Requirements for Communication (Computer)

Senders and Receivers There must a be a sender and a receiver with something to share via a message to facilitate communication

Communication Medium A medium must exist between the sender and receiver over which the message travels (e.g., a cable)

Protocols Procedures, rules, or standards must be followed by computers when sending or receiving data

Computer Networks
Centralized Computing (1970s) The centralized computing model utilizes a central computer (mainframe) connected to terminals with all processing being done on the central computer

Computer Networks

Distributed Computing (1980s) The use of small computers networked together allowing users to perform a subset of tasks that in aggregate are equal to that of a centralized computer while also being able to share information between those computers

Computer Networks
Collaborative Computing (1990s) A synergistic form of distributed computing in which two or more networked computers are used to accomplish a common processing task where they are not only sharing data but also sharing processing responsibilities

Types of Networks
Networks Most networks utilize a combination of computing models that have evolved over time and are connected by one or more of the following network types: Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Global Networks Enterprise Network Value-added Network (VAN) Metropolitan Network (MAN) Personal Area Network (PAN)

Network Types Local Area Network

Local Area Network A computer network that spans a relatively small area allowing all computer users to connect with each other to share information and peripheral devices (e.g., printers)
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Types of Networks Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Wide Area Networks (WANs) A computer network that spans a relatively large area and is typically used to connect two or more LANs using different kinds of hardware and transmission media to cover large distances efficiently Global A WAN that spans multiple countries and may include the networks of several organizations (e.g. the Internet) Value-added Network (VAN) A medium-speed, third-party-managed network that is economical as it is shared by multiple customer organizations that lease lines rather than investing in dedicated network equipment

Types of Networks Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Enterprise Network & MAN Enterprise A WAN that is the result of connecting the disparate networks of a single organization Metropolitan Area (MAN) A WAN network of limited geographic scope, typically in a city-wide area that combines both LAN and high-speed fiber-optic technologies

Types of Networks Personal Area Network (PAN)

Personal Area Network An emerging technology that uses wireless communication to exchange data between commuting devices using short-range radio communication (Bluetooth), typically within an area of ten meters Bluetooth Is the enabling technology of the Personal Area Network and is a specification for personal networking of desktop computers, mobile phones, pagers, portable stereos, and other handheld devices developed by its founders Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba

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Networking Fundamentals Servers and Clients

Network A network consists of three separate components: servers, clients and peers Server Any computer on a network that makes access to files, printing, communication, and other services available to users on the network Client Any computer, such as a users workstation or a PC on the network, or software application such as word processing program that uses services provided by the server. A client only requests service and usually has only one user
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Networking Fundamentals Peers

Peer A computer that may both request and provide services Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P) Enables any computer or device on the network to provide or request services with all peers having equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (e.g., Napster)
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Networking Fundamentals - Network Services

Network Services The capabilities that networked computers share through the multiple combinations of hardware and software

File Services (a) The networked computers store, retrieve, and move data files in an efficient manner.

Print Services (b) The capabilities used to control and manage users access to network printers, plotters, fax equipment, etc.

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Networking Fundamentals - Network Services

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Networking Fundamentals - Network Services

Message Services (c) The capabilities that include storing, accessing, and delivering of text, binary, graphic, digitized video and audio data

Application Services (d) The capabilities that run software for network clients and enable computers to share processing power

Network Operating System (NOS) Is software that controls the network enabling computers to communicate by enabling network services
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Networking Fundamentals - Network Services

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Networking Fundamentals Transmission Media

Transmission Media The physical pathway to send data and information between two or more entities on the network. Characteristics of the media include the following:

Bandwidth Is the transmission capacity of a communications channel or computer, measured in megabits per second (Mbps) (amount of binary data transmitted per second)

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Networking Fundamentals Transmission Media

Attenuation This results when the power of an electrical signal weakens as it is sent over increasing distance

Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) Interference commonly caused by fluorescent lights, weather, or other electronic signals that affects the distance a signal can travel (increased attenuation)

Eavesdropping The undetected capturing of network information

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Networking Fundamentals Media (Cable)

