Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 1

Exercise 3A Operations with

matrices
1
Matrix Order
2, 1
element
1, 3
element
A 2 2 8
B 3 1 5
C 1 4 10
D 2 3 4 4
E 3 3 1 2
2 A
2 3
4 7
1
1
]
B
5 0
4 2
1
1

]

C
1 3
2 6
1
1
]

a A + B
2 3
4 7
1
1
]
+
5 0
4 2
1
1

]


3 3
0 9
1
1
]

b A B
2 3
4 7
1
1
]

5 0
4 2
1
1

]


7 3
8 5
1
1
]

c B + C
5 0
4 2
1
1

]
+
1 3
2 6
1
1
]


6 3
2 8
1
1

]

d C A
1 3
2 6
1
1
]

2 3
4 7
1
1
]


3 6
2 1
1
1

]

3 a 2A 2
2 3
4 7
1
1
]


4 6
8 14
1
1
]

b 2A B
4 6
8 14
1
1
]

5 0
4 2
1
1

]


9 6
12 12
1
1
]

c 2A + 3B
4 6
8 14
1
1
]
+ 3
5 0
4 2
1
1

]


4 6
8 14
1
1
]
+
15 0
12 6
1
1

]


11 6
4 20
1
1

]

d 3(A + B) 3
3 3
0 9
1
1
]


9 9
0 27
1
1
]

e 2A + 3B 4C

11 6
4 20
1
1

]
4
1 3
2 6
1
1
]
using
result in part c

11 6
4 20
1
1

]

4 12
8 24
1
1
]


7 18
12 4
1
1

]

4 a Order of matrix D is (2 4).
The answer is C.
b Order of matrix A is (3 3).
Order of matrix B is (2 2).
Order of A and B are not equal.
A + B cannot be calculated.
The answer is D.
c 2A + 3E
2
1 2 3
2 1 4
6 3 0
1
1

1
1
]
+ 3
0 5 1
2 3 9
6 4 2
1
1
1
1
]


2 4 6
4 2 8
12 6 0
1
1

1
1
]
+
0 15 3
6 9 27
18 12 6
1
1
1
1
]


2 19 3
2 7 35
30 18 6
1
1
1
1
]

The answer is E.
d 3C 4B
3
4 3
2 7
1
1
]
4
5 4
1 3
1
1
]


12 9
6 21
1
1
]

20 16
4 12
1
1
]


32 25
2 9
1
1
]

The answer is A.
e e
32
4
The answer is B.
5 a C + D
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1
1
1
]
+
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1

1
1
]


2 0 14
4 0 0
6 0 18
1
1
1
1
]

b C D
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1
1
1
]

1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1

1
1
]


0 8 0
0 10 16
0 12 0
1
1
1
1
]

c 2C 2
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1
1
1
]


2 8 14
4 10 16
6 12 18
1
1
1
1
]

d 2C + D
2 8 14
4 10 16
6 12 18
1
1
1
1
]
+
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1

1
1
]

using result in part c above.

3 4 21
6 5 8
9 6 27
1
1
1
1
]

e 2(C + D) 2
2 0 14
4 0 0
6 0 18
1
1
1
1
]

using result in part a above

4 0 28
8 0 0
12 0 36
1
1
1
1
]

f D
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1

1
1
]


1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
1
1

1
1
]

6 a 3P
6 0
9 3
1
1

]

P
2 0
3 1
1
1

]

b Q +
4 0
1 4
1
1
]

2 0
5 6
1
1

]

Q
2 0
5 6
1
1

]

4 0
1 4
1
1
]


2 0
6 2
1
1

]


Chapter 3 Matrices
MC1 1 Ql d - 3 2 Ma t r i c e s

c 3M
2 0 3
4 6 1
1
1

]

1 0 0
2 3 2
1
1

]

3M
1 0 0
2 3 2
1
1

]
+
2 0 3
4 6 1
1
1

]

3M
3 0 3
6 9 3
1
1

]

M
1 0 1
2 3 1
1
1

]

d
2 2
6 6
3 3
1
1

1
1
]
N
0 4
7 6
5 2
1
1
1
1
]

N
2 2
6 6
3 3
1
1

1
1
]

0 4
7 6
5 2
1
1
1
1
]


2 6
1 12
2 1
1
1

1
1
]

7
4 8
4 0
1
1

]
is of order (2 2)

5 1 3
2 5 2
1
1

]
is of order (2 3)
Since the orders are different, there is no solution.
A B C D
8 a
A 0 1 3 1
B 1 0 2 2

C 3 2 0 1
D 1 2 1 0
1
1
1
1
1
]

J K L M
b
J 0 0 1 1
K 0 0 1 2

L 1 1 0 3
M 1 2 3 0
1
1
1
1
1
]

MB MC
9
Test 82 54
Test 75 68
Test 91 82
A
B
C
1
1
1
1
]

10 a
15 14 104
7 10 52
1
1
]

b
13 7 5 1 31 18 26
12 4 4 4 17 15 16
1
1
]

11
14 8 5 1 35 19 29
13 4 4 5 18 19 16
1
1
]

12 Let A
3 4
2 1
1
1
]
, B
1 2
5 3
1
1
]
and
C
6 8
4 2
1
1
]
NOTE any matrices could be chosen
a A + B
3 4
2 1
1
1
]
+
1 2
5 3
1
1
]


2 6
7 4
1
1
]

B + A
1 2
5 3
1
1
]
+
3 4
2 1
1
1
]


2 6
7 4
1
1
]

A + B B + A
(Thus the addition of matrices is commutative.)
b (A + B) + C

3 4 1 2
2 1 5 3
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
] ] ]
+
6 8
4 2
1
1
]


2 6
7 4
1
1
]
+
6 8
4 2
1
1
]


8 14
11 6
1
1
]

A + (B + C)

3 4
2 1
1
1
]
+
1 2 6 8
5 3 4 2
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
] ] ]


3 4
2 1
1
1
]
+
5 10
9 5
1
1
]


8 14
11 6
1
1
]

(A + B) + C A + (B + C)
(Thus the addition of matrices is associative.)
c A B
3 4
2 1
1
1
]

1 2
5 3
1
1
]


4 2
3 2
1
1

]

B A
1 2
5 3
1
1
]

3 4
2 1
1
1
]


4 2
3 2
1
1
]

A B B A
(Thus the subtraction of matrices is not commutative.)
d 2A + 2C 2
3 4
2 1
1
1
]
+ 2
6 8
4 2
1
1
]


6 8
4 2
1
1
]
+
12 16
8 4
1
1
]


18 24
12 6
1
1
]

2(A + C) 2
3 4 6 8
2 1 4 2
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
] ] ]

2
9 12
6 3
1
1
]


18 24
12 6
1
1
]

