TheMineralsAnOverviewCharacteristicsofMinerals.Transportedintheblood.Someneedacarrier.Large consumptionofonemineralmaysuppresstheabsorptionofanothermineral.Mineralbinders: CPhytatesCfoundinthehusksofgrainsandlegumesCOxalicacidCfoundinspinachandstrawberries CharacteristicsofMinerals.Transportedintheblood.Someneedacarrier.Largeconsumptio nofonemineralmaysuppresstheabsorptionofanothermineral.Mineralbinders: CPhytatesCfoundinthehusksofgrainsandlegumesCOxalicacidCfoundinspinachandstrawberries Sodium.Principalextracellularcation.Involvedinfluidvolumeregulation.Involvedinne rvetransmission.DeficiencysymptomsCMusclecramps,mentalapathy,lossofappetite.Toxic itysymptomsCEdema,acutehypertension.SignificantsourceCTablesalt,soysauceCModerateam ountsinmeats,milks,breads,andvegetablesCLargeamountsinprocessedfoodsSodium Sodium.HypertensionCSaltsensitivity.OsteoporosisCHighsodiumassociatedwithCaexcreti onChloride.Chlorine(Cl2)vs.chlorideion(Cl-) .

RolesinbodyCPrincipalextracellularanionCMaintainsnormalfluidandelectrolytebalanceC Partofhydrochloricacidfoundinthestomach,necessaryforproperdigestion

Chloride Potassium . Deficiency symptoms . Principal intracellular cation C Do not occur under normal . Involved in nerve transmission, muscle circumstances contraction, esp. important for the heart muscle . Toxicity symptom . Deficiency symptoms C Vomiting C Muscular weakness . Significant sources C Paralysis C Confusion C Table salt, soy sauce .

Toxicity symptoms C Moderate amounts in meats, milks, C Muscular weakness eggs C Vomiting C Large amounts in processed foods C If given into a vein, can stop the heart Potassium: .SignificantsourcesCAllwholefoodsCMeats,milks, fruits,vegetables, grains,legumesCalcium.99%foundinboneandteeth.1%foundinbloodCremainsconstantatthee xpenseofbone.ChieffunctionsinthebodyCMineralizationofbonesandteethCInvolvedinmuscl econtractionandrelaxation,nervefunctioning,bloodclottingCBloodpressure,immunedefe nses Calcium.DeficiencysymptomsCStuntedgrowthinchildrenCBoneloss(osteoporosis)inadults. ToxicitysymptomsCConstipationCIncreasedriskofurinarystoneformationandkidneydysfunc tionCInterferencewithabsorptionofotherminerals.ParathyroidhormonesC raisescalciumbypullingcalciumfromthebone.CalcitoninC lowersbloodcalciumbyinhibitingthereleaseofcalciumfromthebone

CalciumCalcium.SignificantsourcesCMilkandmilkproductsCSmallfish(withbones) CTofu(beancurd),greens(broccoli, chard),legumesCalcium.SignificantsourcesCMilkandmilkproductsCSmallfish(withbones) CTofu(beancurd),greens(broccoli, chard),legumes BoneMassandOsteoporosis.Wegenerallybuildboneupto~age30.Peoplewhohavehighpeakbone massatage30Cverylowriskforosteoporosis.PeoplewithlowpeakbonemassCussuallydevelopos teoporosisbyage60.WomenCbegintolose3-5%oftheirbonemassannuallyaftermenopause Healthyvs.OsteoporoticTrabecularBones OsteoporosisAndCalcium Osteoporosis And Calcium

OsteoporosisPreventionisthekey.Physicalactivityandbodyweight.Adequatedietarycalciumintake.Sm okingandalcohol Phosphorus . Chief functions in the body CMineralization of bones and teeth CPart of every cell CImportant in genetic material, part of phospholipids CUsed in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance . Deficiency symptoms CMuscular weakness, bone pain Phosphorus . Toxicity symptoms CCalcification of nonskeletal tissues,

particularly the kidneys . Significant sources CAll animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk) Magnesium . Chief functions in the body C Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system . Deficiency symptoms C Weakness C Confusion C If extreme, convulsions,

bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing C In children, growth failure

