Industrial Communications

Lesson 1 Introduction to Networking

Outline
Good

Communication Networking Hierarchy Architecture

Industrial Protocol

Good Communication
The

basic concepts of communication are the same everywhere:

Human Human interaction Human Machine interaction Machine Machine interaction

Let's

look at two examples:

Shopping Spouses Problem Two Generals Problem

Shopping Spouses Problem

Bob He

goes to the store to buy some beer sees the beer and gets upset

gets home with beer and kisses Alice

Alice Alice

yells I heard you leaving and I told you if you are going to the store to buy us some milk! You forgot the milk again! yells back You did NOT tell me to get milk! If you had asked for milk i would have bought some.

Bob

Shopping Spouses Problem

What How

went wrong?

can they fix this?

Shopping Spouses Problem

What

went wrong?

Unreliable communication medium, but a good chance Bob should receive message Alice has reasonable expectation that Bob hears her as he's leaving This time, Bob didn't hear her, expectations are not met!

Shopping Spouses Problem

How

can they fix this?

Bob can ask Alice if she needs anything before he leaves Alice can avoid expecting milk if she did not hear Bob reply with Ok Honey

In

communication we call this:

Request Acknowledgement

Two Generals Problem

Two The If

armies are encamped on opposite sides of a city cities garrison can defeat either army if they attack alone both armies attack at the same time they can take the city two Generals cannot communicate directly or reliably are the problems and solutions?

The

What

Two Generals Problem

Problems

(unreliable communication):

Messengers must cross through enemy territory, may be captured Uncertanty may cause a General to heistate, bringing defeat Spies may change time on messages

Posible

solution Acknowledgement?

Two Generals Problem

Scenario General General General

1:

A sends message to General B to attack at dawn B receives message, sends acknowledgement and attacks at dawn A does not receive acknowledgement, they are as likely to be lost as the original message A does not attack, General B defeated

General

Two Generals Problem

Scenario General General

2:

A sends message to General B to attack at dawn B receives message, sends acknowledgement but realizes that the acknowledgement may be lost B becomes uncertain that General A will attack and hesitates B does not attack, General A defeated

General General

Two Generals Problem

Acknowledgements

are no guarantee:

Try acknowledging an acknowledgement, leads to infinite string of messages Must accept that communications are unreliable! Messages will be lost

Uncertainty

in communication can be minimized, but not eliminated

Send several messengers with the same message at the same time Make alternate pre-arrangements

Industrial Networking Hierarchy

Enterprise Control Device Sensor

Networks

Networks

Networks Networks

OPERATOR HMI

BUSINESS IT

ENTERPRISE NETWORKS SERVERS and DATABASES

ETHERNET GATEWAY

CONTROL NETWORKS

ControlNet ProfiNet

EtherNet/IP

PLC/PAC/PID

DEVICE NETWORKS POINT IO/VFD SENSOR NETWORKS SENSORS TRANSDUCERS CONTACTORS ACTUATORS

DeviceNet ProfiBus

DeviceNet ProfiBus

Protocol Architecture
Protocols

themselves can be classified:

Open Proprietary

Protocol

architecture can be classified as:

Monolithic Protocols Layered Protocols

Protocols

operate either as:

Deterministic Stochastic

Protocol Architecture
Early

industrial protocols were Monolithic meaning that the programs were written in one big, complex chunk were also proprietary, closely guarded secrets, and manufacturers did not play well together meant that a company had to stick to the products from a single manufacturer such as AB, Siemens, Honeywell

They

This

Protocol Architecture
Developments

in public computer systems, such as university and government lead to freely distributed, open protocols (like TCP/IP) protocols were Layered into several simple protocols, each doing one thing well, rather than one large protocol that handled all aspects of communication

These

Protocol Architecture
IT

protocols such as TCP/IP are not suitable for industrial communications however, because they are Stochastic and reliability must be tightly controlled in an Industrial network Ethernet, and the like give no guarantee that a packet will arrive in a timely fashion

Timing

TCP/IP,

Protocol Architecture
Industrial Industrial

applications are real-time so they do not tolerate delays networks must be Deterministic, they must be able to transfer data while the data is still useful critical applications delay may cause loss or damage to products, unsafe conditions, etc protocols use scheduling schemes to ensure that bandwidth is available for device communication

In

Industrial