EM/APR 2007/KJM451

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE

THERMODYNAMICS I

COURSE CODE

KJM451

EXAMINATION

APRIL 2007

TIME

3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.

This question paper consists of six (6) questions.

2.

Answer five (5) questions only.

3.

Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page.

Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.
Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
i)
ii)
iii)

the Question Paper

an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty
a six-page Appendix

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages
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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

QUESTION 1
A system, consisting of 0.8 m3 of air initially at a pressure of 160 kN/m2 and temperature
320 K, is compressed polytropically (p\/ 125 = constant) to a pressure of 1.5 MN/m2. The air is
then expanded isothermally to its original volume, and finally it is cooled down at constant
volume until it reaches its initial pressure.
a) Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram; indicate the values of p, T and Vfor each state.
b) Calculate the work done for each process in kJ.
c) Calculate the total amount of work done in kJ.
d) Determine the amount of heat added during the isothermal expansion.
State your assumptions.
(20 marks)
QUESTION 2
The volume of a rigid tank containing refrigerant-134a is 0.7 m3. The pressure and quality of
the refrigerant is 185 kPa and 46%, respectively. If heat is transferred to the system until the
pressure reaches 600 kPa, determine:
a) the mass of the refrigerant in the tank, and
b) the amount of heat transferred.
Show the process on a p-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and state your
assumptions for solving the problem.
(20 marks)

QUESTION 3
A 1-m3 rigid tank contains water initially at 100 kPa and 30 percent quality. When heat is
transferred from a source at 150C to the water, the pressure of the water rises to 250 kPa.
Determine:
a) the entropy change of the water in kJ/K,
b) the entropy change of the heat source in kJ/K, and
c) the total entropy change for this process in kJ/K.
State your assumptions.
(20 marks)
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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

QUESTION 4
An adiabatic compressor for air has an isentropic efficiency of 87%. Air enters the device at
100 kPa and 22C at a rate of 2.8 m3/s, and it exists at 267C. Neglecting the changes in
kinetic and potential energies and considering variation of specific heats, determine:
a) the exit pressure of air, and
b) the power required to drive the compressor.
State your assumptions.
(20 marks)
QUESTION 5
The compression ratio of an ideal dual cycle is 14 and cutoff ratio is 2. Air is at 100 kPa and
300 K at the beginning of the compression process and at 2200 K at the end of the heat
additional process. Heat transfer to air takes partly at constant volume and partly at constant
pressure. The temperature after heat additional process at constant volume is 1100 K. By
applying cold-air standard assumptions, determine:
a) the ratio of the heat addition at constant volume to the heat addition at constant
pressure,
b) the heat rejection (in kJ/kg),
c) the net work of the cycle (in kJ/kg), and
d) the thermal efficiency (in %).
(20 marks)

QUESTION 6
A simple gas turbine plant using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 9. The
minimum and maximum cycle temperatures are 300 K and 1400 K and these occur at the
compressor inlet and turbine inlet, respectively. The isentropic efficiency for the compressor
is 0.90. Assume the expansion process in the turbine to be isentropic.
a) Show the above cycle on a T-s diagram.
b) Calculate the temperatures of the air leaving the compressor and the air leaving the
turbine.

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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

c) Determine the work ratio and the thermal efficiency.

Note: Work Ratio is the ratio of net work to gross work. Gross Work is the work
produced by the turbine.
d) It is proposed that a regenerator be added to the simple plant above to improve its
thermal efficiency. Sketch a schematic diagram of this modified plant. With the aid of a
T-s diagram, explain how this regenerator works in improving the thermal efficiency.
Take into account variation of cp and cv with temperature. State your assumptions.
(20 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 1

TABLE A-1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties

Substance
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine

Formula

Molar mass,
M kg/kmol

Gas constant,
R kJ/kg.K

28.970

0.28700

NH3

17.030

0.48820

Ar

39.948

C6H6

78.115

Critical-point properties
Pressure,
Volume,
Temperature,
K
MPa
m3/kmol
3.77
0.0883
132.5
405.5

11.28

0.0724

0.20810

151

4.86

0.0749

0.10640

562

4.92

0.2603
0.1355

Br2

159.808

0.05200

584

10.34

C4H10

58.124

0.14300

425.2

3.8

0.2547

Carbon dioxide

CO2

44.010

0.18890

304.2

7.39

0.0943

Carbon monoxide

CO

28.011

0.29680

133

3.5

0.0930

Carbon tetrachloride

CCI 4

153.820

0.05405

556.4

4.56

0.2759

Cl2

70.906

0.11730

417

7.71

0.1242

Chloroform

CHCI3

119.380

0.06964

536.6

5.47

0.2403

Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)

