_2_500
261_2_500
261_2_500
261_2_500 261_2_500 261_2_500 261_2_500
227_1_104 227_1_104 227_1_104
227_1_104
227_1_104
227_1_104 227_1_104 227_1_104 227_1_104
227_3_480 227_3_480 227_3_480
227_3_480
227_3_480
227_3_480 227_3_480 227_3_480 227_3_480
87_1_256 87_1_256 87_1_256
87_1_256
87_1_256
87_1_256 87_1_256 87_1_256 87_1_256
87_2_448 87_2_448 87_2_448
87_2_448
87_2_448
87_2_448 87_2_448 87_2_448 87_2_448
226_1_112 226_1_112 226_1_112
226_1_112
226_1_112
226_1_112 226_1_112 226_1_112 226_1_112
226_2_48 226_2_48 226_2_48
226_2_48
226_2_48
226_2_48 226_2_48 226_2_48 226_2_48
98_1_284 98_1_284 98_1_284
98_1_284
98_1_284
98_1_284 98_1_284 98_1_284 98_1_284
256_1_52 256_1_52 256_1_52
256_1_52
256_1_52
256_1_52 256_1_52 256_1_52 256_1_52
256_2_72 256_2_72 256_2_72
256_2_72
256_2_72
256_2_72 256_2_72 256_2_72 256_2_72
99_1_176 99_1_176 99_1_176
99_1_176
99_1_176
99_1_176 99_1_176 99_1_176 99_1_176
99_2_4 99_2_4 99_2_4
99_2_4
99_2_4
99_2_4 99_2_4 99_2_4 99_2_4
236_1_504 236_1_504 236_1_504
236_1_504
236_1_504
236_1_504 236_1_504 236_1_504 236_1_504
236_2_488 236_2_488 236_2_488
236_2_488
236_2_488
236_2_488 236_2_488 236_2_488 236_2_488
169_1_44 169_1_44 169_1_44
169_1_44
169_1_44
169_1_44 169_1_44 169_1_44 169_1_44
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
68 68 68
68
68
68 68 68 68
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
60 60 60
60
60
60 60 60 60
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
60 60 60
60
60
60 60 60 60
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
136 136 136
136
136
136 136 136 136
136 136 136
136
136
136 136 136 136
136 136 136
136
136
136 136 136 136
136 136 136
136
136
136 136 136 136
136 136 136
136
136
136 136 136 136
80 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 80
80 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 80
80 80 80
80
80
80 80 80 80
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
16
16
16 16 16 16
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
100 100 100
100
100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100
100
100 100 100 100 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4444
4
4
444 4492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492 492 492 492
492
492
492 492 492 492
Best ASP PN
(PN)
450to 511 (410)
400to 450 (169)
350to 400 (139)
300to 350 (927)
250to 300 (235)
200to 250 (1)
150to 200 (23)
100to 150 (1085)
50to 100 (591)
0to 50 (93)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
107
Low SINR Area 5 Pilot Pollution (Overshoot) [Cont.]
500 20 -52.8 -6.2
136 10 -53.9 -6.1
60 7 -51.8 -8.3
68 2 -50.8 -7.9
CL3724-SG.en.ul
108
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500
2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500 2_1_500
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132
2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132 2_2_132
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352
2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352 2_3_352
6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4
6_1_4
6_1_4
6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4 6_1_4
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504
29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504 29_1_504
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84
29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84 29_2_84
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392
29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392 29_3_392
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340
36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340 36_1_340
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324
36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324 36_2_324
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400
36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400 36_3_400
63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432
63_1_432
63_1_432
63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432 63_1_432
63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164
63_2_164
63_2_164
63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164 63_2_164
63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140
63_3_140
63_3_140
63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140 63_3_140
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12
75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12 75_1_12
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108
75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108 75_2_108
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56
75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56 75_3_56
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336
78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336 78_1_336
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428
78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428 78_2_428
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64
91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64 91_1_64
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116
91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116 91_2_116
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476
91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476 91_3_476
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436
180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436 180_1_436
180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316
180_2_316
180_2_316
180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316 180_2_316
180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328
180_3_328
180_3_328
180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328 180_3_328
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332
182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332 182_1_332
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380
182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380 182_2_380
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268
182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268 182_3_268
187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296
187_1_296
187_1_296
187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296 187_1_296
187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376
187_2_376
187_2_376
187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376 187_2_376
187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104
187_3_104
187_3_104
187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104 187_3_104
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
12 12 12
12
12
12 12 12 12
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
56 56 56
56
56
56 56 56 56
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
96 96 96
96
96
96 96 96 96
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
324 324 324
324
324
324 324 324 324
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
324 324 324
324
324
324 324 324 324
436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 296 296 296
296
296
296 296 296 296 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 380 380 380
380
380
380 380 380 380 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
432 432 432
432
432
432 432 432 432
268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340 340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340 332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332436 436 436
436
436
436 436 436 436
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
340 340 340
340
340
340 340 340 340
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
108 108 108
108
108
108 108 108 108
332 332 332
332
332
332 332 332 332
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116
116 116 116
116
116
116 116 116 116 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 268 268 268
268
268
268 268 268 268 504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40
40
40 40 40 40
504 504 504
504
504
504 504 504 504
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
132 132 132
132
132
132 132 132 132
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
500 500 500
500
500
500 500 500 500
CL3724-SG.en.ul
109
332 84 -78.4 -6.3
436 7 -77.7 -6.3
108 4 -78.9 -5.7
CL3724-SG.en.ul
110
External Interference
Description
Presence of strong unintended signal impacts the ability to demodulate
desired signal
Raises noise floor at the AT/cell
Several flavors
Inband spurious transmitter - most common
Spill-over from legitimate transmission in the adjacent channel
Inadequate filter roll-offs (transmitter or receiver)
Narrow spectral spacing
Non 1-to-1 overlay (such as, skipping over some 2G/3G1x cells when deploying
1xEVDO)
Inter-modulation products generated from strong signal on the neighboring
channel due to amplifier non-linearity at the receiver front-end
CL3724-SG.en.ul
111
External Interference (Cont.)
Detecting the presence / source is often very difficult
The higher the magnitude of interference, easier to detect
Often requires shutting down 1xEVDO transmission - therefore, best to detect in pre-
commercial stages
On the reverse link, look for high levels of
Short and Long Term Average RSSI Rise at relatively fewer Connection Requests
Rev Frame Error (Reverse Link Frame Error / Total Reverse Link Frame)
Total Setpoint for Reverse Outer Loop Power Control (per rate)
On the forward link,
Will require drive tests in the areas with impact on KPIs
Look for high FER and/or low transmission rate in areas with high AT Rx power and low SNR,
after eliminating other factors such as, missing neighbors, search window issues, Pilot
pollution
For Inter-Mod, best course is to look for a much larger reduction in
received signal at AT / cell compared to an attenuation inserted in-line
IM product attenuates at a much faster rate than the desired signal
CL3724-SG.en.ul
112
External Interference (Cont.)
In many cases, identifying an external interferer is the difficult part, fix is
relatively easy - shut off the interferer
Other sources are not easy to resolve
Narrow spacing
Change frequency planning
Skipped cell deployment
Increase channel spacing or add 1xEVDO cells to maintain one-to-one overlay
Inadequate filter roll-offs
Involves hardware change (sharper rolloffs)
IM products
Robust receiver (e.g, switchable attenuation)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
113
Non-optimized Neighbor Lists (NL)
Description
Neighboring sectors with sufficient strength not entered in the NL
translations
Causes interference to the Active set
lower SNR/requested rates on the fwd link
higher AT power on the rev link due to subdued diversity
Keeps AT from tuning to a stronger Pilot in idle mode
Other NL integrity issues
Reciprocity - A is in Bs NL, but B is not in A NL
PN ambiguity
Cell A has X and Y on the NL, both have same PN
Cell A has X and B; neighboring cell B has Y; both X and Y have same PN
Cross face omission
Too many neighbors - pay attention to NL > 15 neighbors
AP IP address check - inconsistencies in the APs IP address specified for each
neighbor and the actual one
CL3724-SG.en.ul
114
Non-optimized NL (Cont.)
Scrub neighbor lists, on cells with impact on all 3 KPIs (esp. Est call rate)
Ensure recommendations are followed - include cross face and first tier inwards
facing sectors at a minimum
Use custom tools (such as, LUNARs NLAlert, HOM-UNL) to identify NL integrity issues
If one-to-one 2G/3G1x underlay, look for parity of NL on both
Fix NL issues identified above by adding neighbors or PN re-planning as the case may
be
Usually dropping NL is not a good idea unless absolutely sure and NL is getting full
For standalone 1xEVDO deployments, drive test is the best choice
Drive test with wide Remaining set srch window
Fine tune as additional system level tools (such as HO Max/UNL) become available
If performance on both 2G/3G-1x and 1xEV-DO not up to mark with similar NL
Fine tune NL using HO Max and Undeclared NL (UNL) on 2G/3G-1x
CL3724-SG.en.ul
115
10_1 (PN192) and
201_2 (PN231) almost at
same EcIo levels
Neighbor List - Ec/Io Levels
Street
CL3724-SG.en.ul
116
Service
Node ID
FMS Frame
ID
BTS
ID
Sector
ID
Neighbor
ID
Neighbor
BTS ID
Neighbor
Sector ID
Neighbor Pilot PN Offset (units of 64
PN chips)
121 20 196 1 1 10 1 192
121 20 196 1 2 10 2 195
121 20 196 1 3 191 1 318
121 20 196 1 4 194 1 309
121 20 196 1 5 196 2 384
121 20 196 1 6 196 3 387
121 20 196 1 7 201 1 228
121 20 196 1 8 201 2 231
121 20 196 1 9 202 1 138
121 20 196 1 10 203 2 375
121 20 196 1 11 203 3 378
121 20 196 1 12 203 1 372
121 20 196 1 13 205 2 222
121 20 196 1 14 205 3 225
121 20 196 1 15 206 3 135
121 20 196 1 16 208 2 42
Neighbor List - NL of 196_1 (PN381)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
117
Neighbor List 3G-1X Handoff Matrix Data
NbrFMS NbrBTSId NbrSectorID HANDOFFPercHO
121_20 201 2 4903 12.52619
121_20 203 2 3782 22.18844
121_20 191 1 2854 29.47984
121_20 203 3 3173 37.58622
121_20 205 3 3112 45.53676
121_20 10 2 2918 52.99167
121_20 10 1 2768 60.06336
121_20 201 1 2201 65.68647
121_20 205 2 2318 71.6085
121_20 196 2 2364 77.64805
121_20 194 1 2274 83.45767
121_20 202 2 1471 87.21578
121_20 194 3 1292 90.51658
121_20 192 2 879 92.76225
121_20 207 3 924 95.12289
121_20 208 2 501 96.40284
121_20 206 3 265 97.07986
121_20 203 1 203 97.59849
Changes implemented:
In the neighbor list of 196_1, moved 201_2 to the top of the list (nbrid #1)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
118
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
191_2_321 191_2_321 191_2_321
191_2_321
191_2_321
191_2_321 191_2_321 191_2_321 191_2_321
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
202_3_144 202_3_144 202_3_144
202_3_144
202_3_144
202_3_144 202_3_144 202_3_144 202_3_144
203_1_372 203_1_372 203_1_372
203_1_372
203_1_372
203_1_372 203_1_372 203_1_372 203_1_372
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
Best ASP SINR
(dB)
20to 100 (0)
10to 20 (87)
5to 10 (69)
0to 5 (122)
-5to 0 (27)
-10to -5 (5)
-30to -10 (0)
Before the neighbor list of 196_1 ASP SINR
CL3724-SG.en.ul
119
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
Best ASP SINR
(dB)
20to 100 (0)
10to 20 (137)
5to 10 (66)
0to 5 (121)
-5to 0 (21)
-10to -5 (0)
-30to -10 (0)
After the neighbor list changes on sector 196_1 ASP SINR
CL3724-SG.en.ul
120
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192
10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192 10_1_192
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195
10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195 10_2_195
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198
10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198 10_3_198
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318
191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318 191_1_318
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444
192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444 192_1_444
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447
192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447 192_2_447
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450
192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450 192_3_450
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309
194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309 194_1_309
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312
194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312 194_2_312
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315
194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315 194_3_315
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381
196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381 196_1_381
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384
196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384 196_2_384
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387
196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387 196_3_387
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228
201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228 201_1_228
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231
201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_2_231 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234
201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234 201_3_234
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138
202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138 202_1_138
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141
202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141 202_2_141
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375
203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375 203_2_375
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378
203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378 203_3_378
RLP Throughput - Forward
(kbps)
2,000 to 2,500 (0)
1,300 to 2,000 (0)
1,000 to 1,300 (0)
320to 1,000 (268)
80to 320 (34)
1to 80 (4)
0to 1 (0)
Before RLP Throughput
CL3724-SG.en.ul
121
After: RLP Throughput Fwd at Metric Blvd
CL3724-SG.en.ul
122
Inadequate Search Window Size
Pilot A
at cell
Earliest arrival of
pilot A at AT
PN Phase
PN Phase
BS A transmitting
pilot A
(reference pilot)
AT, looking
for an Active Set pilot
AT, looking for a
Neighbor or
Remaining Set pilot
PN Phase
Pilot B at BS
AT assumes pilot B is (B - A) * 64 chips away
from the earliest arrival of the reference pilot.
Pilot B is (B - A) * 64 chips away
PN Phase
Earliest arrival of
pilot B at AT
Neighbor Set
Search Window
Active Set
Search Window
BS B transmitting
pilot B
Strong multi-path
Spreading delay !
Useful PNs can be left out !
CL3724-SG.en.ul
123
Inadequate Search Window Size (Cont.)
Best detected via drive tests
First eliminate issues with coverage/ non-optimized neighbor list
On the forward link, often symptoms similar to those from external
interference
Good AT receive power, but poor SNR
Pilot scanner helps in case of 2G/3G1x, no such tool available yet for 1xEVDO
Data from one-to-one 2G/3G1x underlay will help
LUNAR can help warn potential need for larger size if phase for a particular
Active/Neighbor pilot in a Route Update Message is at edge of the window
However, cant alarm if Pilot is not reported in RUM at all
Increase the neighbor list search window size by one step until AT is able
to detect the Pilot
1xEVDO allows Neighbor set search window size to be specified per pilot
If a distant overshooting Pilot, try containing its coverage via down tilt
or CBR attenuation or use if not able to contain
CL3724-SG.en.ul
124
Mobile Search Window Considerations
Delay
Spread
P
i
l
o
t

