Plates and Shells: Theory and Computation - 4D9 Dr Fehmi Cirak (fc286@) Office: Inglis building mezzanine level

(INO 31)

Outline -1!

This part of the module consists of seven lectures and will focus on finite elements for beams, plates and shells. More specifically, we will consider
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Review of elasticity equations in strong and weak form Beam models and their finite element discretisation
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Euler-Bernoulli beam Timoshenko beam

Plate models and their finite element discretisation Shells as an assembly of plate and membrane finite elements Introduction to geometrically exact shell finite elements Dynamics

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Outline -2!

There will be opportunities to gain hands-on experience with the implementation of finite elements using MATLAB
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One hour lab session on implementation of beam finite elements (will be not marked) Coursework on implementation of plate finite elements and dynamics

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Why Learn Plate and Shell FEs?

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Beam, plate and shell FE are available in almost all finite element software packages
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The intelligent use of this software and correct interpretation of output requires basic understanding of the underlying theories

FEM is able to solve problems on geometrically complicated domains

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Analytic methods introduced in the first part of the module are only suitable for computing plates and shells with regular geometries, like disks, cylinders, spheres etc. Many shell structures consist of free form surfaces and/or have a complex topology
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Computational methods are the only tool for designing such shell structures

FEM is able to solve problems involving large deformations, non-linear material models and/or dynamics FEM is very cost effective and fast compared to experimentation

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Literature
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JN Reddy, An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw-Hill (2006) TJR Hughes, The finite element method, linear static and dynamic finite element analysis, Prentice-Hall (1987) K-J Bathe, Finite element procedures, Prentice Hall (1996) J Fish, T Belytschko, A first course on finite elements, John Wiley & Sons (2007) 3D7 - Finite element methods - handouts

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Examples of Shell Structures -1!

Civil engineering

Masonry shell structure (Eladio Dieste)

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Concrete roof structure (Pier Luigi Nervi)

Mechanical engineering and aeronautics

Ship hull (sheet metal and frame)

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Fuselage (sheet metal and frame)

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Examples of Shell Structures -2!

Consumer products

Nature

Crusteceans
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Ficus elastica leaf

Red blood cells

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Representative Finite Element Computations

Wrinkling of an inflated party balloon

Virtual crash test (BMW)

buckling of carbon nanotubes Sheet metal stamping (Abaqus)

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Shell-Fluid Coupled Airbag Inflation -10.86 m

0.49 m

0.74 m 0.025 m 0.123 m Shell mesh: 10176 elements Fluid mesh: 48x48x62 cells

6m 0.8

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Shell-Fluid Coupled Airbag Inflation -2-

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Detonation Driven Fracture -1Fractured tubes (Al 6061-T6)

Modeling and simulation challenges

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Ductile mixed mode fracture Fluid-shell interaction

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Detonation Driven Fracture -2-

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Roadmap for the Derivation of FEM

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As introduced in 3D7, there are two distinct ingredients that are combined to arrive at the discrete system of FE equations
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The weak form A mesh and the corresponding shape functions

In the derivation of the weak form for beams, plates and shells the following approach will be pursued
1) 2) 3)

Assume how a beam, plate or shell deforms across its thickness Introduce the assumed deformations into the weak form of three-dimensional elasticity Integrate the resulting three-dimensional elasticity equations along the thickness direction analytically

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Elasticity Theory -1!

Consider a body in its undeformed (reference) configuration

The body deforms due to loading and the material points move by a displacement

Kinematic equations; defined based on displacements of an infinitesimal volume element)

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Axial strains

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Elasticity Theory -2!

Shear components

Stresses
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Normal stress components

Shear stress component

Shear stresses are symmetric

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Elasticity Theory -3!

Equilibrium equations (determined from equilibrium of an infinitesimal volume element)

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Equilibrium in x-direction

Equilibrium in y-direction

Equilibrium in z-direction

are the components of the external loading vector (e.g., gravity)

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Elasticity Theory -4!

Hookes law (linear elastic material equations)

With the material constants Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio

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Index Notation -1!

The notation used on the previous slides is rather clumsy and leads to very long expressions Matrices and vectors can also be expressed in index notation, e.g.

Summation convention: a repeated index implies summation over 1,2,3, e.g.

A comma denotes differentiation

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Index Notation -2!

Kronecker delta

Examples:

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Elasticity Theory in Index Notation -1!

Kinematic equations

Note that these are six equations

Equilibrium equations
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Note that these are three equations

Linear elastic material equations

Inverse relationship

Instead of the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio the Lame constants can be used

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Weak Form of Equilibrium Equations -1!

The equilibrium, kinematic and material equations can be combined into three coupled second order partial differential equations

Next the equilibrium equations in weak form are considered in preparation for finite elements
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In structural analysis the weak form is also known as the principle of virtual displacements To simplify the derivations we assume that the boundaries of the domain are fixed (built-in, zero displacements) The weak form is constructed by multiplying the equilibrium equations with test functions vi which are zero at fixed boundaries but otherwise arbitrary

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Weak Form of Equilibrium Equations -1!

Further make use of integration by parts

Aside: divergence theorem

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Consider a vector field

and its divergence

The divergence theorem states

Using the divergence theorem equation (1) reduces to

which leads to the principle of virtual displacements

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Weak Form of Equilibrium Equations -2!

The integral on the left hand side is the internal virtual work performed by the internal stresses due to virtual displacements

The integral on the right hand side is the external virtual work performed by the external forces due to virtual displacements

Note that the material equations have not been used in the preceding derivation. Hence, the principle of virtual work is independent of material (valid for elastic, plastic, ) The internal virtual work can also be written with virtual strains so that the principle of virtual work reads

Try to prove
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