2A + 2C 2(A + C)
Exercise 3B Multiplying matrices
1 a A (2 2)
B (2 2)
C (3 2)
D (1 2)
E (2 3)
I (2 2)
b (m n) (p r)
For n p, the matrices are multiplicable.
i AC is not multiplicable (2 2) (3 2)
ii CA is multiplicable (3 2) (2 2)
Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 3
iii DB is multiplicable (1 2) (2 2)
iv BD is not multiplicable (2 2) (1 2)
v AE is multiplicable (2 2) (2 3)
vi AI is multiplicable (2 2) (2 2)
vii IA is multiplicable (2 2) (2 2)
viii IB is multiplicable (2 2) (2 2)
ix EB is not multiplicable (2 3) (2 2)
x E
2
is not multiplicable (2 3) (2 3)
xi A
2
is multiplicable (2 2) (2 2)
xii EC is multiplicable (2 3) (3 2)
c (m n) (p r) (m r) when n p
ii CA is of order (3 2)
iii DB is of order (1 2)
v AE is of order (2 3)
vi AI is of order (2 2)
vii IA is of order (2 2)
viii IB is of order (2 2)
xi A
2
is of order (2 2)
xii EC is of order (2 2)
d ii CA
2 4
2 3
6 8
4 5
0 1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]


2 2 4 4 2 3 4 5
6 2 8 4 6 3 8 5
0 2 1 4 0 3 1 5
+ + 1
1
+ +
1
1 + +
]


20 14
44 22
4 5
1
1
1
1
]

iii DB [ ]
1 1
2 4
1 0
1

1
]

[ ] 2 1 4 1 2 1 4 0 + +
[ ] 2 2
v AE
2 3 2 3 1
4 5 0 4 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 2 3 0 2 3 3 4 2 1 3 2
4 2 5 0 4 3 5 4 4 1 5 2
+ + + 1
1
+ + +
]


4 18 8
8 8 6
1
1

]

vi AI
2 3 1 0
4 5 0 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


2 3
4 5
1
1
]

vii IA
1 0 2 3
0 1 4 5
1 1
1 1
] ]


2 3
4 5
1
1
]

viii IB
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1
1 0
1
1
]

xi A
2

2 3 2 3
4 5 4 5
1 1
1 1
] ]


2 2 3 4 2 3 3 5
4 2 5 4 4 3 5 5
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


8 21
28 13
1
1
]

xii EC
2 4
2 3 1
6 8
0 4 2
0 1
1
1
1
1
1

]
1
]


2 2 3 6 1 0 2 4 3 8 1 1
0 2 4 6 2 0 0 4 4 8 2 1
+ + + + 1
1
+ + + +
]


14 15
24 30
1
1

]

2 a MN
2 4 5 2
1 3 0 4
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 5 4 0 2 2 4 4
1 5 3 0 1 2 3 4
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


10 20
5 10
1
1

]

NM
5 2 2 4
0 4 1 3
1 1
1 1

] ]


5 2 2 1 5 4 2 3
0 2 4 1 0 4 4 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


8 26
4 12
1
1

]

b MN NM
Multiplication of matrices is not commutative.
3 a AB
2 1 2 0
0 3 0 3
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 2 1 0 2 0 1 3
0 2 3 0 0 0 3 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


4 3
0 9
1
1

]

b AC
2 1 5 2
0 3 8 3
1 1
1 1
] ]


2 5 1 8 2 2 1 3
0 5 3 8 0 2 3 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


2 7
24 9
1
1
]

c DO
3 2 0 0
8 5 0 0
1 1
1 1

] ]


0 0
0 0
1
1
]

d DI
3 2 1 0
8 5 0 1
1 1
1 1

] ]


3 2
8 5
1
1

]

e IB
1 0 2 0
0 1 0 3
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 0
0 3
1
1

]

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 4 Ma t r i c e s

f BC
2 0 5 2
0 3 8 3
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 5 0 8 2 2 0 3
0 5 3 8 0 2 3 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


10 4
24 9
1
1

]

g CD
5 2 3 2
8 3 8 5
1 1
1 1

] ]


5 3 2 8 5 2 2 5
8 3 3 8 8 2 3 5
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


31 0
0 31
1
1
]

h CA
5 2 2 1
8 3 0 3
1 1
1 1
] ]


5 2 2 0 5 1 2 3
8 2 3 0 8 1 3 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


10 11
16 1
1
1
]

i OI
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


0 0
0 0
1
1
]

j ID
1 0 3 2
0 1 8 5
1 1
1 1

] ]


3 2
8 5
1
1

]

4 a i
4 3 4 3
5 4 5 4
1 1
1 1

] ]


4 4 3 5 4 3 3 4
5 4 4 5 5 3 4 4
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


1 0
0 1
1
1
]

ii
2 3 8 3
5 8 5 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 8 3 5 2 3 3 2
5 8 8 5 5 3 8 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


1 0
0 1
1
1
]

iii
1 2 5 2
2 5 2 1
1 1
1 1

] ]


1 5 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 5 5 2 2 2 5 1
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


1 0
0 1
1
1
]

b They are all I, the multiplicative identity matrix.
c Each pair of matrices are multiplicative inverses.
5 a Order of matrix A is (2 2)
Order of matrix D is (3 3)
Thus AD does not exist.
The answer is A.
b Order of matrix B is (2 3)
Order of matrix D is (3 3)
Thus order of BD is (2 3)
The answer is C.
c BF: (2 3)(1 3), BF does not exist.
AB: (2 2)(2 3), AB has order (2 3).
DC: (3 3)(3 2), DC has order (3 2).
BC: (2 3)(3 2), BC has order (2 2).
FD: (1 3)(3 3), FD has order (1 3).
The answer is D.
d CE
2 5
5 2
1 3
1 3
0 4
1
1
1

1
1

]
1
]


2 5 5 1 2 2 5 3
1 5 3 1 1 2 3 3
0 5 4 1 0 2 4 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
1
1 + +
]


5 11
8 11
4 12
1
1
1
1
]

The answer is B.
6 a
3
1
0
1
1
1
1
]

b
3
10 2 5
1
8 7 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]

10 3 2 1 5 0
8 3 7 1 2 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


32
31
1
1
]

Sharks have a total of 32 points. Dolphins have a total of 31
points.
7 a
Goals Behinds
Southport 18 12
Broadbeach 14 15
Lions 10 14
Eagles 9 16
1
1
1
1
1
]

b
6
1
1
1
]

c
18 12
14 15 6
10 14 1
9 16
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]

18 6 12 1
14 6 15 1
10 6 14 1
9 6 16 1
+ 1
1
+
1
1 +
1
+
]


120
99
74
70
1
1
1
1
1
]

Southport 120 points
Broadbeach 99 points
Lions 74 points
Sydney 70 points.
8 a
10
25
12
1
1
1
1
]

b
10
20 20 10
25
10 5 10
12
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]

20 10 20 25 10 12
10 10 5 25 10 12
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