Twisted Pair Two or more pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together and may be shielded (STP) or unshielded (UTP). It is the lowest capacity of the cable options
Coaxial Contains a solid inner copper conductor surrounded by insulation and outer braided copper or foil shield. It comes in UTP and STP and is higher capacity than twisted pair Fiber-Optic Made of light-conducting glass or plastic core, surrounded by more glass, called cladding, and a tough outer sheath. It is high capacity and used in high speed backbones
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Networking Fundamentals Media (Cable)

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Networking Fundamentals Media (Wireless)

Wireless A communication mechanism that has no physical transmission media, hence the name wireless, that works by transmitting electromagnetic signals through the air. Types of wireless media include: Infrared line of sight High-frequency radio Microwave methods Infrared Line of Sight Uses high-frequency light waves to transmit data on an unobstructed path between nodes computers or some other device such as a printer on a network up to 24.4 meters (i.e. most electronics remotes use this infrared light) and are susceptible to attenuation, EMI, eavesdropping, high-intensity light, and smoke
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Networking Fundamentals Media (Wireless)

High-Frequency Radio A fast transmission medium for distances up to 40 kilometers, depending on obstructions. Attenuation is very low but is susceptible to EMI and eavesdropping. Applications of this technology include pagers, cellular phones, and Wi-Fi Pagers A one way, wireless messaging system in multiple types

Cellular Phone A two-way wireless communication that assigns unique frequencies to calls and can transmit in analog or digital

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Networking Fundamentals Media (Wireless)

Wireless LANs or Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Based on a standard called 802.11, this technology enables multiple computers to share Internet access, files, and peripheral devices

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Networking Fundamentals Media (Microwave)

Microwave A high frequency radio signal that is sent through the air using either terrestrial (earth-based) or satellite systems Terrestrial Microwave A line-of-site technology (unobstructed) used to cross inaccessible terrain or to connect buildings where cable installation would be expensive. Attenuation is low over short distance but higher over longer distances, and high winds, heavy rain, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems
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Networking Fundamentals Media (Microwave)

Satellite Microwave A line-of-site technology that uses relay stations to transfer signals between antennae located on earth and a satellite orbiting the earth. It can be used to access the very remote locations and like a terrestrial microwave, attenuation, EMI and eavesdropping are also problems

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Networking Fundamentals Media (Wireless)

Wireless Media Benefits and Drawbacks

Comparisons of Wireless Media

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Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)

Network Topologies Refers to the shape of a network and comes in three types:

Star Network
The network is configured in the shape of a star with all nodes or workstations connected to a central hub, or concentrator, through which all messages pass

Ring Network
The network is configured in the shape of a circle with each node connecting to the next node. Messages travel around the circle in one direction. Each node examines the message and uses it or regenerates it and passes it to the next node

Bus Network
The network is configured in the shape of an open-ended line with all nodes or workstations connected to the bus individually.
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Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)

Star Network
Bus Network

Ring Network

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Network Hardware and Software (Protocols)

Protocols Agreed-upon formats for transmitting data between connected computers

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Is a protocol that represents a group of tasks as seven successive layers that allow computers to communicate

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Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)

Connectivity Hardware The hardware that allows computers to be physically connected to different types of networks Common Connectivity Hardware Connectors Network Interface Cards (NICs) Modems Repeaters Hubs Bridges Multiplexers Routers Gateways

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Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)

Connectors Used to terminate cables in order to be plugged into a network interface card or another network component

Network Interface Card A PC expansion board with its own unique identifier that plugs into a computer allowing it to be connected to a network

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Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)

Modem (Modulator/Demodulator) Enables computers to connect and transmit data over phone lines by converting the sending computers digital signals to analog and back again for the receiving computer

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Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)

Repeater A network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal as it weakens when traveling across a network Hubs A central point of connection between media segments enabling network extension to accommodate more PCs

Bridges Used to connect two different LANs or two segments of the same LAN by forwarding traffic between segments

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Network Hardware and Software (Hardware)

Multiplexer Used to share a communications line among a number of users by converting and combining signals from multiple users for simultaneous transmission over a single line Router An intelligent device used to connect two or more individual networks. When it receives a signal, it looks up the address and passes it to the appropriate network

Gateways This device performs a protocol conversion so that different networks can communicate even though they speak different languages
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