HEAT TRANSFER FORMULAE Conduction Fouriers law:

Q = -kA T x

Heat conduction equation:

1 1 T 2T + Qvol = k a t

where a =

k rc

Steady conduction, thermal resistances in series: Ti - To Q= Dx 1 1 h A + kA + h A ci co

plane walls

Q=

2p L (Ti - To ) 1 1 rn 1 h r + k ln r+1 + h r ci i n n co 0

cylinders

Convection

Dimensionless parameters:

Transport Groups

r ux m 2d 1 f = Dp L ru2 tw Cf = ru2 / 2 hx Nu x = c k

Re x =

Reynolds number Friction factor Skin friction coefficient Nusselt number

State Groups

Pr =
St =

Cpm k

Prandtl number

Combined Groups

Nu Re.Pr
2 3

Stanton number

Reynolds analogy:

St.Pr =

Cf 2

Forced convection relations: Plate Nu x = 0 332 Rex 0.5 Pr 0.33

Nu x = 0 0296 Rex Pr
0.8 0.33

Laminar (fully developed) Turbulent (fully developed)

Heat exchangers

Tube Nu = 4 36 Nu = 3 66

Q / A = const. Tw = const.

Nu D = 0 023ReD 0.8 Pr 0.35

Log mean temperature difference:

LMTD = DT1 - DT2 DT ln 1 DT2

Parallel flow effectiveness:

e= Counter-flow effectiveness:
e=

1 - exp - (1 + Cmin / Cmax ) NTU 1 + Cmin / Cmax

where NTU = UA / Cmin

1 - exp - (1 - Cmin / Cmax ) NTU Cmin 1exp - (1 - Cmin / Cmax ) NTU Cmax

where NTU = UA / Cmin

Radiation

Plancks law: I l ,b =
2 2hc0 hc l 5 exp( 0 ) - 1 l kT

where h = 6.6256 10-34 Js , k = 1.3805 10 -23 J / K , c0 = 2.998 108 m / s Stefan-Boltzmans law:

Eb = s Tb4

where s = 5.67 10 -8 W / m2 K 4

View factor: Fij = Principle of reciprocity:

Ai Fij = Aj F ji

1 Ai

Ai

cosq i cosq j
Aj

p R2

dAi dAj

Exchange between surface i and the other surfaces in an n surface enclosure: n ( Ji - J j ) e i Ai Eb ,i - J i = -1 (1 - e i ) j =1 ( A F ) i ij