820
345
1
1
]

Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 5
Shop A $820
Shop B $345
Investigation Matrix Powers
1 A
2
cannot be found as it involves (3 2)(3 2)
2 a Let A
1 2
3 4
1
1
]

b A
2

1 2
3 4
1
1
]
1 2
3 4
1
1
]


7 10
15 22
1
1
]

3 A
2
cannot be found as it involves (2 3)(2 3)
4 a A matix must be square if it is to be raised to a power.
b If A has dimensions (m m) then squaring A would
involve (m m) (m m) resulting in (m m). If A has
dimensions (m n) then squaring A would result in (m n)
(m n) and this is not multiplicable.
Exercise 3C Powers of a Matrix
1 a A
2

2 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1
] ]


2 2 1 0 2 1 1 0
0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


4 2
0 0
1
1
]

b A
3
A
2
A

4 2 2 1
0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1
] ]


4 2 2 0 4 1 2 0
0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


8 4
0 0
1
1
]

c A
4
A
3
A

8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0
1 1
1 1
] ]


8 2 4 0 8 1 4 0
0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


16 8
0 0
1
1
]

2 a A
2

1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
1
1
1
]

b A
3
A 2A

1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
1
1
1
]

c A
n
A
n 1
A

1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
1
1
1
]

3 a A
2

1 0 0 1 0 0
2 3 0 2 3 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
2 1 3 2 0 0 2 0 3 3 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 1
0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
+ + + + + + 1
1
+ + + + + +
1
1 + + + + + +
]


1 0 0
8 9 0
2 4 1
1
1
1
1
]

b A
3
A
2
A

1 0 0 1 0 0
8 9 0 2 3 0
2 4 1 0 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
8 1 9 2 0 0 8 0 9 3 0 1 8 0 9 0 0 1
2 1 4 2 1 0 2 0 4 3 1 1 2 0 4 0 1 1
+ + + + + + 1
1
+ + + + + +
1
1 + + + + + +
]


1 0 0
26 27 0
10 13 1
1
1
1
1
]

4 a A
2

1 1 0 1 1 0
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 0 2 1 1 0
1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
1
1
1
]


1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
]

b A
2
A
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 0
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
1
1
1
]


0 0 1
1 1 1
0 0 1

1
1
1
1
]

A A
2

1 1 0 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 0 1 1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 1
2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 1
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
1
1
1
]


0 0 1
1 1 1
0 0 1

1
1
1
1
]

Therefore A
2
A A A
2

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 6 Ma t r i c e s

Applications of Matrices
1 a i v
[ ]
P O B H
5 7 3 4

ii D
F P G C H I
P 2 0 1 1 2 0
O 0 1 1 0 3 2
B 0 1 0 3 0 5
H 3 2 0 2 2 5
1
1
1
1
1
]

iii C
F 22
P 18
G 8
C 15
H 12
I 10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

b i Q VD
[ ]
2 0 1 1 2 0
0 1 1 0 3 2
5 7 3 4
0 1 0 3 0 5
3 2 0 2 2 5
1
1
1
1
1
]

[5 2 7 0 3 0 4 3 + + + 5 0 7 1 3 1 4 2 + + +
5 1 7 1 3 0 4 0 + + + 5 1 7 0 3 3 4 2 + + +
5 0 4 1 3 0 4 0 + + + ] 5 0 7 2 3 5 4 5 + + +

[ ]
F P G C H I
22 18 12 22 39 49 Q

ii Outlay QC

QC

[ ]
22
18
8
22 18 12 22 39 49
15
12
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

[ ] 22 22 18 18 12 8 22 15 39 12 49 10 + + + + +
[2192]
The total outlay is $2 012.
iii To charge 80% profit, multiply by 1.8
Charge 1.8DC

22
2 0 1 1 2 0 18
0 1 1 0 3 2 8
1.8
0 1 0 3 0 5 15
3 2 0 2 2 5 12
10
2 22 0 18 1 8 1 15 2 12 0 10
0 22 1 18 1 8 0 15 3 12 2 10
1.8
0 22 1 18 0 8 3 15 0 12 5 10
3 22 2 18 0 8 2 15 2 12 5 10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
]
+ + + + + 1
1
+ + + + +
1

1 + + + + +
1
+ + + + +
]


91
82
1.8
113
206
1
1
1

1
1
]


163.80
147.60
203.40
370.80
1
1
1

1
1
]

Therefore the charges should be Patio $163.80, Office foyer
$147.60, Bank $203.40 and Hotel display $370.80.
2
155 Tap
203 Ava
238 Tor
R
1
1

1
1
]

[ ]
T A T
10 8 12 B


S T G P L
9 11 6 7 20 Tap
12 14 15 12 25 Ava
14 12 12 16 24 Tor
M
1
1

1
1
]

660 S
1140 T
1020 G
660 P
1128 L
C
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

a [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
155
10 8 12 203
238
10 155 8 203 12 238
6030
BR
1
1

1
1
]
+ +

The bank will receive $6 030 per week.
b [ ]
660
9 11 6 7 20 1140
10 8 12 12 14 15 12 25 1020
14 12 12 16 24 660
1128
BMC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
] 1
1
]

[10 9 8 12 12 14 + + 10 11 8 14 12 12 + +
10 6 8 15 12 14 + + 10 7 8 12 12 16 + +
] 10 20 8 25 12 24 + +
660
1140
1020
660
1128
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
660
1140
354 366 324 358 688 1020
660
1128
354 660 366 1140 324 1020 358 660 688 1128
1993704
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
+ + + +

The cost for all materials will be $1 993 704.

3 a A
1 4 .25 .25 1 SR
0 3 0 .25 0 Br
4 3 2 1 1 Ca
1 1 0 .33 0 Pa
0 2 3 1 1 Bu
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

1 2
S S
1 1.20 E
0.80 1 F
1 1.20 Su
1.20 1.50 Sh
1.20 1.20 M
Q
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]


[ ]
SR Br Ca Pa Bu
15 150 45 65 35 N

b NA [ ]
1 4 .25 .25 1
0 3 0 .25 0
15 150 45 65 35 4 3 2 1 1
1 1 0 .33 0
0 2 3 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 7
[15 1 150 0 45 4 65 1 35 0 + + + +
15 4 150 3 45 3 65 1 35 2 + + + +
15 25 150 0 45 2 65 0 35 3 + + + +
15 25 150 25 45 1 65 33 35 1 + + + +
] 15 1 150 0 45 1 65 0 35 1 + + + +
[ ] 260 780 198.75 142.7 95
The order needs 260 eggs, 780 units of flour, 198.75 units of
sugar, 142.7 units of shortening and 95 units of milk.
c NAQ [ ]
1 1.20
0.80 1
260 780 198.75 142.7 95 1 1.20
1.20 1.50
1.20 1.20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

NAQ [2601+780.8+198.751+142.71.2+95+1.2
2601.2+7801+189.7512+142.71.5+951.2]
[1367.99 1658.55]
$1 658.55 1 367.99 $290.56
The first supplier had the cheaper quote by $290.56.
d As the first supplier had the cheaper quote, to calculate the
prices multiply 1.9A by the first column of Q.

