Muhammad Yasir Ahsan Mr.

Mahabir

1/3/2012 Period 3

Measurements and Mathematics

Units - A unit is a standard quantity with which other similar quantities can be compared. The SI system - The SI system is the standard units for scientific measurements. There are seven
basic units. Derived units are combination of two or more of the fundamental units making one new unit that depend on the basic units. Basic units can be length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity.

SI Prefixes - SI prefixes are combines with SI bases to form new units and are larger or smaller
than the base by a multiple of 10. Examples of these prefixes are kilo, nano, and milli.

Tools for measurement

Length can be measured with a metric ruler, Mass can be measured with an electronic balance or a triple beam balance Time can be measured with a clock or stop watch Force can be measured with a spring scale Angle can be measured with a protractor

Trigonometry
It is the branch of mathematics that treats the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle. This can be solved by using Sine, Cosine and Tangent, on a calculator. Pythagorean theorem- a^2+b^2= c^2 Sin is formulated by using a/c

Cos is formulated by using b/c Tan is formulated by using a/b

Sig. Figs. Or Significant Digits.

In a measured value, the digits that are known with certainty plus, the one digit whose value have been estimated. Example: 0.002 will conatin 1 significant figure which can be the 2. 0.1345 will contain 4 significant figures which will be the 134&5

Scientific Notation
Measurements that have very large or very small values are usually expressed in scientific notation. Its consists of a number equal or greater than one and less than ten, followed by a multiplication sign and the base ten to a power. 6.37 X 10^ 6 would be an example of scientific notation because the number would be too large.

Data Analysis
Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set. Mean is the average of a set of measurements. Variance is the sum of the squares of the differences of the measurements in a set of data from the mean of the set, divided by the number of measurements.

Graphing Data
The data that are collected in physics experiment are often represented in graphical form. Line graphs or bar graphs are used most.

Making a Graph
Independent variable is the quantity that the experiment changes in an experiment. An example would be time. Dependent variable is the quantity that changes in an experiment as a result of changes made by the experimenter. An example would be increase in speed over time.

The line of best fit is a straight or curved line on a graph which approximates the relationship among a set of data points. Extrapolation is the extension of a graphed line beyond the region in which data was taken. It is only needed in Slope is the inclination of a graphed line, determined as the ratio for any two points on the line Slope: Y/ X = Change in dependent/ change in independent

Mathematical Relationships
Directly proportional applies to the relationship between two quantities in which an increase in one quantity causes an increase in the other. Inversely proportional applies to the relationship between two quantities in which an increase in one quantity causes a decrease in the other Constant proportion is the relationship that exists between two quantities when an increase in one causes no change in the other. This causes a constant line in a graph. Direct squared proportion is the relationship that exists between two quantities in which an increase in one causes a squared increase in the other. Indirect squared proportion is the relationship that exists between two quantities in which an increase in one causes a squared decrease in the other.

Scalar and vector Quantities

Scalar is the quantity that has magnitude only and no direction. Vector is the quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Performing Series of operations

1. Simplify the expression within each set of parentheses 2. Perform exponents 3. Perform the multiplications and divisions in order from left to right 4. Do the additions and subtractions from left to right This is all known as PEMDAS in mathematical terms.

Mechanics
Kinematics
The branch of physics that deals with forces and the way they produce and change motion.

Distance and Displacement

Distance- Is the total length of the path that an object travels, measures in length. Displacement- is the change in position of an object described by the vector that begins at the initial position of the object and ends at its final position. Also measured in length. Distance and displacement are both measured in meter and meter is the SI unit of length.

Displacement

Speed and Velocity

Speed (Velocity) is the distance the object moves in a unit of time, speed is also a scalar unit. V= d/t and its derived unit is m^2/s in speed and m^2/s^2 in velocity.

If the objects speed is constant, during the entire time interval, the object is said to be in uniform motion. Uniform motion is when the dependent variable stays the same throughout the graph. The velocity of an object is the time rate of change of its displacement. So a car can increase at a velocity of 5 m^2/s^2. Linear motion can refer to the objects change of position along a straight line. The symbol v, is used for velocity and speed and the symbol d, is used to represent both displacement and distance

Graphs of linear Motion

Position

Position

Time

Time

Tangent is a line on a graph which passes through a point and has slope equals to the slope of the curve the point. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at any particular instant in time.

Acceleration
It is the rate of change of velocity, a, a vector quantity represented by this formula. A=v/t

Freely Falling Objects

Vacuum is a space in which there is no matter. Gravity is the force between the mass of earth and the mass of any object in the vicinity of earth. Free fall is the ideal falling g motion of an object only by the force of gravity.

