GRAMMAR AND EXPRESSIONS ENGLISH

Disusun oleh : Sheto Pamungkas XI TKJ 3 32

PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KENDAL SMK NEGERI 3 KENDAL

2012/2013

GRAMMAR
 Invitation
Dear: Sally Our wedding is to be on Thursday the tenth at half-past twelve, Christ Church Chantry. Of course we want you and Jack and the children! And we want all of you to come afterward to Aunt Mary’s, for a bite to eat and to wish us luck. Affectionately, Helen.

Dear friends, Please come to my seventeenth birthday party, Date At Address : February, 26th 2012 : 07.00 p.m : on Jl. Manggis 3 no.9 Semarang Pamungkas

 Short Messages
Dear Badu, Please meet me in the canteen at the first break. I’ll tell you a secret. See you, Hana

Dimas, I’m sorry I can’t come to your house this afternoon, because my motorcycle is broken. Can we make it tomorrow?

 Comparison
There are some rules to help you make comparisons in English. 1. If the adjective (describing word) is one syllable, you can add -er. For example, small – smaller; big – bigger; nice – nicer. 2. If the adjective has two syllables, but ends in -y, you can change the end to -ier. For example, lucky – luckier; happy – happier. 3. With other English adjectives of two syllables and more, you can't change their endings. Instead, you should use more + adjective. For example, handsome – more handsome; beautiful – more beautiful and so on. 4. When you compare two things, use 'than'. "He's younger than me." "This exercise is more difficult than the last one." 5. When you want to say something is similar, use 'as – as'. For example, "She's as tall as her brother" or "It's as nice today as it was yesterday." 6. When you want to say one thing is less than another, you can either use 'less than' or 'not as – as'. For example, "This programme is less interesting than I thought" or "This programme is not as interesting as I thought." 7. Remember that some adjectives are irregular and change form when you make comparisons. For example, good – better; bad – worse; far – further. Using qualifying expressions You can vary the strength of the comparison by using "qualifying" expressions. 1. Comparing two things You can use "a lot", "much", "a little", "slightly" and "far" before "more / less than": "She's a lot more intelligent than him." "This car is much faster than the other one." "They are much less wealthy than they used to be." "He's a little taller than his sister." "She's slightly less interested in football than him. "We are far more involved in charity than they are." When you use these qualifying expressions in English, remember the rules about using -er. If the adjective is one syllable, or ends in -y, add -er: "He's far taller than her." (NOT "He's far more taller…") "I'm much lazier than you!" When the adjective is two syllables and more, you need either "more" or "less": "He's a little more prepared for the exam than she is." (NOT "He's a little prepareder…") 2. Saying how two things are similar You can use "almost as … as", "not quite as … as", "(not) nearly as … as", "nowhere near as … as", "twice as … as" and "half as … as" to change the extent of the similarity. "She's almost as good as you!" "He's not quite as confident as Susie." "I'm not nearly as intelligent as her!" "This painting is nowhere near as famous as the first." "She's twice as old as him! "He's half as interesting as you!"

 Must/Have to/Need to
must, have to and have got to: expressing the present Must, have to and have got to are all used to express obligation or the need to do something. They can be used interchangeably in the present tense, except that must suggests that it is the speaker who has decided that something is necessary, whereas have to and have got to suggest that somebody else has imposed the decision. Have got to is characteristic of very informal speech. Have to sounds slightly more formal. Compare the following:
   

I must clean the house before mum gets back. I want her to find it all neat and tidy. Sorry, I can't come out now. I've got to tidy up my room before I'm allowed out. He has to attend the clinic every two weeks. He's really quite seriously ill. You must come and visit us again soon. It's ages since we saw you.

With frequency adverbs such as always, often, sometimes, never, etc, have to is normally preferred:
 

I usually have to work on Saturdays so I hardly ever go away for the weekend. They sometimes have to get their own suppers if their mother is working late.

must and have to: expressing the future and the past Must and have got to have no future or past tense forms. We cannot say: I had got to.../ I'll have got to.../ I'll must.../ I've must.... However we can also use must to express future as well as present intention, especially if it is the speaker who decides that something is necessary. But it cannot be used to express past intention. Have to is the only one of the three that possesses past and future forms. Compare the following:
 

To get to Leeds by ten, I shall have to leave London before six tomorrow. To get to Leeds by ten, I must leave London before six tomorrow.