1 4 .25 .25 1 1
0 3 0 .25 0 .8
1.9 1.9 4 3 2 1 1 1
1 1 0 .33 0 1.2
0 2 3 1 1 1.2
1 1 4 .8 .25 1 .25 1.2 1 1.2
0 1 3 .8 0 1 .25 1.2 0 1.2
1.9 4 1 3 .8 2 1 1 1.2 1 1.2
1 1 1 .8 0 1 .33 1.2 0 1.2
0 1 2 .8
AQ
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ 3 1 1 1.2 1 1.2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ + +
]


5.95
2.7
1.9 10.8
2.196
7
11.305
5.13
20.52
4.1724
13.3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

The selling prices are (rounded to the nearest 5c) Sugar
Rolls $11.30, Bread $5.15, Cake $20.50, Pastry $4.15 and
Buns $13.30
e Total takings
[ ]
11.30
5.15
15 150 45 65 35 20.50
4.15
13.30
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

[1511.30+1505.15+4520.50+654.15+3513.30]
[2599.75]
The total takings would be $2 599.75
Exercise 3D Multiplicative inverse and
solving matrix equations
1 AB
4 1 1 1
2 1 2 4
1 1
1 1

] ]


4 1 1 2 4 1 1 4
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


6 0
0 6
1
1
]

a AB 6
1 0
0 1
1
1
]

6I
A
1
6
B I
Inverse of A, A
1

1
6
B.
b AB 6I from part a above

1
6
AB I
nverse of B, B
1

1
6
A
2 MN
2 6 1 6
0 1 0 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 1 6 0 2 6 6 2
0 1 1 0 0 6 1 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


2 0
0 2
1
1

]

2
1 0
0 1
1
1
]

MN 2I
M
1
2
N
_

,
I
M
1

1
2
N
N
1

1
2
M
3 a |A| 2 10 3 5
5
b |B| 2 0 3 4
12
c |C| 2 1 6 0
2
d |D| 4 1 3 4
8
e |E| 2 5 1 3
7
f |F| 2 4 1 6
14
4 a A
1

10 3 1
5 2 5
1
1

]

b B
1

0 3 1
4 2 12
1
1

]

c C
1

1 6 1
0 2 2
1
1
]


1 6 1
or
0 2 2
_ 1

] ,

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 8 Ma t r i c e s

d D
1

1 3 1
4 4 8
1
1

]


1 3 1
or
4 4 8
_ 1

] ,

e E
1

5 1 1
3 2 7
1
1

]

f F
1

4 1 1
6 2 14
1
1

]

5 a det P 4 1 3 2
10
The answer is C.
b det R 8 2 6 4
40
R
1

2 6 1
4 8 40
1
1
]

The answer is E.
c PQ
4 3 2 3
2 1 1 0
1 1
1 1

] ]


4 2 3 1 4 3 3 0
2 2 1 1 2 3 1 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


5 12
5 6
1
1

]

det (PQ) 5 6 12 5
30
The answer is D.
d det Q 2 0 3 1
3
Q
1

0 3 1
1 2 3
1
1
]

Q
1
QX Q
1
R
X Q
1
R

0 3 8 6 1
1 2 4 2 3
1 1
1 1

] ]

X
0 8 3 4 0 6 3 2 1
1 8 2 4 1 6 2 2 3
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


12 6 1
0 10 3
1
1
]

The answer is A.
6
2 1
6 3
1
1
]

(Note: The determinant 0)
Other answers are possible.
7 a det C 2 1 6 0
2
C
1

1 6 1
0 2 2
1
1
]


1 6 1
or
0 2 2
_ 1

] ,

b det D 0 1 2 2
4
D
1

1 2 1
2 0 4
1
1

]

c CD
2 6 0 2
0 1 2 1
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 0 6 2 2 2 6 1
0 0 1 2 0 2 1 1
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


12 2
2 1
1
1

]

d det (CD) 12 1 2 2
8
(CD)
1

1 2 1
2 12 8
1
1
]


1 2 1
or
2 12 8
_ 1

1

] ,

e C
1
D
1

1 6 1 2 1 1
0 2 2 0 2 4
1 1
1 1

] ]


1 1 6 2 1 2 6 0 1
0 1 2 2 0 2 2 0 8
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


11 2 1
4 0 8
1
1

]


11 2 1
or
4 0 8
_ 1

1
] ,

f D
1
C
1

1 2 1 1
2 0 4 2
1 _

, ]
1 6
0 2
1
1
]


1 1 2 0 1 6 2 2 1
2 1 0 0 2 6 0 2 8
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


1 2 1
2 12 8
1
1
]


1 2 1
or
2 12 8
_ 1

1

] ,

8 a det D 2 2 1 4
0
b det E 2 10 4 5
0
c F is not a square matrix.
9 a AB
4 0 0 2
1 1 1 0
1 1
1 1

] ]


4 0 0 1 4 2 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


0 8
1 2
1
1

]

b det (AB) 0 2 8 1
8
(AB)
1

2 8 1
1 0 8
1
1
]

10 a If
4 2
8 4
A
1

1

]
then,

2
4 2 4 2
8 4 8 4
4 4 2 8 4 2 2 4
8 4 4 8 8 2 4 4
0 0
0 0
A
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

Therefore the matrix is nilpotent.
b If
10 20
5 10
B
1

]
then,
Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 9

2
10 20 10 20
5 10 5 10
10 10 20 5 10 20 20 10
5 10 10 5 5 20 10 10
0 0
0 0
B
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

Therefore the matrix is nilpotent.
c If
6 9
4 6
C
1

]
then,

2
6 9 6 9
4 6 4 6
6 6 9 4 6 9 9 6
4 6 6 4 4 9 6 6
0 0
0 0
C
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

Therefore the matrix is nilpotent.
11 a If
6 3
10 5
A
1

]
then,

2
6 3 6 3
10 5 10 5
6 6 3 10 6 3 3 5
10 6 5 10 10 3 5 5
6 3
10 5
A
A
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

Therefore the matrix is idempotent.
b If
4 4
5 5
B
1

]
then,

2
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5
5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5
4 4
5 5
B
B
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

Therefore the matrix is idempotent.
c If
1 0
5 0
C
1

1
]
then,

2
1 0 1 0
5 0 5 0
1 1 0 5 1 0 0 0
5 1 0 5 5 0 0 0
1 0
5 0
C
C
1 1

1 1
] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

Therefore the matrix is idempotent.
12 a AX B
A
1
AX A
1
B
X A
1
B
A
1

5 3 1
4 2 2
1
1

]