CCI 2 F 2

120.910

0.06876

384.7

4.01

0.2179

Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21)
Ethane

CHCI 2 F

102.920

0.08078

451.7

5.17

0.1973

C2Hg

30.070

0.27650

305.5

4.48

0.1480

Ethyl alcohol

C 2 H 5 OH

46.070

0.18050

516

6.38

0.1673

C2H4

28.054

0.29640

282.4

5.12

0.1242

He

4.003

2.07690

5.3

0.23

0.0578

CeH 14

86.179

0.09647

507.9

3.03

0.3677

H2

2.016

4.12400

33.3

1.3

0.0649

Kr
CH4

83.800

0.09921

209.4

5.5

0.0924

16.043

0.51820

191.1

4.64

0.0993

Methyl alcohol

CH3OH

32.042

0.25950

513.2

7.95

0.1180

Methyl chloride

CH3CI

50.488

0.16470

416.3

6.68

0.1430

20.183

0.41190

44.5

2.73

0.0417

Nitrogen

Ne
N2

28.013

0.29680

126.2

3.39

0.0899

Nitrous oxide

N20

44.013

0.18890

309.7

7.27

0.0961

n -Butane

Chlorine

Ethylene
Helium
n-Hexane
Hydrogen (normal)
Krypton
Methane

Neon

Oxygen

O2

31.999

0.25980

154.8

5.08

0.0780

Propane

C3H8

44.097

0.18850

370

4.26

0.1998

Propylene

C3H6

42.081

0.19760

365

4.62

0.1810

Sulfur dioxide

SO2

64.063

0.12980

430.7

7.88

0.1217

CF 3 CH 2 F

102.030

0.08149

374.2

4.059

0.1993

CCI3F

137.370

0.06052

471.2

4.38

0.2478

Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)
Water

H20

18.015

0.46150

647.1

22.06

0.0560

Xenon

Xe

131.300

0.06332

289.8

5.88

0.1186

Note: The gas constant is calculated from R = Ru/M, where Ru = 8.31447 kJ/kmol.K and M i s the molar mass.

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 2

TABLE A-2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases
(a) At 300 K

kJ/kg.K
1.0050

cv
kJ/kg.K
0.7180

Mory)
1.400

0.5203

0.3122

1.667

1.7164

1.5734

1.091

0.8460

0.6570

1.289

1.0400

0.7440

1.400

0.2765

1.7662

1.4897

1.186

C2H4

0.2964

1.5482

1.2518

1.237

He
H2

2.0769

5.1926

3.1156

1.667

4.1240

14.3070

10.1830

1.405

CH4

0.5182

2.2537

1.7354

1.299

0.4119

1.0299

0.6179

1.667

Nitrogen

Ne
N2

0.2968

1.0390

0.7430

1.400

Octane

CeH 1 8

0.0729

1.7113

1.6385

1.044

Oxygen

0.2598

1.395

0.1885

0.9180
1.6794

0.6580

Propane

O2
C3H8

1.4909

Steam

H20

0.4615

1.8723

1.4108

1.126
1.327

Gas constant, R
kJ/kg.K
0.2870
0.2081

Butane

Ar
C 4 H 10

0.1433

Carbon dioxide

CO2

0.1889

Carbon monoxide

0.2968

Ethane

CO
C2H6

Ethylene
Helium

Gas
Air

Formula

Argon

Hydrogen
Methane
Neon

Note: The unit kJ/kg.K is equivalent to kJ/kg.C.