   

You'll have to put the scaffolding up before you go on to the roof. It's not safe otherwise. You'll have to have that tooth extracted. It's very badly infected. We had to leave the party early. Tom was obviously unwell. We've had to cancel our holiday. Tom is just not well enough for a walking holiday.

must, have to and have got to in the interrogative Have to and have got to are often preferred in the interrogative, especially if the obligation is imposed from the outside. Compare the following:
   

What time have you got to be back? ~ Dinner's at seven. So by half past six really. How often do you have to travel to America on business? ~ About once every six months. Must you leave right now? Won't you stay a little longer? Do you have to leave now? ~ I do, unfortunately. I've got to collect my son from school.

have to and mustn't We have to use have to for the negative of must when there is no obligation or necessity to do something:
  

You don't have to drink champagne at the reception. You can have a soft drink. I didn't have to play after all. Jane turned up and could partner Alice. You won't have to drive Tom to the airport next Saturday. Julie's taking him.

We use mustn't to say that something is not allowed

   

You mustn't drink if you're going to drive afterwards. You mustn't drink that water. It's contaminated. You mustn't lie under oath. If you do, that's perjury. I mustn't forget my keys. I'll put them here so that I remember them.

 Conjuntion A. Pengertian A conjunction (conj/cnj) merupakan salah satu macam kata yang menghubungkan 2 item (kata, kalimat, frasa, atau klausa) secara bersama-sama. Dalam bahasa Indonesia ‘conjunction’ disebut juga sebagai kata penghubung, perangkai, ataupun kata sambung. B. Bentuk-bentuk conjunctions/ kata penghubung

1. Coordinating Conjunction Coordinating conjunctions, juga dipanggil ‘coordinators’, merupakan kata penghubung yang menghubungkan dua atau lebih kata, klausa, ataupun kalimat, yang mempunyai bentuk sintaksis (aturan dalam hal pembuatan kalimat) yang sama. Contoh-contoh kata penghubung coordinating yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Untuk memudahkan dalam menghafalnya biasa disingkat FANBOYS. Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat: a. For yang berarti ‘karena.’ Contoh: Imamsyah Al-Hadi always keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark. Kata ‘for’ lebih umum digunakan sebagai preposition/kata depan yang bermakana ‘untuk.’ Contoh:A chew is used for cutting wood. b. And yang berarti ‘dan.’ Contoh: My sister lives in South Sulawesi, and my brother lives in North Sulawesi. Perhatikan: · Muh. Rifqi enjoys lerning English, and he enjoys playing football. · Muh. Rifqi enjoys learning English and playing football. (S + V) + koma ( S + V) c. Nor yang berarti ‘dan.’ Contoh: Ali doesn’t enjoy learning English , nor does he enjoy football. [kalimat negatif] d. But yang berarti ‘tetapi.’ Contoh: · Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, but he doesn’t enjoy playing football. · My shoes are old but comfortable. e. Yet yang berarti ‘namun.’ Contoh: Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, yet he doesn’t enjoy playing football. f. Or yang berarti ‘atau.’ Contoh: · Next month I will go to my hometown, or I may just stay in Makassar. · Next month I will go to my hometown or may just stay in Makassar. g. So yang berarti ‘jadi/ oleh karena itu.’ Contoh: I have a dream to go abgroad, so I have to study English more.