X
5 3 5 5 1
4 2 2 1 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


5 5 3 2 5 5 3 1 1
4 5 2 2 4 5 2 1 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


31 22 1
24 18 2
1
1

]


31 22 1
or
24 18 2
_ 1

1
] ,

b XA B
XAA
1
BA
1

X BA
1


5 5
2 1
1
1

]
1
2
_

,

5 3
4 2
1
1

]

X
5 5 5 4 5 3 5 2 1
2 5 1 4 2 3 1 2 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


5 5 1
14 8 2
1
1

]


5 5 1
or
14 8 2
_ 1

] ,

c XC A
XCC
1
AC
1

X AC
1

C
1

6 1 1
6 0 6
1
1

]


2 3
4 5
1
1
]
1
6
_

,

6 1
6 0
1
1

]


2 6 3 6 2 1 3 0 1
4 6 5 6 4 1 5 0 6
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


6 2 1
6 4 6
1
1

]

d AX C
A
1
AX A
1
C
X A
1
C

5 3 0 1 1
4 2 6 6 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


5 0 3 6 5 1 3 6 1
4 0 2 6 4 1 2 6 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]

X
18 23 1
12 16 2
1
1
]


18 23 1
or
12 16 2
_ 1

1

] ,

e AB
2 3 5 5
4 5 2 1
1 1
1 1

] ]


2 5 3 2 2 5 3 1
4 5 5 2 4 5 5 1
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


4 13
10 25
1
1
]

det (AB) 4 25 13 10
30
(AB)
1

25 13 1
10 4 30
1
1

]

(AB)
1
ABX (AB)
1
C
X (AB)
1
C

25 13 0 1 1
10 4 6 6 30
1 1
1 1

] ]

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 10 Ma t r i c e s


25 0 13 6 25 1 13 6 1
10 0 4 6 10 1 4 6 30
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


78 103 1
24 34 30
1
1
]


78 103 1
or
24 34 30
_ 1

1

] ,

f CX C
C
1
CX C
1
C
X I
X
1 0
0 1
1
1
]

g XB I
XBB
1
IB
1

X B
1


1 5 1
2 5 15
1
1
]

h A
1
B
5 3 5 5 1
4 2 2 1 2
1 1
1 1

] ]


5 5 3 2 5 5 3 1 1
4 5 2 2 4 5 2 1 2
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


31 22 1
24 18 2
1
1

]


31 22 1
24 18 2
1
1
]

det (A
1
B)
1
2
(31 18 22 24)
15
(A
1
B)
1

18 22 1
24 31 15
1
1

]

18 22 1
24 31 15
1
1
]

(A
1
B)
1
A
1
BX (A
1
B)
1
C
X (A
1
B)
1
C
X
18 22 0 1 1
24 31 6 6 15
1 1
1 1
] ]


18 0 22 6 18 1 22 6 1
24 0 31 6 24 1 31 6 15
+ + 1
1
+ +
]


132 114 1
186 162 15
1
1
]


44 38 1
or =
62 54 5
_ 1

1
] ,

13 a AX
2
4
1
1

]

det A 3 2 4 1
10
A
1

2 4 1
1 3 10
1
1
]


1
2
4
2 4 2 1
A AX
1 3 4 10
2 2 4 4 1
1 2 3 4 10
AX
X

]
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ 1

1
+
]


20 1
10 10
2
1
1

]
1

]

b BX
15
7
1
1
]

det B 6 1 1 2
4
B
1

1 1 1
2 6 4
1
1

]


1
15
7
1 1 15 1
B BX
2 6 7 4
1

4
1 15 1 7
2 15 6 7
8 1
12 4
2
3
BX
X

1
]
1 1

1 1

] ]

+ 1

1
+
]
1

1
]
1

1
]

14 a
3 4
det 3 5 4 1
1 5
19
1

1

Inverse of
3 4
1 5
1
1

]

5 4 1
1 3 19
1
1
]


5 4 3 4 5 4 2 1 1
1 3 1 5 1 3 7 19 19
5 2 4 7 1
1 2 3 7 19
38 1
19 19
2
1
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 2 and y 1
b
2 3
det 2 1 3 4
4 1
14
1

1

]


Inverse of
2 3
4 1
1
1

]

1 3 1
4 2 14
1 3 1
4 2 14
1

1

]
1

]


1 3 2 3 1 3 8 1 1
4 2 4 1 4 2 2 14 14
1 8 3 2 1
4 8 2 2 14
14 1
28 14
1
2
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 1 and y 2
Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 11
c det
4 2
4 2 2 3
3 2
1

1

]

2
Inverse of
4 2
3 2
1
1

]

2 2 1
3 4 2
1
1

]


2 2 4 2 2 2 14 1 1
3 4 3 2 3 4 12 2 2
2 14 2 12 1
3 14 4 12 2
4 1
6 2
2
3
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 2 and y 3
d det
1 3
1 3 3 2
2 3
1

1

]

3
Inverse of
1 3 3 3 1
2 3 3 1 3
3 3 1
2 1 3
1 1

1 1

] ]
1

1
]

3 3 1
3 1 3
1
1

]


3 3 1 3 3 3 5 1 1
2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3
3 5 3 2 1
2 5 1 2 3
21 1
12 3
7
4
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 7 and y 4
Exercise 3E The transpose of a matrix
1 If
a b
A
c c
1

1
]
, then
a c
A
b d
1

1
]
.

( )
a c
A
b d
a b
c d
A

1

1
]
1

1
]

2
1 3
0 2
A
1

1
]
,
0 1
1 2
B
1

1
]


( )
1 3 0 1
0 2 1 2
1 2
1 4
1 1
2 4
A B

_ 1 1

+ +

1 1
] ] ,

1
]
1

1
]


1 0 0 1
3 2 1 2
A B
1 1
+ +
1 1

] ]


( )
1 1
2 4
A B
1

1
]

+

3 If
3 1
0 1
A
1

1
]
then
3 0
1 1
A
1

1
]


( )
3 1
2
0 1
6 2
0 2
6 0
2 2
3 0
2
1 1
kA
kA

_ 1

1
] ,

]
1

1

]
1

1
]

4
3 4
1 2
A
1

1
]
and
0 1
1 0
B
1

1
]


( )
3 4 0 1
1 2 1 0
3 0 4 1 3 1 4 0
1 0 2 1 1 1 2 0
4 3
2 1
4 2
3 1
AB

_ 1 1

1 1
] ] ,

+ + 1

1
+ +
]

1
]
1

1
]


( )
0 1 3 1
1 0 4 2
0 3 1 4 0 1 1 2
1 3 0 4 1 1 0 2
4 2
3 1
B A
AB
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

5 Let
a b
A
c d
1

1
]
, then
a c
A
b d
1

1
]


2 2
2 2
a b a c
AA
c d b d
aa bb ac bd
ca db cc dd
a b ac bd
ac bd c d
1 1

1 1
] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1
+ +
1
+ + 1
]