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
64
l
N Chips
Correlation Time in Chips
P
o
P
2
P
3
P
3
P
2
P
1
P
o
P
1
At the BS
Transmitter
At the MS
Rake Receiver
CL3724-SG.en.ul
125
Mobile Search Window Considerations
A
D
1
D
2
B
Minimum neighbor search window in chips is:
2 x (D
2
- D
1
) x 6.6 + 2 x largest delay spread / T
c
Where:
D
1
and D
2
are in miles
6.6 chips = 1 mile
Delay spread
Urban ~ 7 microseconds
Suburban ~ 2 microseconds
Note: 1 / (v
light
x T
c
) = 6.6
CL3724-SG.en.ul
126
Cell Search Window Considerations
Time in PN Chips
Delay
Spread
T
d,A
SRCH_WIN_A
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

E
c
/
I
o
o
f
M
u
l
t
i
p
a
t
h

S
i
g
n
a
l
s
And Cell Search Window
CL3724-SG.en.ul
127
Access Search Window
Tx_delay
Rx_delay
GPS
time
Frame
Boundary
At RLM
Cell
Mobile
Mobile assumed
Time reference
Frame boundary at mobile
Delay
Delay
Earliest PN Offset,
Receive frame boundary
Access Search Window with start point at Rx_delay and width =
2 * sector_size * 6.6
CL3724-SG.en.ul
128
Improper PN Planning
Cell 11
Cell 10
Cell 13
Cell 12
PN10
PN10
PN11
Masquerading
Two Sectors
Same PN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
129
Improper PN planning (Cont.)
NL integrity tools can detect certain problems with inadequate PN reuse
margin
Other ones may be more difficult to detect, will require drive tests
Look for areas with high Fwd packet error rate, but good SNR
Often may require turning off close in cell to see if SNR still remains good, and eliminating
other problem sources (hardware/software, other NL / search window integrity issues)
If SNR continues to remain strong, then look for distant overshooting cell or cell with
inadequate PN reuse margin
Requires good understanding of terrain to identify potential interfering cell
After identifying the distant problem cell, try containing its coverage
using downtilt/CBR
Inadequate PN reuse margin case will require PN re-planning / Pilot
Increment adjustments
A good idea to pay more attention upfront in the design stage
CL3724-SG.en.ul
130
RNC Border Issues
RNC 1 RNC 2 RNC 3
Border Border
IP IP
CL3724-SG.en.ul
131
Inter-RNC Border Issues (Cont.)
Chances of high Inter-RNC Handoff Failures degrading Call Drop Rate
Inter-RNC Handoff Method
IP connectivity between the RNCs
Call Processing Codes
10007, 10008, 13005, 13006
Refer to Inter-RNC Idle Handoff Metrics in the KPI section
High occupancy of Access Channel
Established Connection Rate metric and the AT/AN initiated connection
attempt failure rate is degraded.
Reduced Data Throughput in and Inter-RNC Active Handoff due to latency
between the RNCs involved in the connection
CL3724-SG.en.ul
132
Inter-RNC Border Issues (Cont.)
Define RNC border in low data usage areas
New ATs (MSM5500 vs MSM6500 or MSM6800)
Inter-RNC delay (one-way) be less than 25ms to avert performance issues
associated with Inter-RNC active handoffs
Change the Inter-RNC Handoff Method to Color Code
Avoid RNC border that runs parallel to major highways/roads
Avoid RNC borders near major office buildings, water bodies and island cells
(a few cells in a RNC surrounded by cells on a different RNC)
If a new RNC is needed in heavy usage area (capacity need), instead of
adding new cells on to a new RNC, re-distribute cells evenly across RNCs
RNC grouping feature
CL3724-SG.en.ul
133
Access Terminals Ping-Pong Behavior at RNC Boundary
MSM5500 v/s MSM6500(6800)
ATs ping-pong problem
A dormant AT stationed at RNC boundaries may perform Idle Handoffs back-
and-forth
ATs based on MSM6500 chipset uses additional margin for Idle Handoffs to
reduce the ping-pong effect and thereby possibly reducing Idle Handoff
attempts and failure rate
For example, if AT performs Intra-RNC Idle Handoff when the Pilot strength of the
target sector is D dB stronger than the current Pilot in the active set, then MSM6500
based AT performs Inter-RNC Idle Handoff when the Pilot strength of the target
sector is (D+d) dB stronger than the current Pilot in the active set, d > 0
The additional margin of d dB is not used for the first Inter-RNC Idle handoff attempt since AT
doesnt know that this Pilot is from a different Color Code
The value of d may not be fixed. At low values of Ec/Io, the margin d may be reduced
MSM5500 AT uses the Pilot strength differential of D dB for both Intra and Inter-RNC Idle Handoffs
CL3724-SG.en.ul
134
Chesters (MSM5500) Ping-Pong Behavior Lab Results
Best Active Set Pilot (ASP) PN Best
Active Set Pilot PN that the AT is
currently Idling on
CL3724-SG.en.ul
135
LGVX8000 (MSM6500) Ping-Pong Behavior Lab Results
CL3724-SG.en.ul
136
AirPrime (MSM5500) versus LGVX8000 (MSM6500) Field Results
0
1
T
i
m
e
s
t
a
m
p
D
T
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
0
2
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
5
AirPrime
LG
4 Pilots, 2 from each RNC; 0 and 1 represent two different RNCs
Field data above indicates reduction of about 20% to 25% in AT ping-ponging with
MSM6500 chipset
CL3724-SG.en.ul
137
RNC Grouping Overview
Allows multiple RNCs to form a group in which the AT can be served by
one RNC but controlled by another RNC in the group
Provides the capability so that the AT does not have to register when
crossing an RNC boundary. If the group is configured so the AT does
register when it crosses an RNC boundary, the AT is able to keep the
same session.
Improves the overall system performance by avoiding the idle handoff
ping ponging and RATI ping-ponging at RNC boundaries.
The PCF entity with the A10 termination sends page messages across
RNC boundaries to any cell within the group.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
138
RNC Grouping Overview (cont.)
Max. 63 RNC members/Group, 6 Groups/Service Node (SN)
Subnet mask is (automatically) changed to 70 (from 104) when that RNC is
added to a Group. RNC group member creation uses data from ColorCodeMap
table
When changing Color Code or AN IP address in the ColorCodeMap table, the
corresponding RNC member is deleted and re-added to the group.
Add or Delete of a RNC to a RNC group will force all ATs within the group to
reregister
Subnet Mask=70
AT requests Idle Handoff between RNCs in a group. Same UATI is re-assigned unless
session is transferred. AT requests Prior Session Handoff between RNCs in a group
Subnet Mask=64
AT doesnt request Idle Handoff and Prior Session Handoff between RNCs in a group
No session transfer between RNC members in the same group unless Load
Balance criteria is met (For Subnet Mask=70)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
139
Load Balancing
When AT moved between members in the same group, and when UATI req is
received and serving RNC is different from the controlling RNC or Last Seen
RNC, the controlling RNC will perform Load Balancing and determine if the
session should be transfer to the serving RNC.
The Criteria for Load Balancing is as follows:
L=no of sessions * 100 / Max no of sessions
L_cont > Session Load Threshold
L_cont > L_serv + Session Load Differential
Controlling RNC completed the session parameter negotiation
No Traffic Channel is in the progress of being setup
No EIS message begin deferred
No paging for the AT in progress
When session not transferred, the Cont RNC assign the same UATI back to the
AT. If the session is transferred, the new Cont RNC assign the new UATI
CL3724-SG.en.ul
140
Subnet mask included in the SectorParameters message is used as a bit mask by
the AT to ignore certain bits of the SectorID field in the SectorParameters
message
Subnet Mask=70
Both Member ID and Group ID are parsed by the AT, forcing it to re-register
(UATIRequest) when moving across RNC boundaries within the RNC group (still
keeps same UATI). This will allow load balancing across RNC group members.
l Subnet Mask=64
The member ID is not parsed by the AT, and hence wont be forced to re-
register (UATIRequest) when moving across RNC boundaries within the RNC
group. This implies RNC group members wont perform session load balancing
CL3724-SG.en.ul
141
Sector ID
Sector ID Provisioning is always turn on
Sector ID will also include Sector ID Version, RNC Group ID, RNC Member
ID. These will be 0 if the RNC is not in a Group
Sector ID Version Included can be set to yes or no. If set to no, Sector ID
version will be 0
Sector ID Version is sync across all the RNCs in the same group
AT will re-register (UATI Req) when Sector ID version is changed (when
Sector ID included flag is set to yes)
Sector ID version will be incremented if the following occurs
RNC is added or removed from the group, including changes due to CCMap
changes
RNC member in the group is rebooted or goes down or lost communication
There is a OHM Session Lost (eg. both pri/bkup OHM failed)
Sector ID parameters is changed
There is a communication lost between members in the RNC in the same group
Subnet Mask changed
CL3724-SG.en.ul
142
Paging with RNC Grouping
Paging algorithm without RNC Grouping:
Page Last Active Set a given number (translation parameter) of times
If no response, send Page message to the entire RNC
If still no response, A10 data that triggered Page is discarded
New Paging Algorithm with RNC Grouping:
Page last active set (same as before)
No response, send Page to Last Seen RNC
No response, send Page to Neighbor RNCs within group (Last two seen
RNCs)
No response, send Page to the entire RNC Group
If still no response, A10 data that triggered Page is discarded
CL3724-SG.en.ul
143
Enabling/disabling RNC Grouping
The CCMap Table needs to be provisioned correctly for including a RNC
into a Group
Neighboring RNCs, not in the group, need to have their CCMap table
populated for all RNCs within the group and not just the geographically
adjacent RNCs within the group
Create RNC Group(s) on the respective SN
Add or remove RNC to the Group to enable/disable RNC Grouping
Modify Subnet Mask between 70 and 64 when the RNC is in a group
Subnet Mask parameter is updateable with both RNC and Cell loads
Set SectorID Version Included flag to Yes
SectorID Provisioning will always be ON
CL3724-SG.en.ul
144
RNC Grouping in OMC-RAN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
145
RNC Grouping in OMC-RAN (contd.)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
146
CL3724-SG.en.ul
147
CL3724-SG.en.ul
148
CL3724-SG.en.ul
149
Hardware Issues
Description
Faulty hardware impacting call quality
Such as, bad filter, channel card (EVM), CBR/UCR, T1/E1, antenna
connection issues, drifts in timing circuitry (island mode problem)
Any h/w issues at FMS will have broader impact (multiple cells), so easier
to detect
Correlated degradation in several metrics
Always look for unusual alarms first
Currently ROP supports alarming for AP, TP and cell issues
RF hardware issues, if not caught by alarms, become more apparent with
drive tests
Low mobile rx power, high mobile transmit power
In some cases, Established call rate looks nominal, but most call attempts dont
even go through (cell cannot hear the mobile )
Isolating the fault device may require replacing several h/w devices in
the chain
CL3724-SG.en.ul
150
Hardware Issues (Cont.)
Detection is the more difficult part, esp. for intermittent mal-functions;
resolution is easy
First verify if software restore/ fresh install / hardware reseating clears out
the problem
Otherwise, replace the faulty device
Escalate to development
CL3724-SG.en.ul
151
Authentication Failures
Description
There are two stages of authentication
During new session establishment via AAA - does not impact any KPIs on the RAN since it is
performed after establishing traffic channel
During successive reactivations from dormancy
Host of counts for the latter type of failure
Number of Security Protocol Negotiation Failures
Number of Session Key Length Negotiation Failures
Number of key Response message timeouts
Number of Session Security Digest Mismatches
Number of Session Security ATKeyComplete message time-outs
Number of packet discards in SHA-1 Authentication Protocol
Number of Authentication Failures for postponed Security packets on old 1XEV_call
Control
Number of authentication failures for postponed security packets on new 1XEV-Call
Control
Number of Encryption Attribute negotiation failures
Pegged at the TP level
CL3724-SG.en.ul
152
Authentication Failures (Cont.)
If the number of authentication failures of the latter type is unacceptably
high, first course of action should be to verify software / configuration issues
Given early in the 1xEVDO deployment cycle, will require development
support to troubleshoot and resolve
CL3724-SG.en.ul
153
High Forward Link Traffic Loading
Description
Higher demand than the available RF bandwidth (assume sufficient cell/network resources)
Per user throughput / end-user experience suffers due to fewer time-slots per user
In the data world, divergence between requested and assigned rates often used as indicator of
congestion
Difference between Requested DRC rates and Total Packets Transmitted on the Forward link (weighted
average over different rates for each) may be used
Lower RLP Octets Transmitted on the Forward Link / Established Call is another indicator
Need calibration with real field data to model
Ensure peak Sector Throughput is not sacrificed
Otherwise may suggest other issues (hardware, interference, optimization, etc.)
Investigate potential for RF optimization (coverage, pilot pollution, NL/srch win issues, etc)
Add a carrier
Add a cell to serve heavy traffic area
CL3724-SG.en.ul
154
High Forward Link Traffic Loading
FL Time Slot Busy %
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

2
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

2
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

2
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

9
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
9
:
0
0
317/1
317/2
317/3
Engineering Limit
Per User Throughput FL (kbps)
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

2
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

2
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

2
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

9
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
9
:
0
0
317/1
317/2
317/3
FLTS% = EVM_TOTAL_BUSY_PCNT_SLOTS/10E6
RLP_TXED_FTC/10E3*8/3600 / (EVM_ACTIVE_USAGE / 2160000)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
155
Heavy Reverse Link Traffic Loading
Description
High reverse link traffic shrinks reduce footprint, so it impacts ATs at edge of
coverage
Contributes to higher rev noise floor => higher AT transmit power => AT senses
smaller head room to the max transmit power => lowers reverse transmit rates
Impact on Established Connection rate (if cell is not able to detect probes) and
Data Rate Throughput
Look for correlated increase in several metrics
High Short and Long Term Average/Peak RSSI Rise, High RFER
Higher average Eb/No setpoint (ratio of Total Setpoint for Reverse Outer Loop Control and Total Number
of Frames for Reverse Outer Loop Control )
Increase in Number of Connections Force Released
High AT/AN Initiated Connection Requests
Eliminate other potential sources with similar impact
External Interference
Faulty hardware (Filter, improper antenna cabling, diversity incapacitation in the CBR/UCR)
. By verifying the degradation occurs only at high traffic
CL3724-SG.en.ul
156
Heavy Reverse Link Traffic Loading (Cont.)
Several options depending on near term deployment/growth plans
Possible order to follow
Lower reverse overload control thresholds to lower transmission rate - to preserve
coverage
Increase Pilot overlap (HO region) to mitigate AT transmit power - beware of impact
on forward link throughput performance
Add a carrier
Add a cell - ensure proper optimization is performed to reduce overlap
CL3724-SG.en.ul
157
High Reverse Link Traffic Loading
Avg Active Connections per Sector/Carrier
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

2
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

2
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

2
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

9
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
9
:
0
0
317/1
317/2
317/3
Engineering Limit
PEAK_ACTIVE_CONN_PER_SECTOR
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

2
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

2
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

2
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

9
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
9
:
0
0
317/1
317/2
317/3
Engineering Limit
Avg RSSI Rise
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

1
6
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
6
/
2
0
0
6

2
1
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

1
8
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
7
/
2
0
0
6

2
3
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

1
5
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
8
/
2
0
0
6

2
0
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

1
7
:
0
0
1
0
/
1
9
/
2
0
0
6

2
2
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

9
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
4
:
0
0
1
0
/
2
0
/
2
0
0
6