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 3

TABLE A-5
Saturated water - Pressure table
Specific volume,

Entropy,
kJ/kg.K

Enthalpy,
kJ/kg

Internal energy,
kJ/kg

m'/kg

302
686
431
422
980

2355 2
2338 1
2325 5
2315 4
2306 9

2384 5
2392 8
2398 9
2403 8
2407 9

29
54
73
88
100

303
688
433
424
980

2484 4
2470 1
2459 5
2451 0
2443 9

Sat.
vapor,
hg
2513 7
2524 7
2532 9
2539 4
2544 8

121 390
137 750
168 740
191 790
225 930

2293 1
2282 1
2261 1
2245 4
2222 1

2414 5
2419 8
2429 8
2437 2
2448 0

121 390
137 750
168 750
191 810
225 940

2432 3
2423 0
2405 3
2392 1
2372 3

251 400
271 930
289 240
317 580
340 490

2204 6
2190 4
2178 5
2158 8
2142 7

2456 0
2462 4
2467 7
2476 3
2483 2

251 420
271 960
289 270
317 620
340 540

2 217200
1 694100
1 673400
1 375000
1 159400

384
417
418
444
466

360
400
950
230
970

2111 8
2088 2
2087 0
2068 8
2052 3

2496 1
2505 6
2506 0
2513 0
2519 2

001057
001061
001064
001067
001070

1
0
0
0
0

003700
885780
793290
718730
657320

486
504
520
535
548

820
500
470
080
570

2037 7
2024 6
2012 7
2001 8
1991 6

0
0
0
0
0

001073
001076
001079
001081
001084

0
0
0
0
0

605820
561990
524220
491330
462420

561 110
572 840
583 890
594 320
604 220

1982
1973
1964
1956
1948

147 90
151 83
155 46
158 83
161 98

0
0
0
0
0

001088
001093
001097
001101
001104

0
0
0
0
0

413920
374830
342610
315600
292600

700
750
800
850
900

164
167
170
172
175

0 001108
0 001111
0001115
0001118
0 001121

0
0
0
0
0

950
1000
1100
1200
1300

177 66
179 88
184 06
187 96
191 60

0
0
0
0
0

1400
1500
1750
2000
2250

195
198
205
212
218

04
29
72
38
41

2500
3000
3500
4000
5000

223
233
242
250
263

Press.,
p kPa
10
15

Sat.
temp..