( )
2 2
2 2
a b ac bd
AA AA
ac bd c d
1 + +

1
+ + 1
]

therefore AA is symmetric.
Exercise 3F Applications of matrices
1 a 2x 3y 13
x + 2y 3

2 3
1 2
x
y
1 1
1 1
] ]

13
3
1
1
]

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 12 Ma t r i c e s


2 3
det 2 2 3 1
1 2
7
1

1
]

Inverse of
2 3
1 2
1
1
]

2 3 1
1 2 7
1
1

]


2 3 2 3 2 3 13 1 1

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 7 7
2 13 3 3 1
1 13 2 3 7
35 1
7 7
5
1
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

]
1

]

x 5 and y 1
b 3x + y 9
2x + 5y 6

3 1
2 5
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

9
6
1
1

]

det
3 1
det 3 5 1 2
2 5
17
1

1

Inverse of
3 1
2 5
1
1

]

5 1 1
2 3 17
1
1
]


5 1 3 1 5 1 9 1 1
2 3 2 5 2 3 6 17 17
5 9 1 6 1
2 9 3 6 17
51 1
0 17
3
0
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 3 and y 0
c x + 4y 2
x 5y 0

1 4
1 5
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

2
0
1
1
]


1 4
det 1 5 4 1
1 5
1
1

1

Inverse of
1 4
1 5
1
1

]

5 4
1 1
1
1

]

?
5 4 1 4 5 4 2
1 1 1 5 1 1 0
5 2 4 0
1 2 1 0
10
2
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]

x 10 and y 2
d 6x + 7y 0
4x 3y 0

6 7
4 3
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

0
0
1
1
]


6 7
det 6 3 7 4
4 3
46
1

1

]


Inverse of
6 7
4 3
1
1

]

3 7 1
4 6 46
1
1

]


3 7 6 7 3 7 0 1 1
4 6 4 3 4 6 0 46 46
3 0 7 0 1
4 0 6 0 46
0 1
0 46
0
0
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

]
1

1
]

x 0 and y 0
e 4x + y 20
x y 0

4 1
1 1
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

20
0
1
1
]


4 1
det 4 1 1 1
1 1
5
1

1

]


Inverse of
4 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 4 5
1 1 1
1 4 5
1 1

1 1

] ]
1

]

?
1 1 4 1 1 1 20 1 1
1 4 1 1 1 4 0 5 5
1 20 1 0
1 20 4 0
20 1
20 5
4
4
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 4 and y 4
f 3x 2y 0
x y 1

3 2
1 1
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

0
1
1
1
]


3 2
det 3 1 2 1
1 1
1
1

1

]


Inverse of
3 2 1 2
1
1 1 1 3
1 2
1 3
1 1

1 1

] ]
1

]


1 2 3 2 1 2 0
1 3 1 1 1 3 1
1 0 2 1
1 0 3 1
2
3
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

]

x 2 and y 3
Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 13
2 a 3x 2y 4 [1]
6x 4y 12 [2]
From [1],
2y 3x 4
y
3
2
x 4
gradient
3
2

From [2],
4y 6x 12
y
6
4
x
12
4

y
3
2
x 3
gradient
3
2

Since the gradients are equal, the line graphs are parallel,
hence there is no solution.
b 2(3x 2y 6 ) results in 6x 4y 12
Therefore 3x 2y 6 is same as 6x 4y 12
Both graphs are superimposed.
There are infinite solutions.
c i 3x 2y 4
6x 4y 12

3 2
6 4
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

4
12
1
1
]

det
3 2
det 3 4 2 6
6 4
0
1

1

ii 3x 2y 6
6x 4y 12

3 2
6 4
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

6
12
1
1
]

det
3 2
det 3 4 2 6
6 4
0
1

1

If determinants 0, there is no solution.
d i 3x 2y 4
(0, 2) and (2, 1)
6x 4y 12
(0, 3) and (2, 0)




ii 3x 2y 6
(0, 3) and (2, 0)
6x 4y 12
(0, 3) and (2, 0)



e There is no solution if the lines are parallel as in d(i) or
there is one line as in d(ii).
3 a 3x 2y 5
2x + y 8

3 2
2 1
1
1
]
is the coefficient matrix.
The answer is E.
b
3 2
det 3 1 2 2
2 1
7
1

1
]

Inverse of
3 2
2 1
1
1
]

1 2 1
2 3 7
1
1

]


1 2 3 2 1 2 5 1 1
2 3 2 1 2 3 8 7 7
1 2 5 1
2 3 8 7
1 5 2 8 1
2 5 3 8 7
21 1
14 7
3
2
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
1 1 1

1 1 1

] ] ]
+ 1

1
+
]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 3 and y 2
The answer is B.
4 a
Geelong 10 8
Essendon 12 5
1
1
]

x
y
1
1
]

66
70
1
1
]

The answer is C.
b
10 8
det 10 5 8 12
12 5
46
1

1
]


Inverse of
10 8
12 5
1
1
]

5 8 1
12 10 46
1
1

]


5 8 10 8 5 8 66 1 1
12 10 12 5 12 10 70 46 46
5 8 66 1
12 10 70 46
5 66 8 70 1
12 66 10 70 46
230 1
92 46
5
2
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
1 1 1

1 1 1

] ] ]
+ 1

1
+
]
1

1

]
1

1
]
x 5 and y 2
x y 5 2 3
The answer is D.
5 Let the two numbers be x and y.
x + y 20
x y 12

1 1
1 1
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

20
12
1
1
]


1 1
det 1 1 1 1
1 1
2
1

1

]


Inverse of
1 1
1 1
1
1

]

1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1

]

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 14 Ma t r i c e s


1 1 1
1 1 2
1
1

]


1 1 1 1 1 1 20 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2
1 20 1 12 1
1 20 1 12 2
32 1
8 2
16
4
x
y
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]
+ 1 1

1 1
+
] ]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 16 and y 4
6 Let the number of each component type be x and y.