1
9
:
0
0
317/1
317/2
317/3
Engineering Limit
CL3724-SG.en.ul
158
Reverse Link Load Control
Rev A relies on the generation of the Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) to
control reverse link loading. The RAB bit:
Identifies sector loading trends and determines when flow reduction is
required
Indicates when the cell load increases above a Rise over Thermal
(RoT) target value
In Rev 0, each sector in the AT active set transmits an RAB once
during every 26.67-ms frame (37.5 times a second).
In Rev A, each sector in the AT active set transmits an RAB once
every 1.667-ms slot (600 times a second).
CL3724-SG.en.ul
159
Reverse Overload Control
Translation Parameter HROC Enable Flag (for CSM6800 Modem):
Current Recommendation: On_Chip_RoC with LNFF
New Recommendation: On_Chip_RoC with SINF with Reverse Link
Silence Duration of 1 frame and Reverse Link Silence Period of 1 frame
Both Reverse Link Silence Duration and Reverse Link Silence Period
require SVEBM reboot as well
It is recommended to change Reverse Link Silence Duration and Reverse
Link Silence Period to 1 and 1 respectively before changing the HROC
mode from LNFF to SINF. This is to ensure that SBEVM does not fails to
initialize if both Duration/Period and mode are changed simultaneously
Will require two evc down/up (one for Duration/Period and another for
mode) to update HROC mode from LNFF to SINF
CL3724-SG.en.ul
160
Reverse Overload Control (contd.)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
161
Rise over Thermal (RoT) Target Value
The RAB bit is
generated as a
function of a target
Rise over Thermal
(RoT) value.
RAB=1 RAB=1
On_chip_RAB_threshold On_chip_RAB_threshold
RAB=0 RAB=0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
162
On-Chip Reverse Link Overload Control
SN General General 2
CL3724-SG.en.ul
163
Congestion Overload Control (COC)
Normal Block Mute
COC Metric
Exit_Block_Thresh Enter_Block_Thresh Call_Mute_Thresh
CL3724-SG.en.ul
164
Basic COC Mechanism
Number of RAB=1 in RAB history used as COC metric
COC should trigger when all the existing calls are transmitting at the lowest
rate
_ ROC had sufficient time to force active ATs to lowest rate via RAB
Block new (Rev 0/A) calls first then mute Rev 0 and Rev A BE (R28) calls
_ COC metric is compared against call block and call mute thresholds
_ Required to ensure system stability
Quickly mute large number of call (half of active calls), then slowly get
them back in
_ Release the load quickly and efficiently.
Mute calls via Broadcast Reverse Rate Limit message
_ BRRL transmitted every 8 Sync CC (3.4s). During block/mute state,
BRRL is send every 16 frames (427ms; configurable) via Async CC
_ Rev A BE flows are muted in via Grant message
If COC is triggered by external interference, then mobiles may be muted for
an extended period of time depending on the level of interference
CL3724-SG.en.ul
165
COC States with QoS Disabled
Rev. A will treat the different flows
Relative to their QoS !
CL3724-SG.en.ul
166
COC States (contd.)
Normal State
In this state COC metric is continuously updated (every
frame) and compared against Enter Block Threshold
If >= the block threshold, COC enters Call Block state. New
calls (Rev 0 and Rev A) are blocked. Soft/Softer handoffs are
allowed
Block State
In this state COC metric is compared (every 16 frames)
against Exit Block Threshold and Enter Mute Threshold
COC state is re-evaluated every congestCheckPeriod (configurable; tunable
parameter; default value 16 frames)
View Per Sector-Carrier,RNC; Max Value 63 frames
Block state will at least last 16 frames
If < below the exit block threshold, return to normal state
If >= call mute threshold, enter Mute state
CL3724-SG.en.ul
167
COC States (contd.)
Mute State
In this state, of the total active Rev 0 / Rev A BE calls
will be muted first via BRRL message (rate limit = 0) and
Grant Message, respectively
In this state COC metric is compared (every 16 frames)
against Enter Mute Threshold
If < mute threshold, the number of calls to be muted will be
reduced by 1/16 of the total active Rev 0 / Rev A BE calls
Will take about 3.4 secs to exit the mute state if COC
metric < mute threshold
If >= mute threshold, of the remaining un-muted Rev
0 / Rev A BE calls will be muted
When the remaining un-muted Rev 0 / Rev A BE calls are
less than 1/8 of the total Rev 0 / Rev A BE active calls, all
of them will be muted
CL3724-SG.en.ul
168
Translation Parameters: Recommended Values
Call Mute RAB Pct
Service Node / Sector Carrier
1.1 -> disable
Enter Block RAB Pct
Service Category Reverse Link Congestion Overload Control
1.1 -> disable
Exit Block RAB Pct
Service Category Reverse Link Congestion Overload Control
Recommended value 0.75
CL3724-SG.en.ul
169
TP Overload
Description
When the processor occupancy reaches certain threshold on both the TPs under an AP, new
session requests arriving at that AP are blocked
Deficit between Connection Request and Traffic channel Assigned
Tunable threshold called TP Utilization Threshold (currently 85%)
Safeguard mechanism to maintain performance (minimize packet drops, delays, etc.)
Direct count called Number of Sessions Denied due to TP in overload
Proactively monitor per-TP counts to preempt potential TP overload
TP processor occupancy
Packet drop rate (Ratio of Number of dropped packets to Packet Arrival rate )
Follow Alcatel-Lucent recommended Network Engineering Guidelines for 1xEVDO
Hardware/Software upgrade/ features may increase processor occupancy over time (UTP)
Can allocate fewer BTS per AP/TP assembly to alleviate traffic handled
CL3724-SG.en.ul
170
Maximum Number of Connections Reached
Description
Max # of users per cellsite controlled via several means
ASIC limitation
Max number of users translation (one for Rev. 0 and another for Rev. A)
Available Mac Indices for traffic channels
When either of the limit is reached, the blocking sector is omitted in
the TCA for new calls
If all legs on the Connection Request message are blocking, the calls
are denied Traffic Channel - impact on Established Call rate
Note each sector always tries to force release users nearing dormancy when
the max users reached
Longest idling user gets released first, and so on
In order to be released, must have been inactive for > t_force_release ( 2 sec)
Even if the call is setup on a weaker cell, potential impact on
Established Call rate
CL3724-SG.en.ul
171
Maximum Number of Connections Reached (Cont.)
Several SM counts can be used to identify call blocking scenario
AT/AN Initiated Connection Attempt Failures - No Resources Available
SM count to peg Max Number of Connections Reached on each blocking sector
Does not mean the call was blocked, but good precursor
Number of connections force released
Correlate with Average Active Connections per sector
Check coverage of the impacted/vicinity cells
Reduce coverage to offload traffic to neighboring cells if adequate room
Active Softslope Handoff Algorithm
Add carrier
If Number of carriers is exhausted, add a cell to reduce traffic demand/cell
in the area
CL3724-SG.en.ul
172
Maximum Number of Legs Reached
Description
Handoff add is prevented if call already at max allowed number of Active set legs
Controlled by translation - Maximum Legs in Handoff - recommendation is 4
Potential impact on Drop call rate and Throughput (either link) due to handoff
failures
Usually max legs of 4 are adequate in most environments
But impact possible in heavily pilot polluted areas especially without soft swap
support
Mitigated with current capability of multiple add and drop
Direct count: Soft and Softer handoff attempts not processed Maximum number
of Legs Reached
KPI impact on neighboring sectors
Attempt to mitigate pilot pollution with traditional RF optimization techniques
In the short term, can try increasing the Maximum Legs in Handoff
Try 5 first; use 6 as last resort - Beware of other trade-offs (Max MAC indices, max number of
connections reached, etc.)
Alternative is to expedite handoff drop conditions - lower Drop Timer translation
CL3724-SG.en.ul
173
No Resources at the Candidate Leg
Description
Handoff add is prevented if the candidate leg does not have resources to support
the traffic channel
Could be due to insufficient Reverse Channel Resources or MAC Indices
Note that Max number of Connections only blocks new calls, not handoffs
Potential impact on Drop Call Rate and Data Throughput (either link) due to
handoff failures
Direct count : Soft and softer handoff failures lack of resources in the
candidate sector
KPI impact on neighboring sectors
Check coverage of the impacted/vicinity cells
Reduce coverage to offload traffic to neighboring cells if adequate room
Add carrier
Add a cell (longer lead time) to reduce traffic demand per cell in the area
CL3724-SG.en.ul
174
Backhaul Restrictions
Description
Alcatel-Lucent utilizes un-channelized or raw T1/E1 backhaul for 1xEVDO
between BTS and FMS
No packet pipe concept unlike 2G/3G1x
Good throughput performance requires adequate backhaul (T1/E1)
provisioning
A backhaul provisioning example
Each T1/E1 can deliver ~1100/~1400 kbps at the RLP layer for a 3-sector cell
2 T1/E1s per cell can support an average of 680/780 kbps RLP layer throughput per sector
assuming dual antenna ATs
Enough to support 80/ 92% of typical sector throughput of 850kbps required to serve dual
antenna ATs
Traffic may not be uniform across sectors, so 2T1/E1 adequate for 850kbps capacity
Above numbers apply to forward link
Each T1/E1 is symmetrical
1xEVDO reverse link sector throughput much smaller and uses only one of the 2 T1/E1s
Refer to Alcatel-Lucent recommended Network Engineering Guidelines for 1xEVDO
CL3724-SG.en.ul
175
Backhaul Restrictions (Cont.)
No direct indication in SM, but always a good idea to check backhaul
provisioning when investigating a low throughput cell
Also, look for alarms to isolate out of service T1/E1 line, transmission line
errors or termination equipment
High Packet loss / Latency - Dirty T1
Ping from AT/client to server under benign RF
Ping from RNC to LIU/FLM
Often issues with only 1 T1 on multi-T1 cell
Load balancing across multiple T1s on a cell (forward link)
Bytes should be balanced across T1s (not # of packets)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
176
Backhaul Restrictions (Cont.)
Rectify any hardware issues found with the backhaul
Alcatel-Lucent equipment
Escalation to third party for issues with the leased line
If backhaul is not enough to support demanded traffic, indicate need for
additional T1/E1 to the operator
CL3724-SG.en.ul
177
Hybrid Mode
EV-DO
3G-1X
EV-DO Borders outside the blue region
Hybrid Operation inside the blue region Hybrid Handoff
Description
CL3724-SG.en.ul
178
Hybrid Handoff Failures Examples
Hybrid handoff is considered successful when
the AT closes the EV-DO connection and
originates a call on 3G1x.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
179
Hybrid Mode (Cont.)
Primary cause for failure will likely be the connection attempt failures due to
no traffic channel complete received from the AT
Degradation of Established Connection Rate
At the Coverage Edge, check for high AT_INIT_CONN_REQ_POOR_RF_ALLOW_SESS and
AT_INIT_CONN_REQ_POOR_RF_DENY_SESS counts
Handoffs to 3G1x can be identified by looking for high number of Normal AT
Connection Release relative to rest of the release counts (dominated typically
by Dormancy Timer expiration).
High RF Link Lost tuneaway counts
New peg count to try to characterize the Inter-technology hand offs.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
180
Hybrid Mode (cont.)
Newer Chipsets (MSM6500 or MSM6800)
Recommend using higher SCI to alleviate throughput impact
SCI=2 a good balance between 1xEVDO throughput performance and call
setup delays on 3G1x
Ensure 1xEVDO has good coverage throughout the core area to minimize
handoffs to 3G1x
Active the Session Deny Thresholds on technology borders or sectors with
marginal EV-DO coverage on the GUI
CL3724-SG.en.ul
181
Mobile IP (MIP) Mode
Description
Mode that allows AT to roam from one network to another while
maintaining network connections by retaining IP address
Simple IP requires change of IP address adding to the handoff delays at
network boundaries
Facilitates 1xEVDO to 3G1x handoff without session tear-downs
Transparent to RAN; but impact on
AT - maintains dual stacks and performs additional processing to preserve
transparency at client
Network components - use of Home Agent and Foreign Agent
Reduces Data throughput (either link)
Higher processing burden on the AT
1xEVDO to 3G1x handoff at low SNR
CL3724-SG.en.ul
182
Mobile IP (MIP) Mode (Cont.)
Look for possibility of MIP handoffs to 3G1x in core 1xEVDO coverage area
On 1xEVDO, pegged as Normal release
No SM on 3G1x to identify this
Faster Qualcomm chipsets (MSM6500/MSM6800) minimize throughput loss
Pay special attention to performance of new commercial ATs via
controlled tests
Ensure good coverage on 1xEVDO to minimize MIP handoffs to 3G1x in the
core area
Ensure software (PPP) compression parity between 1xEVDO and 3G1x
configuration
If enabled on one side and disabled on the other, potential handoff issues
CL3724-SG.en.ul
183
AAA
IP Network Issues
F
A
BTS
AT
RLP
PCF
C
a
l
l
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
1xEV Controller
F
r
a
m
e
S
e
l
e
c
t
BTS
BTS
AT
AT Other
1xEV Controllers
and Routers
Other
PDSNs
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Other
ATs
Other
ATs
NMS
backhaul
Router
Laptop
card, PDA,
mobile etc.
Interface between
AT and rest of the
system
interface, and buffers data to the
Performs call control, frame
selection and RLP processing.
PCF connects to PDSN over R-P
interface, and buffers data to the
user.
OA&M functions
for 1xEV-DO RAN.
Maintains link (PPP)
with AT. Maps AT to
the IP address.
Performs authentication,
authorization, and
accounting functions.
2 - 2
H
A