Sat.
liquid,
Vf

Sat.
vapor,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
liquid,

Evap.,

Sat.
vapor,

Sf

0 1059
0 1956
0 2606
03118
0 3543

8
8
8
8
8

8690
6314
4621
3302
2222

8
8
8
8
8

9749
8270
7227
6421
5765

2553 7
2560 7
2574 0
2583 9
2598 3

0
0
0
0
0

8 0510
7 9176
7 6738
7 4996
7 2522

8
8
8
8
8

4734
3938
2501
1488
0071

2357 5
2345 5
2335 3
2318 4
2304 7

2608 9
2617 5
2624 6
2636 1
2645 2

0 8320
0 8932
0 9441
1 0261
1 0912

7
6
6
6
6

0752
9370
8234
6430
5019

7
7
7
7
7

9073
8302
7675
6691
5931

384 440
417510
419 060
444 360
467 130

2278 0
2257 5
2256 5
2240 6
2226 0

2662 4
2675 0
2675 6
2684 9
2693 1

1 2132
1 3028
1 3069
1 3741
1 4337

6
6
6
5
5

2426
0562
0476
9100
7894

7
7
7
7
7

4558
3589
3545
2841
2231

2524 5
2529 1
2533 2
2536 8
2540 1

487
504
520
535
548

010
710
710
350
860

2213 1
2201 6
2191 0
2181 2
2172 0

2700 2
2706 3
2711 7
2716 5
2720 9

1 4850
1 5302
1 5706
1 6072
1 6408

5
5
5
5
5

6865
5968
5171
4453
3800

7
7
7
7
7

1716
1270
0877
0525
0207

1
1
6
6
9

2543 2
2545 9
2548 5
2550 9
2553 1

561 430
573 190
584 260
594 730
604 660

2163 5
2155 4
2147 7
2140 4
2133 4

2724 9
2728 6
2732 0
2735 1
2738 1

1
1
1
1
1

5 3200
5 2645
5 2128
5 1645
51191

6 9917
6 9650
6 9402
69171
6 8955

622 650
639 540
655 160
669 720
683 370

1934 5
1921 2
1908 8
1897 1
1886 1

2557 1
2560 7
2563 9
2566 8
2569 4

623 140
640 090
655 770
670 380
684 080

2120 3
2108 0
2096 6
2085 8
2075 5

2743 4
2748 1
2752 4
2756 2
2759 6

1 8205
1 8604
1 8970
1 9308
1 9623

5
4
4
4
4

0356
9603
8916
8285
7699

6
6
6
6
6

8561
8207
7886
7593
7322

272780
255520
240350
226900
214890

696 230
708 400
719 970
731 000
741 550

1875
1865
1856
1846
1838

6
6
1
9
1

2571 8
2574 0
2576 0
2577 9
2579 6

697 000
709 240
720 870
731 950
742 560

2065 8
2056 4
2047 5
2038 8
2030 5

2762 8
2765 7
2768 3
2770 8
2773 0

1 9918
2 0195
2 0457
2 0705
2 0941

4
4
4
4
4

7153
6642
6160
5705
5273

6
6
6
6
6

7071
6837
6616
6409
6213

001124
001127
001133
001138
001144

0 204110
0194360
0177450
0163260
0151190

751 670
761 390
779 780
796 960
813 100

1829 6
1821 4
1805 7
1790 9
1776 8

2581 3
2582 8
2585 5
2587 8
2589 9

752 740
762 510
781 030
798 330
814 590

2022 4
2014 6
1999 6
1985 4
1971 9

2775 2
2777 1
2780 7
2783 8
2786 5

2
2
2
2
2

1166
1381
1785
2159
2508

4
4
4
4
4

4862
4470
3735
3058
2428

6
6
6
6
6

6027
5850
5520
5217
4936

0
0
0
0
0

001149
001154
001166
001177
001187

0140780
0131710
0 113440
0 099587
0 088717

828 350
842 820
876 120
906 120
933 540

1763
1750
1720
1693
1667

4
6
6
0
3

2591 8
2593 4
2596 7
2599 1
2600 9

829 960
844 550
878 160
908 470
936 210

1958
1946
1917
1889
1864

9
4
1
8
3

2788 9
2791 0
2795 2
2798 3
2800 5

2
2
2
2
2

2835
3143
3844
4467
5029

4
4
4
3
3

1840
1287
0033
8923
7926

6
6
6
6
6

4675
4430
3877
3390
2954

95
85
56
35
94

0
0
0
0
0

001197
001217
001235
001252
001286

0
0
0
0
0

079952
066667
057061
049779
039448

958 870
1004 600
1045 400
1082 400
1148 100

1643 2
1598 5
1557 6
15193
1448 9

2602 1
2603 2
2603 0
2601 7
2597 0

961 870
1008 300
1049 700
1087 400
1154 500

1840 1
1794 9
1753 0
1713 5
1639 7

2801 9
2803 2
2802 7
2800 8
2794 2

2
2
2
2
2

5542
6454
7253
7966
9207

3 7016
3 5402
3 3991
3 2731
3 0530

6
6
6
6
5

2558
1856
1244
0696
9737

275 59
285 83
295 01
303 35
311 00

0
0
0
0
0

001319
001352
001384
001418
001452

0
0
0
0
0

032449
027378
023525
020489
018028

1205
1258
1306
1350
1393

1384 1
1323 0
1264 5
1207 6
1151 8

2589 9
2581 0
2570 5
2558 5
2545 2

1213
1267
1317
1363
1407

1570 9
1505 2
1441 6
1379 3
13176

2784 6
2772 6
2758 7
2742 9
2725 5

3
3
3
3
3

0275
1220
2077
2866
3603

2 8627
2 6927
2 5373
2 3925
2 2556

5 8902
5 8148
5 7450
5 6791
5 6159

20
25
30

0
0
0
0
0

001000
001001
001001
001002
001003

129 190000
87 964000
66 990000
54 242000
45 654000

40
50
75
10
15

28
32
40
45
53

96
87
29
81
97

0
0
0
0
0

001004
001005
001008
001010
001014

34 791000
28 185000
19 233000
14 670000
10 020000

20
25
30
40
50

60 06
64 96
69 09
75 86
81 32

0
0
0
0
0

001017
001020
001022
001026
001030

7
6
5
3
3

75
100
125
150

91 76
99 61
99 97
105 97
111 35

0
0
0
0
0

001037
001043
001043
001048
001053

175
200
225
250
275

116
120
123
127
130

04
21
97
41
58

0
0
0
0
0

300
325
350
375
400

133 52
136 27
138 86
141 30
143 61

450
500
550
600
650

6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

Sat.
vapor,

Evap.,

Vg

6 97
13 02
17 50
21 08
24 08

101 325

Sat.
liquid.

95
75
41
94
35

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

648100
203400
228700
993300
240300

29
54
73
88
100

800
000
000
900
300

800
500
100
700
800

4224
4762
5763
6492
7549

6717
7005
7274
7526
7765

CONFIDENTIAL

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EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 4

TABLEA-12
Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table
Entropy,
kJ/kg.K