2. Correlative Conjunction Correlative conjunctions, juga biasa disebut ‘paired conjunctions’, merupakan kata penghubung yang berpasangan yang menyerasikan atau melaraskan 2 item (kata, kalimat, frasa, atau klausa). Contohnya: both…and; not only…but also; either…or; neither…nor. Arti dan contoh dalam kalimat: a. Both…and yang beramakna ‘keduanya’ Contoh: Both Muh. Syihab and Muh. Hasan basri are the members of New Generation Club. Dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh ‘both…and’ adalah berbentuk jamak. b. Not only…but also yang bermakna ‘tidak hanya…tapi juga’ Contoh: · Not only my sister but also my brother is in Makassar. · Not only my sister but also my brothers are in Makassar. Ketika ada dua subjek yang dihubungkan oleh not only…but also, either…or, or neither…nor’ maka subject yang lebih dekat dengan kata kerja yang akan menentukan apakah kata kerjanya berbentuk tunggal atau jamak. c. Either…or yang bermakana ‘baik…atau/juga’ Contoh: · Either my sister or my brother is in Makassar. · Either my sister or my brothers are in Makssar. d. Neither…nor yang bermakna ‘baik…maupun…tidak’ Contoh: · Neither my sister nor my brother is in Makassar. · Neither my sister nor my brothers are in Makssar. 3. Subordinating Conjunction Subordinating conjuctions, juga disebut ‘subordinators’, merupakan kata penghubung yang memperkenalkan sebuah kalimat. Kata penghubung ‘subordinating’ digunakan dalam adverb clause yang mana tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa adanya kalimat yang menggandengnya. Contoh kata penghubung ‘subordinating’ yaitu sebagai berikut. Time: after, before, when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, by the time, once, whenever, every time etc. Cause and effect: because, now that, since etc. Contrast: even though, although, though etc. Direct contrast: while, whereas etc. Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, in case, in the even that etc. Contoh dalam bentuk kalimat: · Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. [memakai koma] · He went to bed because he was sleepy. [tanpa koma] · Now that the semester is over, I’m going to go to my hometown. [memakai koma] · Since it’s raining, I can’t go to campuss. [memakai koma] ‘Since’ berarti ‘karena’, dan ‘now that’ berarti ‘karena sekarang.’ Untuk lebih jauh mengenai subordinating conjuction silahakan mencari buku yang membahasnya secara mendetail.

EXPRESSION
 Bargaining
Bargaining or haggling is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service dispute the price which will be paid and the exact nature of the transaction that will take place, and eventually come to an agreement. Bargaining is an alternative pricing strategy to fixed prices. Optimally, if it costs the retailer nothing to engage and allow bargaining, he can divine the buyer’s willingness to spend. It allows for capturing more consumer surplus as it allows price discrimination, a process whereby a seller can charge a higher price to one buyer who is more eager (by being richer or more desperate). Haggling has largely disappeared in parts of the world where the cost to haggle exceeds the gain to retailers for most common retail items. However, for expensive goods sold to uninformed buyers such as automobiles, bargaining can remain commonplace. Answer the following questions orally : o Do you like to go shopping? o Where do you usually go shopping? o When do you usually go to shopping? o What do you usually buy? o How do you pay for the purchase? o Do you ever use a credit card? Now, practice expressions used in bergaining / shopping : o Is there any discount? o What about Rp. 50.000,- for each book? o Can you make it for $ 1 ? o What about 20% off? o How about Rp. 10.000,- per kilogram? o Etc. Conversation Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper : Good Afternoon madam. How can I help you? : I want to buy a beautiful frock for my daughter. : How old is she? : She is 17 years old. : Do you want causal or party wear. : I want party wear. : Do you want any particular color? : No, but the frock must be very attractive. Show me only the latest stuff. : Do not worry madam. We have latest stock. Which size do you want? : I do not have an idea about the size. : No problem. See this frock. I think this size will be ok for her. : Yes, I also think so. Do you have black color in it? : Yes, we do have.

Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper Customer Shopkeeper

: What is its prize? : It is of 200.000 rupiah. : It is too expensive. I will give you only 150.000 rupiah. : We are charging reasonably from you. : I will not give you more than 150.000 rupiah. : Ok. If you are insisting, give 180.000 rupiah. : No. You are over charging. : Now I have left my profit. Give me 170.000 rupiah. : I am giving you 160.000 rupiah. : You won. Give the money. : Pack the frock in a nice box. : Here it is your bag. : Thank you. : Thanks for shopping here. Have a nice day.

 Opinion
Asking for Opinion      What do you think? What’s your opinion? What are your ideas? Do you have any thoughts on that? How do you feel on that?