AAA
internet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10 11
CL3724-SG.en.ul
184
IP Network Issues - RNC
Improper configuration of RNC elements can impact throughput
performance
Maintain/verify proper IP connectivity across various IP elements
Within the RNC
RNC to cell
Cell to PDSN
Use of high bandwidth ping to isolate bottlenecks
Duplicate IP address assignments can lead to high packet loss/latency
CL3724-SG.en.ul
185
IP Network Issues - Improper Router Settings
Imbalanced Throughput between Carriers
Same number of users, same RF conditions on
both channels?
The router was missing the IP addresses of the T1s serving FLM2 !!!!
CL3724-SG.en.ul
186
IP Network Issues - PDSN
Beware of any mismatches in the RNC to PDSN ethernet interface
configuration
Line mode: Full duplex, Half duplex, Auto Config
Line Speed: 10Mbps, 100 mbps, Auto Detect
Mismatch between two endpoints will cause collisions, packet drops
and/or large variations in latency
Becomes more apparent with multiple users
E.g., Full duplex on one side / Auto-config on the other side
Applies to any intervening switches/router between the PDSN and the
RNC
Allocate adequate bandwidth between RNC and PDSN
Pipe big enough to support DO traffic and also 1x Data traffic, if sharing
the PDSN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
187
Core Network delay and packet loss
2.4 Mbps RF channel
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
% PER
F
T
P

T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
K
b
p
s
)
0 ms delay
50 ms delay
250 ms delay
2.4 Mbps RF channel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
% PER
W
E
B

T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
K
b
p
s
)
0 ms delay 50 ms delay
250 ms delay
6 & 16 ms
delay data
points
CL3724-SG.en.ul
188
EV-DO Protocol Stack End to End
CL3724-SG.en.ul
189
TCP Layer (1)
TCP throughput time series
For both downlink and uplink, at both server and client
ppp-server

commview-client

Throughput drops,
usually a problem
indicator
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
CL3724-SG.en.ul
190
TCP Layer (2)
TCP round-trip time (RTT)
For download RTT, server trace is used. For upload RTT, client trace is used.
Download RTT Upload RTT
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
HTTP
Latency spikes,
usually a problem indicator
CL3724-SG.en.ul
191
TCP Layer (3)
TCP events:
TCP timeout, TCP out-of-sequence, TCP checksum error, and TCP reset
TCP timeout and out-of-
sequence,
usually an indication of packet
loss.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
192
TCP Layer (4)
TCP outstanding window
For download, server trace is used. For upload, client trace is used.
Shows
TCP window size;
TCP congestion control
events, such as slow start,
congestion avoidance, fast
retransmit and fast
recovery.
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
TCP congestion
avoidance.
It correlates with the
throughput drop.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
193
ppp-server

IP Layer (1)
IP throughput time series
For both downlink and uplink, and at both server and client.
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
commview-client

HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
Throughput drop
CL3724-SG.en.ul
194
IP Layer (2)
IP packet latency
End-to-end packet latency in downlink and uplink
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
Downlink Latency Uplink Latency
Ping
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
Ping
Latency spikes
CL3724-SG.en.ul
195
RLP Layer (1)
RLP layer throughput time series
Both downlink and uplink
Shows New data throughput, Duplicate data throughput, Retransmit data
throughput, and Total throughput respectively.
HTTP
FTP
Upload
FTP
Download
CL3724-SG.en.ul
196
RLP Layer (2)
RLP events:
RLP hole (Nak): both downlink and uplink
RLP Nak Timeouts: downlink at AT
RLP reset: AT and AN requested
RLP Nak Timeout (or
Abort) indicates a RLP hole
at AT cannot be filled when
timer expires.
It correlates with the PPP
FCS error & throughput
drop.
Downlink OTA losses are
usually in multiples of 122
bytes, and rarely exceed
couple of thousand bytes.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
197
Physical Layer (1)
RF condition
SINR (C/I)
DRC request
CL3724-SG.en.ul
198
Troubleshooting Example (1)
EVDO field issue: Low throughput
Findings from 3GDQoS tool:
Many TCP timeouts & out-of-sequence due to pkt loss,
which invokes TCP congestion control & window shrink.
Most of the loss occurs outside RAN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
199
EVDO field issue: High latency
High latency contributed by wireline network
CL3724-SG.en.ul
200
EVDO field issue: Low throughput
Significant RLP loss inside RAN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
201
Access Terminal (AT)
Test with known / well characterized terminals
Recommend the use of terminals with dual diversity receive antennas
Most PCMCIA based 1xEVDO based terminals offer diversity reception (unlike handhelds)
Beware of desensitization issues
Interference from clock sources within the laptop
Near field effects of antenna spaced close to the PCMCIA card - could hurt signal stability
Use 1xEVDO-only mode during RF optimization
Allows full focus on the 1xEVDO system
Could follow up with Hybrid mode drive for performance benchmarking
Locate and optimize areas for 1xEV to 3G1x handoffs
Chipset types
5500
6500
6800
6850 (MC-EVM)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
202
Client Settings
64K TCP window, VJ off, PPP data compression on;
W/4 simultaneous TCP connections, the web browsing throughput for
MIP/Hybrid mode still provides tremendous gain in throughput.
Web Browsing Throughput
(MIP/Hybrid IE w/4 cnx)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Clean RF Condition
W
e
b

