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ABS-Anti-lock Braking System

ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) is a life saving technology which allows the driver to steer while braking heavily. An ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, an ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control. [1]

Components There are four main components of an ABS;


1. Speed sensors When a wheel is about to lock up, it is detected by sensors in the wheel or in differential. 2. Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions: (i) In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through the brake. (ii) In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder. (iii) In position three, valve releases some of the pressure from the brake. 3. Pump Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up. 4. Controller The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor, in turn if a wheel loses traction the signal is sent to the controller, the controller will then limit the brakeforce (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off.

Working Of ABS
(i) The controller moniters the speed sensors at all times. Right before a wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second. The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power When the ABS system is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.

(ii)

(iii)

Brakes Types
Four-channel, four-sensor ABS This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force. Three-channel, three-sensor ABS This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor

for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together. One-channel, one-sensor ABS This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system.

Effectiveness
A 2003 Australian study by Monash university Accident Research Center found that ABS;[1] (i) Reduced the risk of multiple vehicle crashes by 18% (ii) Reduced the risk of run-off-road crashes by 35%

Related technologies to ABS


Brake Assist
Brake Assist (BA or BAS) is a generic term for an automonbile braking technology that increases braking pressure in an emergency situation. Research conducted in 1992 at the Mercedes-Benz driving simulator in Berlin revealed that more than 90% of drivers fail to brake with enough force in emergency situations. Brake Assist detects circumstances in which emergency braking is required by measuring the speed with which the brake pedal is depressed. When panic braking is detected, the Brake Assist system automatically develops maximum brake boost in order to mitigate a drivers tendency to brake without enough force. In doing so, Brake Assist has been shown to reduce stopping distance by a significant margin; up to 20% in some studies. The Volvo system Collision Warning with Auto Brake 'CWAB' uses a radar to detect when a collision is likely and will pre-charge the brakes so that when the driver uses the brakes, however lightly, full braking is applied. The system will also flash a light and make a warning sound, if the driver does not respond to the warning at the point where a collision cannot be avoided the system will apply the brakes automatically and dramatically reduce the speed of the collision. Volvo cars can also be equipped with the City Safety System which automatically brakes in stop start traffic

Electronic Brake-force Distribution


Electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD or EBFD), Electronic brakeforce limitation (EBL) is an automobile brake that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, etc. Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular control.[2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a skid[3]. In some systems, EBD distributes more braking pressure at the rear brakes during initial brake application before the effects of weight transfer become apparent.

Electronic stability control/Program


Electronic stability control (ESC) is a computerized technology[4] that improves safety of a vehicle's stability by detecting and minimizing skids. When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the brakes to help "steer" the vehicle where the driver intends to go. Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually, such as the outer front wheel to counter oversteer or the inner rear wheel to counter understeer. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained. ESC does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; instead, it helps to minimize the loss of control. According to IIHS and NHTSA, one-third of fatal accidents could have been prevented by the technology.[5]

Traction Control System

TCS significantly improves tractionTorque distribution from inner to outer wheel and performance on winding roads reduces understeer when accelerating out of the corner

A traction control system (TCS), also known as Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR), is typically (but not necessarily) a secondary Braking the inner driven wheel and redistributing torque function of the anti-lock braking system on production vehicles, andto the outer wheel when turning into the corner is designed to prevent loss of traction of the driven road wheels, and therefore maintain the control of the vehicle when excessive throttle is applied by the driver and the condition of the road surface (due to varying factors) is unable to cope with the torque applied.

The intervention can consist of one or more of the following; Reduces or suppress the spark to one or more cylinders Reduce fuel supply to one or more cylinders Brake one or more wheels Close the throttle if vehicle is fitted with drive by wire throttle In turbo-charged vehicles, the boost control solenoid can be actuated to reduce boost and therefore engine power Typically, TCS shares the electro-hydraulic brake actuater (but doesnt use the conventional master cylinder and servo), and the wheel speed sensors with the anti-lock braking system.

Refrences: 1. ^ a b "Effectiveness of ABS and Vehicle Stability Control Systems" (PDF). Royal Automobile Club of Victoria.
April 2004. http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/Other/RACV%20ABS%20braking%20system %20effectiveness.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-07.

2. ^ "Jil McIntosh: Automotive Glossary". Jilmcintosh.typepad.com. http://jilmcintosh.typepad.com/jil/automotiveglossary.html. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

3. ^ "EBD Explained - Electronic Brakeforce Distribution". Obd-codes.com. http://www.obd-codes.com/faq/ebdexplained.php. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

4. ^ [A. T. van Zanten, "Bosch ESP Systems: 5 years of Experience", SAE 2000-01-1633] 5. ^ "Electronic stability control could prevent nearly one-third of all fatal crashes and reduce rollover risk by as
much as 80%; effect is found on single- and multiple-vehicle crashes," IIHS News release, 2006

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