Land and Water Study Guide Below is a list of concepts and key terms that you should be familiar

with as a result of our study of Land and Water. Please see Mr. Hayward or Mrs Diviacchi with any questions. This study guide is worth one extra credit point on your assessment if your parents sign it stating you spent at least 30 minutes studying for the assessment and you turn it in with your test. Key Concepts Review and Understand the Amount of Water on the Earth Pie Chart Review and Understand the Water Cycle Chart Only 2.8% of the water on the Earth is fresh water. 2.15 % of the water on the Earth is held in the ice caps, and glaciers. Water covers about 73% of the Earths surface. Land covers the other 27%. Soil is made up of many different types of elements that each have a different particle size. We were able to determine as a result of our experiment that the lightest particles were from the clay, then humus, followed by sand, and then gravel. Rain is a common cause of the movement of soil as demonstrated by experiment. Base on the shaping of a stream or river, water may move at varying speeds. Different amounts of water were absorbed by different types of soil. Humus - smallest particles where the most amount of the water was completely absorbed. Gravel - largest particles where the least amount of water was absorbed. The amount of water the earth can absorb can vary based on the make-up of the soil. When the earth becomes saturated, it can no longer absorb any more water. Water in Oak Park comes from Lake Michigan, while most towns away from the lake access groundwater by drilling wells into the earth. Water is treated and filtered before it comes to our house to remove any impurities. Water pressure is used to transport the water to our houses. We use the force of gravity to create water pressure by building water towers. Severe storms can dramatically increase a streams flow, which can

cause the stream to overflow, or flood, its banks. When rivers flood, they can damage properties and crops. Levees are created to protect land behind the levee from flooding. Levees can occur naturally or be created by humans to provide extra protection from flooding. Flood-controlled dams can be created to reduce flooding by controlling the direction and flow of water. Dams can be created by animals or humans. A reservoir stores water. Reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water, irrigate farmland during droughts, or for recreational purposes.

Key Terms Hydrologist- Scientist that studies the properties and movement of water on and below the earths surface and in the atmosphere. Glaciers - water that stays frozen as snor or rivers of ice. Soil - The uppermost layer of the land that can be plowed or dug in which plants can grow. Geologist - Scientist who studies landforms. Erosion - Wearing away and moving particles of soil and rock. Sheet Erosion - when a thin layer of water spreads out across the land causing particles of soil to be moved. Gullying - when a continuous flow of water creates a ditch in the land. Sedimentation - Depositing of particles as soil and rock. Rivulets - tiny channels that are carved by rainwater as it flows over land and gradually removes loose particles. Gullies - rivulets that have converged and deepened over time. Tributaries - small streams that eventually flows into a main waterway. Stream table - waterproof box that contains sand, gravel, and other soil components that also includes a water source. This allows us to experiment with what really happens in bodies of water.

Ground Water - Water that has fallen to the earth as rain, snow, or other precipitation. Aquifer - pooling of water deep within the earth that we can use as a water source. Delta - Flat Plain created by the deposition of sediment at the rivers mouth. Valley - long, low area carved by a stream or glacier and bounded by higher areas on both sides. Canyon - deep, steep-walled gorge carved in rock by erosion from a stream or glacier. Stream - Naturally flowing body of water. Reservoir - a natural or artificial place where water is collected and stored for use. -Jim Hayward 4th Grade Teacher Horace Mann Elementary School Oak Park, Illinois 60302 - USA Email: jhayward@op97.org