B
r
o
w
s
i
n
g

I
P
-
L
a
y
e
r

T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
VJ_off PPP_on 64K
VJ_on PPP_on 64K
VJ_off PPP_off 64K
VJ_off PPP_on 32K
VJ_off PPP_on 32K
VJ_off PPP_off 32K
VJ_off PPP_on 16K
VJ_off PPP_on 16K
VJ_off PPP_off 16K
CL3724-SG.en.ul
203
Miscellaneous Failures category
Description
Several other failures not discussed earlier can occur during call setup
stage or during call
Potential causes
Call Processing states not in sync between the AP and TP
Cannot sent messages
Timeouts
Other internal errors
Allocate traffic channel failure
TP selection algorithm fails
TP at max dormant session limit
Show up in one or more of the following depending on the stage the
anomaly encountered
AT-initiated Connection Attempt Failures other failures
Connection released other reasons
Soft and Softer handoff Failures Other Reasons
CL3724-SG.en.ul
204
Miscellaneous Failures (Cont.)
Often may require custom traces and development support to debug further
Continue to update guidelines based on experience
CL3724-SG.en.ul
205
Lesson Summary
Perform basic troubleshooting
of RF problems (such as lack
of coverage, excessive pilots,
interference, and non-
optimized neighbor lists)
Examine inter-RNC border
issues and RNC grouping
CL3724-SG.en.ul
206
EV-DO
Multi-Carrier
Optimization
5
CL3724-SG.en.ul
208
Lesson Objectives
Analyze inter-frequency handoffs
CL3724-SG.en.ul
209
Multi-Carrier Scenarios
CL3724-SG.en.ul
210
Multi-Carrier Optimization Objectives
Minimize call drops and RF access failures in the core area
Provide desired coverage/capacity in the Fn core area
Ensure reliable Fn to {Fi} handoffs as the user approaches the inter-
frequency handoff boundary
Minimize RF access failures near the {Fi}/Fn border
Provide reliable inter-frequency handoffs for EV-DO calls originated on
Fn in areas external to the expected inter-frequency handoff boundary
CL3724-SG.en.ul
211
Idle Mode Hashing and Load Balancing
For Border sectors:
Ndiff = (MaximumnumberofUsersSupportedforRevA)*(hdrSNSpare6/100)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
212
EIS - Enhanced Hashing Support
Allow different hashing classes to be defined for different channels
(carriers)
AT is given a class mask to match against the class of a channel (DO
carrier) in the Sector Parameter message
Class mask is a configuration attribute of the Enhanced Idle State
Protocol
With enhanced hashing, Rev A and Rev 0 carriers in a mix
Rev0/RevA multi-carrier cell can be put in different hashing classes
Rev A mobiles hash only to Rev A carriers or to both Rev A and
Rev 0 carriers
Controlled via translation parameter
Rev 0 mobiles hash only to Rev 0 carriers or to both Rev 0 and Rev
A carriers
Controlled by the operator
CL3724-SG.en.ul
213
EIS - Mobile Hashing Algorithm
Supports hashing across carriers based on ATs technology capability
Useful only in case of mix Rev A / Rev 0 carrier
Helps segregate Rev A mobiles on Rev A carrier and Rev 0 mobiles on
Rev 0 carrier
Uses Channel List and Extended Channel List information in the Sector
Parameters Message (SPM)
Similar to CDMA Channel List and Extended CDMA Channel List
Messages in CDMA 3G1x
Applies only to Rev A capable mobiles that support EIS
Rev A mobiles without EIS capability will hash to Rev 0 carrier
Current commercial Rev A mobiles support EIS
Rev A mobiles hash to a Rev A carrier following Session Setup
Rev 0 channel is listed in Channel List whereas Rev A channel is listed in
Extended Channel List in SPM
All mobiles hash to Rev 0 carrier prior to Session Setup
Rev A channel in the Extended Channel List is visible only following EIS
negotiation
May impact Access/Control Channel occupancy on Rev 0 carrier
Hashing based on EIS is not used in case of single carrier, multiple
Rev 0 carriers and multiple Rev A carriers
CL3724-SG.en.ul
214
Translation Parameters Recommended Values
Enhanced Idle State Protocol Enabled
(Service Node-Enhanced Idle State Protocol)
This parameter is used to enable/disable the EIS feature
The recommended setting is Yes
Rev A AT Hash to Rev 0 Carrier Allowed
This parameter is used to control Rev A mobiles hashing to Rev 0 carriers.
The recommended setting is Yes, i.e. Rev A mobiles are allowed to hash to
both Rev A and Rev 0 carriers.
Rev 0 AT Hash to Rev A Carrier Allowed
This parameter is used to control Rev 0 mobiles hashing to Rev A carriers.
The recommended setting is Yes, i.e. Rev 0 mobiles are allowed to hash to
bothRev 0 and Rev A carriers
CL3724-SG.en.ul
215
Basic Call Processing Scenario for IFHO
CL3724-SG.en.ul
216
Mobile Assisted and AN Directed IFHO Algorithms
IFHO
Enabled legs
in active set?
Different channels
reported in RUM?
Is strongest
diff Chan Pilot
>Strongest same
channel pilot-A
1
Ediff Chan Pilot
> Esame channel
pilot+A
2
E IFHO-enabled
Active legs
> Eall other Active
legs
E IFHO-enabled
active legs
<Directed IFHO
threshold
Perform IFHO
Soft handoff
yes no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
no
Mobile
assisted
IFHO
Directed
IFHO
CL3724-SG.en.ul
217
Off-Frequency-Search Algorithm
Off-Frequency-Search algorithm is strictly ATs implementation and AN has no
control over it
AT performs OFS when the serving pilot strength falls below 5 dB
To minimize impact on the data throughput performance in connected state
To minimize impact on battery life in idle state
AT performs OFS during scheduled 3G1x tuneaway
AT tunes to target frequency after returning from 3G1x
Once every 5.12s if the above pilot strength conditions are met
OFS is supported in the following states/modes:
Connected State MSM6500 (Hybrid mode)
Idle State MSM5500/6500 (EVDO only and Hybrid mode)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
218
Mobile Assisted and AN Directed IFHO Algorithms
If AT reports Pilots from different channel, AN Directed IFHO is not
triggered even if the AN Directed IFHO threshold is met
Implies cannot disable MAIFHO if AT reports different channel pilot
information
If PilotAddThreshold for different channel is set to a very high value, AT may not
report different channel pilot information effectively disabling MAIFHO
In general, need to set both AN Directed and MAIFHO thresholds
Mobile uses PilotAddThreshold and PilotDropThreshold for Different
Channels (translation parameters) to report pilots from target carrier
following OFS
Latest recommendations:
Threshold for AN Directed IFHO: -5 dB
Thresholds for Mobile Assisted IFHO: A
1
: 3dB, A
2
: 1.5dB
Need to fine tune these threshold values depending on RF/Terrain conditions
as well as scenarios (Wedding Cake versus Disjoint), etc.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
219
How to Enable Inter-Frequency Handoffs
Define the different carrier neighbors in the Neighbor Sector forms
Set (up to 6) AN Directed IFHO Target neighbors in the Neighbor Sector form
Create/populate IFHO Targets for a sector-carrier
Set IFHO Enabled to yes in the Sector-Carrier form
Set IFHO Thresholds in the Sector-Carrier form
For MAIFHO
Strongest DiffChan/SameChan PilotPN Differential for IFHO
Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal Differential for IFHO
For AN Directed IFHO
PilotPN Signal Strength Threshold for IFHO
Set Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT to a non-
zero value
Increase Maximum Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT by the number of Diff.
Channel neighbors to avoid possible truncation in the number of same channel
neighbors. Max. Entries in NL can go up to 31.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
220
Inter-Frequency Handoff Translation Parameters
Flag to Enable IFHO (Sector carriers general)
Inter Frequency handoff Enabled
Thresholds for Mobile Assisted IFHO (Sector carriers general)
Strongest DiffChan/SameChan PilotPN Differential for IFHO (A
1
)
Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal Differential for IFHO (A
2
)
Threshold for Directed IFHO (Sector carriers general)
Pilot PN Signal Strength Threshold for IFHO
Configurations for Directed IFHO
Directed Inter Frequency Handoff (IFHO) Target (Neighbor Sectors)
Inter Frequency Handoff (IFHO) Target Band Class (IFHO Target)
Inter Frequency Handoff Target Channel Number (IFHO Target)
Others
Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT (Sector carriers general)
Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List Sent to AT (Sector carriers general)
Reset Report Time Interval for IFHO for RUMS (Service Node general section 1)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
221
Neighbor List for IFHO
Access network maintains two sets of neighbor lists: Same Channel and
Different Channel neighbor lists
Different Channel neighbors are identified by setting ChannelIncluded
field to 1 in both SectorParameters and NeighborList messages
Maximum size of the combined neighbor list is defined by the
translation Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT
Maximum size of different channel neighbors is limited by the
translation Maximum Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to
AT
Maximum number of entries for same channel neighbors is determined
by (Maximum Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT - Maximum Different
Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
222
Provisioning of Neighbor List
Key IFHO neighbors must be provisioned at the top of the neighbor list
(NeighborID <=12)
By default, the first 12 NeighborIDs occupy the 12 IFHO neighbor list entries
(Max. Different Channel Entries in Neighbor List sent to AT = 12)
Common Carrier / Wedding Cake scenario
Directed IFHO neighbors have the highest priority among different
channel neighbors regardless of the NeighborIDs
Will make it to the Directed IFHO neighbor list (up to 6)
If more than 6 neighbors are marked as Directed IFHO neighbors, first 6
neighbors with the lowest NeighborIDs will make it to the Directed IFHO
neighbor list
CL3724-SG.en.ul
223
Combined Neighbor List sent to AT
MSM5500/6500 mobiles support only one frequency per each neighbor
Pilot PN
Becomes an issue when a Pilot PN is a neighbor on both same and different
channels
If such a Pilot PN is marked only as different channel neighbor, AT will not
search/report this PN for soft/softer handoff. May lead to a drop call
Access network workaround
Different channel neighbors that are also same channel neighbors, will not be
included in the combined neighbor list
Logic is that such neighbors are most likely to be added in the active set as
soft/softer handoffs on the same channel before they become strong enough
to have impact on mobile assisted IFHO
Once in the active set, these Pilot PNs can be included in the neighbor list as
different channel neighbors
MSM6800 (Rev A) mobiles support multiple frequency per each neighbor Pilot
PN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
224
Border Sector/Carrier -- IFHO Wedding Cake Example
F1/F2 region
Cell A
Cell B
F1 region
Border Sector/Carrier
F2 is the carrier that would be marked as a
border sector/carrier; if customers decided to
do it. Border enable will modify the load
balancing algorithm and the Sector
Parameters Message.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
225
Sector Carrier and Target Forms 567_1
Optional ?
Check NL ?
CL3724-SG.en.ul
226
Neighbor Sector Form 567_1 (id=1)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
227
CL3724-SG.en.ul
228
Optional
CL3724-SG.en.ul
229
CL3724-SG.en.ul
230
CL3724-SG.en.ul
231
Border Sector/Carrier ---- IFHO Disjoint Carrier Example
F2 region
Cell A
Cell B
F1 region
Border Sector/Carrier
F2 is the carrier that would be marked as a
border sector/carrier; if customers decided to
do it. Border enable will modify the load
balancing algorithm and the Sector
Parameters Message.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
232
Check NL ?
Optional
?
CL3724-SG.en.ul
233
Neighbor Sector Form 234_1
CL3724-SG.en.ul
234
CL3724-SG.en.ul
235
Neighbor Sector Form 319_2
CL3724-SG.en.ul
236
Adding Carrier Recommendations - 1
CL3724-SG.en.ul
237
On 200_gamma (F2) ?
Cell 100
Cell 200
CL3724-SG.en.ul
238
CL3724-SG.en.ul
239
Dropping Calls on Borders ?
F1/F2 region
Cell A
Cell B
F1 region
Did you drop on F2 or F1 ?
Why ?
Potential solutions ?
CL3724-SG.en.ul
240
Translation Application Note # 4
Please refer to TAN # 4 for recommended settings and more
information.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
241
Intergeneration Handoffs Personality Switch
CL3724-SG.en.ul
242
Session/Connection Setup
UATI Assignment
