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1. NPN Transistor
2. PNP Transistor
An NPN transistor is fabricated by P-type material between two N-type region and
PNP transistor is fabricated by N-type material between two P-type type regions.
• Emitter-P-type
• Base-N-type
• Collector-P-type
Collector
P N P
Emitter
Base
N P N
Emitter Collector
Base
When we use transistor to amplify the signal we are required four terminals, two
in input circuit and two in output circuit but in transistor only three terminals so
found thus we have to require one terminal of transistor common in both input
and output circuit due to this there are three mode of transistor :-
In the circuit diagram of cell modes always we keep the input circuit in forward
bias and output circuit in reverse bias.
₊ ₋ Ie E C Ic ₊
mA1 mA2
B
₊ ₋
V1 V2
₋ ₊
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
According to observation we plot the graph between input voltage and current at
different values of constant output voltages as shown in following graph :
I (mA)
X
V (Volt)
Rin = ( ∆V1/∆I1) V2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
After taking observation we plot the graph between output voltage and output
current at different constant input current as shown in following figure:
I 2 (mA)
X
V2 (volt)
Thus from graph we conclue that the current Iz saturated after some output
voltage with the help of this characteristics we obtain output resistance by
following formula
Rout=(∆V2/∆I2)II
I2(mA) V2=4V
o X
I1(mA)
For this characteristics we plot the graph between input and output current at
constant output voltage V2 as shown in above diagram from this graph we obtain
the current gain of circuit by following:
Cgain = (∆I2/∆H)V2
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Always keep the input circuit of transistor in forward in forward bise and
output circuit in reverse bias.
2. All the observation should be taken carefully with different different
constant voltage and current.
TRANSISTOR
TELESCOPE
OPTICAL BENCH
SET UP
ZENER DIODE
TRAVELLING
MICROSCOPE
POLARISATION OF
SUGAR SOLUTION
TELESCOPE
VOLTMETER
1. ELECTRIC
VIBRATOR
LASER KIT
GEIGER MULLER