-36 95
-33 87
-31 13
-28 65
-26 37

120
140
160
180
200

-22 32
-18 77
-15 60
-12 73
-10 09

0 0007324
0 0007383
0 0007437
0 0007487
0 0007533

0162120
0 140140
0123480
0 110410
0 099867

22 40
26 98
31 09
34 83
38 28

19511
192 57
190 27
188 16
186 21

217 51
219 54
221 35
222 99
224 48

22 49
27 08
31 21
34 97
38 43

214 48
212 08
209 90
207 90
206 03

236 97
239 16
241 11
242 86
244 46

0 09275
0 11087
012693
014139
0 15457

0 85503
0 83368
0 81496
0 79826
0 78316

0 94779
0 94456
0 94190
0 93965
0 93773

240
280
320
360
400

-5 38
-125
2 46
5 82
8 91

0 0007620
0 0007699
0 0007772
0 0007841
0 0007907

0 083897
0 072352
0 063604
0 056738
0 051201

44 48
49 97
54 92
59 44
63 62

182 67
179 50
176 61
173 94
171 45

227 14
229 46
23152
233 38
235 07

44 66
50 18
55 16
59 72
63 94

202 62
199 54
196 71
194 08
191 62

247 28
249 72
251 88
253 81
255 55

0 17794
0 19829
0 21637
0 23270
0 24761

0 75664
0 73381
0 71369
0 69566
0 67929

0 93458
0 93210
0 93006
0 92836
0 92691

450
500
550
600
650

12 46
1571
18 73
21 55
24 20

0 0007985
0 0008059
0 0008130
0 0008199
0 0008266

0 045619
0 041118
0 037408
0 034295
0 031646

68 45
72 93
77 10
81 02
84 72

168 54
165 82
163 25
160 81
158 48

237 00
238 75
240 35
241 83
243 20

68 81
73 33
77 54
81 51
85 26

188 71
185 98
183 38
180 90
178 51

257 53
259 30
260 92
262 40
263 77

0 26465
0 28023
0 29461
0 30799
0 32051

0 66069
0 64377
0 62821
0 61378
0 60030

0 92535
0 92400
0 92282
0 92177
0 92081

700
750
800
850
900

26 69
29 06
31 31
33 45
35 51

0 0008331
0 0008395
0 0008458
0 0008520
0 0008580

0 029361
0 027371
0 025621
0 024069
0 022683

88 24
91 59
94 79
97 87
100 83

156 24
154 08
152 00
149 98
148 01

244 48
245 67
246 79
247 85
248 85

88 82
92 22
95 47
98 60
101 61

176 21
173 98
171 82
169 71
167 66

265 03
266 20
267 29
268 31
269 26

0 33230
0 34345
0 35404
0 36413
0 37377

0 58763
0 57567
0 56431
0 55349
0 54315

0 91994
0 91912
0 91835
0 91762
0 91692

950
1000
1200
1400
1600

37 48
39 37
46 29
52 40
57 88

0 0008641
0 0008700
0 0008934
0 0009166
0 0009400

0 021438
0 020313
0 016715
0 014107
0 012123

103 69
106 45
116 70
125 94
134 43

146 10
144 23
137 11
130 43
124 04

249 79
250 68
253 81
256 37
258 47

104 51
107 32
117 77
127 22
135 93

165 64
163 67
156 10
148 90
141 93

27015
270 99
273 87
276 12
277 86

0 38301
0 39189
0 42441
0 45315
0 47911

0 53323
0 52368
0 48863
0 45734
0 42873

0 91624
0 91558
0 91303
0 91050
0 90784

1800
2000
2500
3000

62 87
67 45
77 54
86 16

0 0009639
0 0009886
0 0010566
0 0011406

0 010559
0 009288
0 006936
0 005275

142 33
149 78
166 99
183 04

117 83
111 73
96 47
80 22

260 17
261 51
263 45
263 26

144 07
151 76
169 63
186 46

135 11
128 33
111 16
92 63

27917
280 09
280 79
279 09

0 50294
0 52509
0 57531
0 62118

0 40204
0 37675
0 31695
0 25776

0 90498
0 90184
0 89226
0 87894

Press.,
p kPa
60
70
80
90
100

Sat.
temp.,

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

Internal energy,
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
vapor,
liquid, Evap.,
u
&
20912
3 798 205 32
210 88
7 68 203 20
11 15 201 30
212 46
213 88
14 31 199 57
17 21 197 98
21519

Enthalpy,
kJ/kg

Specific volume,
m3/kg
Sat.
Sat.
liquid,
vapor,
v
Vf

0 0007098
0311210
0 0007144
0 269290
0 0007185
0 237530
0 0007223
0 212630
0 0007259
0192540

Sat.
liquid,
h,
3 841
7 73
11 21
14 37
17 28

Sat.
vapor,
ft.
223 95
227 79
229 73
222 00
220 25
23146
233 02
218 65
234 44
217 16

0 01634
0 03267
0 04711
0 06008
0 07188

Sat.
vapor,
s
0 94807 0 96441
0 92775 0 96042
0 90999 0 95710
0 89419 0 95427
0 87995 0 95183

Evap.,

Sat.
liquid,
Sf

Evap.,

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 5

TABLEA-13
Superheated refrigerant-134a
T
C

u
kj/kg

m'/kg
P

Sat"
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

031121
0 33608
0 35048
0 36476
0 37893
0 39302
0 40705
0 42102
0 43495
0 44883
0 46269
0 47651
0 49032
0 50410

-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140

= 0.18 M P a (-12.73C)
222 99
242 86
225 02
245 16
232 48
253 58
240 00
262 04
247 64
270 59
255 41
279 25
263 31
288 05
271 36
296 98
279 56
306 05
287 91
315 27
296 42
324 63
305 07
334 14
313 88
343 80

0 9397
0 9484
0 9798
1 0102
1 0399
1 0690
1 0975
1 1256
1 1532
1 1805
1 2074
1 2339
1 2602

0 09987
0 09991
010481
010955
0 11418
011874
012322
012766
0 13206
013641
014074
014504
014933

= 0.28 M P a (-1.25C)
229 46
249 72
230 44
250 83
238 27
259 68
246 13
268 52
254 06
277 41
262 10
286 38
270 27
295 47
278 56
304 67
286 99
314 00
295 57
323 46
304 29
333 06
313 15
342 80
322 16
352 68
331 32
362 70
340 63
372 87
350 09
383 18