Connection
Establishment for
Connection
Establishment with
new parameters
AT
AN
CL3724-SG.en.ul
243
Session Configuration Protocol (SCP)
SCP is in the session layer and is used to negotiate all application, protocols and
related attributes that will be used during the entire session
After negotiation the connection is dropped and re-established for the setting
to take place
Any change to the negotiated parameters requires re-running of SCP, dropping
and re-establishing the connection
SCP always takes place on the traffic channel
SCP supports two phases of negotiation
AT initiated negotiation
Used to negotiate protocols
AN initiated negotiation
Used to override default value of the attribute
CL3724-SG.en.ul
244
SCP for Rev. 0
Performed for every new session and
whenever a subtype need to be
changed
SCP is costly and connection has to be
released & re-established for new
setting to take effect
How to establish a Rev. A session?
How to handle Rev. A and Rev.0
session across coverage boundaries?
How to avoid renegotiating the entire
session to change a single attribute?
Connection Establishment
ConfigurationRequest
ConfigurationResponse
ConfigurationComplete
ConfigurationComplete
(SessionConfigurationToken)
ReleaseConnection
AT AN
A
T
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
A
N
-
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
e
d
ConfigurationStart
CL3724-SG.en.ul
245
Rev A Session/Personality
CL3724-SG.en.ul
246
Multiple Personalities
A personality is a complete set of negotiated protocol subtypes,
application subtypes, attributes values and public data
Indexed by the four most significant bits of the
SessionConfigurationToken (SCT)
Each AT can support up to PersonalityCount (attribute) personalities
Personality with 0 index in defined as the main personality, which is
used together with HardLink subtype to avoid negotiating identical
attributes across multiple personalities
Only one personality is in use at a time
AT includes the current SCT (personality in use) in the access channel
MAC header (this is how the AN figures out the personality in use)
Default Packet Rel. 0 and Default Packet Rev. A personalities are
introduced in R27. R28 and later have MFPA and EMFPA, these will be
covered in the QoS section
CL3724-SG.en.ul
247
Generic Attribute Update Protocol
Need an alternative light weight protocol for changing attributes
It is not always desirable to run SCP, since the connection has to be released and re-
established for the changes to take effect
GAUP is used to change parameter values of certain attributes
The standard clearly defines these attributes
Protocol and application subtypes cannot be individually GAUPed
Protocol and application subtypes can be GAUPed via personality switch
Connection release is not required except when GAUPing personality
CL3724-SG.en.ul
248
Generic Attribute Update Protocol
GAUP uses generic message to change values of GAUPable attributes
Attribute Update Request (send by initiator AN or AT)
Attribute Update Accept (send by receiver AN or AT)
Attribute Update Reject (send only by the AN)
GAUP messaging can sent over access channel, control channel or
traffic channel
GAUP can be sent any time during a connection or a session
CL3724-SG.en.ul
249
Personality Switching
Rather than use SCP whether the AT cross a coverage boundary, negotiate
multiple personality and switch personality as needed at the coverage boundary
How is the personality switched?
The SCT is a GAUPable attribute
The AN sends an AttributeUpdateRequest (AUR) with new SCT in the attribute field
Personality switch strategy
No connection, Personality Switch
Rev. A to Rev 0 or Rev.0 to Rev. A
Connection is open, Personality Switch Handoff
downgrade only Rev. A to Rev. 0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
250
Idle Personality Switch
Note: Personality switch for an idle AT only occurs when it accesses the network. If an idle AT
moves across Rev A and Rev 0 cells without accessing the network, the personality
switch is not performed.
RouteUpdate/ConnectionRequest
Rev 0 Sector
Rev A AT
Idle, Rev A
SCT = 0001
(Using Access Channel with SCT =0001 in header)
ACAck
AttributeUpdateRequest
TrafficChannelAssignment
(SCT=0000)/
Using Control Channel )
Pilot + DRC
RTC Ack
AttributeUpdateAccept
CL3724-SG.en.ul
251
RouteUpdate (Rev A and Rev 0 pilots)
Rev 0 Sector
in Rev A RAN
Rev A AT
Active Rev A
SCT = 0001
AttributeUpdateAccepted
AttributeUpdateRequest (SCT=0000)
ConnectionClose/TrafficChannelAssignment
ConnectionClose
Pilot + DRC
RTC Ack
Determined if
hand-down
is needed
In the near future idle personality switch from A to 0 will also be triggered based on the pilot
strength evaluation and the Personality Switch Threshold, similar to the active personality switch
from A to 0.
Active Personality Switch from Rev A to Rev 0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
252
Personality Switch Trigger (w/Connection)
RouteUpdateMessage
Any
Candidate
Rev. 0 only?
RNC creates two lists:
Rev. A list: Active Set members with
Keep=1, ranked by decreasing strength
Rev. 0 list: Candidate that support Rev. 0
only, ranked by decreasing strength
Combined Rev. A
Strength>=Combined Rev. 0
only + PresonalitySwitchThreshold
?
Follow regular
process
Perform Personality Switch.
Handoff to strongest six among
(Active Keep=1, candidates)
Ignore Rev.0 only
candidates
No
Yes
Yes
No
CL3724-SG.en.ul
253
Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO
Consider only Active set members
with keep=1 and Rev-A-enabled
Candidates that are on the
Combined Neighbor List
Create one list for each frequency
represented in the RUM:
- One list for current frequency
- One list for each different
frequency
Is strongest Rev-
A-enabled same-
channel pilot at
>= different
channel pilot+A1?
YES
Select different-frequency
list with greatest combined
signal strength
NO
Combined SS of
strongest
different-channel
list >= Combined
SS of current
frequency +A2?
Handoff to different-frequency
using strongest up-to six
candidates of the list
YES
NO
Combined SS of
revised different-
frequency list >=
current frequency
list +A2?
Perform Personality Switch to
Rev-0 on Active Set
Handoff to different-frequency
using strongest up-to six
candidates of the list
YES
NO
Add back Rev-0-only
pilots into the
strongest different-
channel list
Perform soft/softer evaluation
Precedence is given to
Rev. A to Rev. A IFHO
If such a handoff is not
possible then consider Rev.
A to Rev. 0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
254
Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO [Cont.]
Mobile Assisted IFHO is evaluated if the PilotPN strength measurements form
different frequencies (FIHO candidate channels) are reported in the RouteUpdate
message.
A Mobile Assisted IFHO is triggered if:
The strongest different channel (IFHO candidate channel) pilot strength (Strngt
DiffChan) is larger than the strongest same channel pilot strength (Strngt
SameChan) minus a Strongest DiffChan/SameChan Pilot PN Differential for
Mobile Assisted IFHO (dB) threshold represented as delta 1. The Strongest
DiffChan/SameChan Pilot PN Differential for Mobile Assisted IFHO (dB)
threshold is a translation parameter entered on the Sector Carrier General
EMS Gui page and ranges between 1 and 7 dB in 0.5 dB increments with a 5-dB
default.
The combined (all) Rev A different channel pilot strength (Cmbnd Rev A
DiffChan) is equal to or larger than the combined same channel pilot strength
(Cmbnd SameChan) by the Combined DiffChan/SameChan Signal
StrengthDifferential for Mobile Assisted IFHO (db) threshold represented as
delta 2. This threshold is also a translation parameter entered on the Sector
Carrier General EMS Gui page and ranges between 1 and 7 dB in 0.5 dB
increments with a 5-dB default.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
255
Rev. A Mobile Assisted IFHO [Cont.]
The first condition test determines if an IFHO should be performed by
determining if the PilotPN of the strongest IFHO candidate is greater than the
PilotPN of the strongest virtual handoff candidates PilotPN minus a differential
(delta 1). If the first condition is not met, a virtual soft handoff is perform on the
same channel.
If the condition is met, the second condition is tested to determine if the IFHO
handoff can be made to a Rev A carrier, maintaining the Rev A connection. If
the combined PilotPN signal strengths of all Rev A IFHO candidates is equal to,
or greater than the combined PilotPN strengths of all virtual handoff candidates
plus the delta 2 differential, Rev A IFHO is triggered.
If the second test criteria is not met, Rev 0 IFHO personality switch candidacy
is determined by comparing the PilotPN strengths of the combined Rev 0 and
Rev A IFHO candidate (different) channels with combined PilotPN strengths of
all virtual handoff candidates plus the delta 2 differential. If the former is
equal to or greater than the latter, a Rev 0 personality switch and IFHO is
executed; otherwise a virtual soft handoff is performed.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
256
Lesson Summary
At the conclusion of this lesson, you
should be able to
Describe multi-carrier
optimization
Analyze inter-frequency handoffs
CL3724-SG.en.ul
257
CL3724-SG.en.ul
258
Multiple Flows will impact the Call Capacity in OHM and TP
and BTS. Multiple Flows is built on top of Rev-A. Every flow
can be viewed as a connection. So if a Connection typically
has 2 flows expect the capacity to be reduced by 50% in
terms of the number of calls in the Traffic Processor. Voice
and Video Flows involve smaller packets causing more
impacts to Traffic Processor.
OHM is involved in QoS setup for every flow and also for
Admission Control decisions when a flow is activated. More
messages are being sent between TP, OHM and BTS to
support multiple Flows causing significant performance
impacts to OHM.
QoS - Capacity and Performance
CL3724-SG.en.ul
259
Handoff Matrix Summary reports
EVDO Hardware
and Other Impacts
9
CL3724-SG.en.ul
261
Lesson Objectives
Identify the hardware upgrades needed for
Rev A and other EVDO RF functionalities
Identify the components of the Universal
Network Cabinet (UNC)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
262
Modem Upgrade (CSM6800)
The SB-EVM/SB-EVMm:
uses Qualcomm ASIC Tile based on CSM6800 chipset (rev. A and rev. 0)
provides higher capacity in terms of number of channels supported:
supports 192 CEs in RL for 96 users (2-Way diversity) and 288 flows in the
forward link. Full capacity of 192 users and 576 flows. In Rev A a flow is
termed as an open reservation in which a stream of data between the AT
and a specific web location.
has an optional tile that could add additional 192 CEs for greater
capacity or the same capacity with 4-Way diversity.
provides Pilot Interference Cancellation
CL3724-SG.en.ul
263
What is the RL PIC in EVDO?
In the RL of EVDO, The pilot signal is important for RL power control
and channel estimation/demodulation of AT, but is interference for
other ATs.
For the VoIP where a large number of ATs transmit at low data rates (9.6kbps, 256 bit), a
significant percentage of AN received power is from pilot signals transmitted by the ATs.
By removing this pilot interference, the EVDO RL can support more VoIP users.
Qcom is offering PIC as an optional FPGA feature supported by the CSM6800 solution
For the 3GPP2 channel mix, about 60-70% of the overall pilot power can be cancelled
from users in the sector
Pilot
30%
DRC/DSC/
ACK/RRI
Data
40%
CL3724-SG.en.ul
264
PIC Preliminary Improvement
For the 3GPP2 fading channel mix, about 70% of the overall pilot
interference from in-sector ATs can be cancelled by PIC in the EVDO
Rev link.
Simulation indicates the VoIP capacity improvement
PIC could provide about 15% more VoIP users in EVDO, or giving the users
about 27% more data power at the same data rate.
With PIC=70%, the voice capacity becomes about 41 Erlangs (52
users/sector).
CL3724-SG.en.ul
265
Rev. A Four Way Diversity
From 2Rx to 4Rx antennas at AN, the long-term
pilot Ecp/Nt requires about 2.3 dB less with TG =
4 subpkts.
Taking into account all channels, the average
Ec/Nt per antenna for 256 payload provide about
40% improvement, which can be used to estimate
the performance improvement of full-buffer
throughput.
Link Budget (or Cell Coverage)
The gain of Tx power at AT is about 2.4 dB. For the
data rate, the coverage could be doubled as long as
a similar performance (1% RPER) is kept.

