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F07
STA 2023
Module 1 The Nature of Statistics
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Learning Objectives
Upon completing this module, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Classify a statistical study as either descriptive or inferential. Identify the population and the sample in an inferential study. Explain the difference between an observational study and a designed experiment. Classify a statistical study as either an observational study or a designed experiment. Explain what is meant by a representative sample. Describe simple random sampling. Use a table of random numbers to obtain a simple random sample.
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The Ws
To provide context we need the Ws
Who What (and in what units) When Where Why (if possible) and How
of the data. Note: the answers to who and what are essential.
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Data Tables
The following data table clearly shows the context of the data presented:
Notice that this data table tells us the What (column titles) and Who (row titles) for these data.
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Who
The Who of the data tells us the individual cases about which (or whom) we have collected data.
Individuals who answer a survey are called respondents. People on whom we experiment are called subjects or participants. Animals, plants, and inanimate subjects are called experimental units.
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Who (cont.)
Sometimes people just refer to data values as observations and are not clear about the Who.
But we need to know the Who of the data so we can learn what the data say.
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A quantitative variable is a measured variable (with units) that answers questions about the quantity of what is being measured.
Quantitative examples: income ($), height (inches), weight (pounds)
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Counts Count
When we count the cases in each category of a categorical variable, the counts are not the data, but something we summarize about the data. The category labels are the What, and the individuals counted are the Who.
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Identifying Identifiers
Identifier variables are categorical variables with exactly one individual in each category. Examples: Social Security Number, ISBN, FedEx Tracking Number Dont be tempted to analyze identifier variables. Be careful not to consider all variables with one case per category, like year, as identifier variables. The Why will help you decide how to treat identifier variables.
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Table
Random numbers Table
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Table: 10 Treatments
In the table, we abbreviated very heavy as Xheavy.
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Definitions
Response Variable, Factors, Levels, and Treatments Response variable: The characteristic of the experimental outcome that is to be measured or observed. Factor: A variable whose effect on the response variable is of interest in the experiment. Levels: The possible values of a factor. Treatment: Each experimental condition. For one-factor experiments, the treatments are the levels of the single Factor. For multifactor experiments, each treatment is a Combination of levels of the factors.
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Credit
Some of these slides have been adapted/modified in part/whole from the slides of the following textbooks. Weiss, Neil A., Introductory Statistics, 8th Edition Weiss, Neil A., Introductory Statistics, 7th Edition Bock, David E., Stats: Data and Models, 2nd Edition
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