0 9321
0 9362
0 9680
0 9987
1 0285
1 0576
1 0862
1 1142
1 1418
1 1690
1 1958
1 2222
1 2483
1 2742
1 2997
1 3250

0 06360
0 06609
0 06925
0 07231
0 07530
0 07823
0 08111
0 08395
0 08675
0 08953
0 09229
0 09503
0 09775
010045
010314

0 9240
0 9383
0 9703
1 0011
1 0309
1 0599
1 0883
1 1162
1 1436
1 1705
1 1971
1 2233
1 2491
1 2747
1 2999
1 3249

0 03430

P=
Sat
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

04112
04212
04434
04646
04850
05049
05243
05433
05621
05805
05988
06169
06348
06526
06702
06878

s
u
h
kJ/kg.K
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
P = 0.10 M P a (-26.37C)

019254
019841
0 20743
0 21630
0 22506
0 23373
0 24233
0 25088
0 25937
0 26783
0 27626
0 28465
0 29303
0 30138

0 11041
011189
011722
0 12240
012748
013248
013741
014230
014715
0 15196
015673
016149
016622

0 07235
0 07282
0 07646
0 07997
0 08338
0 08672
0 09000
0 09324
0 09644
0 09961
010275
0 10587
010897
0 11205
011512
011818

V
m3/kg

0 9644
1 0174
1 0477
1 0774
1 1066
1 1353
1 1636
1 1915
1 2191
1 2463
1 2732
1 2997
1 3260
1 3520

P
Sat

s
kJ/kg.K

= 0.06 M P a (-36.95C)*
209 12
227 79
220 60
240 76
227 55
248 58
234 66
256 54
241 92
264 66
249 35
272 94
256 95
281 37
264 71
289 97
272 64
298 74
280 73
307 66
288 99
316 75
297 41
326 00
306 00
335 42
314 74
344 99

P
Sat

h
kJ/kg

0 50 M P a (15.71 C)
238 75
259 30
242 40
263 46
250 84
273 01
259 26
282 48
267 72
291 96
276 25
301 50
284 89
311 10
293 64
320 80
302 51
330 61
311 50
340 53
320 63
350 57
329 89
360 73
339 29
371 03
348 83
381 46
358 51
392 02
368 33
402 72

V
m'/kg

s
u
h
kJ/kg.K
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
P = 0.14 M P a (-18.77C)

0 9518
0 9721
1 0030
1 0332
1 0628
1 0918
1 1203
1 1484
1 1762
1 2035
1 2305
1 2572
1 2836
1 3096

014014

219 54

239 16

0 9446

014605
0 15263
015908
0 16544
0 17172
017794
018412
019025
019635
0 20242
0 20847
0 21449

225 91
233 23
240 66
248 22
255 93
263 79
271 79
279 96
288 28
296 75
305 38
314 17

246 36
254 60
262 93
271 38
279 97
288 70
297 57
306 59
315 77
325 09
334 57
344 20

0 9724
1 0031
1 0331
1 0624
1 0912
1 1195
1 1474
1 1749
1 2020
1 2288
1 2553
1 2814

0 9377
0 9380
0 9698
1 0004
1 0303
1 0595
1 0882
1 1163
1 1441
1 1714
1 1983
1 2249
1 2512

0 08390

0.24 M P a (-5.38C)
227 14
247 28

0 9346

0 08617
0 09026
0 09423
0 09812
010193
010570
010942
011310
011675
012038
012398

231 29
238 98
246 74
254 61
262 59
270 71
278 97
287 36
295 91
304 60
313 44

0 9519
0 9831
1 0134
1 0429
1 0718
1 1001
1 1280
1 1554
1 1825
1 2092
1 2356

0 32 M P a (2.46C)
231 52
251 88

0 9301

0 05120

0.40 M P a (8.91C)
235 07
255 55

0 9269

237 54
245 50
253 50
261 60
269 82
278 15
286 62
295 22
303 97
312 86
321 89
331 07
340 39
349 86

0 9544
0 9856
1 0157
1 0451
1 0739
1 1021
1 1298
1 1571
1 1840
1 2105
1 2367
1 2626
1 2882
1 3135

0 05151
0 05421
0 05680
0 05929
0 06172
0 06410
0 06644
0 06875
0 07102
0 07327
0 07550
0 07772
0 07991
0 08210

235 97
244 18
252 36
260 58
268 90
277 32
285 86
294 53
303 32
312 26
321 33
330 55
339 90
349 41

0 9305
0 9628
0 9937
1 0236
1 0528
1 0814
1 1094
1 1369
1 1640
1 1907
1 2171
1 2431
1 2688
1 2942

