NAME ID NUMBER CLASS SUBJECT

: AJI SUKOCO : 115050100111073 : H : ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

The Endocrine Gland

Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products,hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. 1. Adrenal gland The adrenal gland is located above of kidney and the function in male animal for increase masculinity feeling. 2. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) The pituitary gland hangs from the base of the brain by a stalk and is enclosed by bone. It consists of a hormone-producing glandular portion (anterior pituitary) and a neural portion (posterior pituitary), which is an extension of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary and synthesizes two hormones that it exports to the posterior pituitary for storage and later release. 3. Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is located in the anterior throat. Thyroid follicles store colloid containing thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein from which thyroid hormone is derived. 4. Parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands, located on the dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH),which causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. PTH is the antagonist of calcitonin. PTH release is triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels. 5. Pancreas The pancreas, located in the abdomen close to the stomach, is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. The endocrine portion (islets of langerhans) releases insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones to the blood. 6. Gonads The ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, release two main hormones. Secretion of estrogens by the ovarian follicles begins at puberty under the influence of FSH. Estrogens stimulate maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone is released in response to high blood levels of LH. It works with estrogens in establishing the menstrual cycle.

7. Pineal gland The pineal gland is located in the diencephalon. Its primary hormone is melatonin, which influences daily rhythms and may have anantigonadotropic effect in humans.

The Exocrine Gland

Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products to the outside of the body. Examples include sweat glands, which secrete a hypotonic salt solution to the surface of the skin; portions of the pancreas, which secrete pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine; and salivary glands, which secrete saliva into the mouth. There are three glands in saliva gland, parotid gland is located in the inner ear, mandibular gland is located bottom of the jaw, sublingual gland is located deep on the mouth.

Mammary glands
The mammary gland consists of secretory departments (an alveolus silt acinuses) and systems of lead-out ducts. In non lactating to iron there is a considerable quantity of ducts and very few secretory departments. Till the puberty moment in a mammary gland there are no trailer departments. In lactate to an alveolus mammary gland are numerous. Each of them is formed by glandular cells (cubic lacocytes) and myoepitheliocytes. Lacocytes are produced a secret - milk. It is a water emulsion of triglycerides, Glycerinum, milk albumin, globulins, salts, lactose, macrophages, T and B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins And (which protect the child from intestinal infections). Fibers are allocated from glandular cells on merocryne to type, and Adepses on the apocrine. During the final period of pregnancy there is a formation and accumulation of a secret of a colostrum. It differs higher maintenance of fiber, than Adeps. And at milk on the contrary. Sequence of ducts: alveoluses - alveolar lactiferous courses (in lobes) - intralobular ducts (inlay higher epithelium and myoepitheliocytes) - an interlobular duct (in a layer of a connecting tissue). Near to a papilla they extend and called as milk sine. Activity lacocytes is defined by Prolactinum. Milk allocation is promoted by myoepitheliocytes. Their activity regulates Oxytocinum.

Reference Labelle, P. & De Cock, H. E. V. 2005. Metastatic Tumors to the Adrenal Glands in Domestic Animals. Vet Pathol. (online), Vol. 42, No. 1, (www.sagepup.com., diakses 18 Mei 2012). Nagaoka, K. dkk. 2009. L-Amino Acid Oxidase Plays a Crucial Role in Host Defense in the Mamary Glands. FASEB Journal. (online), Vol, 23, No. 1, (www.fasebj.org., diakses 18 Mei 2012). Syamsuri, I. dkk. 2007. Biologi SMA 2B SMA Kelas XI. Malang: Erlangga.