Digital Image

Applications of Digital Image Processing

Aug 9, 2010

Aug 11, 2010

Classification of Digital Image Processing

Image

Image Rectification

Image Enhancement

Image Classification

Data Merging

Part 1 - Image Rectification

Correction of image preprocessing of image

A. Geometric correction B. Radiometric correction

Geometric Correction

Geometric Correction

Radiometric Correction
Conversion of DN into Actual Radiance values L = Gain * DN + Offset Gain = (LMax LMin)/255 Atmospheric Correction

Noise correction - Unwanted disturbance in image due to limitations in sensing, digitization, or data recording process

Atmospheric Correction
443 nm 555 nm 620 nm

Chl-a

TSM

AOD

Part 2 - Image Enhancement

More effective display of images enhancing the contrast between various objects

A. Contrast manipulation B. Spatial feature manipulation C. Multi-image manipulation

Contrast Manipulation
Grey-level thresholding used to segment an image into two classes
TM VIS Band TM NIR Band

Contrast Manipulation
Grey-level thresholding similar to Cloud Masking

ASTER image

ASTER Cloud Mask

Contrast Manipulation
Level Slicing enhancement technique where the range of DN values are sliced and each slice is assigned a single DN values

Contrast Manipulation
Contrast Stretching - Image display operate over a range of 256 gray levels - Sensor data hardly extends over this range - Narrow range of brightness values stretched over a wider range of gray level values

Contrast Stretching
Image Histogram

Image Value

Display Value Image Value Display Value Image Value Histogram Stretch Display Value Image Value Display Value

Linear Stretch

Special Stretch

Contrast Stretching
Original Image

Histogram stretch Linear Stretch

Contrast Stretching
Original (4 105) Mean = 27.3, = 15.76 Landsat Image of Charleston, SC Linear Stretch

1 linear stretch Min = 12, Max = 43 Wetlands (DN 13-27) Special Linear stretch Histogram Equalization

Image Enhancement

Contrast Manipulation

Spatial Feature Manipulation

Multi-image Manipulation

Spatial Filtering

Edge Enhancement

Fourier Analysis

Spatial Feature Manipulation

Spatial Filtering enhances the smoothness/roughness of the image spatially
Low-pass filter

Original Image

High-pass filter

Spatial Feature Manipulation

Edge Enhancement preserve both local contrast and low frequency brightness information
Original Image Edge enhanced Image

Fourier Analysis implementation of spatial feature manipulation in spatial (x,y) domain into spectral frequency domain using Fourier Transform

Image Enhancement

Contrast Manipulation

Spatial Feature Manipulation

Multi-image Manipulation

Spectral Ratioing

Principal Components

IHS Transformation

Spectral Ratioing
Landsat TM1/TM2 Landsat TM3/TM4

Landsat TM5/TM2

Landsat TM3/TM7

Multi-image Manipulation
Principal Component Analysis
Band 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 1 1 0.96 0.95 0.39 0.56 0.72 0.56 1 0.96 0.44 0.61 0.76 0.58 1 0.53 0.71 0.84 0.66 1 0.88 0.76 0.66 1 0.95 0.78 1 0.81 1 2 Correlation Matrix 3 4 5 7 6 Landsat Image of Charleston, SC

PCA is appropriate when one has a number of observed variables and wish to develop a smaller number of artificial variables (principal components) that will account for most of the variance in the observed variables.

Principal Component Analysis

Variance-Covariance Matrix Band 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 1 100.93 56.6 79.43 61.49 134.27 90.13 23.72 34.14 46.71 40.68 85.22 55.14 14.33 68.83 69.59 141.04 86.91 22.92 248.4 330.71 148.5 43.62 568.84 280.97 78.91 154.91 42.65 17.78 2 3 4 5 7 6

Eigen values of this matrix are computed such that EV Cov EVT = E E is a diagonal covariance matrix, whose elements (Eigen values) are the variances of pth principal components

Principal Component Analysis

Principal Components Eigenvalues 1 1010.92 2 131.2 3 37.6 4 6.73 5 3.95 6 2.17 7 1.24

Percent of total variance in the data explained by each principal component

%=

eigenvalue p 100

eigenvalue
p =1

Principal Components Cumulative

1 84.68

2 95.67

3 98.82

4 99.38

5 99.71

6 99.89

7 99.99

Multi-image Manipulation
Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) Color Space Transformation Intensity refers to the brightness of a color

Hue refers to dominant or average wavelength of light contributing to a color

Saturation refers to purity of a color relative to gray

Part 3 - Image Classification

Quantitative technique to classify various features

A. Unsupervised classification B. Supervised classification

Unsupervised Classification
Distinguishing different objects based on cluster analysis using multi-spectral reflectance values

Suitable for images with few classes with contrasting spectral reflectance values

Do not utilize training data

Example of Unsupervised Classification

Supervised Classification
Requires training set More accurate for complex scenes

FCC produced from IRS 1C LISS III over a part of the Himalayan Foothills

Ref: Saha et al., 2005

Classified Image

Ref: Saha et al., 2005

Data merging
Merging of multiple data-set for better interpretation

A. Multi-temporal merging change detection study B. Multi-sensor merging C. Merging of image data with ancillary information D. Integration with GIS

Change Detection Study

Integration with GIS