Statics
Newtons are a measurement of pressure on a object weather its negative or positive pressure. The branch of mechanics that treats forces which act on objects at rest. A force is a push or a pull and is measured in newtons.

Concurrent Forces
Two or more forces that act on the same object at the same time are called concurrent forces. They can be negative and positive. Resultant is the single force that is equivalent to the combined effect. This is always positive.

Equilibrium
The vector sum of the concurrent forces acting on an object is called the net force. If the net force of an object is zero, the object is in equilibrium, it is also said to be at static rest. Free body diagram is a sketch or scale drawing that shows all the forces acting concurrently on an object.

Dynamics
Dynamics are the branch of mechanics that deals with how the forces are acting on an object affects its motion. Newtons three laws of motion First law- an object maintains a state of equilibrium remaining at rest or moving with constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Unbalanced forces are the nonzero force acting on an object. It always produces a change in an objects velocity. They can be another outside object that affects the object. Inertia is the resistance of an object to a change in its motion. The fundamental unit of mass is kilograms (kg).

The Second law is when an unbalanced force acts on an object, the object is accelerated in the same direction as the force.

Third law is when an object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a force on the first that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Two dimensional Motion and Trajectories

Horizontal component is a component parallel to the horizon Vertical component is a component at a right angle to the horizon.

Uniform Circular Motion

The object moves in a circular path at a constant speed.

Centripetal Acceleration
Is an object moving uniformly in a circular path. Formula is Ac = V^2/r

Centripetal Force
Is the force needed to keep an object moving in a circular path. Formula is Fc = mv^2/r

Newtons Universal law of Gravity

Everything in the universe exerts a force of attraction on every other body of mass. Gravitational Force the attractive force between that one object exerts on another object due to their masses. Gravitational Field Strength is a region in space where a test particle would experience a gravitational force. Gravitational field strength equals the force per unit mass at that point.

Weight is the gravitational force with which a planet attracts a mass.

Friction
Is the force that opposes the relative motion of two objects in contact. Normal force is the force pressing the two co9ntact surfaces together. Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force to the normal force and has no unit. Static friction is the force that opposes the start of motion. Kinetic friction is the friction between objects in contact when they are in motion. Friction on an inclined surface is if an object is on an incline, the objects weight can be resolved in two ways, one perpendicular to the inclined surface and the other parallel to the surface. Fluid Friction is when an object moves through a fluid such as air depends upon the surface area and the speed of the object moving through the fluid.

Momentum
Is the product of objects mass and velocity in a vector quantity. Formula is p = mv Impulse is the product of the net force acting on an object and the time during which the force acts. Closed system is a group of objects, not acted upon by any external force. Law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of the objects in a closed system is constant.

Energy
Energy is the ability to do work. Energy is a scalar unit. When work is done by a system, the total energy of the system is changed.

Work

Work is the transfer of energy to an object when the object moves due to the application of a force. Joule- is a derived unit equal to the work done on an object when a force of one newton produces a displacement of one matter. Power The rate at which work is done. Watt is a unit of power.

Forms of Energy
Internal Energy refers to the total potential energy and kinetic energy possessed by the particles that make up an object, but excludes the potential and kinetic energies of the system as a whole. Nuclear Energy is the energy released by nuclear fission, the division of a heavy atomic nucleus into parts of comparable mass or nucleus fusion, the combining of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. Electromagnetic Energy is the energy associated with electric or magnetic fields. Electromagnetic energy can take many forms, such as visible light, microwaves, and radio waves.

Photo cell
Photo cell is a device that converts light, a form of electromagnetic radiation, in to electrical energy.

Potential Energy
The energy possessed by an object due to its position or condition. Gravitational potential energy is the work done on or the energy change of an objects resulting from lifting the object to a height above earths surface. Elastic Potential Energy the energy stored in a spring when work is done in compressing or stretching it. Spring constant is the constant of proportionality between the applied force and the compression or elongation of a spring. Compression is a decrease in spring length from its equilibrium position or length.

Kinetic Energy
When a moving object strikes another object and displaces it, the moving object exerts a force on the second objects and does work on it. Example: Car crash.

Conservation Of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. This means that the sum of the changes in energy within a closed system is zero.

Ideal Mechanical Systems

The total mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies in a system. Ideal Mechanical System is a closed system in which no friction or other non conservative force acts. Simple Pendulum Consists of a mass attached to one end of a string or wire that is attached at the other end to a pivot point.

Non Ideal Mechanical Systems

Is when a system acted upon by a non conservative force, such as friction?