0 9218

0 02936

0 70 M P a (26.69C)
244 48
265 03

0 9199

0 9499
0 9816
1 0121
1 0417
1 0705
1 0987
1 1264
1 1536
1 1803
1 2067
1 2327
1 2584
1 2838
1 3088

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

247 48
256 39
265 20
274 01
282 87
291 80
300 82
309 95
319 19
328 55
338 04
347 66
357 41
367 29

0 9313
0 9641
0 9954
1 0256
1 0549
1 0835
1 1114
1 1389
1 1658
1 1924
1 2186
1 2444
1 2699
1 2951

215 19
219 66
226 75
233 95
241 30
248 79
256 44
264 25
272 22
280 35
288 64
297 08
305 69
314 46

234 44
239 50
247 49
255 58
263 81
272 17
280 68
289 34
298 16
307 13
316 26
325 55
334 99
344 60

P := 0.20MPa(-10 09C)
224 48
224 55
232 09
239 67
247 35
255 14
263 08
271 15
279 37
287 73
296 25
304 92
313 74

P=

P
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

03598
03787
03966
04139
04307
04471
04632
04790
04946
05100
05252
05403
05552
05701

244 46
244 54
253 05
261 58
270 18
278 89
287 72
296 68
305 78
31501
324 40
333 93
343 60

258 69
267 66
276 65
285 70
294 85
304 11
313 48
322 98
332 62
342 39
352 30
362 35
372 54
382 87

= 0 60MPa(21.55C)
241 83
262 40
249 22
257 86
266 48
275 15
283 89
292 73
301 67
310 73
319 91
329 23
338 67
348 25
357 96
367 81

270 81
280 58
290 28
299 98
309 73
319 55
329 46
339 47
349 59
359 82
370 18
380 66
391 27
402 01

P=

P=

P=
02997
03170
03332
03488
03637
03783
03925
04064
04201
04336
04469
04600
04731
04860

251 97
260 65
269 36
278 16
287 06
296 08
305 23
314 51
323 93
333 49
343 20

256 58
265 86
275 07
284 30
293 59
302 96
312 44
322 02
331 73
341 57
351 53
361 63
371 87
382 24

268 45
278 57
288 53
298 42
308 33
318 28
328 29
338 40
348 60
358 90
369 32
379 86
390 52
401 31

* The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure

" Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EM/APR 2007/KJM451

APPENDIX 6

TABLEA-17
Ideal-gas properties of air
T
K

s
kJ/kg.K

200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
285
290
295
298
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570

h
kJ/kg
199 97
209 97
219 97
230 02
240 02
250 05
260 09
270 11
280 13
28514
290 16
295 17
298 18
300 19
305 22
310 24
315 27
320 29
325 31
330 34
340 42
350 49
360 58
370 67
380 77
390 88
400 98
411 12
421 26
43143
441 61
451 80
462 02
472 24
482 49
492 74
503 02
513 32
523 63
533 98
544 35
555 74
565 17
575 59

0 3363
0 3987
0 4690
0 5477
0 6355
0 7329
0 8405
0 9590
1 0889
1 1584
1 2311
1 3068
1 3543
1 3860
1 4686
1 5546
1 6442
1 7375
1 8345
1 9352
2 1490
2 3790
2 6260
2 8920
3 1760
3 4810
3 8060
4 1530
4 5220
4 9150
5 3320
5 7750
6 2450
6 7420
7 2680
7 8240
84110
9 0310
9 6840
10 3700
11 1000
11 8600
12 6600
13 5000

kJ/kg
142 56
149 69
156 82
164 00
171 13
178 28
185 45
192 60
199 75
203 33
206 91
210 49
212 64
214 07
217 67
221 25
224 85
228 42
232 02
235 61
242 82
250 02
257 24
264 46
271 69
278 93
286 16
293 43
300 69
307 99
315 30
322 62
329 97
337 32
344 70
352 08
359 49
366 92
374 36
381 84
389 34
396 86
404 42
411 97

1707 0
1512 0
1346 0
1205 0
1084 0
979 0
887 8
808 0
738 0
706 1
676 1
647 9
631 9
621 2
596 0
572 3
549 8
528 6
508 4
489 4
454 1
422 2
393 4
367 2
343 4
321 5
301 6
283 3
266 6
251 1
236 8
223 6
211 4
200 1
189 5
179 7
170 6
162 1
154 1
146 7
139 7
133 1
127 0

121 2

1 29559
1 34444
1 39105
1 43557
1 47824
1 51917
1 55848
1 59634
1 63279
1 65055
1 66802
1 68515
1 69528
1 70203
1 71865
1 73498
1 75106
1 76690
1 78249
1 79783
1 82790
1 85708
1 88543
1 91313
1 94001
1 96633
1 99194
2 01699
2 04142
2 06533
2 08870
211161
213407
215604
217760
219876
2 21952
2 23993
2 25997
2 27967
2 29906
2 31809
2 33685
2 35531