Reference:
J. Salz and J. Winters, Effect of Fading Correlation on Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile
Radio, IEEE Trans. On Veh. Tech., Vol. Vt-43(4), pp 1049-1057, Nov. 1994.
M. Fan and E. Esteves, The Impact of Antenna-Array Receiver on the Reverse Link Performance of
CDMA2000 1xEV High Rate Packet Data Systems, IEEE VTC2003, Fall Orlando, FL.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
266
Rev. A Capable ATs (MSM6800)
Equalizer (better DRC distribution due to better SINR)
Helps to reduce multi-path (ISI) interference
Helps achieving higher data rates such as 3.1 Mbps
Helps to suppress interference from other sectors and other carriers
Different Operation Modes in Hybrid (less interruption when checking
on 3G-1x)
Rev. A capable access terminals may provide performance
benefits in Rev. 0 operation over previous generation of handsets.
Two contributing factors are Simultaneous Mode operation and
channel equalization on the forward link.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
267
SINR Improvement
CL3724-SG.en.ul
268
2GB Memory AP-CPU Upgrade
CP2140
Increases the number of UATI Sessions to 65K(R27)/100k(R28) per AP
1GB Cards maximum number of session per RNC frame 320K
2GB Cards maximum number of session per RNC frame 800K(R28)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
269
Two or more functions combined
Bearer function
Control function
OA&M function
DACS
IP Backhaul
Network
Packet
Data
Network
Ethernet
Switch
MCC/
TLWS
Router
PDSN
9270
1xRNC
Frame Relay
Backhaul
Network
9281
PS
DACS
Ethernet
Backhaul
Network
Ethernet
Switch
9271 EV-DO
RNC
1xEV-DO
Backhaul
Network
PSTN
DACS Router
3G1X CDMA
Base Station
Mixed-mode
Base Station
3G1X CDMA
Base Station
1xEV-DO
Base Station
Access
Terminal
Access
Terminal
Access
Terminal
Access
Manager
(9290
MM/MMC)
9256 OMP
9253
OMC-RAN
OA&M
Network
CDMA/EV-DO Network with new product names
CL3724-SG.en.ul
270
OMP-FX and OMC-RAN
OMP-FX
SUA
Emergency Access
Data Repository
ROP
Tools and Scripts
ECP Direct Connection
SM Collection/Dist.
TICLI
SDP
RC/V
Cut-thru to FPS(5E)
TICLI
RC/V GUI
FPS Management
Super Overview
Integrated Fault Management
North Bound Interface
OMC-RAN
System CLI
CL3724-SG.en.ul
271
AP
AP
To External Network
(PDSN/AAA)
To OA&M Network
(OMP-FX/OMC-RAN/MSC)
GigE
Fiber
100 Base T (to OAM Network)
100 Base T (to OAM Network)
Layer 2
Switch A
Layer 2
Switch B
Cajun
Switch
B
Cajun
Switch
A
TP
TP
TP
TP
GigE
Fiber
GigE
Fiber
STP
GigE
Fiber
VRRP
RAN Data VLAN
Inter-Router VLAN
Inter-Router VLAN
Hand-off Network VLAN
GigE/FE
GigE/FE
IPBH for EV-DO
Most of the QoS features on MLPPP.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
272
1x T1/E1 # n
DO T1/E1 # n
1x T1/E1 #1
T3/OC-3/OC-12
E3/STM-1/STM-3
Aggregation
Router B
DO RNC
RNCs
MSC
FMM APs
PSUs
RNCs
T1/E1
Mux
CELL
SITEs
1xEV-DO
&
3G1x
Aggregation
Router A
MLS A
MLS B
VRRP
STP
DO T1/E1 #1
EBH for EV-DO
OAM
Ethernet
Access
Transpor
t
Network
100 Base-FX
UNI1_cell
UNIn_cell
UNI_nw_standby
UNI_nw_active
Multiple cell
sites
Multiple cell
sites
CELL
SITEs
1xEV-DO
&
3G1x
Shared Aggregation Router and MLS pairs
Converged Backhaul Network
1000
Base-SX
CL3724-SG.en.ul
273
Universal Network Cabinet (UNC)-Based 1xEV-DO RNC
Doubles the capacity of
current R1SR RNC frame
Two independent Universal
Shelves, each housing four
independent FMS-410S (SUN
Netra CT410 server) drawers
Two independent Extreme
X450a-48t Ethernet MLS
switches (cabinet switches),
providing redundant LAN
networks within cabinet
Cabinet switches provide the
following feature over the
R1SR RNC frame Cajun switch:
L3 capability
IPV6
Increased security
Gigabit port speed
Larger number of fiber ports
Greater fiber bandwidth
CL3724-SG.en.ul
274
Cross Technology Capabilities
3G-1x Circuit Services Notification Application (a.k.a., Cross-Paging)
Objectives:
Permit MS/AT to Monitor cdma2000 (Only) to Save Battery Life While Still Operating
Correctly for Packet Data Service via HRPD
Permit an MS/AT that is Monitoring HRPD for Packet Data to Receive Important
cdma2000 Events (E.g., Page, SMS, Crossing of cdma2000 Paging Zone Boundary, etc.)
Multimode Capability Discovery Application
Discover the Specific Capabilities of Multi-mode Devices, e.g., the Ability to Support Hybrid MS/AT
Operation
Discover the Limitation of the ATs Multimode Operating Capabilities (e.g., Can or Cannot
Simultaneously Monitor Common Channels of HRPD and cdma2000)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Cross-Notification Examples
Delivery of Unicast SMS to the MS/AT over the
HRPD Air Interface
HRPD BS MSC
a
b
time
HRPD: 3G1XServices packet
(data burst message)
c
MS/AT
ADDS Page Ack
ADDS Page
T
3113
d
HRPD: SLP ack)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
276
Delivery of a Page to the MS/AT over the HRPD
Air Interface
cdma2000
BS
MSC MS/AT
a
b
time
d
c
e
HRPD BS
1x: Page Response Message
Paging Request (conditional)
T
3113
Paging Request
HRPD: 3G1XServices packet
(General Page Message)
Complete L3 Info: Paging Response
T
3113
CL3724-SG.en.ul
277
Delivery of High
Rate Packet Data
Service Option
Page
cdma2000
BS
MSC PDSN
MS/
AT
c
time
b
d
e
f
T
3113
g
T
3210
i
a
j
k
HRPD BS
n
m
l
o
h
Data flow
Connection establishment
HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration)
HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration Request Order)
Location Updating Accept
Location Updating Request
Paging Request
1x: page with SO 59
1x: Page Response
Complete L3: Info Paging
Response
T
311
BS Service Response
BS Service Request
1x: Release Order
and L2 Ack
HRPD: 3G1xServices packet (Registration Accepted Order)
Data flow
MaxIdleTunnelTime
1x: Registration
Location Updating Request
Location Updating Accept
1x: Registration
Accepted Order
p
q
r
s
packet data
T
3210
CL3724-SG.en.ul
278
Hybrid Mode
CL3724-SG.en.ul
279
Simultaneous Mode
Mid Cell FTP Throughput
Simultaneous: 1398 Kbps
Hybrid: 1087 Kbps
Both Rev. 0
CL3724-SG.en.ul
280
HPT
CL3724-SG.en.ul
281
Forward Link Handoff with DSC
In Rev 0, service may
be interrupted during
handoff to BTS2.
In Rev A, BTS2 is
notified of an
impending handoff by a
DSC value, which is
transmitted DSClength
slots before the DRC
Cover change.
The value of DSClength
is specified by the
Enhanced Forward
Traffic Channel
protocol.
Forward link
serving cell
BTS1
Forward link serving cell BTS1
Forward link serving
cell BTS2
Forward link serving
cell BTS2
DRC Cover
change
DRC detection
at BTS1 & BTS2
Transfer
to BTS2
BTS1 send DSC change indication (DSCI)
BTS2 send Forward Desire Indication (FDI)
BTS1 send Forward Stop Indication (FSI)
DRC Cover change
BTS2 Starts transmission
time
time
DSC Length
Forward Link Handoff in Rev A
Forward Link Handoff in Rev 0
Service
interruption
DRC Cover
change
Transfer
to BTS2
SCC detection
at BTS1 & BTS2
CL3724-SG.en.ul
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Forward Link Handoff with DSC
CL3724-SG.en.ul
283
Data over Signaling (DoS) Protocol
Typically, the
user data traffic
is processed by
the RLP protocol.
DoS provides an
alternate path for
the data.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
284
Core Transport Network
When IP routing occurs between multiple sites, an edge router or gateway
is required at each site to enable communication outside the local
subnet
Network IP Routers
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) and Diffserv support to provide timely
delivery of VoIP packet frames through one or more managed IP networks.
The diffserv code points must be chosen appropriately and an appropriate per-hop
behavior must be specified in each router.
PDSN :The hardware and software architecture impact to the PDSN is
vendor dependent.
Expected to comply with TIA-856-A-1, TIA 1054, IS835D and TIA-878-A
Standards
Comply with Enhanced Multi Flow Procedures in TIA-878-A for establishment and
release of auxiliary A10 connections both concurrent and asynchronous with
establishment and release of the main A10 connection.
Support A10, IP Flow Based, Accounting.
Support Flow Mapping and Treatments for HRPD Non-Specific Traffic Flow Templates via
the Resv/ResvConf message procedures defined in TIA-835-D.
Support ROHC in conjunction with SO 67 and Alcatel-Lucent DSCP marking and
processing assumptions
Support the Ty interface to the PDF and shall perform Bearer Control Point/PEF
function as defined in 3GPP2 MDD SBBC standard X.S0013-012-0 v1.0.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
285
35 VoIP Erlang Simulations
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
10 30 50 70
Delay Bound (ms)
S
a
t
i
s
f
i
e
d