18 21
4 42
x
y
1 1
1 1
] ]

480
480
1
1
]


18 21
det 18 42 21 4
4 42
672
1

1
]

Inverse of
18 21
4 42
1
1
]

42 21 1
4 18 672
1
1

]


42 21 18 21 42 21 480 1 1
4 18 4 42 4 18 480 672 672
x
y
1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

] ] ] ] ]


42 21 480 1
4 18 480 672
42 480 21 480 1
4 480 18 480 672
10 080 1
6720 672
15
10
x
y
1 1 1

1 1 1

] ] ]
+ 1

1
+
]
1

1
]
1

1
]

x 15
y 10
7
1st 2nd 3rd Unplaced Points
2 0 2 2
5
4 0 0 0
3
3 2 0 0
2
1 3 2 0
1
2 3 0 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
]

2 5 0 3 2 2 2 1
4 5 0 3 0 2 0 1
3 5 2 3 0 2 0 1
1 5 3 3 2 2 0 1
2 5 3 3 0 2 1 1
+ + + 1
1
+ + +
1
1 + + +
1
+ + +
1
1
+ + +
]


16
20
21
18
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
Rania
Patricia
Anh
Mayssa
Rachel

Highest point scorer is Anh.
8
Adults Children Pensioners
400 200 20
450 350 50
370 410 45
290 380 70
420 530 65
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

Cost
20
6
5
1
1
1
1
]


400 20 200 6 20 5
450 20 350 6 50 5
370 20 410 6 45 5
290 20 380 6 70 5
420 20 530 6 65 5
+ + 1
1
+ +
1
1 + +
1
+ +
1
1
+ +
]


9300
11350
10085
8430
11905
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

Total cost $9 300 + $11 350 + $10 085 + $8 430
+ $11 905
$51 070
Graphics Calculator Questions
1
1 3 3
5 0 2
6 2 8
A
1
1

1
1
]
,
9
2
5
B
1
1

1
1
]

30
55
98
AB
1
1

1
1
]

2
2.5 6.1
9.2 0.3
6.6 0.7
3.7 4.6
A
1
1
1

1
1
]
,
3.7 0.4 9.4
5.1 5.9 2.2
B
1

1
]


40.36 36.99 36.92
35.57 5.45 87.14
27.99 6.77 63.58
37.15 28.62 44.9
AB
1
1
1

1
1
]

3
2 3 0 2 7
0 1 1 4 7
5 3 9 2 6
5 1 1 9 6
4 4 4 4 4
A
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
]


3 8
5 11
4 7
1 2
9 2
B
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
]
74 67
66 4
62 40
69 42
56 48
AB
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
]

Exercise 3G Dominance Matrices
1 a

b B K T C
0 1 1 0 Breanna
0 0 0 1 Kayley
0 1 0 0 Teagan
1 0 1 0 Cameron
M
1
1
1

1
1
]

Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 15

2
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0
M
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1
1

1
1
]


1
2
1
1
2
V
1
1
1

1
1
]

2
2
2
0
3
V
1
1
1

1
1
]

1 2
2 2 4
1 2 3
1 0 1
2 3 5
V V
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

The players would be ranked Cameron, Breanna, Kayley,
Teagan.
2
0 1 1 M
0 0 1 A
0 0 0 J
M A J
M
1
1

1
1
]
giving
2
1
0
V
1
1

1
1
]
. This means that the
players can be ranked Mair, Ann, Janine.
3 a
B C L H
0 1 0 0 B
0 0 0 1 C
1 1 0 0 L
1 0 1 0 H
M
1
1
1

1
1
]


2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 2 0 0
M
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1
1

1
1
]


1
1
1
2
2
V
1
1
1

1
1
]
,
2
1
2
2
3
V
1
1
1

1
1
]

1 2
1 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 4
2 3 5
V V
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

The houses are ranked Hamilton, Leslie, Cunningham,
Barnes
b Hamilton received 20 points
Leslie received 15 points
Cunningham 10 points
Barnes 5 points
4 a M
C W G S I
0 0 1 1 0 C
1 0 1 1 0 W
0 0 0 0 1 G
0 0 1 0 1 S
1 1 0 0 0 I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

b
2
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
M
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


0 0 1 0 2
0 0 2 1 2
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 0 2 2 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]


3
0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 1
2 2 1 0 3
1 0 2 2 0
2 1 2 2 0
0 0 3 1 4
M
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]


1
2
3
1
2
2
V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

2
3
5
2
3
5
V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

3
5
8
5
7
8
V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]


1 2 3
2 3 5
3 5 8
0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 1 2 5
2 3 7
2 5 8
6.9
11
5.1
7.9
10
V V V
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 + + + +
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]

The ranking is Warwick, Ipswich, Stanthorpe, Clifton,
Goondiwindi
Dividing 15 points in the ratio 5:4:3:2:1 gives 5 points for
1
st
place. The points would be allocated as follows:
Warwick 5 points
Ipswich 4 points
Stanthorpe 3 points
Clifton 2 points
Goondiwindi 1 point
Chapter Review
1
2 0 4 2
2
2 0 0 2
4 2 2 0
2
0 2 2 0
2 2
2 2
2 2 1
2 2 2
1 1
1 1
A
A
A
1 1

1 1

] ]
1 1

1 1

] ]
1

1
]
1

]
1

1

]

The answer is D.
2 The matrices need to have the same order for addition to
occur. This means that only A and C can be added. The
answer is B.
MC1 1 Ql d - 3 16 Ma t r i c e s

3 (3 2) (2 1) (3 1) The answer is C.
4
1
1 2 3 1 1 2 0 3 1
0
4 5 6 4 1 5 0 6 1
1
4
10
1
+ + 1 1
1

1 1
1
+ +
] ]
1
]
1

1
]

The answer is B.
5 a (3 2) (2 2) can be calculated
b (3 2) (3 2) cannot be calculated
c (2 2) (3 2) cannot be calculated
d (2 2) (3 2) cannot be calculated
e (3 2) (3 2) cannot be calculated
f (3 2) (2 2) can be calculated
g CB will have dimensions (3 2) and A has dimensions
(3 2) therefore A + CB can be calculated.
h BC cannot be calculated therefore A + BC cannot be
calculated.
i B is a square matrix, therefore B
1
can be found if B is
not singular and is will have dimensions (2 2). AB
1

results in (3 2) (2 2) and can be calculated.
6 a
2
1 2 1 2
2 0 2 0
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0
2 1 0 2 2 2 0 0
3 2
2 4
A
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1

]

b
3 2
3 2 1 2
2 4 2 0
3 1 2 2 3 2 2 0
2 1 4 2 2 2 4 0
7 6
6 4
A A A
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

]

c
4 3
7 6 1 2
6 4 2 0
7 1 6 2 7 2 6 0
6 1 4 2 6 2 4 0
5 14
14 12
A A A
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

1
]

7 a

2
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
1 4 2
1 0 0
A
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
+ + + + + + 1
1
+ + + + + +
1
1 + + + + + +
]
1
1

1
1
]

b

3 2
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 4 2 0 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
A A A
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 4 0 2 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 1 0 4 1 2 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
3 8 4
1 0 0
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

1
1
1
]
1
1
1
]

c
4 3
A A A
1 0 0 1 0 0
3 8 4 0 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
3 1 8 0 4 1 3 0 8 2 4 0 3 0 8 1 4 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
7 16 8
1 0 0
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]
+ + + + + + 1
1
+ + + + + +
1
1 + + + + + +
]
1
1

1
1
]

8
2
1 0
0 1
A
1

1
]


2
6 3 6 3
12 6 12 6
6 6 3 12 6 3 3 6
12 6 6 12 12 3 6 6
0 0
0 0
B
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1
1
+ +
]
1

