Maggie Hogan Chapter 3 Linguistic Diversity Holism An approach concerned with well-roundedness, including knowledge of many distinct areas.

Holism in terms of anthropology refers to the US style of approaching the field, training its students in the four distinct fields of archaeology, linguistic, cultural, and biological anthropology. The science of understanding the mental and social processes of the peoples of the world- formerly considered a field of anthropology in Europe. The idea that cultures should be understood in its own terms, rather than in comparison to a Eurocentric ideal. "an abstract unit of linguistic analysis" Phoneme Individuality in Culture The recognition of the variability of individuals within a single culture- that no culture is made up of wholely same people. A feature of a language that can be perceived, either seen or heard. Example: "the dogs are in the yard" is understood as plural because of the indicators "s" and "are" A feature of a language that is generally understood, but not structurally or auditorially distinct The belief that one's way of experiencing the world is structured by the language with which they were raised, that uses of distinct grammars cross-culturally resulted in different ways of observing and acting in the world Refers to language as a form of organizing and structuralizing a natural world which is otherwise chaotic or incomprehensible. (??) A concept of Lakoff and Johnson that suggests that language is largely comprised of metaphors that we use subconsciously to relate to the world around us through abstract comparisons. Example: speaking of a theory as a building i.e. foundation, framework, stable, shaky The intersections of very localized kinds of speech within a society all speaking the same language.

Ethnology

Cultural Relativism

Overt Categories (phenotypes)

Covert Categories (cryptotypes) Linguistic Relativity

Language as objectification

Language as metaphor

Networks

Example: difference in slang used among children versus their parents. Variety Refers to the differences in speech that occur between the smaller communities that make up a society of speakers of a particular language. Example: the range of speech in the United States from New England, to the Midwest, to the deep South, etc. This terminology is considered less loaded with problematic implications than "dialect" or "language". The range of linguistic elements regularly used within an interaction (?) A group of people who share a similar way of using a language. Describes a range of distinct spoken varieties within a linguistic code (?) Communities in which multiple languages are spoken, often in different realms of life. Ex. Latino Americans who speak Spanish at home, English in their professional lives, and perhaps Spanglish with their friends.

Linguistic Repertoire Speech Community Heteroglossia, voices Multilingual speech communities