U
s
e
r

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
VoIP Only
5 BE Users
10 BE Users
BE users have little impact on
VoIP performance.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
286
Aggregate BE Throughput (RLP) Simulations
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
0 10 20 30 40
VoIP Erlang
D
a
t
a

T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

(
k
b
p
s
)
1
5
10
BE throughput reduction is
non-linear, especially when
the VoIP loading is low.
VoIP packets take more slots
per VoIP call comparing with
high loading case.
loss of RF efficiency for the
VoIP occupied slots, as BE
traffic can only be carried in
MUP as piggy-back traffic.
CL3724-SG.en.ul
287
Lesson Summary
Identify the hardware upgrades
needed for Rev A and other
EVDO RF functionalities
Identify the components of the
Universal Network Cabinet
(UNC)
CL3724-SG.en.ul
288
CL3724-SG.en.ul
289
Course Summary
You are now able to do the following:
Describe 1xEV-DO network from an RF perspective
Identify the major factors in EVDO RF performance and troubleshooting
Describe QoS
Explain the features and functions of EVDO optimization tools
Analyze EVDO optimization case studies and outline their solutions
Describe EVDO hardware and other Impacts
CL3724-SG.en.ul
290
Requirements to Obtain Course Credit
To get credit for taking this course do the following:
1. Complete the course
2. Complete the end-of-course assessment or L2A
3. Complete the course evaluation

1xEV-DO RF Performance Engineering

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