Giving Opinion        I think we should get a new car. (Saya pikir kita harus membeli mobil baru) I don’t think we need one. (Saya pikir kita tidak butuh) I believe (that) smoking should be outlawed. (Saya setuju – bahwa – merokok harus dilarang) I don’t believe (that) it should be illegal. (Saya tidak setuju – bahwa – itu ilegal) In my opinion, Gone with the Breeze is the best movie ever made.(Menurut saya, Gone With The Breeze adalah film terbaik yang pernah dibuat). I feel that it’s the right thing to do. (Saya pikir itu hal yang tepat untuk dilakukan) I don’t feel that it’s such a good idea. (Saya tidak menganggap itu ide yang baik)

 Agreement
A. AGREEMENT (kesetujuan)
     

I agree (saya setuju) I am with you (saya sependapat dengan anda) I think so (saya kira begitu) It certainly is (saya kira juga) That is what I was thinking (itulah yang saya pikirkan/pkirannya saya juga begitu) I am of the same opinion (pendapat saya sama)

B. DISAGREEMENT (ketidak setujuan)

     

I disagree (saya tidak setuju) I am not with you (saya tidak sependapat) I can agree with (saya tidak dapat menyetujui pendapat anda) I can’t be along with you (saya tidak sepaham) I wouldn’t say that (saya tidak bias mengatakan begitu) I don’t think so (saya kira bukan begitu)

Berikut adalah contoh percakapan : Strong agreement “I couldn’t agree with you more.” “You’re absolutely right.” “I agree entirely.” “I totally agree.” Partly agreeing “I agree with you up to a point, but…” “That’s quite true, but…” “I agree with you in principle, but…” Disagreeing “I’m not sure I agree with you.” “(I’m afraid) I don’t agree.” “(I’m afraid) I disagree.” “(I’m afraid) I can’t agree with you.” “(I’m afraid) I don’t share your opinion.” Note When you disagree with someone in English, you can often sound more politeby using a phrase such as: “I’m afraid…” Disagreeing strongly “I don’t agree at all.” “I totally disagree.” “I couldn’t agree with you less.”

 Certainly

Yes,

absolutely sure quite sure I'm he will. certain positive definitely. certainly. of course.

No,

absolutely sure quite sure I'm he won't. certain positive definitely not. certainly not. of course not.

Expressing uncertainty
When you are not sure whether something or someone wil or will not happen, use the following expressions. For example, to the question: "Will John follow a career in business?" you may respond as follows:
I wouldn't like to say for certain. it's possible, I'm not sure it's impossible, I doubt it. it might be, I supose, but I have my own doubts. it might not be, it's doubtful. Well, it could happen, It's highly / very unlikely. you never know of course, no one can know for certain. I can't tell you for sure.

Examples of CERTAINLY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It will certainly rain tomorrow. This year's festival was certainly much better than last year's. I'm certainly going to try. The new version is most certainly easier to use. The snake that bit her was almost certainly poisonous.

 Compliments
Everyone likes to hear compliments. Compliments make people feel good about themselves, and we all need that at times. Hotel guests and staff are no exceptions. Guests may give hotel staff compliments for the quality of their service, for their English ability, for their appearance in an unique uniform, or for doing something a little extra for the guest. A hotel staff may give a guest a compliment about how they look in a newly purchased outfit, or for their patience when a problem arises, or for a beautiful new hair style after visiting a beauty parlor. Look at the expressions below that can be used when giving and responding to compliments. Expression Of Giving Compliment Giving Compliments —That’s a very nice …(dress). —Great job on the …(presentation). —You look very good in … (that new hair-do). —This dish is delicious, my compliments to the chef. —That … (tie) looks great on you. Responses to compliments —How kind of you to say so. —Thank you. —I’m glad you like it. —It was nothing really. (an expression of modesty and humility) Learn the expressions used for giving compliments to others. Practice by saying them loudly. —Your performance on the stage is amazing. —How wonderful to listen to your great voice. —How mar vellous . —Great ! (You look great) / Great for you. —Terrific ! (Hey, that’s terrific !) —Fantastic! —Smashing. —That’s really remarkable /well done. Now, learn the expressions use for responding to compliments. —It’s very kind of you to say so. —Thank you. —I can say how pleased (delighted) I am. —I’m delighted to hear that. —Thank for your compliment.