1
]


2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
15 2
3 10
C
1 1

1 1

] ]
+ + 1
1
+ +
]
1

1
]

a A is idempotent as A
2
A. The answer is A.
b B is nilpotent as B
2
0. The answer is B.
9
2 0
det 2 5 0 1
1 5
10
1

1
]


The answer is D.
10 AB 4I means that
1
4
AB I. Therefore B
1

1
4
A.
The answer is C.
11 det(A) 1 1 0 0 1
det(B) 1 1 0 0 1
det(C) 4 3 2 6 0. Matrix is singular
det(D) 4 1 2 2 8
det(E) 10 0 2 5 10
The answer is C.
12 AX B
A
1
AX A
1
B
X A
1
B
The answer is A.
13
0 1
det 0 1 1 2
2 1
2
1

1

]



1
0 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 0 2
1 1 1
2 0 2

1 1
1 1
] ]
1
1
]

Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 17

0 1 6 6
2 1 0 6
0 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 0 0 6 2 0 2 2
6 1 6 2 6 1 6 0 1
0 1 6 2 0 1 6 0 2
18 6 1
12 0 2
9 3
6 0
A
A
A
1 1

1 1

] ]
1 1 1 1 _

1 1 1 1

, ] ] ] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1

]
1

]

14 4x y 7
x + y 2 can be represented by

4 1
1 1
x
y
1 1
1 1

] ]

7
2
1
1
]


4 1
det
1 1
1
1

]
4 1 1 1
3

1
4 1
1 1

1
1

]

1 1 1
1 4 3
1
1
]


x
y
1
1
]

1 1 7 1
1 4 2 3
1 1
1 1
] ]


1 7 1 2 1
1 7 4 2 3
+ 1
1
+
]


9 1
15 3
1
1
]


3
5
1
1
]

The answer is B
15 a
1
4 2 1 2 1
3 1 3 4 4 1 2 3
1 2 1
3 4 10

1 1

1 1

] ]
1

]

b 4x 2y 22
3x

+ y 14

4 2 22
3 1 14
1 2 22 1
3 4 14 10
1 22 2 14 1
3 22 4 14 10
50 1
10 10
5
1
x
y
x
y
1 1 1

1 1 1
] ] ]
1 1 1

1 1 1

] ] ]
+ 1

1
+
]
1

]
1

]

x 5 and y 1
16 a
[ ]
0 1 2 2
0.25 0.40 0.20 0.15
>

b [ ][ ] [ ] 0.25 0.40 0.20 0.15 800 a b c d
where a is number with 0 pets, b is number with 1 pet, c is the number with 2 pets and d is the number with more than 2 pets.
c [ ] [ ][ ]
[ ]
0.25 0.40 0.20 0.15 800
200 320 160 120
a b c d

MC1 1 Ql d - 3 18 Ma t r i c e s

17 a
1.12 0
0 0.95
1
1
]

b
249 29 1.12 0
680 49 0 0.95
249 1.12 29 0 249 0 29 0.95
680 1.12 49 0 680 0 49 0.95
278.88 27.55
761.60 46.55
1 1
1 1
] ]
+ + 1

1
+ +
]
1
1
]

18
G J C W
0 1 0 0 G
0 0 1 1 J
1 0 0 1 C
1 0 0 0 W
M
1
1
1

1
1
]


2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
M
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
] ]

0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + + + +
]

0 0 1 1
2 0 0 1

1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
1
1
1

1
1
]


1
1
2
2
1
V
1
1
1

1
1
]

2
2
3
2
1
V
1
1
1

1
1
]

1 2
2 1 2
2 3 3.5
0.5 0.5
2 2 3
1 1 1.5
V V
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ +
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

The players are ranked James, Cameron, Glen, William
Modelling and Problem Solving
1 a 1 It takes 1 hour to dispatch the deluxe model
b 14.00 Plant 1 pays $14.00/hr for packaging
c Matrix 1 (3 3) Matrix 2 (3 2)
Product (3 3) (3 2) (3 2)
d

25 1 0.5 16.50 16.00
30 1.5 1 14.00 14.00
35 1.5 0.5 13.50 13.00
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
] ]


25 16.5 1 14 .5 13.5 25 16 1 14 .5 13
30 16.5 1.5 14 1 13.5 30 16 1.5 14 1 13
35 16.5 1.5 14 .5 13.5 35 16 1.5 14 .5 13
+ + + + 1
1
+ + + +
1
1 + + + +
]


433.25 420.50
529.50 514.00
605.25 587.50
1
1
1
1
]

e The first row of the product matrix represents the cost of manufacturing the Standard model at each plant.
f The first column represents the costs of manufacturing each model at plant 1.
g The deluxe model is represted by row 2.
i $529.50 ii $514.00
2 a 145x + 103y + 121z 20 260
130x + 110y + 90z 18 400
142x + 115y + 80z 19 200
Ma t r i c e s MC1 1 Ql d - 3 19
b
145 103 121
130 110 90
142 115 80
1
1
1
1
]

x
y
z
1
1
1
1
]

20 260
18 400
19 200
1
1
1
1
]

c A
1

0.025 544 0.093 523 0.066 579
0.039 222 0.091991 0.044166
0.011042 0.033 767 0.042189
1
1

1
1
]

d
1
75 20260
18400 50
19200 35
x
y A
z

1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]

The cost of an adult ticket is $75, a childs ticket is $50
and a pensioners ticket is $35.
3 Let
a b
A
c d
1

1
]
. If A is nilpotent, then A
2
0

2
2
2
0 0
0 0
a b a b
A
c d c d
a bc ab bd
ac cd bc d
1 1

1 1
] ]
1 + +
1
+ + 1
]
1

1
]

We need to express c and d in terms of a and b.
We have 4 equations:
a
2
+ bc 0 [1]
ab + bd 0 [2]
ac + cd 0 [3]
bc + d
2
0 [4]
Factorising [2] gives (focusing on d)
b(a + d) 0
a + d 0,
d a.
(Equation [3] would also give this result)
Rearranging equation [1] gives

2
2
bc a
a
c
b

2
a
b
a b
A
a

1
1

1
]

4 Let
a b
A
c d
1

1
]
. If A is idempotent, then A
2
A.

2
2
2
a b a b
A
c d c d
a bc ab bd
ac cd bc d
a b
c d
1 1

1 1
] ]
1 + +
1
+ + 1
]
1

1
]

We need to express c and d in terms of a and b.
We have 4 equations:
a
2
+ bc a [1]
ab + bd b [2]
ac + cd c [3]
bc + d
2
d [4]
Factorising [2] gives
b(a + d) b
a + d 1,
d 1 a.
Rearranging equation [1] gives

2
2
2
a bc a
bc a a
a a
c
b
+

2
1
a a
b
a b
A
a

1
1

1
]