Magnesium . Toxicity symptoms C From nonfood sources only C Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration The Trace Minerals . Significant sources C Nuts, legumes C Whole grains C Dark green vegetables C Seafood C Chocolate, cocoa TheTraceMinerals.FoodsourcesCTracemineralcontentinfoodsdependonsoilandwatercompos itionandhowfoodsareprocessed.DeficienciesCHardertodiagnose;milddeficienciesareeas ilyoverlooked.ToxicitiesCCanbetoxicatintakesjustaboveestimatedrequirements.Intera ctionsCImportantinmetabolicreactionsCLargeintakeofonetracemineralcaninhibittheabso rptionofanothermineral Iron.ChieffunctionsinthebodyCPartoftheproteinhemoglobin,whichcarriesoxygeninthebl oodCPartoftheproteinmyoglobininmuscles,whichmakesoxygenavailableformusclecontract ionCNecessaryfortheutilizationofenergyaspartofthecellsmetabolicmachinery IronAbsorptionIron.DeficiencysymptomsCAnemia:weakness,fatigue, headachesCImpairedworkperformanceandcognitivefunctionCImpairedimmunityCPaleskin,nai lbeds,mucousmembranes,andpalmcreasesCConcavenailsCInabilitytoregulatebodytemperatu reCPica

Iron Iron . High risk for iron deficiency . Stages of iron deficiency CWomen in their reproductive years CIron stores diminish Cpregnant women CTransport iron decreases CInfants and young children CHemoglobin production declines CTeenagers .Bothsizeandcolorarenormalinthesebloodcells.Bloodcellsiniron-deficiencyanemiaare smallandpalebecausetheycontainlesshemoglobinIron.ToxicitysymptomsCGIdistressCIrono verload:infections,fatigue,jointpain,skinpigmentation,organdamage .Contaminationiron.IronsupplementsIron.SignificantsourcesCRedmeats,fish,poultry,s hellfish, eggsCLegumes,driedfruits

Zinc Zinc Chief functions in the body . Absorption C Part of many enzymes CZinc is retained in the cell as (Metalloenzymes) Metallothionein, a special binding C Associated with the hormone insulin protein similar to the iron storage C Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, protein

transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Zinc.Enteropancreaticcirculation .SignificantsourcesCProteincontainingfoodsCRedmeats, shellfishCWholegrains Zinc.DeficiencysymptomsCGrowthretardation, delayedsexualmaturation, impairedimmunefunction,hairloss, eyeandskinlesions,lossofappetiteZinc.ToxicitysymptomsCLossofappetite,impairedimmu nity,lowHDL,copperandirondeficiencies

Iodine Iodine . Deficiency symptoms . Iodine vs. iodide C Underactive thyroid gland, goiter . Chief functions in the body C Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) CA component of two thyroid . Deficiency disease hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and CSimple goiter metabolic rate CCretinism . Toxicity

symptoms C Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter CretinismIodine.SignificantsourcesCIodizedsalt,seafood, bread,dairyproducts, plantsgrowniniodine-richsoilandanimalsfedthoseplants Goiter Selenium Selenium . Chief functions in the body . Deficiency symptoms C Defends against oxidation C Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue C Regulates thyroid hormone becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) . Significant sources . Toxicity symptoms C Seafood, meat C

Loss and brittleness of hair and nails C Whole grains, vegetables (depending C Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and on soil content) nervous system disorders C Garlic breath odor

Copper.ChieffunctionsinthebodyCNecessaryforabsorptionanduseofironintheformationof hemoglobinCPartofseveralenzymes Manganese.ChieffunctionsinthebodyCCofactorforseveralenzymes.SignificantsourcesCNut s,wholegrains,leafyvegetables, tea.DeficiencysymptomsCRare.ToxicitysymptomsCNervoussystemdisorders Chromium.ChieffunctionsinthebodyCEnhancesinsulinaction.SignificantsourcesCMeats(es peciallyliver) CWholegrains,brewersyeast.DeficiencysymptomsCDiabetes-likecondition.ToxicitysymptomsC Nonereported Copper . Significant sources C Seafood C Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes . Deficiency symptoms C Anemia, bone abnormalities . Toxicity symptoms C Liver damage Fluoride . Chief functions in the body C Involved in the formation of bones and teeth C Helps to make teeth

resistant to decay . Significant sources C Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) C Tea, seafood . Deficiency symptoms C Susceptibility to tooth decay . Toxicity symptoms C Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth) Molybdenum . Chief functions in the body C Cofactor for several enzymes . Significant sources C Legumes, cereals C Organ meats . Deficiency

symptoms C Unknown . Toxicity symptoms C None reported C Reproductive effects in animals