1260
1280
1300
1320
1340
1360
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
1560
1580

1348 55
1372 24
1395 97
1419 76
1443 60
1467 49
1491 44
151542
1539 44
1563 51
1587 63
1611 79
1635 97
1660 23
1684 51
1708 82
1733 17

290 8000
310 4000
330 9000
352 5000
375 3000
399 1000
424 2000
450 5000
478 0000
506 9000
537 1000
568 8000
601 9000
636 5000
672 8000
710 5000
750 0000

986 90
1004 76
1022 82
1040 88
1058 94
1077 10
1095 26
111352
1131 77
1150 13
1168 49
1186 95
1205 41
1223 87
1242 43
1260 99
1279 65

12 435
11 835
11 275
10 747
10 247
9 780
9 337
8919
8 526
8 153
7 801
7 468
7 152
6 854
6 569
6 301
6 046

3 23638
3 25510
3 27345
3 29160
3 30959
3 32724
3 34474
3 36200
3 37901
3 39586
3 41247
3 42892
3 44516
3 46120
3 47712
3 49276
3 50829

Pr

vr

T
K
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1000
1020
1040
1060
1080
1100
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240

h
kJ/kg
586 04
596 52
607 02
617 53
628 07
638 63
649 22
659 84
670 47
681 14
691 82
702 52
713 27
724 04
734 82
745 62
756 44
767 29
778 18
800 03
821 95
843 98
866 08
888 27
910 56
932 93
955 38
977 92
1000 55
1023 25
1046 04
1068 89
1091 85
1114 86
1137 89
1161 07
1184 28
1207 57
1230 92
1254 34
1277 79
1301 31
1324 93

1600
1620
1640
1660
1680
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250

1757 57
1782 00
1806 46
1830 96
1855 50
1880 10
1941 60
2003 30
2065 30
2127 40
2189 70
2252 10
2314 60
2377 70
2440 30
2503 20
2566 40

14 38
15 31
16 28
17 30
18 36
19 84
20 64
21 86
23 13
24 46
25 85
27 29
28 80
30 38
32 02
33 72
35 50
37 35
39 27
43 35
47 75
52 59
57 60
63 09
68 98
75 29
82 05
89 28
97 00
105 20
114 00
123 40
133 30
143 90
155 20
167 10
179 70
193 10
207 20
222 20
238 00
254 70
272 30

u
kJ/kg
419 55
427 15
434 78
442 42
450 09
457 78
465 50
473 25
481 01
488 81
496 62
504 45
512 33
520 23
528 14
536 07
544 02
551 99
560 01
576 12
592 30
608 59
624 95
64140
657 95
674 58
69128
708 08
725 02
741 98
758 94
776 10
793 36
810 62
827 88
845 33
862 79
880 35
897 91
915 57
933 33
951 09
968 95

Vr
115 700
110 600
105 800
101 200
96 920
92 840
88 990
85 340
81 890
78 610
75 500
72 560
69 760
67 070
64 530
62 130
59 820
57 630
55 540
51 640
48 080
44 840
41 850
39120
36 610
34 310
32 180
30 220
28 400
26 730
25 170
23 720
23 290
21 140
19 980
18 896
17 886
16 946
16 064
15 241
14 470
13 747
13 069

791 20
834 10
878 90
925 60
974 20
1025 00
1161 00
1310 00
1475 00
1655 00
1852 00
2068 00
2303 00
2559 00
2837 00
3138 00
3464 00

1298 30
1316 96
1335 72
1354 48
1373 24
1392 70
1439 80
1487 20
1534 90
1582 60
1630 60
1678 70
1726 80
1775 30
1823 80
1872 40
1921 30

5 804
5 574
5 355
5 147
4 949
4 761
4 328
3 994
3 601
3 295
3 022
2 776
2 555
2 356
2 175
2 012
1 864

Pr

s"
kJ/kgK
2 37348
2 39140
2 40902
2 42644
2 44356
2 46048
2 47716
2 49364
2 50985
2 52589
2 54175
2 55731
2 57277
2 58810
2 60319
2 61803
2 63280
2 64737
2 66176
2 69013
2 71787
2 74504
2 77170
2 79783
2 82344
2 84856
2 87324
2 89748
2 92128
2 94468
2 96770
2 99034
3 01260
3 03449
3 05608
3 07732
3 09825
3 11883
3 13916
3 15916
317888
319834
3 21751

3 52364
3 53879
3 55381
3 56867
3 58335
3 59790
3 63360
3 66840
3 70230
3 73540
3 76770
3 79940
3 83030
3 86050
3 89010
3 91910
3 94740

Note The properties pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes and should
not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL