HIGH SCORE

KPDS TEST BOOK

for upper intermediate and advanced learners

yasin yaylar

CONTENTS

Articles Determiners Tenses Modals If clause Wish clause Reported speech Conjunctions Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Relative clauses Gerund - Infinitives Participles Passive voice Causatives Phrasal verbs Vocabulary questions Paragraph analyzing Appendix Glossary

1 3 11 43 59 69 73 85 105 117 131 143 159 171 181 193 197 217 229 253 260

Articles
a/ an one yerine: she has a brother sfat tamlamalarnda: a strong man, a hard question mesleklerde: He is an engineer. bir grubun geneli: A teacher must be patient. ilk defa bahsedilen eyler: Suddenly there was a bright light. her manasnda: two times a week, once a year her zaman oul olarak kullanlan kelimeler: a pair of shoes, a pair of glasses saylamayan nesneler: a sum of bread, apiece of chocolate

* okunuu sessiz harfle balayan kelimelerde a: a doctor, a car, a university * okunuu sesli harfle balayan kelimelerde an: an optimist, an hour, an FBI agent, an honor for me

the daha nceden bahsedilmi eyler: Suddenly there was a bright light. Then the light turned grey. tek olan eyler: the moon, the sun superlative form: the most important thing, the ugliest woman

 ne olduu aka anlalan eyler: the weather is getting cold. sfatlarda geneli kastederken: the poor, the young milletler: The English, The French tannm yaplar: The Eiffel Tower, The Pyramids, The Topkap Palace unvanlar: The President, The Ambassador kanal, l, okyanus, nehir, deniz isimlerinden nce: the Panama Canal, the Sahara, the Pacific, the Nile, the Black Sea tamlama eklindeki yer isimleri (of ieren): the Gulf of Mexico, Republic of Malta

zero article ( article almayanlar) zel isimler: Mrs. Thompson, Steven bir trn geneli: Storks can fly more than twelve hours non-stop. gl, ada, da, ehir, cadde, ile, eyalet, lke isimleri: Lake Van, Long Island, Mount Ararat, Dublin, West Street, Tyler County, Texas, Algeria

Determiners
Kelimelerden nce gelerek miktarlarn belirtirler. Bu konuda ncelikli olarak bilmemiz gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun iin szlk kullanmakta fayda var.

some (of) (biraz) They took some papers with them. (birka kat) [C] Some of the papers were torn. (katlarn bazlar) [C] I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U] Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazlar) [U] any (hi) sadece soru veya olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr. Do you have any problems? [C] Do you have any sugar? [U] She didnt bring any presents for us. [C] I wont take any responsibility. [U] many/ much (of) (ok) There were not many guests yesterday. (ok misafir) [C] Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin ou) [C] I dont have much time. (ok zaman) [U] She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamannn ounu) [U] few/ little olumsuz manada az anlamnda. Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C] Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanlarn pek az) There is little food left for him. (ok az yemek) [U] Little of the food is left.(yemein az) a few/ a little olumlu manada az There are few trees on the road. (birka aa) [C] Few of the trees are pine. (aalarn birka) [C] There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U] A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin biraz) [U] a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek ok) You can see lots of cars on the street. [C] He earns a lot of money. [U] I dont know him a lot. [U]

neither/ either/ both of ki eyden bahsederken She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C] I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] each/ every (her biri/ her) You can have two sandwiches each. [C] Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C] Every student must come on time. [C] no/ none of (hi) There is no trouble about the schedule. [C] None of the troubles were solved. [C] She has no love for you. [U] None of her love is for you. [U] all/ all of (hepsi) There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C] We bought all of them. [C] whole (tamam) He ate the whole pizza. [C] I want the whole story. [U]

Demonstratives This novel is on love. [C] That novel is on love. [C] These novels are boring. [C] Those novels are boring. [C] This meal is cold. [U] That meal is cold. [U] No [U] No [U]

Possessive Adjectives my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Ginas, schools, garages They will see her new flat. Hospitals ER is full with injured people.

Articles a/ an/ the/ They saw a snake on the grass. bkz. Articles

Determiners
Kelimelerden nce gelerek miktarlarn belirtirler. Bu konuda ncelikli olarak bilmemiz gereken countable ve uncountable isimler.bunun iin szlk kullanmakta fayda var.

some (of) (biraz) They took some papers with them. (birka kat) [C] Some of the papers were torn. (katlarn bazlar) [C] I want some information about her. (biraz bilgi) [U] Some of the information was wrong. (bilgilerin bazlar) [U] any (hi) sadece soru veya olumsuz cmlelerde kullanlr. Do you have any problems? [C] Do you have any sugar? [U] She didnt bring any presents for us. [C] I wont take any responsibility. [U] many/ much (of) (ok) There were not many guests yesterday. (ok misafir) [C] Many of the guests were from Monaco. (misafirlerin ou) [C] I dont have much time. (ok zaman) [U] She spends much of her time on chatting. (zamannn ounu) [U] few/ little olumsuz manada az anlamnda. Few people eat sushi in Turkey.(pek az insan) [C] Few of the people die in prosperity. (insanlarn pek az) There is little food left for him. (ok az yemek) [U] Little of the food is left.(yemein az) a few/ a little olumlu manada az There are few trees on the road. (birka aa) [C] Few of the trees are pine. (aalarn birka) [C] There is a little cheese in the fridge. (biraz peynir) [U] A little of the cheese is used. (peynirin biraz) [U] a lot/ lot of / lots of (pek ok) You can see lots of cars on the street. [C] He earns a lot of money. [U] I dont know him a lot. [U]

neither/ either/ both of ki eyden bahsederken She has two sons. I like neither of them. (ikisini de sevmem) [C] I like either of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] I like both of them. (ikisini de severim) [C] each/ every (her biri/ her) You can have two sandwiches each. [C] Each of you can have two sandwiches. [C] Every student must come on time. [C] no/ none of (hi) There is no trouble about the schedule. [C] None of the troubles were solved. [C] She has no love for you. [U] None of her love is for you. [U] all/ all of (hepsi) There were seven plates. We bought them all. [C] We bought all of them. [C] whole (tamam) He ate the whole pizza. [C] I want the whole story. [U]

Demonstratives This novel is on love. [C] That novel is on love. [C] These novels are boring. [C] Those novels are boring. [C] This meal is cold. [U] That meal is cold. [U] No [U] No [U]

Possessive Adjectives my, your, our, his, her, its, their, Ginas, schools, garages They will see her new flat. Hospitals ER is full with injured people.

Articles a/ an/ the/ They saw a snake on the grass. bkz. Articles

DETERMINERS IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. I dont imagine he wrote the speech ____ but ____ did so, certainly made a good job of it. A) for them / whomsoever B) of his / somebody C) by him / they D) himself / whoever E) themselves / whichever 98K

4. Several experts were working on the project, and each came up with some interesting proposals, and naturally ____ claimed that ____ was the best. A) many /each B) some / its C) we / it D) all / he E) each / his 98M

2. As ____ of our employees can afford cars of ____ own, they all have to rely on public transport. A) few / them B) some / his C) none / their D) most / our E) many / its 98K

5. If the others hadnt voted in favor of the younger candidate, I probably wouldnt have done so ____ . A) even B) too C) also D) as well E) either 98M

3. The lawyer decided to call ____ of the witnesses only and paid no attention to ____ . A) both / others B) the two / any other C) two / the others D) some / another E) any / some others 98M

6. The editor thought that the new series of articles would prove very popular, but actually hardly ____ seems to have been impressed by it. A) nobody B) anyone C) the other D) any other E) somebody 99K

7. We are confident that the management and the workforce will get on well together as long as ____ respects ____ . A) the other / another B) both / itself C) the one / another D) everyone / themselves E) each / the other 99K

11. The failure so far to produce evidence of life on any planet but ____ has given continued strength to the belief in the uniqueness of Earth. A) us B) their C) ours D) our E) them 00K

8. The majority of ____ are apprehensive about new computer programmes, until weve actually tried them out for ____ . A) him / himself B) us / ourselves C) them / themselves D) ours / us E) theirs / ours 99M

12. ____ half of the budget of the US National Institute on Ageing is spent on research into Alzheimers disease. A) As much as B) More of C) Rather than D) Other E) The most 00K

9. One gathers from the press that a large majority of the people are not in favour of the impeachment proceedings, and, frankly, Im not, ____ . A) either B) too C) also D) as well E) even so 99M

13. He said I was submitting my application form rather late. But now I find ____ have still not submitted ____ . A) most / their B) none / any C) many / it D) others / theirs E) a few / these 00M

10. Though they had ____ government backing ____ a potential home market, the company poured billions of dollars into the project and lost everything. A) with / less B) neither / nor C) some / any D) no / without E) few / more 00K

14. It looks ____ the hiring committee isn't impressed by his qualifications, and I don't think the manager of the company is, ____ . A) like / also B) as if / either C) so that / as well D) though / too E) just as / neither 00M

15. Few things ____ unnerved the Spanish conquerors of the New World ____ the prospect of death on Aztec sacrificial stone. A) as / as B) so / as C) not only / but also D) neither / nor E) so / that 01K

19. Indeed, the situation is such that the chairman has finally promised to implement ____ the committee recommends. A) whoever B) however C) if ever D) as ever E) whatever 02K

16. Some anthropologists think that man today is ____ honest _____ he was hundreds and thousands of years ago. A) much / as B) the less / than C) the least / of D) little / as E) less / than 01K

20. Of the company's three accountants, only one is useful; ____ deserve to be sent away. A) they both B) all the others C) both the others D) each one E) each of them 02M

17. More than ______ invention of the last eight years or so, television has been the most harmful to family life. A) some other B) another C) the others D) any more E) any other 01M

21. They are in no way responsible; we must face the fact that we have only ____ to blame. A) itself B) ours C) them D) themselves E) ourselves 02M

18. Basically a country has two objectives in imposing tariffs; one is to raise revenue for government, ____ is to protect home industries by raising the price of competing goods from abroad. A) other B) both C) another D) the other E) each 02K

22. The micro air vehicles they are working on are____ small that it will be almost impossible to detect them with radar. A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more 02M

23. Human activity has destroyed____ plant species that collective action is essential for the conservation of those that remain. A) more B) so many C) many more D) the most E) as many 04K

27. A structural formula is a chemical formula that shows how the atoms are bounded to____ in a molecule. A) another B) others C) the others D) each other E) every other 07M

24. Exciting new research is transforming industrial robotics, offering the promise of whole new generation of ____ intelligent machines. A) more B) much C) any D) mostly E) too 04M

28. In 1990 it was introduced into the field of scientific psychology, defined as the ability to monitor____ and others feelings. A) ones own B) one anothers C) oneself D) the self E) each others 06M

25. In business, every trend contains the seeds of ____ counter-trend. A) itself B) its own C) any one D) any E) one's own 05K

29. The doctor who is continually confronted with human suffering cannot afford to become emotionally involved with ____ patient. A) another B) some C) each D) few E) more 05K

26. In Kuwait, foreign companies are presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits, whereas the Kuwaitis themselves pay____ or ____ tax depending on their status. A) less / least B) little / no C) more / less D) few / fewer E) less / none 05M

30. The impression I got was that the director has completely given up ____ hopes he may at one time have cherished. A) as many B) such C) every D) any E) so many 02M

KEY TO DETERMINERS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1D 2C 3C 4E 5 E* 6B 7C 8B 9A 10 B 11 C 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 A 16 E 17 E 18 D 19 E 20 C 21 E 22 D* 23 B 24 A 25 B 26 B 27 D 28 A 29 C 30 C

TENSES
The Simple Present Tense rutin iler, Jane goes to school by bus. alkanlklar, My grandpa smokes a cigarette after every meal. fiziksel gerekler, The moon circles around the world. programlanm olaylar, The train departs at 9.30. Lost begins at 7.00 PM. hikaye yada fkra anlatrken, One day a crow goes into pub and asks, Do you have any cookies. durum bildiren fiiller (appendix) Children love playing games. emir yada tarif verirken, Stop yelling at me! First add some milk to the flour

Time Expressions* Every day ,every week, every Nowadays These days On Sundays, on Summer days

Dikkat: he, she, it olumlu cmlelerde s taks alyor.

bundan sonra anlatlan her tense konusundan sonra Time Expressions blm verilecektir. Zaman zarf diyebileceimiz bu kelimeler cmlenin zaman hakknda bize ip ucu verecektir. Yani every day geen bir cmlenin simple present tense olabileceini anlayacaz.

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The Present Continuous Tense konuma annda devam eden olaylar, Im studying English now. Jack is trying to open the jar. srekli bamza gelen ve bizi sinirlendiren olaylar, Melissa is always leaving the light on. The teacher is always warning me. bir sre iersinde meydana gelen deiimler, I pods are getting more and more popular. The fear of global warming is rising among people.

Time Expressions Now For the time being At the moment, at that moment While, as When Currently At present

Dikkat: be +V ing

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The Past Simple Tense gemite belirli bir zamanda yaanm olaylar, A friend of mine drove me home yesterday. Did he graduate last year? tarihi olaylar, Mehmet The Conqueror surrendered stanbul in 1453. After the revolution, churches lost power.

Time Expressions Ago Last (last year, last week) Yesterday Dates before now (in 1249, in the 19th century)

Dikkat: V2 iin Appendix 1

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The Past Continuous Tense gemite bir noktada balayp belirli bir sre devam eden olaylar, I was working in Scotland when the war broke out. We were playing football when it started to rain. Buraya tablo koy****** gemite ayn anda sre gelen olaylar, While the journalists were broadcasting it, the firefighters were struggling with the fire. The little girl was sleeping while her mum was cooking diner. gemite planlanan fakat gereklemeyen olaylar, My sisters were visiting us but they had to turn back early.

Time Expressions When While During As

Dikkat: was/were V ing

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The Present Perfect Tense gemite balayp bulunduumuz zamana kadar devam eden olaylar, They have repaired the car. We can go now. tablo******* Ive just finished my report. gemite yaanm, tarihi nemsiz yada belli olmayan olaylar, Ceyda has told that story before. Has not the puppy caught cold once more? henz meydana gelmi olaylar, Ive cut my finger! Fetch me some bandages. Oh my God! The car has hit the child! tekrarlanmas muhtemel olaylar, Nuri Bilge Ceylan has won the golden orange twice. Mitch Albom has published his sixth book.

For/ since Ive lived in Eskiehir since 1998. Ive lived in Eskiehir for ten years. She has never been ill since her childhood. She has never been ill for years.

Time Expressions Just Recently, lately Before Since So far Up until now Already

Dikkat: have/has + V3 Appendix 1

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The Present Perfect Continious Tense gemite balayp bulunduumuz zamanda halen devam eden olaylar, Mr. Aeron has been working in Jerusalem since 1983. Tablo***** Prof. Ege has been studying on social science for 35 years. yada sona erse bile bariz etkisi gzken olaylar, Have you been smoking in here? Ive been attending a language course. How is my English? bir sredir meydana gelen deiimler, Finding a good job has been getting harder day by day. Drug consumption has been increasing for some time.

Time Expression Just Day by day For Since Recently, lately Up until now ***

Dikkat: have/ has been V ing

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The Past Perfect Tense gemite meydana gelen iki olaydan daha nce meydana gelen olay, Dr. Claude had worked as a soldier before he came here. Mrs. Hanna had closed the shop when new costumers came. iki olaydan daha nce meydana gelen olay (already kullanarak) vurgulamak iin, The train had already departed when we arrived at the station. Tablo****** When the police came, the burglar had already gone. By the time I called Alan, he had already left home No longer had the locksmith opened the door, did she find her keys.

Time Expressions By the time No longer No sooner Already

Dikkat: had + V3

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The Past Perfect Continuous gemite balam ve bir sre devam ettikten sonra yine gemite bir noktada son bulmu olaylar, When the police found the child, he had been trying to escape from the hut. Tablo***** The dog had been barking all the night when we heard a gun-shot. We had been driving for six hours when we had a flat tire.

Dikkat: had been V ing

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Future
The Simple future be going to planlanm olaylar, Im going to see the headmaster at diner. When are you going to be retired? gelecekte olacan bir delil sayesinde tahmin ettiimiz olaylar, The boy is running too fast. He is going to fall. The man is aiming at the bird. He is going to shoot it!

will planlanmam; ani kararlar, A: Im going to see the new movie. B: Awesome! Ill come too. A: Do you like fish? B: No, not at all. A: Ok. Ill cook some chicken, then. tarihi kesin olaylarda present continuous kullanlabilir, They are getting married on the 7th of November. He is flying to New York at 8 oclock tomorrow morning. nceden programlanm olaylarda present simple kullanlabilir, Two and a Half Men begins at 5 PM on CNBC-E. The school board gathers at 10 AM tomorrow.

Time Expressions Next week, next month, next Tomorrow Soon

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Future Continuous gelecekte belirli bir sre devam edecek olaylar, When I arrive at Houston you will be sleeping. They will be pumping oil when we arrive there. nceden planlanm olaylar, Edmond will be waiting for us at the airport. Ill be driving my new car this time next week.

Time Expressions This time tomorrow, this time next year

Dikkat: will be+ V ing 20

Future Perfect gelecekte belli bir zamanda tamamlanacak olaylar, By the time I finish my homework, Ill have written 15 pages. In two years time you will have learnt Chinese. The trees will have given fruit, the next time you visit us. They will have painted the house, by the time we arrive there. Tablo*****

Dikkat: will have+V3

The Future Pefect daha nceden balam olay gelecekte hala devam ediyorsa, They will have been painting the house for two hours, by the time we arrive there. Tablo******** Samantha will have holding her breath for five minutes when the bell rings.

the future perfect or the future perfect continuous Next week Ill have worked here for six years. (haftaya 6 yl tamamlayp ii brakyorum.) Next week Ill have been working here for six years. (haftaya 6 yl tamamlyorum, fakat almaya devam ediyorum.)

Time Expressions By the time By this time next week, by this time next year in two years time, in six months time by next week, by next year

Dikkat: will have been + V ing

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Which Tense? The simple past or the present perfect Beatles wrote 186 songs all their life. (bir daha yazamayacaklar.) Black Eyed Peas has written 75 songs up until now. (hala yazabilirler.) Marlin Monroe acted in many films during her life. (artk rol alamaz.) Mjde Ar has acted in 36 films so far. (yeni bir filmde rol alabilir.)

The present perfect or the present perfect continious She has been learning how to drive a car. (hala reniyor.) She has been learnt how to drive a car. (artk rendi.)

The past perfect or the past simple When the teacher came in, the boys had stopped fighting. (retmen gelmeden nce kavgay kestiler.) When the teacher came in, the boys stopped fighting. (retmen gelince kavgay kestiler.)

The past perfect continuous or the past continuous When I saw him, he was moving his house. (grdmde hala tanyordu.) When I saw him, he had been moving his house. (grdmde tanmay bitirmiti.)

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TENSE UYUMU Ayn cmle iersinde kullanlan iki farkl tense in birbirleriyle uyumlu olmas gerekir. Mesela simple present tense kullandktan sonra simple past tense kullanamayz. Sorular zerken de bu kural gz nnde bulundurmamz gerekir. Beraber kullanlabilen tense gruplar: the simple present - the simple present The She cries whenever she sees a dog. Every time I phone her, she hangs up.

the Simple past - the simple past The officer looked at me when entered his room. After I finished writing the letter, I sent it to Martin.

the Simple past - the past continuous She was preparing the meal when I called her. When her daughter came in, Mrs. Darko was sleeping.

the past continuous - the past continuous He was watching tv while he was drinking a cup of coffee. She was palying a computer game while I was reading a science book.

the present perfect - the simple past Brenda has never laughed since she lost her father. Ive not heard of tom since he went to Paris.

the present perfect continuous - the simple past Mr. Nerd has been teaching since he graduated in 1990. US troops have been struggling with suicide attacks since they attacked Iraq.

the simple past - the past perfect The robbers had left the bank when the police arrived at the crime scene. By the time the electricity went off, I had finished drawing.

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the past perfect continuous - the simple past Mr. Seyhan had been carrying the coal when his son came to help him. The doctor had been operating on her when I went to see her.

the simple future - the simple present I will call you as soon as get off the plane. Susan will be very angry when she sees the broken vase.

the simple future - the present perfect You wont go out until you have finished your homework. As soon as we have taken the permission, we will start building the house.

the future perfect - the simple present I will have taken more than 200 photos by the time I turn back to Turkey. Judy will have grown much older the next time we see her.

the simple future continuous - the simple present Larry will have been working as a postman for 30 years when he retires next week. The road workers will have been working for six days by the time we pass by them.

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TENSES
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. As the decade ____ to wind down, Mark Morris ____ as our centurys youngest great choreographer. A) has begun / had stood B) will begin / is standing C) was beginning / has stood D) begins / stands E) is beginning / has been standing 98K

4. There have been some art critics who ____ in depreciation of Van Gogh that he ____ a draughtsman all his life. A) had maintained / has remained B) have maintained / remained C) were maintaining / had remained D) maintained / would have remained E) will maintain / remains 99K

2. In the past few months, our company director ____ more mettle than most industrialists ____ in an entire career. A) had shown / have done B) showed / would do C) shows / did D) has shown / do E) was showing / may have done 98K

5. The Romanian Privatization Authority announced last week that Renault of France ____ to be the sole bidder for a majority stake in the national car company, Dacia, which ____ cheap cars for the domestic market. A) would turn out / had made B) has turned out / made C) would have turned out / is making D) is turning out / has made E) might turn out / makes 99K

3. For a hundred years or so some critics ____ that poetry is dying and all that time poets ____ poems that later generations recognize as great. A) have maintained / have been writing B) maintained / wrote C) had maintained / were writing D) maintain / are writing E) would maintain / had been writing 98M

6. At the Brussels meeting over the last weekend Madeleine Albright, The American secretary of State, ____ her allies that future NATO missions ____ them further a field, but not all over the world. A) assures / is taking B) has assured / will have taken C) assured / would take D) had assured / took E) was assuring / will take 99K

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7. Marxism ____ an important movement in Britain even though it ____ its origin here. A) would never have been / takes B) had never been / would take C) never was / has taken D) would never be / would have taken E) has never been / took 99M

11. Over the last few years, consumer interest in organic agriculture ____ up dramatically, and demand ____ currently ahead of supply. A) has shot / is B) shot / was C) had shot / had been D) is shooting / has been E) was shooting / would be 00K

8. The history of the Venetian Republic ____ to an end in 1797 when Venice ____ over to Austria by Napoleon. A) was coming / would have been handed B) had come / has been handed C) comes / had been handed D) came / was handed E) would come / was being handed 99M

12. Orwell ____ at that moment that when the white man ____ tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. A) perceived / would turn B) has perceived / turned C) had perceived / has turned D) would perceive / will turn E) perceived / turns 00K

9. Over the past two decades, the Corsicans ____ their idyllic island, which was wrested by France from the Genoese in 1768, ____ into terrorism, corruption and economic decline. A) have seen / sink B) had seen / sank C) saw / to sink D) would have seen / had sunk E) would see / had been sinking 99M

13. With the help of satellite images, the Indonesian government ____ that it is the timber companies which ____ the mass destruction of their rain forests. A) will show / would have caused B) would have shown / had caused C) had shown / were causing D) shows / had been causing E) has shown / are causing 00M

10. It ____ a mistake to think that all bacteria are harmful, for, without some species, we ____ for long. A) is / had not survived B) would be / could not survive C) will be / have not survived D) has been / would not have survived E) had been / did not survive 00K

14. By the late 1980s, a surge of prosperity ____ across southeast Asia, but in some countries of the region the economic structure ____ sufficiently to the benefit from this trend. A) would sweep / could not have developed B) would have swept / has not developed C) was sweeping / had not developed D) has swept / was not developed E) could have swept / was not developing 00M

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15. The ridicule that ____ upon him by leading scientists of the day ____ to the novelty of his thinking. A) is being heaped / would testify B) has been heaped / testified C) had heaped / has testified D) was heaping / had testified E) was heaped / testifies 00M

19. He insisted that mountaineering ____ a sport for him, but a passion that ____ his whole life. A) hadn't been / would dominate B) isn't / has dominated C) hasn't been / is dominating D) wouldn't be / is dominating E) wasn't / had dominated 02M

16. Early in 1940, when Europe was already at war, Hitler ____ the sale of uranium from the Czech mines he ____ over. A) has banned / has taken B) had banned / took C) banned / had taken D) bans / was taking E) was banning / had been taking 01K

20. When he moved from Ethiopia where he ____, to England, his experiences____ quite unlike those of his contemporaries at school. A) had been born / were B) is born / will be C) would be born / would be D) has been born / are E) was born / will be 02M

17. Sometimes people select certain foods that they believe ____ their physical appearance and avoid those they believe ____ detrimental. A) have improved / would have been B) are improving / were C) improve / might be D) improved / had been E) would have improved / have been 01K

21. Once the director _____ just how much was at stake, he _____ immediate steps to deal with the dispute. A) realizes / will take B) has realized / had taken C) had realized / took D) realized / takes E) would realize / has taken 03M

18. While the parades for the opening of parliament ____, the president ____a sobering message for his countrymen. A) had rehearsed / prepared B) have been rehearsed / has prepared C) were being rehearsed / was preparing D) are rehearsing / is preparing E) had been rehearsed / would prepare 02K

22. The once radical notion that birds _____ from dinosaurs ____ stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. A) descended / has grown B) have descended / grew C) had descended / had grown D) descend / is growing E) are descending / was growing 03M

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23. Is seems that, even if big western companies____ to help develop lifesaving GM ( genetically modified ) seeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ____to accept them. A) will be willing / is ready B) has been willing / will be ready C) had been willing / would be ready D) would be willing / was ready E) were willing / would be ready 04M

26. Many parts of rural America ____to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ____in the country during the nineteenth century. A) continued / have arrived B) have continued / would have arrived C) continue / arrived D) would have continued / were arriving E) will continue / would arrive 06K

24. China, which_____ much of Mongolia from the end of the seventieth century until the early twentieth century, still, ____ the oil, coal, uranium, and empty grasslands of its former possessions. A) was ruling / has coveted B) had ruled / may have coveted C) has ruled / coveted D) ruled / covets E) rules / is coveting 05K

27. With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments ____ more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall____. A) became / falls B) are becoming / would fall C) were becoming / has fallen D) had become / was falling E) have become / fell 06K

25. Old Danish, one of the languages of the Vikings who ____ in parts of Britain during the 9th to 11 centuries, ____a strong influence on the development of English. A) have settled / had had B) had settled /would have C) settle / has D) settled / had E) would settle / will have 05M

28. Of all the arts it ____ to classical music that Germany ____ the greatest contribution. A) had been / made B) is / has made C) has been / had made D) was / will have made E) might be / would have made 06K

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eviri sorular

29. He certainly ____ party members last weekend when he announced that he ____ to regain his party chairmanship. A) has shocked / had not sought B) would have shocked / will not seek C) had shocked / would not have sought D) was to shock / is not seeking E) shocked / would not seek 06M

1. During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi troops caused the worst ever man-made environmental disaster by setting fire to 650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells. A) nsan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu evre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vermesiyle meydana gelmitir. B) 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda, Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini yakmas, imdiye kadar insandan kaynaklanan en korkun cevre felaketlerinden biriyle sonuland. C) 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda, Irak birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vererek insan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu en kt cevre felaketine neden oldular. D) nsandan kaynaklanm en korkun cevre felaketi 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda meydana gelmitir; nk bu savata Irak gleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az 650'sini atee vermitir. E) 1991 ylnda yalnz Krfez Sava'ndan dolay deil, bu sava srasnda Irak glerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vermesi yznden de insan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu en korkun cevre felaketi yaanmtr. 05M

30. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created by rapid urbanization, the close relationship with America and the immigration from the West Indies, south Asia and Africa all____ to the wealth of music literature and recordings. A) have contributed B) would contribute C) had contributed D) will contribute E) to have contributed 07M

2. A key problem throughout Japan's long years of economic stagnation has been that the government and the central bank have been at odds. A) Hkmet ile merkez bankasnn aras ak olduu iin, Japonya'daki ekonomik durgunluun uzun yllar devam etmesi, temel bir sorun olmutur. B) Japonya'da ekonomik durgunluk uzun yllar srd iin, hkmet ile merkez bankasnn anlaamamas ana sorun olmutur. C) Japonya'nn uzun yllar devam eden ekonomik durgunluk dnemindeki temel sorunu, hkmet ile merkez bankasnn arasnn ak olmasdr. D) Japonya'nn uzun yllar sren ekonomik durgunluu boyunca en temel sorunu, hkmet ile merkez bankasnn hibir zaman uzlaamamasdr. E) Hkmet ile merkez bankas anlamamakta inat ettikleri iin, Japonyann ekonomik durgunluu temel bir sorun olarak yllarca srmtr. 05K

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3. According to the UN observers in ihe region, Rwandan troops have reentered Congo in violation of the peace treaty signed between the two countries last year. A) Blgedeki BM gzlemcilerine gre, Ruanda askerleri, geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanan bar antlamasna aykr olarak, yeniden Kongo'ya girmitir. , B) Blgedeki BM grevlilerine gre, geen yl iki lke arasnda yaplan bar antlamasn ineyen Ruanda askerleri, Kongo'ya tekrar girmitir. C) Blgede bulunan BM grevlilerine gre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya tekrar girerek geen yl yaplan bar antlamasn bozmutur. D) Blgede grev yapan BM sorumlularna gre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya yeniden girmi ve bylelikle geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanm olan bar antlamasn ihlal etmitir. E) Blgede bulunan BM gzlemcilerine gre, geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanan bar antlamasna ramen, Ruanda askerlerinin ou Kongo'ya bir kez daha girmitir 04K

5. Birlemi Milletlerin, Filistin'in Yahudi ve Arap blgelerine blnmesini onaylamas zerine, 14 Mays 1948'de srail devleti ilan edildi. A) Once The United Nations had recommended partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab regions, the state of Israel could have been proclaimed on 14 May 1948. B) Once the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab regions had been approved by the United Nations, the state of Israel was immediately proclaimed an 14 May 1948. C) Upon the United Nations' approval of the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab territories, the state o Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948. D) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 since the United Nations was recommending the partitioning of Palestine into Jewish and Arab parts. E) The state of Israel was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 following there commendation of the United Nations that Palestine should be divided into Jewish and Arab territories. 03M

4. Hkmet giri cretlerini kaldrr kaldrmaz, ok daha fazla kii mzeleri ve sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye balad. A) Following the government's ruling for no entrance charges for museums and art galleries, more and more people will start to visit them. B) An increasing number of people had begun to visit the museums and art galleries even before the government abolished entrance fees. C) If the government decides to stop charging entrance fees for museums and art galleries, many more people will start to visit them D) As soon as the government had abolished entrance charges, many more people started to visit the museums and art galleries. E) Now, as there are no admission charges for museums and art galleries, following a government ruling, an increasing number of people are visiting them. 03M

6. 1980'lerden bu yana, dnyadaki nkleer sanayi hzl bir ekilde dmektedir ve Avrupa Birlii iinde on be lkeden yedisi nkleer enerjiden aama aama vazgemitir. A) Since the 1980s, the nuclear industry in the world has been declining rapidly, and within the European Union, seven out of fifteen countries have phased out nuclear power. B) Starting with the 1980s, there has been a steep decline in the nuclear industry throughout the world, especially in the European Union where only seven of the fifteen continue to use nuclear power. C) The world's nuclear industry has continued to decline since the 1980s; in particular, this is true of the fifteen countries of the European Union, seven of which have slowly ceased to use it altogether. D) Seven of the fifteen countries of the European Union have gradually put an end to the use of nuclear power; the movement started in the 1980s and has continued world-wide ever since. E) After the 1980s, the nuclear industries of the world have fallen into disrepute, especially in the European Union where seven of the fifteen countries have, step by step, stopped using it altogether. 00M

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7. Sonunda ormann kenarna ulatmzda, uzun sre orada durduk ve nmzde uzayp giden manzaray seyrettik. A) With the forest finally behind us, we stood for a long time looking at the countryside ahead of us. B) On finally getting through to the edge of the forest we paused for a while, to look at the landscape that stretched out before us. C) Once we had got through the forest, we paused to look at the landscape that lay ahead of us. D) When we finally got to the edge of the forest, we stood there for a long while and looked at the landscape that stretched out before us. E) When we finally came out of the forest we stood there, gazing for a long time at the countryside in front of us. 01M

9. When, in the mid-19th century, the wool trade boomed in Yorkshire, almost a tenth of the population of Bradford consisted of Irish immigrants. A) On dokuzuncu yzyln ortalarna doru Bradfordda yaayan ve nfusun onda birini oluturan rlandal gmenler Yorkshireda hzl bir gelime gsteren yn ticaretini ellerinde tutuyorlard. B) On dokuzuncu yzyln ortalarnda Yorkshireda yn sanayinin hzla gelimesi Bradforda yerleen rlandal gmenlerin nfusunun on kat artmasna neden oldu. C) Bradford nfusunun onda birini oluturan rlandal gmenler, on dokuzuncu yzyln ortalarnda Yorkshireda hzl bir gelime gsteren yn dokumaclnn temelini oluturuyordu. D) On dokuzuncu yzyln ortalarnda, Yorkshireda yn ticareti hzl bir gelime gsterdiinde, Bradford nfusunun hemen hemen onda biri rlandal gmenlerden oluuyordu. E) On dokuzuncu yzyln ortalarna doru Yorkshireda yn ticaretinin hzla gelimesi Bradforddaki rlandallarn hemen hemen onda birinin g etmesi ile sonuland. 98M

8. Mozart iki yz yedi yl nce bu ay ldnde, daha sonra rencisi Sssmayr tarafndan tamamlanan Requiem'ini bitirememiti. A) It was Sssmayr, one of Mozart's students, who completed the Requiem, left unfinished by the composer when he died two hundred and seven years ago this month. B) When Mozart died two hundred and seven years ago this month, he had been unable to finish his Requiem, which was later completed by his student Sssmayr. C) Two hundred and seven years ago this month, when Mozart died, he left his Requiem unfinished for his student Sssmayr to complete. D) Upon Mozart's death two hundred and seven years ago this month, his student Sssmayr completed the Requiem which the composer had failed to finish. E) The Requiem, which Mozart had been unable to complete before his death two hundred and seven years ago this month, was finished by his student Sssmavr. 99M

10. spanya Kral II. Philip 1580de Portekizi aldndan bu yana Portekizliler hep derin bir igal korkusu tamlardr. A) Since the Spanish King Philip II took over Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese have always had a deep fear of invasion. B) After Philip II, King of Spain, conquered Portugal in 1580, the Portuguese were extremely afraid of the consequences of his invasion. C) Ever since Portugal was captured in 1580 by the Spaniards under Philip II, the Portuguese people have been unremittingly fearful of another invasion. D) The Portuguese had always been afraid of a Spanish invasion even before Portugal was taken over in 1580 by Philip II, the King of Spain. E) The Portuguese peoples deep-seated fear of invasion dates back to 1580 when Philip II of Spain conquered Portugal. 98M

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11. Bakan Yeltsin talyaya yapt geziyi tamamlarken, Rusyann ulusal gaz irketi Gazprom da talyan enerji grubu ENI ile 2 milyar dolarlk bir szleme imzalad. A) President Yeltsins visit to Italy ended with the signing of a $2 billion contract between Russias national gas company Gazprom and Italys energy group ENI. B) During President Yeltsins last visit to Italy, a $2 billion contract was signed between Russias national gas company Gazprom and Italys energy group ENI. C) The $2 billion contract between Gazprom which is Russias gas company and ENI which is Italys energy group was signed just as president Yeltsin ended his tour of Italy. D) As the President Yeltsin rounded up his visit to Italy, Gazprom, Russias national gas company, signed a $2 billion contract with the Italian energy group ENI. E) While President Yeltsins visit to Italy was nearing its end, the $2 billion contract between the Russian gas company Gazprom and the Italian energy group ENI was finally signed. 98M

13. On dokuzuncu yzyln sonlarnda X nlar kefedildiinde, bilim adamlar benzer tr baka nlar bulmak iin hemen youn aratrmalara giritiler. A) It was in the late nineteenth century that, following the discovery of X-rays, scientists suddenly embarked on a serious research programme to trace various other similar rays. B) Following the discovery of X-rays in the nineteenth century, comprehensive research was soon undertaken by scientists in order to detect other rays of the same kind. C) Towards the end of the nineteenth century, when X-rays were discovered, scientists were already involved in extensive research in order to study other kinds of rays. D) The discovery of X-rays in the late nineteenth century motivated scientists to carry out exhaustive research in order to detect other types of rays. E) When X-rays were discovered in the late nineteenth century, scientists immediately set out on intensive research to find other similar types of rays. 06K

12. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonu, ou Avusturyadan ithal edilen sobalarla stlyordu. B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girdiinde, bekleme salonu Avusturyadan getirtilen sobalarla stlyor ve hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlyordu. C) 3 Kasm 1890da, bekleme salonu hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan ve Avusturyadan ithal edilen sobalarla stlan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girdiinde, hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonunu stmak iin Avusturyadan soba ithal edilmiti. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalaryla stlan ve hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girmiti. 06K

14. Ortaa haritalar Hollandann neredeyse yarsn su altnda gsterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geni alanlar kazanlmtr. A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea. 06M

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Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. ____ even though certain difficult economic conditions prevail. A) European equities display strong profit growth B) In 2004, the European economy remained fundamentally sound C) Inflation had actually begun to improve D) There were several other encouraging signs E) It should have been easy to maintain the competitiveness 05M

4. While most people still saw computers as science fiction, ____. A) the discriminating few immediately appreciated their advantages B) the early ones were large in size and low in performance C) they continue to get smaller and more versatile D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on their work without them E) a majority still wish they had never been invented 04M

2. ____ when the occupancy levels in the hotel fall off steeply. A) There are no profits to be made during the cold winter months B) The hotel regained its five-star rating in 1996 C) The rebuilt Star has retained the original shell, but scarcely any of the fittings D) Training schemes were receiving even greater attention E) Outside temperatures reached 50C 05M

5. ____ so long as you pay attention and stick to the rules. A) There is a huge number of fascinating wrecks around Britain B) Wrecks under the sea can contain hazardous materials like oil and mutions C) Scuba diving is very safe D) Scuba was first patented in 1865 and was perfected over the years E) Scuba divers get a great deal of pleasure from exploring wrecks 04M

3. When the feminist movement came into being, _____. A) a major issue is still the right to vote B) the aim had been to combat oppression C) women were seen as constituting a single class D) discrimination against women still continues in the workplace E) The professional-class working mother is another exception 05K

6. ____, when Eveready introduced the alkaline battery. A) Their technological success is stili being questioned B) Many new materials have been adapted for battery use C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated from batteries on account of its toxicity D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected to improve E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries came in 1959 04K

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7. In good hands, the harpsichord will always have things to offer____. A) that its value has never been doubted B) which other musical instruments cannot C) if yet another challenge had to be faced D) even when the performances were not quite flawless E) since a substantial amount of his earthy period has been recorded 04K

10. ____ that basic evolutionary processes in the future will differ substantially from those in the past. A) The breaking up of habitats will create populations B) Nobody had thought to ask themselves C) They are carrying out a study of island biogeography D) There is no reason whatsoever to assume E) The argument was further supported 02M

8. Kerrich carried out exhaustive experiments in probability ____. A) until the coin has been tossed a thousand times B) if he had been arrested when the Germans invaded Denmark C) whether the coin toss is truly random D) while he was interned in a camp in Jutland for the duration of the war E) that he has been acclaimed as one of South Africa's leading mathematicians 02M

11. Though some scholars argue that ____, others say that the beginning of the 15th century saw its real rise. A) by the latter part of the 12th century most of the literary conventions of Urdu literature have already been well established B) the 12th century was the time of the great religious movements in India C) Urdu literature dates back to the 12th century D) most of the literary writings in India in the 12th century consisted of religious tracts and allegories E) most Urdu poets in the 12th century turned to romances and narratives of heroic deeds 02K

9. After he had learned my side of the story from Molly, ____. A) his apologies are obviously worthless B) he phoned me to apologize for his attitude C) I don't even want to listen to his apologies D) he's still too proud to admit he behaved badly E) it will obviously be better to forget all about it 02M

12. ____, there just wasn't enough evidence to convict him. A) If the trial had been postponed to a later date B) Since almost nothing the accused himself said could be substantiated C) Though he seemed extremely reluctant to sign the statement D) Even before the judge had finished summing up the case E) Although everyone was convinced that Smith had committed the murder 02K

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13. _____, so the introduction of metalworking made trade with the outside world inevitable. A) Compared with those of the iron ages, stone age tools were very primitive B) Many ores, such as copper and tin are not found in all countries C) The "bronze age" is a term used in prehistoric archeology D) The chemical processes involved in the smelting of ores were not as complicated E) Subsequently the knowledge of metalworking must have spread among the less advanced communities around 01M

16. ____ ,we need to find ways to cope with it. A) As the disease wasnt cured B) If relaxation was essential for a healthy mind and body C) After we had learned the living conditions D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or not E) Since we can not remove stress from our lives 01M

14. Iron deficiency is one of the commonest causes of anemia _____. A) since even in a good diet the supply of iron is only just adequate B) why adolescents outgrow their stores of iron C) which would result in brittle nails D) though new ways of treating pernicious anemia were soon introduced E) as numerous iron preparations are available for treatment 01M

17. ____ , Japanese firms moved the more intensive phases of their production process to cheap labour sites in East Asia. A) As production cost in Japan had become excessive B) Unless the working day is kept at eight hours C) Once the trade unions in Japan have won a few more victories D) So long as a reduction in costs remains the primary goal E) If interest rates in Japan had remained high 00M

15. Pharmaceutical companies are unlikely to develop a vaccine for an uncommon disease like leprosy______. A) how early diagnosis could help B) so that pressure would be put on them C) if the choice had been given to them D) until the various charities were informed E) that can be treated with drugs 01M

18. ____ a greet many alarming theories are sure to spring to the fore. A) Before the truth had been verified B) Even though his death had almost certainly been from natural causes C) If several perfectly natural explanations had been put forward D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist attacks E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant incident got forgotten 00K

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19. While businesses and stores have started to perform well and make profits, ____ . A) only a crack in the stock market was to be feared B) inflation and unemployment have been held in check C) the economy ought to be able to withstand a recession D) the Euro currency could stand up to so much criticism E) fiscal transfers across European nation states were of minimal importance 99K

22. Before Freud shed light on dreams and extraordinary role of the subconscious, ____ . A) there are many who have grasped their significance B) educated people in particular regarded dreams as meaningless and pointless C) many traditional ways of interpreting dreams are being analyzed D) the relationship between stress and dreams would surely have been recognized E) many great writers still draw on the principles of human psychology 98K

20. ____ , there will be a notable decrease in the profits of most businesses. A) If people start to spend less and save more B) However efficiently the inflation was curbed C) Had these reasonable measures been introduced earlier D) Before the financial situation could be fully understood E) Though the leading economists had started to grow more hopeful 99K

23. ____ until Thomas Paine published The Common Sense and sparked off the American Revolution. A) George Washington considered himself a loyal British subject B) Idealism hasnt often been a determining factor C) Voltaires influence would have been more pervasive, D) That was a period of radical change in all spheres E) They were the people responsible for shaping the national character of the United States 98K

21. As heavy rain had been forecast for the area, ____ . A) record harvest are expected this year B) they would presumably cancel the excursion to the ruins in the valley C) I cant imagine why they neglected to take all necessary precautions to avoid flooding D) farm labors would have to work overtime and weekends E) the resulting floods caused widespread hardships 98M

24. ____ that scientists are now sending out e prints instead of preprints of unpublished articles. A) Prior to the internet, it was not possible B) One change that the advent of the internet has brought is C) The internet has indeed opened many doors D) The benefits of technology should not be overrated E) Among academics, technological advances attract less attention 98K

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25. ____ while such African languages as Hausa and Swahili continued to serve the everyday needs of the masses. A) During the colonial era in Africa, English became the shared language of the administration and a Western-educated elite, B) In colonial Africa, the teaching of English literature is no longer popular C) Modern African writers have found it necessary to adapt certain aspects of English, D) Today, English is the official language of sixteen countries in Africa, E) English as a second language has been taught in Africa for nearly four hundred years, 06K

28. In general, when credit demand is low, ____. A) it is not sensible to take out loans during deflation B) following the wrong guideline could have been catastrophic C) interest rates measure the cost of credit, not the price of money D) interest rates are correspondingly low E) precautionary savings were rising at this time 06M

26. Before the 21st century has run its course, ____. A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world around us has improved to a great extent 06K

29. ____ when countered by antistress measures such as exercising, enjoying time with friends and cultivating a hobby. A) The ladder of success is a hard one B) There must be a balance between tension and relaxation C) Workloads seem lighter D) Relaxation techniques are easy to learn E) Stress can be understood in a variety of ways 07M

27. By 1809, Swedens military power had waned to such an extent ____. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europes Age of Enlightenment with advances in science 06K

30. The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ____. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems 07M

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Benzer cmle sorular

31. Oxygen, sugars and amino acids are allowed into the brain ____. A) as toxins could severely impair the brains functioning B) which provided early evidence of the bloodbrain barrier C) but most other substances are kept out D) that controls which molecules in the bloodstream can enter the brain E) just as no other organ is equally efficient 07M

1. Until recently people felt that Nigerian ministers were being too optimistic, but there is now no question that the countrys financial position is growing steadily stronger. A) It is now clear that Nigerias economy is in a strong upward cycle but previously people doubted the hopeful attitude of Nigerian ministers. B) Nigerian ministers today have no apprehensions about their countrys financial status, as it is plain that it is constantly getting better. C) In the past, even though Nigerias economic status was constantly improving, people were often mistrustful of its ministers confident views. D) Though Nigerian ministers were previously skeptical of positive ideas about their countrys financial status, it has become obvious that its economy is advancing day by day. E) Today we see that Nigeria is progressing economically, but in the recent past, this was not the case and economists were wary of the optimistic views of its leaders. 06K

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Paragrafa uymayan cmle sorular

1. (I) X-rays, chemical analysis of paint and close scrutiny by expert eyes are all used to tell art forgeries from the real thing. (II) But now computer scientists at America's Dartmouth College have come up with a digital method for sorting the real from the counterfeit. (III) Drawings or paintings are scanned at high resolution and a computer breaks them down into digital elements called wavelets. (IV) An analysis of Madonna with Child by the Renaissance painter Perugino showed that at least four people had worked on the six faces in the painting. (V) The wavelets are then analyzed statistically to find consistencies or differences. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 05M

3. (I) In 1912 some of the top mathematicians in the world received letters full of incredibly complex formulas. (II) They came from Madras, India, from a 23-year-old accounts clerk named Srinivasa Ramanujan. (Ill) He claimed to have worked them out in his spare time after leaving school. (IV) It is an ambition one shares with lots of people, of all ages and backgrounds. (V) One of the letters reached Professor G.H. Hardy of Trinity College, Cambridge, who soon realized that the formulas were the work of one of the greatest mathematical geniuses of all time. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 02K

2. (I) in India, a lower-middle-class group is steadily emerging, (II) it was a long time before any improvements were made to the infrastructure, (III) Further, with the arrival of television, the expectations of these people have risen considerably. (IV) Indians are now demanding better education for their children. (V) They are also asking for tarred roads to facilitate business, and better products and services to make their lives easier. A) l B) II C) III D) IV E) V 04M

4. (I) Global warming is bringing new arrivals to British shores. (II) Since 1980,18 new fish species have been caught off the coast of Cornwall. (Ill) As the water warms up, they feel the need to move northward. (IV) Since they are coldblooded creatures, they have to find suitable surroundings in which to regulate their temperature. (V) Indeed, between 1960 and 1980 no new species were reported any where in the area. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 02K

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5. (I) It should be stated at the outset that it is the successful farmers with the best quality land who have generally benefited from all the government support. (II) Traditionally the farmers on plateau in Central India cultivated a large number of unirrigated wheat varieties. (III) With the introduction to this region in the late sixties of electricity, and the technology for digging deep wells, they were induced to change to irrigated farming. (IV) Moreover, to develop high-yielding varieties of wheat appropriate for irrigated farming, the government set up a wheat research centre in the area. (V) This was then backed up with the organization of special training courses for farmers. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 00M

7. (I) In Brazil, as in much of Latin America, oil in particular has long been a political symbol. (II) This has been represented by the country's federal oil company Petrobras. (III) Consequently, mismanagement and subsidized pricing paralyzed the system with debt. (IV) When founded in 1962, it was regarded as an icon of emancipation from foreign economic domination. (V) Yet, today the Brazilian government has taken serious steps to end, through privatization, Petrobras's oil monopoly. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 99K

6. (I) The collapse of the economies of south east Asia in the early years of the decade was later followed by that of Korea, the classic tiger economy. (II) What happens next in a region that is now strewn with the wrecks of so-called economic miracles? (Ill) This leaves Europe and United States as significant mass markets. (IV) The assumption that recession will spread in the region owing to capital flight and belt-tightening is most plausible. (V) This will deepen as foreign investors increasingly reduce their profile in south east Asia. A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 00M

40

KEY TO TENSES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1E 2D 3A 4B 5E 6C 7E 8D 9C 10 B* 11 A 12 E 13 E 14 C 15 E 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 E 20 A 21 C 22 A 23 E 24 D 25 D 26 C 27 E 28 B 29 E 30 A EVR 1C 2C 3A 4D 5C 6A 7D 8B 9D 10 A 11 D 12 B 13 E 14 E CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1A 2A 3C 4A 5C 6E 7B 8D 9B 10 D* 11 C 12 E 13 E 14 A 15 E 16 E 17 A 18 D 19 B* 20 A 21 C* 22 B 23 A* 24 B 25 A 26 B 27 C 28 D 29 C 30 A 31 C BENZER CMLE 1A PARAGRAF 1D 2B 3D 4E 5A 6 A* 7 C*

41

OUTLINE OF MODALS
MODAL KULLANIM
1- kibar ricalar 2- izin isterken (resmi)

PRESENT / FUTURE
May I use your internet? You may wait in the lobby.

PAST
X X

may

3- dk ihtimaller might dk ihtimaller 1- tavsiyeler should-ought to 2- yksek ihtimaller

She may forget to bring the camera.

She may have forgot to bring the camera.

She might forget to bring the camera. I should stop smoking. He should be delayed in the traffic.

She might have forgot to bring the camera. I should have stopped smoking. He should have been delayed in the traffic.

had better tehditkar tavsiyeler be supposed to ngr

You had better come early, or else we start eating without you. You are to be here at 9:00.

X You were to be here at 9:00.

1- kendimiz iin emir must 2- yasaklar 3- yksek ihtimal

I must see the headmaster. You must not enter that room.

I had to go to class yesterday. X I heard a voice. There must have been somebody outside. I had to see the headmaster. He had asked for me. You didn't have to buy onions. We had enough.

I hear a voice. There must be somebody outside. 1- dtan gelen emir have to 2- gereksizlik You don't have to buy onions. We have enough. I have to see the headmaster. He asked for me.

1- kesinlik (gelecek) will 2- kibar ricalar I will be at the meeting at 3:00. Will you please show me the way?

1- kabiliyet can 2- izin isterken 3 - ihtimal

Can you ride a horse? Can I borrow your ruler? Diving can be dangerous.

Could you ride a horse when you were a child? X Diving could have been dangerous.

need

gereklilik

The room needs cleaning. You needn't buy eggs. We have enough.

The room needed cleaning. You needn't have bought eggs. We had enough.

used to would

eski alkanlklar
*

I used to like fish before.(would kullanlmaz)

eski alkanlklar *

I would see the dentist every week before.

** durum bildiren fiillerle kullanlamaz. bkz. appendix 2

43

MODALS
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. It's not considered safe to leave your computer on when you are not in the office, so you____ do so. A) don't have to B) mustn't C) needn't D) haven't got to E) don't need to 02M

4. Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and ____ as a form of tax evasion. A) must not have been regarded B) had not been regarded C) should not be regarded D) would not have been regarded E) was not being regarded 06M

2. Applicants ____ the ability to work well in a multicultural environment and ____ to work to tight deadlines. A) have had / had been able B) should have / be able C) must have / were able D) will have / had had E) could have / have had 05M

5. If a financial gain is thereby achieved, then the time spent in the educational process____ seen as an investment. A) might have been B) would be C) was D) had been E) can be 07M

3. All hay fever sufferers will be aware of the pollen rain that ____ them in the spring and summer. A) should afflict B) can afflict C) had afflicted D) would afflict E) afflicted 06K

44

eviri sorular

1. Eer bir kiiyi kendi davan iin kazanmak istiyorsan, nce onu, onun gerek dostu olduuna ikna etmelisin. A) In winning a person to support your cause, you must first of all establish that you are truly his friend. B) Before you can win a man to your side, you must first prove to him that you are a faithful friend. C) If you want to win a man to your cause, you must first convince him that you are his true friend. D) The very first step in persuading to take up your cause is to impress on him that you are genuine friend of his. E) Should you wish to win a man over to your side, you have in the first place to convince him of your true friendship. 98M

3. Rescuers estimate that up to 5000 people may have died in a remote province of northern Afghanistan after an earthquake completely devastated the area. A) Blgeye giren kurtarma ekipleri, Kuzey Afganistann uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip eden bir depremden sonra 5000 kadar insann lm olabileceini bildirmektedir. B) Kurtarma grevlileri, Kuzey Afganistann uzak bir eyaletinde meydan gelen tahrip gc ok yksek depremden sonra 5000den fazla insann lm olduunu akladlar. C) Kurtarma uzmanlar, Kuzey Afganistann uzak bir eyaletini tamamen tahrip eden depremden sonra, en az 5000 kiinin lm olabileceinden endie etmektedirler. D) Kurtarma grevlilerince, en az 5000 kiinin lmne neden olan depremin, Kuzey Afganistann uzak bir eyaletini tamamen yerle bir ettii bildirilmitir. E) Kurtarma grevlileri, Kuzey Afganistann uzak bir eyaletinde, blgeyi tamamen tahrip eden bir depremden sonra 5000 kadar insann lm olabileceini tahmin ediyorlar. 99M

2. Eer hafif uaklar veya helikopterler mevcut olsayd, felaket alan zerinde bunlarla yaplacak alak uular, hasarn corafi boyutlar hakknda hzl bilgi salayabilirdi. A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, low altitude flights over the disaster area would yield rapid information on the geographic extent of the damage. B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, flights at low altitudes over the disaster area could have provided useful information as to the geographic extent of the disaster. C) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been established by low altitude flights If light aircraft and helicopters had been available. D) So long as light aircraft and helicopters for low altitude flights are available, valuable information concerning the geographic extent of the damage in the disaster can be obtained. E) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been rapidly learned if only light aircraft and helicopters could have been made available for low altitude flights. 99K

4. Cinsel iktidarszlk, yalanmann doal bir iareti olabilecei kadar, bnyede eker veya yksek tansiyon gibi ciddi bir gelimenin belirtisi de olabilir. A) Diabetes and hypertension, which are generally regarded as serious bodily developments, have the same symptoms as sexual impotence in old age. B) One of the serious developments that old age causes in the body is sexual impotence which may also be a common symptom of diabetes and hypertension. C) It is not only old age but also diabetes and hypertension which, as serious developments in the body, cause sexual impotence. D) The causes of sexual impotence, a natural condition of old age, are usually regarded as related to diabetes or hypertension. E) Sexual impotence can be as much a natural sign of growing old as the symptom of a serious development in the body, such as diabetes or hypertension. 99M

45

5. According to a report published last week, annual stipends for British graduate students should be increased by more than a third. A) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencilerinin yllk burslar te birden daha fazla artrlmaldr. B) Geen hafta aklanan rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencileri harlarnn yllk olarak te birden daha fazla artmas gerekir. C) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencilerinin te birinden daha fazlasnn yllk burslarnn artrlmas arttr. D) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapor dorultusunda, ngiliz lisansst renci harlarnn her yl te bir oranndan daha fazla artrlmasna karar verildi. E) Geen hafta aklanm olan bir rapora dayanarak, ngiliz lisansst rencilerine yaplan yllk demeler te birden daha fazla artrld. 00K

7. According to the "capitulations" generously granted by the Ottoman sultans, the foreigners operating within the Empire could import and sell goods at any price they chose and were largely exempt from taxes. A) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlara gre, imparatorluk iinde faaliyet gsteren yabanclar, mallar, tercih ettikleri herhangi bir fiyattan ithal edip satabiliyorlard ve byk lde vergiden muaftlar. B) Osmanl padiahlarnn cmerte verdii kapitlasyonlara gre, imparatorluk iinde ticaretle uraan yabanclar, istedikleri mal istedikleri fiyattan alp satabiliyor ve tm vergilerden muaf tutuluyorlard. C) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk iinde i sahibi yabanclar, mallarn istedikleri fiyattan ithal ediyor ve satyor, stelik ou hi vergi vermiyordu. D) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verdikleri kapitlasyonlarla, imparatorlukta yaayan yabanclara, her trl mal uygun grdkleri fiyattan ithal edip satma ve vergilerin tamamndan muaf olma hakk tanmlard. E) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk iinde yerlemi olan yabanclar, istedikleri mal, tercih ettikleri fiyattan ithal edip pazarlyor ve geni bir vergi muafiyetinden yararlanyorlard. 00M

6. In the first place, we should ask how it is possible for a wet rainforest to be ruined by fire. A) ncelikle youn nem ieren yamur ormanlarnn yangnla tahrip edilip edilemeyeceini aratrmamz gerekmektedir. B) lk nce bizce ok ya alan bir yamur ormannn yangnlarla yok edilmesinin nasl mmkn olduu aratrlmas gereken bir konudur. C) ncelikle sorgulamamz gereken, nemli bir yamur ormannn tahrip edebilecek bir yangnn nasl ortaya ktdr. D) Her eyden nce, nemli bir yamur ormannn yangnla tahrip edilmesinin nasl mmkn olduunu sormamz gerekiyor. E) Her eyden nce, youn ya alan yamur ormanlarnn yangnlarla yok edilmesinin mmkn olup olmayacan sormamz gerekecek. 00M

8. Sustainable development is a key concept that needs to be analyzed and debated before it can be implemented by the underdeveloped countries in the world. A) Srdrlebilir gelime, tanmlanmaya muhta ve tartlmaya ak; ancak dnyada az gelimi lkelerin uygulamalar iin kapsaml bir kavramdr. B) Srdrlebilir gelime, dnyada az gelimi lkelerce uygulanabilmesi iin ncelikle tanmlanmas ve yorumlanmas gereken salam bir kavramdr. C) Srdrlebilir gelime, tartlmas ve yorumlanmas gereken; ancak dnyadaki az gelimi lkelerin uygulayabilecei yararl bir kavramdr. D) Srdrlebilir gelime, dnyadaki az gelimi lkelerce uygulanmadan nce, irdelenmesi ve tartlmas gereken bir kavramdr . E) Srdrlebilir gelime, dnyadaki az gelimi lkelerin uygulamaya koymadan nce iyice tanmalar ve yorumlamalar gereken ok nemli bir kavramdr. 00M

46

9. Sosyal psikoloji asndan bakldnda, kltrn insanlar arasnda yaylmas, insan doasndaki, ounluu ve en baarl kiileri taklit etme eilimiyle ilikilendirilebilir. A) Considered from the point of view of social psychology, the spread of culture among humans can be related to the tendency in human nature to imitate the majority and the most successful individuals. B) From the point of view of social psychology, the spread of a culture seems to relate to man's desire to imitate either the majority or the most successful people. C) The spread of a culture, if we consider it from the point of view of social psychology, seems to be related to man's need to conform with the majority and successful individuals. D) As regards social psychology, the desire to stay with the majority and admire the successful has been an paramount force in the spread of culture. E) The spread of culture is the result of social psychology whereby man has a tendency to imitate the majority and the most successful individuals. 01M

11. Abu Dhabi may be the largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates, but it is Dubai that has come to the fore. A) Her ne kadar Dubai ok bilinse de Abu Dabi, Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni kuran yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olarak grlebilir. B) Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirlikten en by ve en zengini Abu Dabi'dir, ancak bunlardan en ok bilineni Dubai'dir. C) Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirlikten biri olan Abu Dabi, bunlarn en by ve en zenginidir ama Dubai daha ok bilinir. D) Abu Dabi, Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olabilir, ancak ne km olan Dubai'dir. E) Dubai daha iyi tannmakla birlikte, Abu Dabi'nin Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olduu kabul edilebilir. 04M

10. Under a new resolution passed by the Security Council, Iraq will once more have to place all its oil earnings under UN control. A) Gvenlik Konseyi'nin alm olduu yeni bir karara gre, Irak, petrol gelirlerinin tmn BM'nin denetimine brakmaya zorlanacaktr. B) Gvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karara gre, Irak'n tm petrol gelirleri BM denetimine braklmak zorundadr. C) Gvenlik Konseyi'nin ald yeni bir karar uyarnca, BM, Irak'n petrol gelirlerinin tmn denetim altna alacaktr. D) Irak'n tm petrol gelirlerinin BM tarafndan denetim altna alnacak olmas, Gvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karara dayanmaktadr. E) Gvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edilen yeni bir karar gereince, Irak, yine, tm petrol gelirlerini BM denetimine brakmak zorunda kalacaktr. 02K

12. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluta, aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn tam olarak korunduunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kurulutaki aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn yeterince korunduu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluun aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn olabildiince korunduunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Aznlk temsilcileri, bir siyasal kurulutaki karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kurulu, aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissettirmelidir. 06M

47

13. Yaklak olarak M.. 8. yzylda Homer tarafndan kaleme alnan Truva Sava hakkndaki destanlar, birka yzyl boyunca szl olarak korunmu olabilir. A) Homers epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transcribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transcribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition. 06M

15. A persons health history may reveal a disease that interferes with the bodys use of nutrients or that affects the persons eating habits. A) Kiinin salk yks, yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedeninin besinlerden yararlanma srecini etkileyen bir hastal aa karmada kullanlabilir. B) Kiinin salk yks, bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasn engelleyen veya kiinin yemek yeme alkanlklarn etkileyen bir hastal aa karabilir. C) nsann yemek yemesini engelleyen veya bedenin besinlerden yararlanma srecini etkileyen hastalklar, kiinin salk yksnden yararlanlarak ortaya karlabilir. D) Bir kiinin salk yksnden, hem onun yemek yeme alkanlklarn etkileyen hem de bedenin besinlerden yararlanmasn engelleyen hastalklar kolaylkla anlalabilir. E) Bedenin besinlerden yararlanma srecini etkileyen veya kiinin yemek yemesini engelleyen hastalklarn ou, kiinin salk yksnden anlalmaktadr 06K

14. ocuklar daha fazla bamszlk kazandka, onlarn genleri kendilerine uyan evreler yaratmak iin daha aktif bir tarzda ileyebilir. A) Once children start to grow more independent, their genes operate in a more positive manner to create environments that suit them better. B) As children get more independence their genes start to operate more forcefully to create what is for them a more congenial environment. C) As children gain more independence, their genes can operate in a more active manner to produce environments that suit them. D) When they attain more independence, children start to desire a more congenial environment and their genes work with them to attain it. E) Once children have attained a greater degree of independence, their genes prompt them to desire a more congenial environment. 06M

48

Cmle tamamlama sorular

Benzer cmle sorular

1. ____ I would never have felt the need to read them. A) Whichever of these modern plays he may decide to direct B) Unless some books on the care of house plants are given to me as a present C) However many cookery books my husband may care to give me D) Until I saw him intently reading those sermons E) If she had not written so enthusiastically about the diaries of Scott of the Antarctica 00K

1. I surely couldnt have been expected to forgive him readily as this wasnt the first time hed tried to cheat me. A) It was only natural that I should have been unwilling to forgive him as he had behaved dishonestly towards me on other occasions. B) As hed tried to cheat me on several previous occasions, I felt I was right not to forgive him this time. C) It was impossible for me not to forgive him even though hed tried to deceive me several times before. D) I might have been willing to forgive him if this had been the first Id caught him cheating me. E) Since this wasnt the first time hed attempted to deceive me I was obviously not going to forgive him. 98K

2. ____ ,we need to find ways to cope with it. A) As the disease wasnt cured B) If relaxation was essential for a healthy mind and body C) After we had learned the living conditions D) Whether he has confidence in our plans or not E) Since we can not remove stress from our lives 01M

2. All agree that the environment has to be protected, but should it really take priority over education and public health? A) Are we all agreed that the needs of environmental protection should take priority over the claims of education and public health? B) Though the need for environmental protection is not contested, do we really regard the claims of education, and public health as of less importance? C) It is not agreed that the claims of education and public health cannot be ranked below those of environmental protection? D) However pressing may be the needs of environmental protection, is it not generally agreed that those of education and public health should take priority? E) The claims of education and public health will come high on our list of priorities, but can't we agree to put those of environmental protection even higher? 99K

49

3. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father . A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise. B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal. C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greater pianist, but he ought to. D) As a pianist, he's just not the equal of his father and never will be, so he'd do well to accept the fact . E) The son seems set to surpass his father as a pianist; he even admits the fact 99K

5. They might just as well close the cafe for this year, as the tourists have all left. A) They cant be bothered to run the cafe after the tourist-season is over. B) Once the season is over and the tourists have gone, theyll probably decide to close the cafe. C) I think they plan to close the cafe once the tourists have all gone away. D) Theres no point in keeping the cafe open now, since the season is over and there are no more tourists around. E) Since the tourists have gone, they find it hardly profitable to keep the cafe open. 99M

4. I do wish they could have planned the journey so as to allow us a week in London. A) If only the travel arrangements had made it possible for us to spend a week in London. B) We hoped they would rearrange the programme to allow us a full week in London. C) Travel arrangements have been made so as to allow us a whole week in London. D) They have arranged for us to travel to London and spend a week there. E) They plan to allow us a week in London if thats what we wish. 99M

6. Millions of Germans are uneasy about the prospect of reform because they fear the process will be painful, but they suspect that in the long run it will have to come. A) As they expect the process of reform will prove extremely painful, millions of Germans are reluctant to admit that in the end it will have to come. B) Though it's obvious that, sooner or later reform is inevitable, the feeling among a lot of people in Germany is that it should be postponed for as long as possible. C) A great many people in Germany find the likelihood of reform worrying as they are afraid it will prove unpleasant, but they have a feeling that in the end it will be inevitable. D) Since the process of reform promises to be unpleasant, the majority of Germans are trying to pretend that it need never happen. E) Though they admit that there is a need for reform, millions of Germans nevertheless fear the process, which will inevitably be painful, and seek to postpone it. 00K

50

7. He finds the new job far more demanding than the old one, but I expect he'll soon get used to it. A) He has to put a lot more effort into this job than into the previous one, but he'll soon get used to it. B) His former job was easier than his present one, but that was because he was used to it. C) Once he was settled into his new job, he'll probably find it just as stimulating as his old one. D) Until he's familiar with the work in the new job, he's obviously going to find it less pleasant than the old one. E) Until he gets accustomed to the new job, he'll wish he had stayed in the old one. 01K

10. For many years now transport planners in the UK have been demanding that motorists pay directly for the use of roads. A) In the opinion of British transport planners, it is the motorists themselves who should have paid for the upkeep of the roads all these years. B) Over the years, transport planners in the UK have been suggesting that the upkeep of roads must be paid for by the motorists themselves. C) Transport planners in the UK have, for a long time now, been insisting that those who use the roads must pay for them directly. D) British transport planners recommended, a long time ago, that those who use the roads must pay for their upkeep directly. E) In Britain, transport planners have been arguing for many years that the upkeep of the roads is the responsibility of motorists. 03M

8. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car. A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M

11. He should have known better than to have left his son in charge of the factory if only for a week. A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of him to make his son responsible for the running of the factory. B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run the factory for as long as a week. C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could take his father's place in the factory for a week. D) He must have known that he couldn't leave his son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to the responsibility of running the factory for a week. 04M

9. We might well find that we need more than three weeks in which to complete a report of this kind. A) It shouldn't take us more than three weeks to finish a report like this one. B) We might as well try to get this report finished within three weeks. C) I don't imagine we can get through this report in three weeks, but we can try. D) A report of this kind has never been drawn up in under three weeks. E) It's quite likely that three weeks won't be sufficient for us to finalize such a report. 03M

12. You should be able to tell the meaning of this word from its context. A) The context of the word gives one a pretty good idea of what it must mean. B) Out of context I couldn't say what this word means. C) As you know the subject well, can't you make out what he's trying to say? D) You don't know the word but you can still make an educated guess as to what it means. E) It wasn't difficult to figure out what he was trying to say. 05K

51

13. I don't believe she is particularly clever, but she has a great deal of charm and people tend to do what she wants. A) Though she really is not very intelligent, she has charm and people are always pleased to accept her leadership. B) She may not be very bright, I personally don't think she is; but she certainly has a winning way with people so they generally act in the way she wants. C) Her intelligence is no more than average, but she makes up for this with charm, so she can manipulate people easily. D) It is as much her charm as her intelligence that enables her to make people act in the way she wants them to. E) She doesn't need to be intelligent as she has the gift of knowing-how to charm people so that they act in the way she wants. 05M

15. Some scientists think that a meteor impact, that occurred around 65 million years ago, may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. A) In the opinion of some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs could have been the result of the impact of a meteor which occurred roughly 65 million years ago. B) According to some scientists, the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by a meteor that struck Earth 657 million or so years ago. C) Some scientists reckon that the impact of a meteor that struck Earth some 65 million years ago need not have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. D) These scientists agree that the impact of a meteor over 65 million years ago must have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. E) The extinction of the dinosaurs could only have been caused by a meteor impact that occurred some 65 million years ago. 05M

14. I can't understand why we haven't heard from him yet: he must have received the parcel several days ago. A) Surely he would have contacted us immediately on receiving the parcel; but it's hardly likely that it hasn't reached him. B) I'm worried because he still hasn't contacted us could it be that the parcel still hasn't reached him? C) It's odd that he still hasn't got in touch with us: surely the parcel reached him at least a day or two ago. D) I was sure he'd get in touch with us about the parcel; could it be that he hasn't received it yet? E) He really ought to have got in touch with us before this, unless, of course, he still hasn't received the parcel. 05M

16. The sooner we get the new system into action, the better. A) Once the new system is working, the situation will improve. B) We should get the new system working as soon as possible. C) Sooner or later we'll have to install a new system. D) At some future date a new system is going to be necessary. E) We are going to get a new system installed without delay. 05M

52

17. Of all the decisions a free people must face, the question of war or peace is the most crucial. A) A free people is never confronted by a more momentous choice than that of war or peace. B) The choice of war or peace is a critical one, but all free people do, on occasion, have to face it. C) The issue of war or peace is a vital one but free people sometimes have to come up against it. D) When confronted with the choice of war or peace free people realize it is the most momentous of all issues. E) The most critical choice that a free people is ever called upon to make concerns the issue of war or peace. 06M

19. I'm not sure, but I have a nasty feeling he didn't do at all well at the interview. A) Actually, in my opinion, he may have done a lot better at the interview than he fears. B) I hope I'm wrong but from what I can gather he made a real mess of the interview. C) It's not definite yet, but I suspect he didn't perform as well as he claims at the interview. D) I could be wrong but I'm afraid his performance at the interview was rather poor. E) It's not very nice of me, and I may be mistaken, but I don't think he was any good at the interview. 02M

18. An engineer must attempt to foresee possible misuses of a product by a consumer, and take this into account in his design. A) When designing a product an engineer should consider how a consumer might misuse it, and adjust the design accordingly. B) An engineer should never forget that his products will be misused and so he must make them as safe as possible. C) In designing a product, an engineer should remember that it will most likely be misused by consumers unless his design prevents this. D) An engineer should design products that consumers cannot possibly misuse. E) Engineers know that, however well a product has been designed, consumers will always find a way to misuse it. 07M

53

Bu durumda sylenebilecek cmle

1. You have moved to a new house and are looking for a fairly large, original picture to hang near the front door. You have a friend whose taste you trust and who has a lot of friends in the art world. You think he can help you find something suitable, so you say to him; A) I wish youd keep an eye open for a picture that would look good on the wall by my front door. B) I dont own a picture large enough to hang at the top of the stairs. C) The picture neednt be large but it must be imaginative and colorful. I leave the rest to you. D) Should I commission someone to paint a picture to hang on that wall? E) How much would I have to pay for an original picture of the right size for this wall? 98M

3. A friend of yours has fallen and broken his leg. it will have to be in plaster for quite some time. Since he's normally a very active person, he's going to find it very difficult to lead a more sedentary life. You can't offer much comfort but do your best and say: A) Im afraid your leg won't heal for a long time. B) What are you going to do all day stuck here? C) What were you doing? You must have been very careless. D) What's happened has happened. You'll just have to make the best of it. E) Even when they take the plaster off, it will still be difficult to walk! 04K

2. You need a book from the library rather urgently but just can't spare the time to go there. You overhear a colleague say he's going to the library, so you write down the title of the book you want and the author on a slip of paper, and you go up to him and say: A) Next time you go to the library there's a book I want you to borrow for me. B) As you're going to the library anyway, would you mind taking this book out for me? C) I do wish you'd let me know when you're going to the library, so you can take out any book I might need. D) I shall be needing this book shortly. Can you get it for me? E) If you're going anywhere near the library I wish you'd choose some nice light reading for me. 02K

4. A friend's child is acting in a very disturbing way. You feel that professional help is urgently needed, so you say to your friend and her husband: A) Why don't you wait a little? l think you're being over-anxious. B) all children go through difficult limes. C) I really think you ought to consult a psychiatrist as soon as possible. D) It's probably just a phase he's going through. Not to worry. E) You must come to some agreement between yourselves before going to a psychiatrist. 04M

54

5. Your director at work has offered you a promotion. You dont want to take the position even though there would be a large pay increase, because it would involve moving your family to another city. You go to the director and say: A) What do you think I should do? B) Thank you for considering me for this position, but Ive decided Id rather stay where I am for now. C) Could you give me a week to think it over? D) How much would my salary increase were I to take this promotion? E) Ill take the position only if I can find a good job for my wife and good schools for my children. 06K

55

KEY TO MODALS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1B 2B 3B 4C 5E CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1E 2E BU DURUMDA SYLENEBLECEK CMLE 1 * 2B 3D 4C 5B

EVR 1C 2B 3E 4E 5A 6D 7A 8D 9A 10 E 11 D 12 B 13 D 14 C 15 B

BENZER CMLE 1A 2B 3D 4B 5 * 6 A* 7A 8D 9E 10 C 11 A 12 A 13 B 14 C 15 A 16 B 17 E 18 A 19 E*

56

If Clauses

Future possibility if + V1 , will/may/can + V1 gelecekle ilgili ihtimaller, She will apply for the job, if they have a position. Mr. Clark will have an operation, if the doctor thinks its necessary. We will buy some gas if we run out of it.

Real present if + V1 , V1 fiziksel gerekler, If you heat the water, it boils. The sun rises from the east.

Unreal present if + V2 , would/could/might + V1 iinde bulunulan zamanla ilgili varsaymlar, If I were* a teacher, I would give high marks to my students. (ama retmen deilim.) I could take photos if I had my camera with me now. (ama fotoraf makinem yanmda deil.) If Ezgi were taller, she could reach the glass. (fakat boyu uzun deil.)

Unreal past if + had V3 , would/could/might + have V3 gemi iin sylenen varsaymlar, If you had warned them earlier, they wouldnt have gone to that forest. (uyarmadn ve ormana gittiler.) My grandpa could have lived longer if he hadnt smoked. (fakat sigara iiyordu ve ld.) Jason wouldnt have had an accident if he had driven carefully. (ama dikkatsiz srd ve kaza yapt.)

Varsaymn gerek olmadn belirtmek iin was yerine were tercih edilir.

57

Mixed Clauses unreal present + unreal past If he were a successful businessman, he wouldnt have gone bankrupt. (baarl bir i adam deil ve bu yzden iflas etti.) If I were Jack, I would have already resigned. (ama onun yerinde deilim.)

unreal past + unreal present If he had raised her son better, he wouldnt be in the jail now. (olunu iyi yetitiremedi ve olu u an hapiste.) If she had passed her exams, she would be a seventh grader now. (snavn geemedi ve hala altnc snfta.)

Unless (if not) If you dont do what she wants, she will cry all day. Unless you do what she wants, she will cry all day. They will cut on your wage, if you dont go on time. They will cut on your wage, unless you go on time.

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IF CLAUSES
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. If they ____ what sort of a person he was, they ____ him their support. A) would know / didnt give B) knew / wont give C) had known / wouldnt have given D) would have known / hadnt given E) have known / havent given 98K

4. If we ____ the terms of the contract, all the paint-work in the building ____ finished by the 15th of next month. A) are to meet / will have to be B) were meeting / will be C) met / would have had to be D) had met / is being E) will meet / was being 98M

2. ____ the embargo imposed on us is lifted in the near future, we cant hope for any economic recovery. A) Whereas B) While C) Because D) In case E) Unless 98M

5. Marxism ____ an important movement in Britain even though it ____ its origin here. A) would never have been / takes B) had never been / would take C) never was / has taken D) would never be / would have taken E) has never been / took 99M

3. Most newspapers are of the opinion that if a majority of Scots really ____ independence, the British Parliament has no option but ____ to their wishes. A) did want / had acceded B) wanted / have acceded C) had wanted / would have acceded D) do want / to accede E) would have wanted / acceded 98M

6. Julius Caesar ____ a great historian if the making of history ____ him the time and the inclination to write it. A) could be / could have allowed B) would be / allowed C) had been / would have allowed D) would have been / could allow E) could have been / had allowed 01K

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7. Had it not been for the variety and flexibility of its trades, Huddersfield, like so many of the other textile towns, ______ into a decline in the 20th century. A) was going B) had gone C) would have gone D) would go E) had been going 01M

11. One day humans ____on Mars if US President Bush's recently announced plans ____to fruition. A) could be walking / come B) would walk / had come C) can be walking /will come D) would have walked / come E) will be walking / might come 05M

8. If she____ to the interview in a more positive state of mind, she ____a better impression. A) will go / would make B) goes / has made C) had gone / might have made D) would go / had made E) has gone / makes 02M

12. If you _____ a car, you _____ its performance, not its appearance. A) were buying / had been considering B) were buying / would have considered C) bought / had considered D) have bought / would have been considered E) are buying / should be considering 05K

9. If Britain ____ the euro, say in 2004, the stability pact ____ highly important. A) will be joining / is becoming B) has joined / will have become C) will have joined / will become D) would join / has become E) were to join / would become 02K

13. The acquisition of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at the cinema. But education can also help advance in a chosen career ____success is achieved in specific examinations. A) even so B) since C) if D) as if E) unless 07M

10. Is seems that, even if big western companies____ to help develop lifesaving GM ( genetically modified ) seeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ____to accept them. A) will be willing/ is ready B) has been willing / will be ready C) had been willing/ would be ready D) would be willing/ was ready E) were willing / would be ready 04M

14. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ____they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) but B) since C) unless D) when E) if 07M

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eviri sorular

1. Eer bir kiiyi kendi davan iin kazanmak istiyorsan, nce onu, onun gerek dostu olduuna ikna etmelisin. A) In winning a person to support your cause, you must first of all establish that you are truly his friend. B) Before you can win a man to your side, you must first prove to him that you are a faithful friend. C) If you want to win a man to your cause, you must first convince him that you are his true friend. D) The very first step in persuading to take up your cause is to impress on him that you are genuine friend of his. E) Should you wish to win a man over to your side, you have in the first place to convince him of your true friendship. 98M

3. Malthus, z olarak, eer nfus geim imknlarndan daha hzl artarsa, bunun daha dk bir yaam dzeyine yol aacan iddia ediyordu. A) In essence, what Malthus claimed was that when a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, living standards dropped. B) Malthus claimed in essence that, if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, this would lead to lower living standards. C) The essence of what Malthus suggested was that if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, a lowering of living standards could be inevitable. D) The claim of Malthus was that a lowering of living standards was inevitable as the population had grown faster than the means of subsistence. E) According to Malthus, living standards would naturally fall as the population was growing faster than the means of subsistence. 01M

2. Eer hafif uaklar veya helikopterler mevcut olsayd, felaket alan zerinde bunlarla yaplacak alak uular, hasarn corafi boyutlar hakknda hzl bilgi salayabilirdi. A) If light aircraft or helicopters were available, low altitude flights over the disaster area would yield rapid information on the geographic extent of the damage. B) Had light aircraft or helicopters been ready, flights at low altitudes over the disaster area could have provided useful information as to the geographic extent of the disaster. C) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been established by low altitude flights If light aircraft and helicopters had been available. D) So long as light aircraft and helicopters for low altitude flights are available, valuable information concerning the geographic extent of the damage in the disaster can be obtained. E) The geographic extent of the damage in the disaster area could have been rapidly learned if only light aircraft and helicopters could have been made available for low altitude flights. 99K

4. Bir ocuk, doduu zaman annesiyle babas evliyse "meru"dur. A) The parents married when the child was born, making it "legitimate". B) A child is said to be "legitimate" if its parents are married before it is born. C) A "legitimate" child is one whose parents are married at the time of its birth. D) The child is "legitimate" as, when it was born, the parents were married. E) A child is "legitimate" if its parents are married when it is born. 02M

61

5. Eer Rusya reform yapacak ve sonuta mreffeh olacaksa, gvenli ve istikrarl bir blgeye ve yeni yatrmlara ihtiya duyacaktr. A) Russia can only reform and consequently prosper once a safe and stable neighbor exists and new investments are made. B) Russia will get the reforms she needs and eventually prosper if the neighborhood becomes safe and stable and there are new investments. C) A secure and stable environment and new investments are essential if Russia is to achieve these reforms and eventually prosper. D) There will have to be a safe and stable environment and more investments before Russia can introduce reforms and consequently prosper. E) If Russia is to reform and eventually prosper, it will need a secure and stable neighborhood, and new investments. 02K

7. Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labor Party won. A) Geen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, i Partisi kazand takdirde, be yl tam dnem hizmet edeceini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eer i Partisi kazanrsa, be yl daha hizmet edeceini geen sonbaharda aklamt. C) Geen sonbaharda i Partisinin kazanmas zerine, Tony Blair grevini be yl daha srdreceini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, i Partisinin kazanmasnn kendisine be yl tam dnem hizmet olana salayaca yolundaki aklamasn geen sonbaharda yapt. E) Geen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eer i Partisi kazanrsa, bir be yl daha hizmet etmek istediini syledi. 06K

6. A barometer measures air pressure, and if you watch the weather forecasts you will see that an increase in air pressure often signals fair weather, whereas a drop in air pressure may mean that a storm is on the way. A) Barometre hava basncn ler ve hava tahminlerini izlerseniz, hava basncndaki bir artn ou kez iyi havaya iaret ettiini, ancak hava basncndaki bir dmenin ise frtnann yolda olduu anlamna gelebildiini grrsnz. B) Barometrenin hava basncn olduunu biliyorsanz, hava tahminlerini izlediinizde hava basncndaki bir artn ou kez iyi havann, basntaki bir dmenin de frtnann yaklatnn habercisi olduunu anlarsnz. C) Hava basnc barometreyle llr ve hava tahminlerinde genellikle, hava basnc artarsa hava nin iyi olaca, basnta bir dme meydana gelirse frtnann yolda olabilecei sylenir. D) Hava tahminlerini izleyenler, barometrenin hava basncn ltn ve hava basnc artarsa iyi havann, derse de genellikle frtnann yolda olduunu bilirler. E) Hava basnc barometreyle llr ve hava tahminlerinde hava basncndaki bir artn ou kez iyi havaya, basntaki bir dmenin ise frtnann yolda olduuna iaret ettii sylenir. 05M

62

Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. I would naturally have felt extremely disappointed ____ . A) since he must have been by far the best applicant B) unless the competition has had very few entrants C) even though the two teams were extraordinarily well matched D) if they hadnt sent us an invitation to the concert E) as the first prize went to a racist author 98K

4. ____ unless there is an agreement to the contrary. A) copyright is a form of protection provided to the creators of "original works of authorship" B) The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work C) There is list of countries that maintain copyright relations with the United States D) Works by the US government were not eligible for copyright protection E) Works consisting entirely of information that is common property were given no such protection 04M

2. ____, a multitude of new residential developments are underway. A) Unless the first impression is a good one B) Once the new marina had started C) If there were a reception centre to greet prospective customers D) Since Dubai would like to persuade people to stay on a more permanent basis E) As if they have benefited from the swimming pool and sports facilities 03M

5. Teachers cannot be criticized for failing to promote engineering ____. A) so the manner in which design is presented is of first importance B) that it is not a required field of study in most technical universities C) whether students should follow enough maths and science courses to quality for engineering school D) if they have not been exposed to it themselves E) as all the young children had a flair for designing and building 04M

3. If only the tax return over the year had been as high as had been predicted, _____. A) this can easily be accounted for B) they have underestimated their economic commitments C) some people regard accounting as an art, not a science D) companies are no longer the unified, selfcontained organizations that they used to be E) such increased government outlays on public services would have been feasible 03M

6. The overall quality of life in todays world cannot be improved ____ . A) just as population growth would strain the global urban environment B) while the underdeveloped countries were ignored completely by international agencies like the United Nations and the World Bank C) as the population of that part of the world rose from 800 million in 1960 to 1.2 billion in 1985 D) unless the developed countries are prepared to offer a helping hand to the underdeveloped E) whenever the OECD declines to support a series of projects for the development of poorer countries 98K

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7. If only they had realized that our supplies were running out ____ . A) the crisis might still be avoided B) those in charge could put the matter right C) nobody could appreciate the gravity of the situation D) there were reinforcement ready to be sent out E) they would most certainly have done something about it 98M

10. Unless they promise to use some of the money to improve career prospects for young scientists, ____ . A) the issue under discussion has been dropped B) there were a number of things we had to take into account C) no one else thought of opposing the scheme D) the money left over from donations could be included E) we feel we cannot give our support to the campaign 00M

8. Unless the Central European countries can keep their labor costs at this level, ____ . A) exports are already starting to drop B) they havent been able to compete with Western Europe C) unrest in these countries would have been unavoidable D) the finished products will have to go up in price E) a firm control of distribution and sales has not proved adequate 99K

11. If aluminum is used in place of steel in bridge construction, ______. A) this would be especially suitable in long-span bridges B) resistance to atmospheric corrosion had been better C) there would have been a reduction in maintenance costs D) erection and foundation costs will be lower E) there had been a considerable increase in the safe volume of traffic 01M

9. ____ I would never have felt the need to read them. A) Whichever of these modern plays he may decide to direct B) Unless some books on the care of house plants are given to me as a present C) However many cookery books my husband may care to give me D) Until I saw him intently reading those sermons E) If she had not written so enthusiastically about the diaries of Scott of the Antarctica 00K

12. Unless a country can establish the fact that its economy is sound_____. A) only the very rich have risked their money there B) the world's public and private lenders alike refuse to extend loans C) trade-agreements were rarely made in its favour D) the industrial projects there did not receive adequate backing E) even an abundance of mineral resources could not have saved the situation 01M

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13. The manual workers in the automobile factory are threatening to go on strike ____. A) if they do not receive an adequate pay rise B) after their pay claim is granted C) that working conditions are not improving fast enough D) even if the union hadn't offered any support E) which is due to start next week 02M

16. If the company is to invest in long-term growth, ____ . A) the main aim is nevertheless to improve customer relations B) there was still a need for short-term profits C) it will clearly have to sacrifice short-term profits D) a new sales force is already being trained E) the investment would ultimately yield a return 05M

14. The evacuation of the World Trade Center towers might have been easier ____. A) unless some of the steel columns had been heated beyond their melting point B) since in some places stairways are required to be in different corners of tall buildings C) if the multiple stairways had not all been in the central core of the building D) so long as effective fire-proofing had been installed E) after so many of the offices had already been vacated 02M

17. We are determined to give the contract to an architect____. A) since a great many problems had already arisen B) whose handling of the interiors was outstanding C) who is committed to environmentally responsible design D) until we learn the kind of garden that is possible E) if their requirements were even slightly unusual 05M

15. If there had bee no one to encourage her and feed her ego at this time, ____. A) she might well have given up writing altogether B) the critics were indeed merciless C) Even her best novels attracted little attention D) Like many of her friendships, this one was short-lived E) She has not been able to repeat the success 05K

18. If there is too much mineral accumulation in the compost, ____. A) roots get burnt and plants die B) some plants need less fertilizer than others C) the flowering season was greatly reduced D) most plants grow far more quickly in wet areas E) the growing conditions also need to be considered 07M

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Benzer cmle sorular

1. I would willingly have lent you the money myself if only I'd known you needed it. A) As I realized just how necessary the loan was to you, I naturally lent you what you needed. B) I am quite willing to give you a loan myself if you can convince me that it is necessary. C) Had I realized that you were in need of such a loan, I would gladly have lent it to you myself. D) I would lend you the money willingly if I were convinced that you really require it. E) I was under no obligation to offer you a loan, but nevertheless did so gladly. 99K

3. If I had heard about this conference on Satellite Services even a little earlier, I would most certainly have prepared a paper for it. A) Unfortunately, I havent had sufficient time to write a paper for that conference on Satellite Services, though I would very much have liked to have done so. B) I knew nothing about this conference on Satellite Services until it was too late to write a paper for it, but I certainly would have if time had allowed. C) Theres still time to write a paper for that conference they are talking about on Satellite Services, and I would certainly like to do so. D) If only they had informed me about the conference on Satellite Services, I would definitely have got this paper ready a lot earlier. E) If they had given out some information about the conference on Satellite Services at an earlier date, it might have been possible to have given a paper there. 01M

2. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M

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KEY TO IF CLAUSES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1C 2E 3D 4A 5E 6E 7C 8C 9E 10 E 11 A 12 E 13 C 14 A CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1D 2D 3E 4B 5D 6D 7E 8D 9E 10 E 11 D 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 A 16 C 17 C 18 A BENZER CMLE 1C 2D 3B

EVR 1C 2B 3B 4E 5E 6A 7A

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Wish Clauses
Present wish + V2 or wish + could/ would V1 pimanlk duyduumuz geni zaman olaylar, I wish I could read Arabic. (ama Arapa okuyamyorum.) I wish I were* more courageous. (fakat cesur deilim.) bizi sinirlendiren insanlar yada olaylar, I wish you would stop speaking! I wish you would tell my name right! I wish people wouldnt smoke in closed areas! hayaller, I wish I were handsome. (fakat yakkl deilim.) I wish she were in love with me! (ama bana ak deil.) elimizde olmayan nedenler, I wish there were not terror in the world. (fakat dnyada terr var.) I wish we didnt have economical problems. (maalesef ekonomik sorunlarmz var.)

Past wish + had V3 or wish + could/would V3

pimanlk duyduumuz gemi zaman olaylar, I wish I had studied for the exam. (ama snava almadm.) I wish she had accepted my proposal. (fakat teklifimi kabul etmedi.) I wish I could have gone the Cranberries concert. (fakat konsere gidemedim.)

Future wish + could/ would gelecekle ilgili dilekler, I wish you could visit us in New York next week. I wish Amelie would like my present. I wish you would get the job this time.

durum gerek olmad iin was yerine were tercih edilir.

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WISH CLAUSES
IKMI SORULAR

Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. If only they had realized that our supplies were running out ____ . A) the crisis might still be avoided B) those in charge could put the matter right C) nobody could appreciate the gravity of the situation D) there were reinforcement ready to be sent out E) they would most certainly have done something about it 98M

4. While most people still saw computers as science fiction, ____. A) the discriminating few immediately appreciated their advantages B) the early ones were large in size and low in performance C) they continue to get smaller and more versatile D) it is hard to imagine how banks earned on their work without them E) a majority still wish they had never been invented 04M

2. ____ , it was not long before they could resume broadcasting. A) If only their permit had been renewed B) Once the fault in the system had been found C) So long as the electrical supply remains stable D) Since the maintenance team were on leave E) However unwelcome the delay might be 98M

5. If only she had come up with some positive suggestions, ____. A) the scheme certainly had very many drawbacks B) nobody else is likely to complain C) so far this is the best thesis to be submitted D) the others will already have been rejected E) I wouldnt have minded her criticism of the project 06K

3. If only the tax return over the year had been as high as had been predicted, ____. A) this can easily be accounted for B) they have underestimated their economic commitments C) some people regard accounting as an art, not a science D) companies are no longer the unified, selfcontained organizations that they used to be E) such increased government outlays on public services would have been feasible 03M

70

Benzer cmle sorular

Bu durumda sylenebilecek cmle

1. I would willingly have lent you the money myself if only I'd known you needed it. A) As I realized just how necessary the loan was to you, I naturally lent you what you needed. B) I am quite willing to give you a loan myself if you can convince me that it is necessary. C) Had I realized that you were in need of such a loan, I would gladly have lent it to you myself. D) I would lend you the money willingly if I were convinced that you really require it. E) I was under no obligation to offer you a loan, but nevertheless did so gladly. 99K

1. A neighbor is going to a big reunion dinner that you know your brother, who is a well-known local figure, will also attend. You think the two of them should meet, so you say; A) My brother is sure to be there at the reunion, and I expect hell recognize you. B) If only Id been going too I would have introduced you to my brother. C) My brother is a lot like you, so its only natural that you should have got on well. D) Ive told my brother about your suggestion, and he seemed interested. E) My brother will also be there. Everybody knows him. So, do introduce yourself to him and give him my greetings 98M

2. I do wish they could have planned the journey so as to allow us a week in London. A) If only the travel arrangements had made it possible for us to spend a week in London. B) We hoped they would rearrange the programme to allow us a full week in London. C) Travel arrangements have been made so as to allow us a whole week in London. D) They have arranged for us to travel to London and spend a week there. E) They plan to allow us a week in London if thats what we wish. 99M

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KEY TO WISH CLAUSES CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1E 2B 3E 4A 5E BENZER CMLE 1C 2B BU DURUMDA SYLENEBLECEK CMLE 1 E

72

Reported Speech
bir konumay aktarmak istediimizde, Sally says I like meeting new people. Sally says (that) she likes meeting new people. Duke said Im learning how to cook. Duke said that he was learning how to cook. Not: Eer aktarma fiili geni zamansa, geni zaman olarak kalabilir. Bu bize ifadenin hala doru olduunu gsterir. Melina says My new flat is quite small. Melina says her new flat is quite small. (halen ayn evde olduunu gsteriyor) Melina said that her new flat was quite small.

tell somebody say to somebody

Sevil told me I will give up smoking. Sevil told me that she would give up smoking. Sevil said to me that she would give up smoking. ifadeleri reported speech e evirirken present He said I am teaching at the university. He said he was teaching at the university. She said I painted the room in red. She said she had painted the room in red. Frat said I will see the dentist. He said he would see the dentist. past olur.

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Aadaki tabloda tensein nasl deitiini grebilirsiniz.

TENSE
The simple present The present continuous The simple past The past continuous The present perfect The present perfect cont. The past perfect The past perfect cont. The simple future The future perfect Modals

DIRECT
Kyle said I walk slow.

INDIRECT
Kyle said he walked slow.

Kyle said I am walking slow.

Kyle said he was walking slow.

Kyle said I walked slow.

Kyle said he (had) walked slow.

Kyle said I was walking slow.

Kyle said he was (had been) walking slow.

Kyle said I have walked slow.

Kyle said he had walked slow.

Kyle said I have been walking slow.

Kyle said he had been walking slow.

Kyle said I had walked slow.

Kyle said he had walked slow.

Kyle said I had been walking slow. Kyle said I will walk slow.

Kyle said he had been walking slow. Kyle said he would walk slow.

Kyle said I will have walked slow. Kyle said I should walk. Kyle said I may walk. Kyle said I must walk.

Kyle said he would have walked slow. Kyle said he should walk.*** Kyle said he may walk. Kyle said he had to walk.

Soru sorarken, Rick asked Jane Where are you going? He asked where she was going. Marvin asked Ed What do you want? He asked Ed what he wanted. Not: Eer yes-no sorusuysa if yada whether yaps kullanlr. Norah asked Sonia Are you coming to the party? Norah asked her if/ whether she was coming to the party. Judy asked Doris Do you like rock music? She asked him if/ whether he liked rock music.

74

 aadaki kelimeler de ifade reported speech e evrilirken deitirilir. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

yesterday last week, last year ago today tonight tomorrow next week, next Saturday this here

the previous day the previous week, the previous year before that day that night the following day the following week, the following Saturday that there

He said I am not going to be here next week. He said he was not going to be there the following week. Morgan said I was in the cinema yesterday. Morgan said he had been in the cinema the previous day. aktarrken say yada tell yerine ifadeyi daha iyi tanmlayan bir fiil kullanabiliriz. The officer told the sergeant Gather the soldiers at the field! The officer ordered the sergeant to gather the soldiers. The little boy told his mum Please mum, I want to go out! He begged his mum to go out. The guard said Dont touch anything! He warned us not to touch anything. My friend said Why dont stay here? He suggested me to stay there. Bu ekilde kullanabileceimiz dier fiiller: advise, agree, boast, claim, command, complain, confirm demand, deny, explain, hope, insist, promise, propose, reply, request, suppose, suspect, think

75

REPORTED SPEECH
IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. For a hundred years or so some critics ____ that poetry is dying and all that time poets ____ poems that later generations recognize as great. A) have maintained / have been writing B) maintained / wrote C) had maintained / were writing D) maintain / are writing E) would maintain / had been writing 98M

4. He is hoping that, by the time he ____ for the grant, his book on Egyptian, silverwork ____. A) has to apply / will have been published B) had applied / had been published C) was to apply / has been published D) will be applying / would have been published E) would have applied / will be published 04M

2. The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague ____ on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ____ together. A) would agree / had been heard B) have agreed / have been heard C) were agreed / will be heard D) agreed / would be heard E) had agreed / were heard 02M

5. He certainly ____ party members last weekend when he announced that he ____ to regain his party chairmanship. A) has shocked / had not sought B) would have shocked / will not seek C) had shocked / would not have sought D) was to shock / is not seeking E) shocked / would not seek 06M

3. Socrates ____ that we ____ with the improvement of our souls. A) must have said / would be concerned B) had said / had to be concerned C) was saying / should have been concerned D) has said / had been concerned said E) said / should be concerned 04K

76

eviri sorular

1. In his talk he stressed that economic relationships are complicated and changeable, since everything happens at once. A) Konumasnda, ekonomik ilikilerin karmak olduunu ve srekli deitiini, bunun da her eyin bir anda olup bitmesine yol atn ileri srd. B) Yapt konumada, her eyin bir anda olup bitmesinin nedeninin ekonomik ilikilerdeki karmaklk ve deikenlik olduunu iddia etti. C) Olaylarn bir anda olup bitmesi sonucu ekonomik ilikilerin ne denli aprak ve farkl olduunu konumasnda aka ortaya koydu. D) Konumasnda da belirttii gibi, ekonomik ilikiler hem karmak hem de deiken, nk her ey aniden ortaya kyor. E) Konumasnda, her ey bir anda olup bittii iin ekonomik ilikilerin karmak ve deiken olduunu vurgulad. 98K

3. At a press conference today the Prime Minister of Yemen announced that his Government had been granted a loan by the World Bank to assist the implementation of the Rural Development Project started two years ago. A) Bugn yapt bir basn toplantsnda Yemen Babakan iki yldan beri srdrlen Ky Kalknma Projesi iin Dnya Bankasnca hkmetine kredi salanacan aklad. B) Bugn yapt bir basn toplantsnda, Yemen Babakan iki yldan beri uygulanmakta olan Ky Kalknma Projesinin sonulandrlmas amacyla Dnya Bankasnn hkmetine kaynak saladn syledi. C) Yemen Babakan bugn bir basn toplants yaparak, iki yl sreyle uygulanacak olan Ky kalknma Projesinin tamamlanabilmesi iin hkmetin Dnya Bankasndan kredi isteyeceini belirtti. D) Bugn bir basn toplantsnda konuan Yemen Babakan, iki yl nce balatlan Ky Kalknma Projesinin yrtlebilmesi iin hkmetin Dnya Bankasndan yeni bir kredi saladn bildirdi. E) Bugn bir basn toplantsnda, Yemen Babakan iki yl nce balatlm olan Ky kalknma Projesinin uygulanmasna katkda bulunmak amacyla Dnya Bankas tarafndan hkmete kredi verildiini aklad. 98K

2. Ynetim kurulu yakn gelecekte hibir cret art yaplmayacan aka belirtti. A) The board declared that the question of any wage increase could be brought up again in the near future. B) It was openly stated by the board that no increase at all in the wages could be seen in the near future. C) The board declared that there could be no question of any wage increase in the near future. D) The board made it clear that there would be no wage increase whatsoever in the near future. E) The board announced that no wage increase was to be expected in the near future. 99K

4. Adam Smith, bir lkenin yksek kaliteli rnler retmede gerekli becerileri kazanmas iin en az 50 yllk deneyime ihtiyac olduunu iddia etmitir. A) The essential skills required for the production of high-quality goods can, as Adam Smith explained, only be acquired over a period of 50 years in any country. B) According to Adam Smith, a period of at least 50 years of experience is essential for the acquisition of the skills needed for high-quality production in a country. C) As Adam Smith pointed out, at least 50 years of experience is necessary if a country is to produce high-quality goods. D) Adam Smith claimed that at least 50 years of experience were needed for a country to acquire the necessary skills to turn out high-quality products. E) Adam Smith asserted that the production of high-quality goods in a country depended on the acquisition of skills gained over a period of 50 years. 99K

77

5. It has been announced that merger between the two banks is set to go ahead after approval from their boards. A) ki bankann birlemesi iin gerekli ilemlerin kendi kurullarnn onayndan sonra balatlaca sylendi. B) ki banka arasndaki birlemenin, kendi kurullarnn onayndan sonra gerekleecei akland. C) ki banka arasndaki birlemenin gerekleebilmesi iin kurullardan onay alndktan sonra ilem yaplaca duyuruldu. D) Akland zere, iki banka arasndaki birleme ancak kurullarn onayndan sonra balayacak. E) Duyurulduuna gre, iki banka arasndaki birlemenin kesin olarak gerekleebilmesi, kurullarn onayna bal. 99M

7. Bakan, son istatistiklere atfta bulunarak, Amerika nn baz kentlerinde su orannn son on yl iinde hzla artm olduunu ifade etti. A) The President announced that, according to some recent statistics, the rate of crime in a number of American cities had clearly risen substantially over the past decade. B) Citing recent statistics, the President stated that, over the last decade, the crime rate in some cities of America had risen rapidly. C) As the President pointed out with reference to recent statistics, since the last decade, the number of crimes in various major American cities has risen sharply. D) The president argued that, in view of recent statistical evidence, the rapid rise in the rate of crime in some American cities during the last decade called for serious action. E) As the President has pointed out, it appears from recent statistics that, over the last decade, there has been a considerable rise in the crime rate in some American cities. 99M

6. The Serbian justice minister stated that the Serbians indicted for war crimes would not be sent to the Hague for trial by the war-crimes tribunal. A) Sava suu ilemi Srplarn yarglamak zere Lahey deki sava sular mahkemesine gnderilmesine Srp adalet bakn itiraz etti. B) Srp adalet bakannn yapt aklamaya gre, sava suu ilemi Srplar, sava sular mahkemesi tarafndan yarglanmalar iin Lahey e kesinlikle gnderilmeyecek. C) Srp adalet bakan sava sular san olan Srplarn, sava sular mahkemesi tarafndan yarglanmak zere Lahey e gnderilmeyeceini ifade etti. D) Srp adalet bakan sava sularyla itham edilen srplarn yarglanmak iin Lahey deki sava sular mahkemesine kesinlikle gnderilmeyeceini tekrarlad. E) eitli sava sular ilemi Srplarn, sava sular mahkemesi tarafndan yarglanmak iin Lahey e asla gnderilmeyecei, Srp adalet bakannca ifade edilmitir. 99M

8. The guest speaker pointed out that by 1880 European powers had access to most of the markets in Asia's coastal regions. A) Konuk konumacnn da belirttii gibi, Avrupal gler, 188Oden beri, Asya'nn ky blgelerindeki pazarlarn pek ouna giri imtiyazna sahiptiler. B) Konuk konumac, Avrupal glerin, 1880'e kadar Asya'nn ky blgelerindeki Pazarlarn ouna giri hakkn elde etmi olduunu belirtti. C) Avrupal glerin ounun, Asya'nn ky blgelerindeki pazarlara 1880'e kadar ulam olduunu, konuk konumac ak bir ekilde ifade etti. D) Konuk konumac, Avrupal glerin Asya'nn ky blgelerindeki pek ok pazara giri iznini ancak 1880'de aldn ileri srd. E) Avrupal glerin Asya'nn ky blgelerindeki pek ok pazara serbest giri hakkn ancak 1880'de elde edebildii, konuk konumac tarafndan da belirtildi. 00M

78

9. Bill Clinton, radyo konumasnda baz Amerikan okullarnda verilen eitimin toplumun en iyi deerlerini beslemediini syledi. A) Bill Clinton, in his radio talk, concentrated on the various ideals of society and regretted that some American schools failed to nourish them. B) During his radio talk, Bill Clinton explained how the education given in some American schools failed to uphold the best values of society. C) In his radio talk, Bill Clinton said that the education provided in some American schools did not nourish the best values of society. D) Bill Clinton pointed out in his radio talk that it was the duty of the American education system to ensure that some schools encouraged the best values of society. E) In certain American schools, as Bill Clinton pointed out in his radio talk, the education provided was not in accord with the ideals of society. 00M

11. Bu rapor, tbbi bakm eksiklii sonucunda, gelimekte olan lkelerde birok ocuun bir yana bile gelmeden ld gereini vurguluyor. A) It is stressed in this report that the death of so many children before the age of one in the developing countries could be prevented by better health services. B) According to this report it is definite that many children in the developing countries die before they reach the age of one year as health facilities are so inadequate. C) This report emphasizes the fact that as a result of inadequate medical care, many children in developing countries die before they reach even one year old. D) According to this very emphatic report, children under one year old in the developing countries die because of the lack of medical care. E) As this report underlines, it is the lack of medical care that is responsible for so many deaths among children who haven't even reached their first birthday in the developing countries. 02M****

10. Malthus, z olarak, eer nfus geim imknlarndan daha hzl artarsa, bunun daha dk bir yaam dzeyine yol aacan iddia ediyordu. A) In essence, what Malthus claimed was that when a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, living standards dropped. B) Malthus claimed in essence that, if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, this would lead to lower living standards. C) The essence of what Malthus suggested was that if a population increased faster than the means of subsistence, a lowering of living standards could be inevitable. D) The claim of Malthus was that a lowering of living standards was inevitable as the population had grown faster than the means of subsistence. E) According to Malthus, living standards would naturally fall as the population was growing faster than the means of subsistence. 01M

12. Pek ok iktisat, sanayileme srecinde olan lkelerde kapitalizm gelitike, kk iletmelerin zamanla yok olacan iddia etmektedir. A) Many economists claim that, as capitalism develops in the countries that are in the process of industrialization, small businesses will eventually disappear. B) In the opinion of many of these economists, small businesses will eventually disappear in those countries presently undergoing industrialization and turning to a capitalist system. C) Many economists presume that, with the development of capitalism in the countries now undergoing industrialization, small businesses are already disappearing. D) The process of industrialization in these countries, together with developing capitalism, will inevitably, according to most economists, lead to the closing down of small businesses. E) With the spread of industrialization and the growth of capitalism in these countries, many economists feel sure that the small businesses will eventually close down. 02M

79

13. Bakan Bush, bir televizyon konumasnda Amerikan halkna , terrizme kar savan yksek maliyetler ve kiisel zveri gerektiren uzun bir mcadele olacan syledi. A) President Bush's televised speech concerning war against terrorism warned the American people that the struggle would be a long one and entail high costs and much personal sacrifice. B) In his televised speech President Bush told the American people that the war against terrorism would be a long struggle requiring high costs and personal sacrifice. C) In a speech that was televised, President Bush warned the Americans that a war against terrorism could prove expensive and entail much personal sacrifice. D) In his speech, which was televised. President Bush asked the American people to be willing to sacrifice themselves in the cause of the struggle against terrorism. E) The people of America were asked by President Bush in a speech broadcast on television to be prepared to pay in money and personal sacrifice, for war against terrorism. 04M

15. Last fall, Tony Blair announced that he would serve a full five-year term if the Labour Party won. A) Geen sonbaharda, Tony Blair, i Partisi kazand takdirde, be yl tam dnem hizmet edeceini ilan etti. B) Tony Blair, eer i Partisi kazanrsa, be yl daha hizmet edeceini geen sonbaharda aklamt. C) Geen sonbaharda i Partisinin kazanmas zerine, Tony Blair grevini be yl daha srdreceini ifade etti. D) Tony Blair, i Partisinin kazanmasnn kendisine be yl tam dnem hizmet olana salayaca yolundaki aklamasn geen sonbaharda yapt. E) Geen sonbaharda Tony Blair, eer i Partisi kazanrsa, bir be yl daha hizmet etmek istediini syledi. 06M

14. Hala tartmal olsa da gkbilimciler, evrenin 40 ile 50 milyar galaksi ierebileceini tahmin etmilerdir. A) Many astronomers are still of the opinion that the universe contains 40 to 50 billion galaxies though these figures are controversial. B) Though still controversial, astronomers have estimated that the universe could contain 40 to 50 billion galaxies. C) The controversy continues among astronomers as to whether there are 40 or 50 billion galaxies in the universe. D) Some astronomers have estimated that there are 40 to 50 billion galaxies in the universe, but the figures remain controversial. E) It is still a matter of contention, but astronomers believe there are between 40 and 50 billion galaxies in the universe. 05K

16. The Pentagon has estimated that about 25 percent of the military facilities in the country are unnecessary. A) Pentagona gre, lke iinde bulunan askeri tesislerin yzde 25i gereksizdir. B) Pentagon, lke iindeki askeri tesislerin hemen hemen yzde 25ine gereksinim duymadn belirtmitir. C) Pentagonun hesaplarna gre, lkedeki askeri tesislerin yzde 25ine hi gereksinim yoktur. D) Pentagon, lkedeki askeri tesislerin yaklak yzde 25inin gereksiz olduunu hesaplamtr. E) lkedeki askeri tesislerin aa yukar yzde 25ine gereksinim olmad konusunda Pentagon kararldr. 06M

80

Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. The speaker from China has pointed out ____ . A) so that preserving agricultural land is his governments primary economic policy B) that terracing the soil is one conservation method used widely in his country to control erosion C) since urban renewal has completely changed the look of the cities in his country D) as regards the fact that a handful of industrial nations monopolized deep sea fishing until the early 1970s E) while rich tropical forests are vanishing at the rate of some 11 million hectares a year 98K

4. It has only recently been accepted _____. A) just as in Huntington's disease a defective protein kills brain cells B) why the nerve cells of the adult human brain were long thought to be too specialized to regenerate C) because now it appears that the brain can greatly increase production in an attempt to repair damage D) In case the discovery raises the possibility of developing drugs to encourage cells to regenerate faster and sooner E) that adult human brains can generate new cells 03M***

2. People sometimes wonder ____ . A) because the richest sources of vitamin A are foods of animal origin such as liver, fish oil, milk and eggs B) in case a shortage of vitamin A was not the main problem C) that, in the typical western diet, about half of the vitamin A was not the main problem D) if the eating of liver too frequently can cause vitamin A toxicity E) just as most foods with vitamin A activity are brightly colored, often yellow or orange 01K****

5. ____ that New York City is being badly run and desperately needs to be reorganized. A) None of them had admitted B) Everybody acknowledges C) Many Americans were asking the authorities D) Letters of protest had been written to the Mayor's Office E) Many journalists would recommend 04K

3. According to the newspapers, the investigators, who visited Ukraine over the sale of radar-detection equipment to Iraq, complained ____. A) until considerable incriminating evidence has been discovered B) though some officials have admittedly cooperated C) that vital information was being withheld D) whether other countries ought to come under their scrutiny E) though effective action would have been forthcoming 03M

6. ____ that the reasons for introducing the new-design dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality counterfeits circulating in the Middle East. A) Following a US Secret Service probe, the US Federal Reserve has wondered B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held in reserve in the US and overseas C) All of them are old allegations made by the US Federal Reserve D) The US governments currency policy has been sharply criticized E) It has been claimed, but never confirmed by the US Federal Reserve 07M

81

Benzer cmle sorular

1.When he asked which one I wanted, I said I didn't mind. A) He said I could choose between them, but I said it didn't matter to me. B) He said I had to choose, but I didn't want to. C) It was up to me to choose between them, but I really didn't want to. D) He wanted me to choose for him and I agreed to do so. E) I would have done the choosing if they had asked me to. 05M

2. The last time I talked to him, he told me that the business was doing well; but apparently that's not the case now! A) When we last met, the business was doing well or so he said; but I fear that is hardly the case any longer. B) The account he gave of the business the last time we spoke, was a favourable one, but now I'm not too sure, C) The last time we met he assured me that all was going well with the business, but I don't know what's happening now. D) When we last spoke he seemed confident that the business was picking up, but obviously it's not doing so now! E) When we last spoke together, he said the business was doing fine; but now, it seems, things are rather different. 05M

82

KEY TO REPORTED SPEECH BOLUK DOLDURMA 1A 2D 3E 4A 5E CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1B 2D 3C 4E 5B 6E

EVR 1E 2D 3E 4D 5B 6C 7B 8B 9C 10 B 11 C 12 A 13 B 14 B 15 A 16 D

BENZER CMLE 1A 2E

83

Conjunctions
Neden belirtme as because (of) for with since Sonu belirtme Kartlk belirtme although though even though in spite of despite (the fact that) however nevertheless nonetheless yet but Ama belirtme in order to in order that so as to so that in case (of) for fear that Ek bilgi verme Olumsuz art

therefore hence as a result for this reason thus consequently so

except (from) apart (from) in addition to as well as besides not only, but also moreover furthermore bothand

otherwise or else

Neden belirten balalar -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, as (iin) As he was really hungry, he went for the meal. because (nk) He didnt ring the bell because he didnt want to disturb anyone. since (nk) You didnt understand me since you didnt listen. (because) for (iin) We set out early, for we wanted to see the open-air concert. with (gre) With the car broken, we cant go any further. (as our car is broken)

-Bir cmle ile yan cmleyi birletirenler, because of (nedeniyle) Because of the heavy snow, all the flights were cancelled. (as there was a heavy snow)

85

Ama bildiren balalar -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, in order that/ so that (iin) The boy started running in order that/ so that he could catch the bus. for fear that (diye, negatif durum) Kerem threw the cigarette for fear that he his father could see. in case (diye) He wrote down the password in case he forgot. -Bir cmle ile yan cmleyi birletirenler, in order to/ so as to (iin) The boy started running in order to/ so as to catch the bus. in case of(diye) They set the alarm in case of a burglary. (in case there is a burglary.)

Kartlk bildiren balalar -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that (ramen) Although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that she didnt study hard, she passed her exam. She passed her exam, although/ though/ even though/ despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that she didnt study hard. nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however/but/ yet (her naslsa, fakat) She didnt study hard nevertheless/ nonetheless/ however; /but/ yet, she passed her exam. The rich man gave charities to the poor, however; he is still in popular. -Bir cmle ile yan cmleyi birletirenler, despite/ in spite of (ramen) Despite/ in spite of the low prices, there are not much costumers around. (although the prices are low,) Karlatrma -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, whereas/ while (aksine) He didnt even finish high school whereas/ while his sister became an engineer. Switzerland doesnt have an army whereas/ while we have one of the biggest. -Bir cmle ile yan cmleyi birletirenler, unlike/ in contrast to (aksine) In contrast to/ unlike Antalya, the weather is cooler in Eskiehir. The new mayor is keen on arts, unlike/ in contrast to his predecessor.

86

Sonu bildirme -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently Mr. Penn is flying to Alaska therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, he wont be with us tomorrow. There is a road work on D-600, therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, we will go on D-400. This summer I will be in Alanya therefore/ thus/ hence/ so/ for this reason/ as a result/ consequently, I can learn diving.

Ek bilgi veren balalar -ki ayr cmleyi birbirine balayanlar, moreover (dahas) The book they sent wasnt about geology. Moreover it was in Chinese. furthermore (ayrca) He showed some evidence to the jury. Furthermore he called a witness of the crime. not onlybut also (sadece deilayn zamanda) She is not only a good teacher, but also a good mother. Not only can he speak English, but also he can speak German.

-Bir cmle ile yan cmleyi birletirenler, bothand (hemhem de) She is both a good teacher and a good mother. He can speak both English and German. in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from (bununla birlikte, bunun yannda) In addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from history, he studied sociology. The company is sending a catalogue in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from a price list. The doctor advised a good rest in addition to/ as well as/ besides/ apart from prescribing some medicine. except for (haricinde) Dont bring anything except for your clothes. Nobody stand by me except for my sister. Olumsuz art belirtme otherwise/ or else (aksi takdirde) The government has to abolish the law on abortion, otherwise/ or else the public will be furious.

87

CONJUNCTIONS
IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. His proposals ____ the new social security policy seems more viable than any of the others. A) by way of B) due to C) owing to D) in case of E) as regards 98K

4. Germanys weight in the European Union is known, ____ what is not known, even to the Germans themselves, is ____ they are to use it. A) but / how B) in case / because C) unless / why D) lest / until E) otherwise / where 99M

2. ____ the recent rise in unemployment largely affects eastern Germany, there is considerable unrest in western Germany, too. A) Since B) In case C) Although D) Unless E) Until 98K

5. Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines ____ the fact that a larger proportion of the fuel used is burned. A) consequently B) following C) owing to D) contrary to E) so that 01K

3. Originally the sonnet was an Italian poetical form which attained great popularity in the Renaissance, and ____ it was natural, ____ not essential for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to use it. A) hence / if B) while / though C) since / however D) furthermore / rather than E) already / even 99K

6. Let's take the ferry to Bandrma from where it's only a short drive to Bursa, ____ driving all the way from stanbul to Bursa. A) as well as B) more than C) besides D) instead of E) except for 01K

88

7. ______ the letters written by so many parents, the headmaster agreed not to expel the boys. A) In response to B) With reference to C) In case of D) Apart from E) Pertaining to 01M

11. This part of Africa is growing greener again ____ that families who fled to wetter coastal regions are starting to go home. A) so far B) to such an extent C) even so D) as a result E) even more 02K

8. ____ the Civil War, those years turned out to be a golden era for the magazine industry. A) Despite B) Obviously C) Although D) Pertaining to E) Nevertheless 02K

12. Little is known about life on the ocean floor ____ scientists have only recently developed the technology for exploring it. A) yet B) as C) though D) whereas E) while 02M

9. Unfortunately, ____ stamping out the drugs' trade, these programmes are simply forcing drug growers to move into more inaccessible regions. A) besides B) rather than C) in addition to D) due to E) as for 02K

13. ____ providing luxury on every imaginable level, a five- star hotel should also have the ability to take you by surprise. A) with a view to B) in excess of C) consequent on D) in need of E) in addition to 04M

10. Following four Mars mission losses, an independent report paints a very clear picture of ____ what ails the US space programme, ____ what must be done to fix it. A) whether / though B) either / or C) how/and D) thus/that E) not only / but also 02K

14. Ancient Peruvian textiles have survived in an excellent state of preservation ____ the dry conditions of much of the country. A) with regard to B) in comparison with C) in case of D) owing to E) in opposition to 04M

89

15. ____ they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped. A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Consequently E) Since 04K

19. In pollen analysis the exinesare extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified ____ the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. A) according to B) ahead of C) with a view to D) on behalf of E) in place of 06K

16. ____ the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voiceto-voice contact. A) Contrary to B) In spite of C) By means of D) Since E) As regards 06K

20. ____ little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as 06M

17. ____ by making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities. A) Still B) While C) Only D) Until E) Just as 06K

21. All of the worlds major national parks are included on the map, ____ are most of the important reserves of lesser status. A) as B) as well C) such D) which E) that 06M

18. A corporations formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ____ it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby 06K

22. His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ____ thats being a mother, a nurse or a soldier. A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether 06M

90

23. In child development, play and exploration are similar ____ they are both intrinsically motivated behaviors and not directed by external goals. A) on the other hand B) whereas C) otherwise D) after E) since 07M

eviri sorular

1. Despite these objections raised in the Senate, there are strong arguments in favour of both sanctions and bombing. A) Senatoda dile getirilen kart grlere karn, harekat ve bombardman destekleyen yaklamlarn daha gl olduu grlyor. B) Senatoda yaplan bu itirazlara karn, hem yaptrmlar hem de bombardman lehinde gl grler bulunmaktadr. C) Senatoda tartmalar devam etse de saldr ve bombardman lehindeki grler gittike artmaktadr. D) Senatoda byle iddialar ileri srlse de ortaya konan grler hem ablukay hem de bombardman kuvvetle destekler niteliktedir. E) Tm bu itirazlara karn, senatoda yaplan gl tartmalar igal ve bombardmann lehinde sonulanmtr. 98M

24. At present, the European Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia, ____ countries such as Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states and the Ukraine are totally or very heavily dependent on Russian energy. A) even though B) since C) whether D) while E) in case 07M

2. Bugn, gelecek vaat eden pek ok gen yetenee karn, Amerikan komedileri dzeyinde komedi rettiimizi sanmyorum. A) Today, despite a lot of promising young talent, I dont think we are producing comedies of the standard of American ones. B) The comedies we are currently producing are hardly of the same standard as the American ones, though we do have a great deal of young talent. C) The standard of the comedies we have produced so far is well below that of American comedies, despite the fact that there are plenty of talented young people today. D) Though there are plenty of talented young people today, still the standard of the comedies we have produced is below that of the American ones. E) Even though we have a lot of young talent today, we are producing comedies of a lower standard than those in America. 99M

25. Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ____ they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers. A) but B) since C) unless D) when E) if 07M

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3. Since the British Factories Act of 1961 does not give an explicit statutory definition of the term accident, the courts have defined accident" as any unintended and unexpected occurrence which produces hurt or loss". A) 1961 ngiliz Fabrikalar Yasas, kaza" szcnn anlalabilir bir yasal tanmn vermedii iin, kaza", mahkemelerce, zarara veya kayba neden olan kastsz ve beklenmedik bir olay olarak tanmlanmtr. B) 1961 ngiliz Fabrikalar Yasas kaza szcnn ak bir mevzuat tanmn vermedii iin, mahkemeler, kazay, zarara veya kayba yol aan kastsz ve beklenmedik bir olay olarak tanmlamlardr. C) Kaza szcnn yeterli bir yasal tanm 1961 ngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasda verilmediinden, bu szcnn tanm, mahkemelerce, zarar veya kayp yaratan kastsz ve beklenmeyen bir olay olarak belirlenmitir. D) Kaza szcnn tartmasz yasal bir tanm 1961 ngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasnda verilmemi olduu iin, mahkemelere gre, kaza, zarara veya kayba neden olan, kastsz ve beklenmeyen her trl olay olarak tanmlanmaktadr. E) 1961 ngiliz Fabrikalar Yasasnda, kaza szcnn tam bir yasal tanm verilmemi olmasna ramen, mahkemeler kazay, zarar veya kayp meydana getiren kastsz ve beklenmeyen bir olay olarak anlamaya balanmtr. 01K

5. Okyanus sularnn snarak genilemesi ve buzullarn artan bir hzla erimesi nedeniyle, 2100 ylna kadar deniz seviyelerinin yaklak yarm metre ykselmesi muhtemeldir. A) Sea levels are expected to rise by roughly half a meter by the year 2100 if thermal expansion continues and the glaciers continue to melt at the same speed. B) Due to the thermal expansion of ocean water and the constant melting of glaciers, it seems likely that sea levels will have risen by at least half a meter by the year 2100. C) With the thermal expansion of ocean water and the rapid melting of glaciers it seems that sea levels are set to rise by up to half a meter by the year 2100. D) Because of the thermal expansion of ocean water and the accelerated melting of glaciers, sea levels are likely to rise by approximately half a meter by the year 2100. E) A rise in sea levels of about half a meter will result by the year 2100 because of the thermal expansion of ocean water and the rapid melting of the glaciers. 01M

4. Amerikallar, evlerini stmak iin doalgazdan gne enerjisine kadar eitli enerji kaynaklar kullanlmaktadrlar. A) In order to heat their homes, Americans prefer to use different forms of energy, including natural gas and solar power. B) Americans use a variety of energy sources, from natural gas to solar power, to heat their homes. C) Natural gas and solar power are just two of the energy sources that Americans use to heat their homes. D) Americans favour natural gas and solar power as the energy sources for heating their homes. E) In order to heat their homes, American seem to prefer either natural gas or solar energy over other energy sources. 03M

6. Abu Dhabi may be the largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates that constitute the United Arab Emirates, but it is Dubai that has come to the fore. A) Her ne kadar Dubai ok bilinse de Abu Dabi, Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni kuran yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olarak grlebilir. B) Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirlikten en by ve en zengini Abu Dabi'dir, ancak bunlardan en ok bilineni Dubai'dir. C) Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirlikten biri olan Abu Dabi, bunlarn en by ve en zenginidir ama Dubai daha ok bilinir. D) Abu Dabi, Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olabilir, ancak ne km olan Dubai'dir. E) Dubai daha iyi tannmakla birlikte, Abu Dabi'nin Birleik Arap Emirlikleri'ni oluturan yedi emirliin en by ve en zengini olduu kabul edilebilir. 04M

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7. Even though there are widespread doubts among EU members about the new candidates, no government has been prepared to veto enlargement. A) AB yeleri arasnda yeni adaylara ilikin kukular giderek yaygnlayor; ama hibir hkmet, genilemeye ynelik veto hakkn kullanmaya hazrlanmyor. B) Yeni adaylarla ilgili olarak AB yeleri arasnda gl kukular bulunmaktadr, ancak AB yelerinden hibirinin hkmeti, genilemeyi veto etmek iin hazrlk iinde deildir. C) AB yeleri arasnda yeni adaylara ynelik birok kuku olmasna ramen, hkmetlerin hibiri genilemeyi veto etmeyi istemiyor. D) Hibir hkmet genilemeyi veto etmek iin herhangi bir hazrlk iinde olmamasna ramen, AB yeleri arasnda yeni adaylara ynelik kuvvetli kukular yaygndr. E) AB yeleri arasnda yeni adaylara ilikin yaygn kukular bulunsa da hibir hkmet genilemeyi veto etmeye hazrlkl deildir. 05K

9. In contrast to the majority of American astronauts, Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman cosmonaut who went to space, was a textile factory worker when she entered the Soviet space programme. A) Amerikal astronotlarn ounluunun tersine, uzaya giden ilk kadn kozmonot Valentina Tereskhkova, Sovyet uzay programna girdiinde bir tekstil fabrikas iisiydi. B) Amerikal meslektalarndan farkl olarak, Valentina Tereshkova Sovyet uzay programna girmeden nce bir tekstil fabrikasnda isiydi; fakat, uzaya giden ilk kadn kozmonot olmay baard. C) Uzaya giden ilk kadn kozmonot Valentina Tereshkova'nin Amerikal meslektalarnn cokunluuna benzemeyiinin balca nedeni, Sovyet uzay programna girdiinde bir tekstil fabrikas isisi olmasdr. D) Uzaya giden ilk kadn kozmonot olan Valentina Tereshkova, Amerikal meslektalarndan ok farklyd ve bir tekstil fabrikas iisi olmasna karn, Sovyet uzay programna girebilmiti. E) Bir tekstil fabrikas iisiyken Sovyet uzay programna giren Valentina Tereshkova, uzaya giden ilk kadn kozmonot olarak Amerikal astronotlarn oundan farklyd. 05M

8. Despite the explosion of stock-market wealth over the last decade, the most valuable asset most Americans own is their home. A) ou Amerikalnn, sahip olduu evi en deerli varlk olarak grmesi, geen on yl iinde borsa da servet patlamas yaanmasn engellemedi. B) Gecen on yl iinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasndan pay alan Amerikalarn ou iin, evi hala en deerli varldr. C) ou Amerikal, son on ylda borsadan edindii byk servetin yan sra, evini de en deerli varlk olarak grmektedir. D) Evlerini en deerli varlklar olarak kabul eden pek ok Amerikal iin son on ylda borsada da bir servet patlamas oldu. E) Geen on yl iinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasna ramen, ou Amerikalnn sahip olduu en deerli varlk evidir. 05M

10. Farkl konumdaki bireylerin farkl zellikleri olduundan, kaynak ve dllerin nasl datlacana ilikin grlerinde de doal olarak farkllklar vardr. A) Since individuals in different positions have different interests and attributes, they naturally have differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed. B) It is only natural that there should be differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed, as people in different positions have different interests and attributes. C) Obviously, among individuals in different positions with different interests and attributes, there will be differences in opinion about how resources and rewards should be distributed. D) Since individuals in different positions have different interests and attributes, it is only natural that they should disagree about how resources and rewards can be distributed. E) Individuals in different positions, with different interests and attributes, will obviously disagree about what is the fair distribution of resources and rewards 05M

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11. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Gemiteki pek ok biyologun, eserlerinde, sngerlerden bitki olarak sz etmesinin nedeni, bu canllarn bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Gemiteki biyologlarn eserlerinden rendiimiz kadaryla, sngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolaysyla bitkilerle ayn grupta ele alnyordu. C) Gemiteki pek ok biyologun eserlerinden rendiimiz kadaryla, sngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedii iin onlarn bitki olduu sanlyordu. D) Gemite, sngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri iin bitki olarak kabul edildii halde,pek ok biyolog bu gre eserlerinde yer vermemitir. E) Sngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri iin, gemite bitki olarak snflanyordu; fakat birok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanl olduunu belirtmektedir. 06K

13. Elmaslar, muhteem gzellikleri iin ok iddetle arzu edilir, ancak basit gerek u ki onlar sadece sktrlm kristalize karbondur. A) Because of their wonderful beauty, one always has a great desire for diamonds, but the truth is that they are no more than just compressed crystallized carbon. B) Although diamonds are always desired for their exceptional beauty, in fact they are really only compressed crystallized carbon. C) Diamonds are much coveted for their exquisite beauty, but the simple truth is that they are just compressed crystallized carbon. D) Invariably one has a strong urge for diamonds because of their extreme beauty even though in truth, they are only compressed crystallized carbon. E) In fact, diamonds are merely compressed crystallized carbon, but there is always a widespread desire for them due to their magnificent beauty. 07M

12. Patarada pek ok pansiyon ve birka grkemli otel olmasna ramen, geleneksel ky yaam hl devam etmektedir. A) Patara boasts various pensions and a number of magnificent hotels even though village life continues here in a traditional way. B) Despite a number of pensions and some excellent hotels, Patara is still a village which has a traditional way of life. C) Though a village where traditional life still goes on, Patara has a great number of pensions and several luxurious hotels. D) Although in Patara there are many pensions and a few splendid hotels, traditional village life still continues. E) Patara, which has several pensions but few nice hotels, is just a village where life goes on in a traditional manner. 06K

14. ABD, Arap petrolnn serbest akn salamak iin asker g dahil gerekli her vastay kullanmaya kendini resmen baml klmtr. A) In order to secure the free flow of Arab oil, the USA has officially decided to resort to any means imaginable, including military force. B) The USA is officially committed to the use of any means necessary, including military force, to ensure the free flow of Arab oil. C) It is a determined policy of the USA to make sure, through the official use of any means, including military force, that Arab oil flows freely. D) The USA is clearly determined to use any means whatsoever, even military force, in an effort to secure the unobstructed flow of Arab oil. E) It is the official policy of the USA to ensure the free flow of Arab oil by using all kinds of means except military force. 07M

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Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. Since these new printers weigh less than 900 grams, ____. A) they really deserve to be called portable B) their performance is invariably admirable C) most people have been misled by their price D) they were readily available at all the best retailers E) the research team has already moved onto a new project 99K

4. ____ she did not turn seriously to writing until after her husband's death in 1883. A) Although Kate Chopin had previously contemplated a literary career B) Since Kate Chopin had been thinking about a literary career C) As far as Kate Chopin's interest in literature was concerned D) Once Kate Chopin had decided to live the rest of her life in New Orleans E) However much interest Kate Chopin's short stories have aroused 00K

2. ____ , but most of them dont see a doctor because they think its something they just have to live with. A) It was reported earlier in this decade that about one third of all patients had received treatment for impotence B) Over 200 thousand men have received proper medical treatment C) Impotence is something we have learned to deal with D) Urologists and other doctors have always been concerned with impotence E) Impotence affects over ten million men nationwide 99M

5. Since the cleaning up of the pollution of the seas is so expensive, ____ . A) the project had progressed as expected B) large corporations would offer contributions C) the question of liability inevitably arises D) excessive care provided the answer E) the final result has still to be analyzed 00K

3. Though free politics and free-market economics go most happily together, ____ . A) no new aid would be approved for six months B) they could no longer blame the colonialists, who had withdrawn from America two or three decades before C) five years ago, dictatorships proclaiming socialists policies prevailed in Africa D) one does not necessarily lead to the other, nor guarantee its success E) Africans have shown that they want multiparty democracy and are beginning to achieve it 99M

6. Though the construction of a bridge across the river would doubtless prove popular, ____ . A) the technology to be transferred is quite suitable B) eight councils would have been committed to arrange it C) similar designs are on view everywhere D) it will not be easy to raise enough money to do it E) it is a German-Japanese consortium that gives the orders 00M

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7. ____ because students go in then at half price. A) All the tickets had been sold at least a week before the concert took place B) The paintings will be on exhibition for two weeks C) The museum is always crowded on Thursdays D) The spectators are expected to applaud generously E) The gates used to be closed at sunset 01M

10. Though every industrial development project is a potential source of pollution ____ . A) air pollution would clearly have been the most dangerous of all B) this didn't mean that industrial development had to be radically reduced C) careful advance planning can minimize that pollution and its effects on the population D) such benefits as reductions in crop losses would help to offset the costs of pollution control E) the dangers of pollution are everywhere recognized 02M

8. Though coral reefs are among the richest ecosystems on the planet, ____. A) they grow in crystal-clear waters that contain hardly any nutrients B) nutrient uptake is closely related to the degree of movement in the sea C) the rough surfaces are what make this possible D) they are also skilled at recycling E) changes in turbulence accurately predicted the rate of nutrient uptake 02K

11. ____, urban farms are usually far more productive than their rural counterparts. A) If city authorities and agricultural researchers continue to ignore urban farming B) Because they tend to be small and carefully looked after C) Even though most farmers didn't use yieldboosting chemicals D) While the highest productivity has been on the smallest plots E) As better child nutrition can be linked to the local production of food in urban areas 03M

9. Despite the great concern for leadership and the large volume of writings about it, ____. A) leadership is a topic of interest to many people B) this is hardly a comprehensive definition C) it was too vigorous a definition and didn't reflect the common sense notion of the term D) older children would actually follow his lead E) there is relatively little agreement about what it is or how it functions 02M

12. Since the migratory routes of cranes ignore political boundaries, ____. A) a species bank of captive cranes has been created to guard against extinction B) some cranes depend exclusively upon wetlands for nesting and feeding C) of any effort to protect them requires the participation of several countries D) an International effort to ensure safe passage for cranes would have been hardly feasible E) this was simply a means to draw global attention to cranes and their work 04K

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13. ____ there's a lot of truth in the saying that an orchestra is only as good as its conductor. A) Though there are exceptions B) If the orchestra were in better shape C) Since his abilities as an orchestra builder are very impressive D) Once they had gained international recognition E) Since music critics are involved in a serious controversy 04K

16. ____ , they are especially common during the spring and early summer. A) Although tornadoes can happen at any time of the year B) Since the conditions that lead to the formation of tornadoes are most often to be found in the central and southern United States C) As a tornado is a dark funnel-shaped cloud made up of violently rotating winds D) White tornadoes in the United States generally travel in a northeast direction E) Because tornadoes are capable of lifting houses off their foundations and hurling them considerable distances 04M

14. Many of Europe's museums and cultural institutions are in financial trouble, ____. A) even though most of America's cultural institutions get little cash from the federal government B) since plans by the Italian government to privatize parts of the country's cultural heritage have fallen through C) as governments find themselves forced to cut subsidies D) because the Italian government has come up with a bold plan to ease the cash crisis facing the museums E) if France's new culture minister has come out in favour of a plan for more independence for national museums 04K

17. ____ America should by local grain and distribute that, thus stimulating agriculture where it is most needed. A) As soon as aid from European countries tends to have fewer stings attached B) While remaining one of the world's stingiest donors of aid C) Instead of dumping America Cereal Surpluses as aid on hungry countries D) Because Africa leaders often point out E) In case Europe allows the world's poorest countries to export many good tariff-free 05K

15. Although Japan has one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations, ____. A) Japanese companies will be world leaders in catering for the elderly B) other countries such as China and South Korea and most of Western Europe are closing the gap C) in 2004 one-fifth of its population will be 6 or over and there will be more than 20,000 people over the age of a hundred D) the increasing burden of providing pensions and health care for the growing number of elderly will cause Japan's public finances to remain by far the worst in the developed world E) to safeguard the financial assets of its pensioners, the bank of Japan will not be able to take any radical measures 04M

18. ____ that Mars has experienced a striking diversity of processes throughout its history. A) In fact nobody suggested B) It is now apparent C) The discussion is likely to continue D) Majority opinions are not necessarily correct E) The evidence they presented 05K

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19. Though people continue to be fascinated by the explorer, Livingstone, ____. A) his rival Stanley had been admired more B) the way people regard him has changed dramatically C) some of his former possessions sold recently for over a million dollars D) he was physically brave and morally righteous E) he made several more Africa expeditions 05K

22. There has been a decrease in deaths from motor vehicle crashes over recent years, ____ . A) since speed limits would be lowered B) which is partly due to improved safety features in cars C) if there were public intolerance of drinking and driving D) as there has been improved safety design in occupational machinery E) in which improved medical care had played a part 05M

20. This conductor offers an orchestral balance quite unlike ____ . A) as if some string passages almost get lost B) as you simply do not hear the violins as the "main line" of the music C) what we are used to D) that he adds something of his own E) since the work is hardly recognizable 05M

23. Although microeconomic theories try to explain how large numbers of firms act in the marketplace, ____. A) economists faced several unique problems B) they are quite poor at describing or predicting the actual behavior of any one particular realworld firm C) managers try to minimize inventory costs, meet production schedules and devise diverse product mixes D) behavioral theories had been far more descriptive and predictive of the behavior of individual firms and managers E) its primary aim is to promote organizational values and interests 05M

21. The building of the Toshka canal in Egypt was carefully planned ____. A) if the inlet starts at a point 8 km north of Toshka bay B) as the mistakes made in earlier canals had proved costly C) as if the desert could become green D) until the amount of water required was agreed on E) that wealthy investors could easily be found 05M

24. Because energy production expends resources and causes pollution, ____ . A) we depend upon nature to provide the basics of life, such as food and oxygen B) many resources are used once and then thrown away C) modern technical challenges are seldom met by scientists D) scientists and engineers must work to develop energy-efficient processes E) engineers must solve problems without even understanding the underlying theory 06K

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25. Smallpox was once a dreaded human disease, ____. A) while genetic engineering can be used in several ways to make vaccines B) although today DNA technology is helping medical researchers develop vaccines C) even if artificial-mutant vaccines may cause fewer side effects than natural mutants D) but it was eradicated worldwide in the 1970s by widespread vaccination E) since there has been no effective drug treatment for many viral diseases 06K

28. ____ even though shes still not prepared to forgive herself. A) The wrong person got blamed B) After all, she committed an error, not a crime C) Others were also involved in the affair D) A lot of people have forgiven her E) She was wrongly accused A 06M

26. The Welsh language has changed so little through the centuries ____. A) whose annual Eisteddfod celebration honors its best poets and writers B) that an educated Welshman can still read the Welsh of the Middle Ages C) as more and more English families settle in Wales, bringing their habits with them D) although Wales recently formed its own national assembly E) unless it embodies the kind, unambitious nature of the Welsh people 06K

29. Though the smell of fumes in an aircraft cockpit may not always spell danger, ____. A) a forced landing could have been avoided B) even a small sensor can detect a wide range of chemicals C) harmless fumes had been caused by a small leak of oil D) it is guaranteed to alarm the pilot E) such a detector can easily be fitted into an aircraft 07M

27. Salmon farms are prohibited in Alaska ____. A) unless salmon actually does protect against cancer B) because fishermen blame the farms for undercutting their price C) since farmed salmon used to be fattier than wild salmon D) but they say salmon farms are bad for the environment E) once the industry begins to attack some of the problems 06M

30. Because children enjoy the process of play, ____ . A) various other options had been taken into consideration B) they are not primarily focused on achieving a product or achieving a goal C) group demands begin to grow steadily D) many alternative approaches also had to be tested E) the acquisition of social skills is a positive asset 07M

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Benzer cmle sorular 31. Environmentalists are criticizing the patent office for delaying its decision on some new measuring instruments ____ . A) while the guidelines have been consistently ignored B) if applications for patents on plants are on the increase C) before objections were filed against patents on a herbicide resistant plant D) since they believe that these are urgently needed to detect certain problems E) as if the controversy had actually died down 07M 1. Though diplomatic efforts to forestall the bombardment have been intensified, there is apparently no progress towards an agreement. A)Every known means of diplomacy has been tried, but peace seems to recede and the expected attack to be quickly approaching. B) Reconciliation remains a remote hope, for diplomatic channels apparently lack the necessary authority to check an attack. C) In spite of diplomatic efforts to the contrary, the bombardment was a violent one and all hopes of an agreement were shattered. D) Though they are desperately in need of a truce, they can find no way to achieve one and now await the attack. E) Reconciliation seems no nearer, even though a massive effort is being made to find a diplomatic solution and so avoid a bombardment 98K

32. ____ , they operate as effective carriers and may pass it on to other birds which are more susceptible. A) Though many migratory birds are immune to the effects of the avian flu virus B) Since many residents of outlying villages have refused to carry out the culling of their chickens to prevent the spread of avian flu C) Despite the fact that the avian flu virus is spread, primarily, by migratory birds D) As symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to those of common flu E) If the spread of the avian flu virus through populations of wild birds remains unchecked 07M

2. He got to the top at last because there was literally nobody standing in his path. A) it was a long, hard grind to the top, but he finally made it. B) If there had been any serious competition, it's not likely that he'd have made it to the top. C) As there was absolutely no one to prevent him from doing so, he finally made it to the top. D) As there was no opposition, he quickly rose to the top. E) Since he faced no serious competition, it was inevitable that he should get to the top. 04K

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Paragraf tamamlama sorular 3. Although for many individuals, personal ethics are rooted in religious beliefs, this is not true for everyone. A) Each individual has his own ethical standards and these always reflect his religious beliefs. B) Everyone has his own ethical code which may or may not have a religious foundation. C) With most people religious beliefs and ethical standards are largely in harmony, at least in most situations. D) There is a religious basis to the special ethical code of many people, but not, by any means, of all people. E) Ethical standards usually effect religious beliefs but there are certain rare exceptions. 07M

1. Compared to its Balkan neighbors, Greece is a wealthy country, but it remains one of the poorer members of the European Union. ____ Nevertheless, with a nominally capitalist orientation, it has overcome its resemblance to pre-1989 Eastern Europe. Loss-making state enterprises have been sold off, and inflation and interest rates have fallen. However, unemployment remains high. A) It is still a developing economy, with the agriculture and service sectors accounting for two-thirds of its GNP. B) Still, the Greek islands attract thousands of tourists, many of whom come simply to enjoy the sun and sand and the relaxed pace of life. C) Accordingly, it now seems poised to become a significant regional power. D) Furthermore, it has one of the lowest birth rates in Europe. E) Yet family life and social life are usually one and the same, and tend to revolve around eating out. 06K

2. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who was to become Victorian Englands most famous woman poet in the nineteenth century, received an unusual education for a woman of her time. Availing herself of her brothers tutor, she studied Latin and Greek. ____ But as her intellectual and literary powers matured, her personal life became increasingly undermined by ill health. Although, by the age of thirty-nine, she was a prominent woman of letters, she continued to live in semi seclusion as an invalid in her fathers house, where she occasionally received visitors. A) In her later poems, in which she took up the cause of Italian nationalism, she was mostly concerned with the political issues of her time. B) Once in Italy, she regained much health and strength, bearing and raising a son, to whom she was ardently devoted. C) Hence, in her early work, she tended to use the visionary modes of Romantic narrative poetry. D) Moreover, she read voraciously in history, philosophy and literature and began to write poetry from an early age. E) However, her work fell into disrepute with the modernist reaction against the didacticism and rhetorical excess of Victorian poetry. 06K

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3. No description of embarrassment would be complete without considering the blush. For many of us, it is the hallmark display of embarrassment. ____. Although the physiology of the blush is not fully understood, we are getting nearer to a better understanding of it. A) Their results showed that blushing begins with a sharp increase of blood flow, which is then followed by a slower rise in facial temperature B) Although smiling occurs during embarrassment, it has a different appearance from that of amusement C) On the other hand, in embarrassment, the lips turn up but without the accompanying action of the crinkling of the eyes D) Actually, however, blushing does not necessarily accompany embarrassment, and facial reddening can occur during other physical and emotional states as well E) Generally speaking, heart rate and blood pressure tend to rise and fall in many emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness 07M

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KEY TO CONJUNCTIONS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1 * 2C 3 * 4A 5C 6D 7A 8A 9B 10 E 11 B 12 B 13 E 14 D 15 E 16 B 17 C 18 D 19 A 20 D 21 A 22 E 23 E 24 D 25 A EVR 1B 2A 3B 4B 5D 6D 7E 8E 9A 10 A 11 C 12 D 13 C 14 B 9E 10 C 11 B 12 C 13 A 14 C 15 B 16 A 17 C 18 B 19 B 20 C 21 B 22 B 23 B 24 D 25 D 26 B 27 B 28 D 29 D 30 B 31 D 32 A

CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1A 2E 3D 4A 5C 6D 7C 8A

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Adjectives
Sfatlar, isimden nce gelerek bize ismin nitelii, a sad mother a large house ya, an old building a ten-year old boy yaps, a leather jacket a stone heart rengi, a red t-shirt a blue sky ls ve boyutu, a narrow gate a huge salon ekli, a triangle room a round table kalitesi, a nice work a beautiful day kkeni hakknda bilgi verir. a Turkish bath a Celtic song Sfatlar, gradable (derecelendirilebilen) ve ungradable (derecelendirilemeyen) olarak ikiye ayrlr. rnek olarak: gradable angry big busy cheap comfortable common easy happy important quiet rich sad strong successful young absurd amazed awful devastated dreadful enormous essential furious ungradable huge impossible marvelous useless terrified perfect wonderful

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Comparatives iki eyi birbirleriyle karlatrrken comparative adjective kullanrz. Gradable adjective kullanrz. Luxembourg is smaller than Germany. History is more interesting than Geography. eer sfat tek heceli ise er taks, daha fazla heceliyse nne more alr. My dad is busier in winter than in summer. Security is more important than comfort. baz sfatlar her iki ekilde de kullanlabilir. Bunlar: clever, friendly, handsome, simple, tender, yellow Alex is cleverer than Sean. Alex is more clever than Sean. baz sfatlarsa ne er taks ne de more alr. Dzensiz sfat olarak adlandrlan bu sfatlar, tamamen farkllar. bad good far little many/ much worse better further less more

Kate is better at Maths than Jeff. Sugar is less than salt. Dikkat: Comparative formda than mutlaka kullanlr

Superlatives bir grup iersinde en st derecedekini gsterirken kullanrz. Russia is the largest country. Maybach is the most expensive car. eer sfat tek heceli ise est taks, daha fazla heceliyse nne most alr. Sony produced the tiniest handy cam. Allison is the most hardworking student in the class.

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 baz sfatlar her iki ekilde de kullanlabilir. Bunlar: clever, friendly, handsome, simple, tender, yellow Alex is the cleverest student. Alex is the most clever student. baz sfatlarsa ne est taks ne de most alr. Dzensiz sfat olarak adlandrlan bu sfatlar, tamamen farkllar. bad good far little many/ much worst best furthest least most

Australia is the furthest country. Coldplay is the best band of the year.

Dikkat: Superlative formda sfattan nce mutlaka the kullanlr.

Position of Adjectives (sfatlarda sralama) Bir cmlede birden fazla sfat varsa sralama genellikle u ekilde olur: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material OSASCOM

a nice new wooden table a tall blonde French lady an old round glass vase

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Adjectives with ed or ing Baz fiiller hem ed hem de ing taks alarak sfat olabilirler. Fakat ed taks alanlar insanlar iin kullanlrken ing taks alanlarsa eyler iin kullanlr. a frightening dog ( korkun kpek ) Betty was frightened of the dog. ( Betty korkmu.) a surprising event ( artc bir olay ) Wayne was surprised by the event. (olay karsnda arm.) a tiring job John was tired of the job. a satisfying answer Nevin was satisfied with the answer.

bu ekilde kullanlabilen baz sfatlar: alarmed alarming amazed amazing bored boring depressed - depressing excited exciting frightened frightening interested interesting pleased pleasing satisfied - satisfying surprised surprising tired - tiring worried worrying

Not: Sfatlarn nne the koyarak sfatn niteledii grubun genelini kastedebiliriz. Rich people should be considerate about poor people. The rich should be considerate about the poor. Old people can be a sample for young people. The old can be a sample for the young.

bkz. prepositions (adj+pre)

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Asas (kadar) Sfatlarla eitlik bildirmek iin asas kalb kullanlr. Canada is as large as USA. (Canada, Amerika kadar geni) Tony is as old as Helen. Gerry isnt as talkative as Easton.

Thethe ki olay arasndaki sebep-sonu ilikisini sfatlar yoluyla belirtirken kullanrz. The better a product is, the higher the price is. The more interesting a book is, the more entertaining it is. The longer the questions are, the harder the answers.

Progressive Adjectives Geliimi betimleyen sfatlardr. Comparative form kullanlarak yaplr. The sun gets brighter and brighter. The sentences are becoming longer and longer. She is getting more and more jealous of her sister.

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ADJECTIVES
IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. Do you really believe that the party programme ____ it now stands, is democratic ____ to influence the vote in our favour? A) as / enough B) since / also C) where / as well D) such as / too E) that / even 98K

5. Today the expansion of knowledge in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology is ____ vast and complex, and multiplying ____ quickly to be mastered fully. A) so / that B) just as / as C) as well / as D) so / so E) too / too 98M

2. Private investments play ____ important a part in the countrys long-running economic expansion ____ no government dares to increase taxation on personal savings. A) too / that B) such / as C) much / so D) so / that E) as / as 98K

6. The objective of this project is to increase the depth of awareness and understanding in the world, about the causes and consequences of the HIV epidemic through ____ policies and programmes. A) innovative B) decadent C) meager D) ambiguous E) poignant 99M

3. Progress in materials research is ____ to overcoming such problems as the finiteness of the worlds resources and possible shortages of strategic materials. A) crucial B) inexpensive C) adamant D) subversive E) subsequent 98M

7. Apparently, the talks held between the two governments concerning the prevention of drug-trafficking have not been constructive ____ to produce any positive results. A) just B) as well C) also D) enough E) so that 99M

4. Of all the policies put into effect by the Thatcher governments ____controversial was the economic one. A) most B) the more C) the most D) more E) mostly 98M

8. Recent studies have shown that smokers are more ____ to common colds and flu than non-smokers. A) feasible B) susceptible C) applicable D) reliable E) responsible 00K

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9. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain steering control of your car even while braking on ____ roads. A) lonesome B) fast C) reckless D) slippery E) stagnant 00M

13. The government has recently made one million dollars _____ for research grants concerning the prediction of earthquakes. A) conditional B) available C) suitable D) considerable E) vulnerable 01M

10. Perhaps these people are ____ ignorant to realize ____ serious a threat these fertilizers are to their health. A) more / than B) so / why C) as much / as D) too / just how E) not only / but also 00M

14. Acid rain only became a ____ environmental issue in the 1980s following groundbreaking studies in the 1970s. A) previous B) deceitful C) reckless D) destructive E) prominent 02K

11. I would have thought that only ____ naive worker could be deceived by ____ assurances. A) the more / neither B) a most / each C) the most / such D) a much / any E) most / same 00M

15. Certain new findings suggest that young calves may be more____ than older cows to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A) reluctant B) hazardous C) intimate D) susceptible E) relative 02M

12. The motive was ____ aesthetic and social ____ they sought to bring good design within the reach of the ordinary man. A) so / in that B) both / because C) just as / that D) as much / as E) too / therefore 00M

16.The micro air vehicles they are working on are____ small that it will be almost impossible to detect them with radar. A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more 02M

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17. Sponsorship is being increasingly allowed in schools provided it is regarded as being ____with educational curricula. A) considerate B) predictable C) decisive D) compatible E) provocative 03M

21. Exciting new research is transforming industrial robotics, offering the promise of whole new generation of ____intelligent machines. A) more B) much C) any D) mostly E) too 04M

18. The book is surprisingly lucid and manages to make the controversial field of evolutionary psychology____ to the average intelligent reader. A) susceptible B) conducive C) available D) indulgent E) exclusive 04K

22. Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen ____ fast for the human eye to see. A) more B) as C) than D) too E) such 05M

19. When the rage for orchids hit Europe in the nineteenth century collectors immediately realized that greenhouses were needed to provide ____ growing conditions. A) better B) best C) as good D) the most E) more 04K

23. Satellite television transmission now makes it ____for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) worldwide B) substantial C) aware D) commonplace E) liable 06K

20. It seems strange to us now that miners and others employed in dangerous work should not have demanded the provision of____ Headgear. A) forceful B) obstructive C) relentless D) protective E) intensive 04M

24. Pollen grains - the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants have an almost ____outer shell that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady 06K

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eviri sorular

1. Today the more we learn through science and technology, the farther the limits of what we don't know spread out towards infinity. A) Bugn bilim ve teknoloji yardmyla ok ey reniyor olsak da hala bilmediklerimizin snrlar sonsuzluun derinliklerine kadar uzanmaktadr. B) Bugnn bilim ve teknolojisiyle rendiklerimiz, eskisinden ok olsa da bilmediimiz eylerin snrlar derin bir sonsuzlua doru uzanyor. C) Bugn bilim ve teknoloji vastasyla ok ey reniyoruz; ancak, bilmediklerimizin snrlar byk bir sonsuzluk iinde kalmaya devam ediyor. D) Bugn bilim ve teknolojiden yararlanarak ok ey renmemize karn, bilmediklerimiz usuz bucaksz bir sonsuzluk oluturmaktadr. E) Bugn bilim ve teknoloji vastasyla ne kadar ok reniyorsak, bilmediklerimizin snrlar da o kadar ok sonsuzlua doru uzanmaktadr. 00K

3. Amerika Birleik Devletleri ile Kanada arasnda olduu gibi, farkl ekonomileri btnletirmede ortak bir dil, ortak para biriminden ok daha yararldr. A) It is the single language that aids the integration of different economies as in the case of the US and Canada, not the monetary system. B) A common language can be far more useful than a common currency to integrate different economies, as is the case between the US and Canada. C) As regards the US and Canada the integration of the different economies is due more to the single language than to the single monetary system. D) The integration of the different economies of the US and Canada owes more to a single language than to a single monetary system. E) A common language rather than a common monetary system has made possible the integration of the different economies of the US and Canada. 02K

2. Sierra Leone'daki i sava o kadar vahiydi ki ve brakt hasarlar o kadar ar olmutur ki normal dzene hzl bir dn imkanszdr. A) One cannot look for a speedy return to normality in Sierra Leone, for the civil war there was horrific and the resulting injuries excessive. B) Since the civil war in Sierra Leone was so barbaric and the injuries that resulted so grave, a speedy return to normality is not to be expected. C) The civil war in Sierra Leone was so barbaric, and the injuries it left so grave, that a swift return to normality is out of the question. D) The civil war in Sierra Leone was so horrific and left in its wake so many injured that a return to normality cannot readily be achieved. E) A quick return to normality in Sierra Leone is out of the question, for the civil war was a savage one and the atrocities committed particularly injurious 02K

4. Pluto, which is the outermost planet of the solar system, has a mass ten times smaller than hitherto supposed. A) Bugne kadar bilinenden on kat daha az bir ktleye sahip olan Plton, gne sisteminin en u gezegenidir. B) Gne sisteminin en u noktasnda bulunan Plton gezegeninin ktlesi, daha nce bilinenden on kat daha azdr. C) Daha nce kabul edilenden on kat daha az bir ktlesi bulunan Plton gezegeni, gne sisteminin en d noktasndadr. D) Gne sisteminin en uzak gezegeni olan Plton bugne kadar sanldndan on kat daha az bir ktleye sahiptir. E) Gne sisteminin en u noktasnda bulunan Plton, imdiye kadar dnlenden on kat daha az bir ktleden oluan bir gezegendir. 02K

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Cmle tamamlama sorular 5. Volkan bilimciler, Yellowstone'da gelecekteki bir yanarda patlamasnn, bildiimiz patlamalardan binlerce kat daha gl olacandan korkmaktadr. A) Volcanologists fear that a future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone will be thousands of times more-powerful than the eruptions we are familiar with. B) Volcanologists suspect that any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone could be far more powerful than any eruption we have experienced to date. C) If the volcano at Yellowstone erupts again, then the eruption could, in the opinion of Volcanologists, be a thousand times more powerful than any we have so far experienced. D) Volcanologists are concerned about the force of any future volcanic eruption at Yellowstone since it could be a thousand times more powerful than earlier ones of our experience. E) Should the volcano at Yellowstone erupt again, Volcanologists fear the force of the eruption could be thousands of times more powerful than any earlier one of our experience. 05K

1. By 1809, Swedens military power had waned to such an extent____. A) as a new constitution transferred power from the king to Parliament B) so that it could no longer continue as a great power C) that the country was forced to surrender part of its territory to Russia D) in that nearly one million Swedes migrated, mostly to America E) even though the Swedes had contributed to Europes Age of Enlightenment with advances in science 06K

Benzer cmle sorusu 6. Despite the explosion of stock-market wealth over the last decade, the most valuable asset most Americans own is their home. A) ou Amerikalnn, sahip olduu evi en deerli varlk olarak grmesi, geen on yl iinde borsa da servet patlamas yaanmasn engellemedi. B) Gecen on yl iinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasndan pay alan Amerikallarn ou iin, evi hala en deerli varldr. C) ou Amerikal, son on ylda borsadan edindii byk servetin yan sra, evini de en deerli varlk olarak grmektedir. D) Evlerini en deerli varlklar olarak kabul eden pek ok Amerikal iin son on ylda borsada da bir servet patlamas oldu. E) Geen on yl iinde borsadan edinilen servet patlamasna ramen, ou Amerikalnn sahip olduu en deerli varlk evidir. 05M

1. Today we are more prosperous and have better relationships across the generations than ever before. A) I think people today have more money than they used to, but inter-generational relationships have suffered as a consequence. B) In the past there used to be more prosperity and better inter-generational communication. C) People these days are better off financially and there is better communication between different age groups than at any time in the past. D) These days we are better at establishing trust between people than we used to be, although we may lack financial resources. E) Nowadays people think that relationships and trust between generations are more important than wealth. 06K

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KEY TO ADJECTIVES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1A 2B 3A 4C 5 E* 6 E* 7D 8B 9D 10 D 11 C 12 * 13 B 14 E 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 C 19 A 20 D 21 A 22 D 23 D 24 C

EVR 1E 2C 3B 4D 5A 6E 7C 8C

CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1C

BENZER CMLE 1C

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Adverbs
Zarflar, fiilleri He drives the car carefully. She sings softly. sfatlar, Im very tired. This book is really outstanding. veya zarflar niteler. He works extremely hard. You learn very fast. sfatlara ly taks gelerek oluan zarflar olduu gibi, adj bright clear easy quick shy warm adv brightly clearly easily quickly shyly warmly

a quick shower He had a shower quickly a shy look She looked shyly at me. sfatla ayn formda olan zarflar da vardr. adj hard fast late long loud near straight adv hard * fast late * long loud near * straight

a fast car She drives the car fast. a loud music He plays the music loud.

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Dikkat: hard, late ,near ly taks alrsa anlamlar deiir. hardly = rarely lately = recently nearly = almost She hardly visits us. Ive not seen him lately. I almost forgot!

Not: good sfat dzensiz olduu iin adverb hali well dir. a good job. He did the job well.

Types of Adverbs

TYPE
manner

ADVERB and EXAMPLE clearly, easily, fast, quickly, softly, well, hard I can easily see him here. at home, here, there, inside, outside He was sitting here. all day, for a while, now, since last week, today The children played football all day. almost, completely, enough, extremely, fairly, hardly She is extremely selfish. certainly, definitely, frankly, in my opinion, luckily Luckily, I wasnt in that bus. biologically, chemically, economically, scientifically, theoretically Theoretically, what you say is right. chiefly, especially, mainly, mostly, particularly, primarily, probably We mostly argue about the education. always, ever, never, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually He sometimes buys computer games. exclusively, just, merely, only, purely, solely This model is exclusively sold to Middle East.

place

time

degree

comment

viewpoint

focus

frequency

restrictive

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Comparative Adverbs Zarflarla karlatrma yaparken, sfat formuyla ayn olan zarflar er taks alrken, She worked harder to earn more. I sleep longer in summers. dierleri ise nne more alr. After the accident, he started drive more carefully. I wanted him to speak more clearly. baz zarflarsa ne er taks ne de more alr. Dzensiz olarak adlandrlan bu zarflar tamamen farkllar. badly far little much well worse further less more better

She made a better score this time. Im exhausted. I cant go further.

Superlative Adverbs En st seviyedeki zarf gsterirken, sfat formuyla ayn olan zarflar est taks alrken, My brother drives the fastest in our family. As usual, Jane came the latest. dierleriyse nne most alr. They debated on traffic crimes the most seriously. She worked for the charity the most passionately. baz zarflarsa ne est taks ne de most alr. Dzensiz olarak adlandrlan bu zarflar tamamen farkllar. badly far little much well the worst the furthest the least the most the best

He scored the best in Olympics. Jane earns the least among her friends. Dikkat: Superlative form da adverb den nce mutlaka the gelir.

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Asas (kadar) Zarflarla eitlik bildirmek iin asas kalb kullanlr. She can type as fast as you can. (senin kadar hzl yazabilir.) Tony speaks as fluently as a French. Karen cant dive as deep as Lily.

Thethe ki olay arasndaki sebep-sonu ilikisini zarflar yoluyla belirtirken kullanrz. The more slowly you speak, the more clearly we understand. ( Ne kadar yava konuursan, o kadar kolay anlyoruz.) The harder you work, the more you earn. The more you practice, the better you speak. Progressive Adverbs Geliimi betimleyen zarflardr. Comparative form kullanlarak yaplr. They ask this question more and more frequently. He started to drive more and more carelessly. Everytime, she skated better and better.

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ADVERBS

IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. Because of their high toxic contents, none of these chemicals can ____ be permitted for export to any country. A) fruitfully B) adequately C) presently D) notoriously E) equivocally 98K

4. The new ceramics, which have little in common with the chinaware we use in our kitchens everyday, are being used ____ in engines and electronics. A) depressingly B) seemingly C) increasingly D) discouragingly E) obligingly 98M

2. ____ he was campaigning for re-election last year, he promised that ____ re-elected, he would undertake to restructure the party. A) Wherever / lest B) Because / while C) As / since D) While / unless E) When / if 98K

5. Today the expansion of knowledge in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology is ____ vast and complex, and multiplying ____ quickly to be mastered fully. A) so / that B) just as / as C) as well / as D) so / so E) too / too 98M

3. It is ____ ten years since AIDS caught the worlds attention. A) formidably B) generously C) pertinently D) roughly E) inevitably 98M

6. ____ suggestion he may make as regards the tax rate, lets not give any response ____ we have discussed the matter thoroughly together. A) However / when B) Whatever / until C) Why ever / after D) Whatsoever / while E) Whenever / before 98M

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7. The current social security system is ____ popular, partly because its universal and partly because retirement benefits are related to contributions, so most people think the system is fair. A) extremely B) likely C) eventually D) indispensably E) favourably 99K

11. ____ populated, rural Northumberland is one of the most unspoiled countries in England. A) Sparsely B) Nearly C) Primarily D) Suitably E) Efficiently 00M

8. Launched as the new regulatory authority for the countries banking and insurance sector, the National Financial Services Management will extend its activities so as ____ to cover more than 40% of the national economy. A) exceptionally B) ultimately C) inherently D) fluently E) apparently 99M

12. I sent an e-mail to everyone in the department, asking for articles for this special issue, but ____ there has been no response. A) so long B) on time C) until then D) even later E) so far 00M

9. For the present, the party is expected to put its differences aside and campaign ____ for a victory at the forthcoming elections. A) vigorously B) awkwardly C) precisely D) distinctly E) reluctantly 00K

13. In many countries training for industry has always been considered to be ____ the concern of industry itself, not of the state. A) socially B) primarily C) suitably D) firmly E) reputedly 01K

10. Industry has developed rapidly in certain countries as raw materials are ____ available there. A) repeatedly B) scarcely C) consequently D) abundantly E) indefinitely 00K

14. The ozone layer may still act like a protective blanket, but scientists continue to worry about the sun's _____ lethal effects. A) potentially B) equivalently C) indifferently D) approximately E) abruptly 01M

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15. Henry VII's foreign policy was unheroic and unspectacular; ______ did he go to war and that was when he invaded France. A) this once B) never before C) once again D) only once E) once more 01M

19. More than 29 million Africans are now infected with HIV, and the disease is killing ____ Africans ____ all the continent's wars combined. A) so many / as B) either / or C) more / than D) not only / but also E) both / and 03M

16. Beethoven's seventeen string quartets hold ______ the same position in chamber music ______ his symphonies hold in the orchestral repertoire. A) as / that B) much / as C) quite / whether D) just / what E) thus / like 01M

20. He did ____ better in the interview ____ any of the other applicants. A) much / as B) rather / than C) as / for D) still / with E) far / from 03M

17. The distinction between a language and a dialect is a ____ difficult one. A) precisely B) notoriously C) compulsively D) suitably E) flexibly 02M

21. The quartet's rendering of Mozart is ____ good, but l have mixed feelings about the Schubert collection. A) exceptionally B) sensitively C) preferably D) impulsively E) impartially 04K

18. The discovery of a ____ cancer-causing chemical in foods like crisps, chips and cereals caused shock waves around the world when it hit the headlines earlier this year. A) potentially B) remarkably C) controversially D) memorably E) concisely 03M

22. Human activrty has destroyed ____ plant species that collective action is essential for the conservation of those that remain. A) more B) so many C) many more D) the most E) as many 04K

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23. In the past 30 years, our knowledge of the ancient Maya civilization has increased ____ as a result of the decipherment of a newly discovered script. A) significantly B) alternatively C) suspiciously D) persuasively E) conditionally 04M

27. Unless you use your computer ____ , you can't expect it to function well. A) surely B) particularly C) recently D) properly E) soundly 05M

24. ____ helmets had been revived for soldiers and extended to many workers, safety head coverings for athletes almost inevitably followed. A) while B) before C) although D) once E) until 04M

28. James Joyce left Ireland for Paris but returned to Dublin for a short while ____ learning that his mother was dying. A)whenever B)until C)after D)while E)as 05M

25. Pharmaceutical firms are wary of devoting money to new antibiotics whose sales can be ____ limited by the development of resistance in the target microbes. A) accurately B) adequately C) severely D) complacently E) confidently 05K

29. Latin American countries on average export only about 10 per cent of their products to other Latin American countries but ____ 20 percent of them to the US. A) almost B) fairly C) respectively D) initially E) extensively 06K

26. Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los Angeles, Mexicans received 14.5 billon US dollars from relatives working in the United States, which is almost ____ Mexico earned from foreign oil sales. A) as B) just as C) as well as D) as much as E) as far as 05K

30. In some parts of Western Europe, ____ in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage. A) completely B) deceptively C) notably D) voluntarily E) relatively 06M

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eviri sorular

31. In pollen analysis the exinesare extracted from the soil, studied under a microscope, and identified according to the distinctive exine shape and surface ornamentation of different families and genera of plants. ____ quantified, these identifications are then plotted as curves on a pollen diagram. A) Before B) Whenever C) While D) Until E) Once 06K

1. 1970lerdeki byk petrol bunalmndan beri, Uluslararas Enerji Kurumu alternatif enerji kaynaklar bulmak iin yaplan aratrmalar tevik etmi ve desteklemitir. A) Since the great oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has encouraged and supported research carried out to discover alternative energy sources. B) Since there was a great oil crisis in the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has been encouraging and supporting research into alternative energy sources. C) Following the serious oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has been encouraging and subsidizing any research pertaining to alternative energy resources. D) Following the great oil crisis of the 1970s, the International Energy Agency has encouraged research that might lead to the discovery of alternative energy sources. E) The great oil crisis of the 1970s convinced the International Energy Agency of the need to support research into the development of alternative energy resources. 98K

32. In the largely closed economies of the Gulf, private as well as public funds have ____ turned to real estate and equity markets, fuelling a dangerous speculative boom. A) unlikely B) nominally C) rapidly D) still E) tightly 07M

2. Sonunda ormann kenarna ulatmzda, uzun sre orada durduk ve nmzde uzayp giden manzaray seyrettik. A) With the forest finally behind us, we stood for a long time looking at the countryside ahead of us. B) On finally getting through to the edge of the forest we paused for a while, to look at the landscape that stretched out before us. C) Once we had got through the forest, we paused to look at the landscape that lay ahead of us. D) When we finally got to the edge of the forest, we stood there for a long while and looked at the landscape that stretched out before us. E) When we finally came out of the forest we stood there, gazing for a long time at the countryside in front of us. 01M

33. Britains history has shaped a great diversity of musical traditions, many of which ____ flourish. A) then B) still C) thus D) almost E) too 07M

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3. Ten years ago there was not enough electricity available in the region to support the extraordinary growth we have experienced over the last two years. A) Son iki ylda gzlediimiz hzl bymeyi destekleyecek kadar elektrik, son on yl iinde bile retilmemiti. B) Son iki ylda grdmz muazzam bymeyi desteklemek iin on yl ncesinde blgede yeterli elektrik bulunmas gerekiyordu. C) On yl nce, blgede son iki ylda yaadmz olaanst bymeyi destekleyecek yeterli elektrik mevcut deildi. D) On yl ncesi gibi, son iki ylda grlen olaanst bymeyi desteklemeye yetecek elektrik yoktu. E) On yl nce blgede elektrik bulunmad iin son iki yldan beri grlen muazzam bymeyi desteklemek ok zor oldu. 01M

5. During the 4th century B.C., Aristotle studied almost every aspect of science and summed up each as best he could. A) M.. 4. yzylda, Aristoteles, bilimin hemen hemen her ynn aratrm ve her birini elinden geldiince zetlemitir. B) M..4. yzylda, Aristoteles, tm bilimleri aratrm ve her birini ayr ayr zetlemitir. C) M.. 4. yzylda her bir bilimi ayr ayr inceleyen Aristoteles, elde ettii sonutan bir araya toplamtr. D) Aristoteles'in M.. 4. yzylda yapt bilimsel almalar, tek bir eser halinde toplanmtr. E) Aristoteles'in M., 4. yzylda bir araya toplayabildii bilimsel almalar, aslnda ayr ayr yaplm aratrmalard. 02M

4. Devletler knce, sadece terristlere ve uyuturucu kaaklarna snak olmaz, ayn zamanda mlteci ynlarnn zengin lkelere ynelmesini tevik ederler. A) When states collapse, they not only become havens for terrorists and drug smugglers but also prompt multitudes of refugees to head for richer countries. B) When states collapse terrorists and drug smugglers can safely move in and multitudes of refugees leave for richer countries. C) When states collapse, this provides terrorists and drug peddlers with a safe haven while masses of refugees escape to richer countries. D) Terrorists and drug peddlers find a haven for themselves when states collapse, but others flee the country in search of a richer world. E) Masses of refugees flee to richer countries when states collapse, but terrorists and drug dealers move in to safety. 02K

6. Whenever governments use globalization to deny responsibility, democracy suffers another blow and prospects for growth in the developing countries are set back a little further. A) Hkmetler sorumluluklarndan kamak iin kresellemeyi bahane ederlerse gelimekte olan lkelerdeki demokrasi yeni bir darbe alr ve byme mitleri ok daha derinlere gmlr. B) Ne zaman ki hkmetler sorumluluktan kanmak iin kresellemeyi kullanr, demokrasi bir darbe daha alr ve kalknmakta olan lkelerdeki byme mitleri biraz daha geriye atlr. C) Sorumluluktan kanmak isteyen hkmetlerin kresellemeyi bahane etmeleri, kalknmakta olan lkelerin demokrasisine darbe vurmakla kalmaz, byme mitlerini de yok eder. D) Sorumluluktan kamak iin kresellemeye snan hkmetler, demokrasiye darbe vurduklarn ve gelimekte olan lkelerin mitlerini boa kardklarm bilmelidirler. E) Sorumluluktan kamak iin kresellemeyi kullanan hkmetler, demokrasiye darbe vurmakta ve gelimekte olan lkelerdeki byme mitlerini ortadan kaldrmaktadrlar. 02M

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7. Atmosferdeki oksijenin yaklak % 20'sl Amazon yamur ormanlarndaki dev aalar tarafndan retilir ve bu miktar, ayn alan kadar imenin reteceinden ok daha fazladr. A) Because of the giant trees, the Amazonian rain forests can produce 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, which is a great deal more than a similar area of grassland can produce. B) The giant trees of the Amazonian rain forests actually produce 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere; the same area of grass could not produce quite so much. C) On their own, the Amazonian rain forests, with their giant trees, are responsible for at least 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, which is a far greater amount than a similar area of grassland could produce. D) About 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by the giant trees of the Amazonian rain forests, and this amount is much more than the same area of grass would produce. E) While the giant trees of the Amazon rain forests produce more than 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere, the same area of grassland could not produce nearly as much as this. 05M

Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. ____ a greet many alarming theories are sure to spring to the fore. A) Before the truth had been verified B) Even though his death had almost certainly been from natural causes C) If several perfectly natural explanations had been put forward D) Whenever there are anonymous terrorist attacks E) As soon as this admittedly unpleasant incident got forgotten 00K

2. ____ , a committee will be set up to determine just how to turn the museum into private non-profit corporation. A) As long as there were no rival claims B) As soon as the board has approved the project C) However much disappointment it would have caused them D) If such a crisis could have been avoided E) Whoever managed to deceive you 00M

3. Whenever we pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV, ____ . A) there are, of course, numerous non-economic forces that determine and mould our decisionmaking process B) there are clear lines of demarcation between economics and politics C) it is natural that economics constitutes a significant percentage of our media coverage D) generally politics is defined as the art of government and, as such, is seriously concerned with economics E) we are likely to be bombarded with facts and figures on such subjects as pollution, unemployment and inflation 01K

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4. ____ , when Eveready introduced the alkaline battery. A) Their technological success is still being questioned B) Many new materials have been adapted for battery use C) Mercury, too, has recently been eliminated from batteries on account of its toxicity D) The lifespan of these batteries are expected to improve E) The first major advance in flashlight batteries came in 1959 04K

Benzer cmle sorusu

1.The sooner we get the new system into action, the better. A) Once the new system is working, the situation will improve. B) We should get the new system working as soon as possible. C) Sooner or later we'll have to install a new system. D) At some future date a new system is going to be necessary. E) We are going to get a new system installed without delay. 05M

5. Before the 21st century has run its course, ____ . A) the powers of computers have expanded vastly due to advanced research B) countless technologies not envisioned yet will be available to us C) a great deal of scientific effort is being made to find solutions to complex problems D) most people in developed countries enjoy a state of true health throughout their lives E) our knowledge of the world around us has improved to a great extent 06K

6. The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ____. A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems 07M

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KEY TO ADVERBS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1C 2E 3D 4C 5 * 6B 7A 8 * 9A 10 D 11 A 12 E 13 B 14 A 15 D 16 B 17 A* 18 A 19 C 20 B 21 A 22 B 23 A 24 D 25 C 26 D 27 D 28 C 29 A 30 E 31 C 32 C 33 B CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1D 2B 3E 4E 5B 6A

EVR 1A 2D 3C 4A 5A 6B 7D

BENZER CMLE 1B

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Prepositions
in geni bir alan yada zaman iersinde: in Paris, in a bank, in the picture, in hospital, in a newspaper, in the morning, in 1690, in a minute, in two years time

at bir alan yada zaman iersinde bir nokta: at midnight, at 7 PM, at the end of the year, at the same time, at university on bir dzlem zerinde bir nokta: on my way home, on the wall, on a bus, on a plane(in a car), on an island, on TV, on E-5, on Sunday, on Valentines Day with by (ile) I went to the chemist with Helen. I went to the chemist by Helens car. among between (arasnda) The little girl was standing between her mum and dad. (iki ey arasnda) The little girl was standing among her relatives. (bir grup arasnda) above over (zerinde) Tyler was a county above Dallas. The bird flew over us to south. below under (altnda) It is hot in Adana. The temperature didnt fall below 35 degrees Celsius. All the night, she stayed under the blanket. along (bir dzlem boyunca) She talked about her nephew all along the way. I used to walk along the beach when lived in Alanya. during (bir sre boyunca) During the time we were in France, Ive never been to Disneyland. He didnt utter a word during the lesson. through ( boyutlu bir dzlem iersinden) You can go through the forest to cut short. Switch on your headlights when you pass through the tunnel. by/ beside/ next to (yannda) Stand by/ beside/ next to the structure and Ill take your photo. There is a moll by/ beside/ next to hotel. near or next to He lives near our house. (evi bizimkinin yaknnda) He lives next to our house. (evlerimiz bitiik)

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across (karsnda) He passed across the street and looked at me. They will sail across the Pacific to go to Australia. against (kar) Do you think the students are against the administration? I think Ill vote against him. around (etrafnda) I would like to travel all around the world. When the new rock star got off his car, the journalists gathered around him. behind (arkasnda) There is a man hiding behind the tree. Can you see the car signaling behind us? beyond (tesinde) Dont try to understand. It is beyond your comprehension. It is beyond me to train you as an artist. from (-den) Are there any flights from here to Amsterdam? to (-e) I saw her going to the cinema yesterday. throughout (bir zaman dilimi boyunca) Throughout its history, Britain has always cared for her interests Throughout the history, humankind has tried to explain the nightmares.

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Belli fiiller, sfatlar ve isimlerden sonra belli preposition lar gelir. Bunlarn renilmesinde fayda var.

Preposition after verb

about agree ask (sb) boast care dream hear inquire joke laugh quarrel (sth) speak talk think at arrive estimate gaze glance guess hint laugh look peep peer point shoot smile stare wonder provide register reserve search send suffer thank vote wait wish from abstain ban benefit borrow date deduce deduct depart derive deter diverge eliminate emerge escape excuse(sb) hinder infer prevent prohibit protect recover refrain release request rescue resign remove refer save separate steal suffer in believe collaborate confide delight differ dress end enroll implicate indulge insert persist result specialize succeed on act bet centre comment compliment concentrate depend dwell embark experiment feed gain impose insist live operate rely spend spy with acquaint alternate argue bargain begin charge coincide combine communicate confer end fit identify infect interact issue negotiate paint quarrel reason supply threaten trust

of accuse approve beware complain dispose repent relieve suspect think

for account allow apply arrest beg

blame compensate excuse head hope prepare

to admit adjust adapt appeal ascend ascribe assign attach attend belong change compare complain (sb) dedicate devote explain introduce lend object refer respond restrict

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Preposition after adjective about anxious concerned confused confident curious doubtful enthusiastic glad mad optimistic particular sorry (sb) upset worried at astonished bad good lucky slow for anxious available bound convenient eager eligible famous fit qualified ready sorry suitable from absent different distant distinct exempt free safe in different included interested involved lacking latest limited negligent occupied poor prompt rich successful of afraid ashamed aware capable certain composed conscious convinced critical deprived deserving devoid envious fond free full guilty ignorant independent jealous proud relieved scared short suspicious tired tolerant on based dependent intent keen reliant to accountable accustomed applicable appropriate beneficial committed congenial contrary cruel dedicated detrimental devoted equal essential faithful fatal foreign grateful (sb) indifferent inferior kind liable loyal married opposed peculiar polite prior prone relative relevant restricted sensitive subject superior suspect used

submit subscribe with

acquainted angry associated busy consistent content crowded delighted disgusted honest inconsistent level moist patient pleased popular satisfied strict

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Preposition after noun about argument complaint concern confusion doubt idea information news at attempt for admiration affection compensation disregard excuse fondness hope need permission plan reason remedy respect room search substitution from divorce escape expulsion protection resignation in ability belief competence confidence drop experience failure faith fall increase interest participation pleasure reduction result rise satisfaction skill success of advent approval cause choice disadvantage division fear hope intention knowledge lack means need possession shortage use on attack authority effect expert influence insistence reliance to access commitment comparison devotion indifference objection reaction reference response solution with comparison difficulty familiarity trouble

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PREPOSITIONS
IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. ____ the terms of the forthcoming trade agreement, Japan wins parity ____ the United States. A) Through / above B) By / of C) From / from D) Under / with E) After / over 98K

4. The Hollywood studio system in film making, which began ____ 1920 and flourished from the early 1930s ____ the 1950s is unique in Western culture. A) throughout / into B) around / through C) by / until D) within / over E) along / till 98M

2. We have yet to take ____ consideration the problem of how large future national armies should eventually be, regardless ____ their current size. A) onto / at B) in / in C) for / with D) under / from E) into / of 98K

5. Although the American writer Katherine Anne Porter used a variety of places ____ the setting of her short stories and novels, she frequently came ____ to the scenes of her early days. A) through / over B) within / in C) for / back D) without / for E) under / up 99K

3. We are prevented ____ completing the project ____ time due to unforeseen circumstances. A) from / on B) in / by C) by / in D) at / over E) for / about 98M

6. British TV is still stuck ____ a regulatory structure designed ____ a bygone age. A) off / within B) up / in C) away / by D) through / over E) with / for 99K

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7. In their discussions concerning the proposed defense strategies, NATO diplomats found they could not agree ____ what the alliance was ____ , what weapons it would threaten to use and in what circumstances. A) on / for B) about / into C) with / over D) by / about E) before / through 99K

11. I did manage to keep my temper but I couldn't refrain ____ pointing ____ that what he had done was wrong. A) in / at B) at / to C) by / away D) for / off E) from / out 00K

8. They claim that their aim is to establish long term cooperation ____ their customers, ____ a basis of partnership and mutual trust. A) for / over B) with / on C) by / through D) from / in E) among / for 99M

12. The arrival of Europeans in America dislocated traditional ways of life and altered the world ____ recognition. A) for B) beyond C) at D) off E) from 00M

9. The collapse of Rome left ____ its wake a large variety of ethnic communities ____ which modern European states emerged. A) before / of B) at / through C) over / by D) in / from E) within / with 99M

13. ____ the past few decades South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong have achieved the fastest rates ____ economic growth the world has ever seen. A) Within / at B) During / of C) In / over D) After / in E) Over / about 01K

10. Infectious diseases are those which are caused ____ an invasion of the body ____ organisms from outside. A) through / with B) by / by C) over / through D) in / without E) upon / within 00K

14. The works of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates commonly known as the "Hippocratic Collection", consist ____ about 70 works, ___ which only a relatively small number are possible by him. A) of / of B) in / for C) for / in D) at / about E) by / within 01K

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15. ____ the computerized Dutch auction system, the flower industry gets flowers into our homes when they are still ____ their best. A) under / at B) at / in C) from / with D) until / to E) within / for 01K

19. The biggest accounting issue raised____ the energy company is____ accounting standards. A) by / over B) to / to C) for / under D) through / within E) from / into 02K

16. Post offices don't have enough space to cope ______ the tremendous increase ______ demand for PO boxes. A) with / in B) on / of C) upon / within D) for / upon E) through / from 01M

20. Crying, which starts ____ birth, is an alarm system that attracts the parent and it can be switched off ____ parental attention. A) with / after B) at / by C) for / with D) from / for E) by / through 02K

17. Even prior to the 1930s, Swedish banks played an important role _____ the financing _____ long-term industrial projects. A) at / for B) for / in C) in / of D) by / with E) into / over 01M

21. Since 1998, the US federal government has more than doubled its spending____ defence ____ biological and chemical weapons. A) for / with B) of / to C) on / against D) in / from E) with / over 02K

18. In Belgium, compensation ______ accidents at work and occupational illnesses is exclusively the concern ______ employers. A) over / from B) in / by C) from / for D) for / of E) of / with 01M

22. Items____ display in this museum were obtained ____ mosques, Turkish baths, fountains and caravansary dating back to the Ottoman period. A) on / from B) in / by C) for / out of D) within / of E) with / at 02K

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23. The traditional idea that Asia was the cradle ____ primeval man has had to be modified____ the light of the discovery of human fossils of great antiquity in Africa. A) to / over B) for / from C) by / under D) from / within E) of / in 02M

27. _____ the surprise of the archaeologists, the structures turned out to be the remains ____ two domed tombs, each over a thousand years old. A) To / of B) At / from C) For / by D) With / over E) By / through 03M

24. Naturally I was rather disappointed____ the results of the experiment, but actually I wasn't really surprised____ them. A) by / to B) over / for C) for / by D) with / at E) of / with 02M

28. ____ its vast forests, Myanmar was thought to possess the largest number of tigers ____ India. A) For / with B) In / for C) At / to D) With / after E) Through / by 04K

25. When the personnel manager announced that everybody had to do overtime because they were____ schedule, this caused a great deal of ill will ____ the staff. A) near / for B) off / in C) back / from D) below / between E) behind / among 02M

29. Though the most important factors in pricing decisions are production costs and the level ____ demand, broader company objectives must also be taken ____consideration. A) in / out of B) of / into C) with / for D) between / by E) on / under 04K

26. The essays taken together tell the story of how the US became an economic power _____ a scale unprecedented _____ history. A) for / with B) at / by C) with / from D) thought / at E) on / in 03M

30. The software has been designed to help detectives solve complex cases ____ prompting them to explore lines ____ enquity other than the obvious ones. A) through / to B) by / of C) from / into D) over / with E) into / for 04M

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31. Recent findings have suggested that, in ancient times too, man was capable ____ causing rapid and decisive changes____ the genetic make-up of staple crops. A) in / for B) to / of C) of / in D) from / over E) with / into 04M

35. The analysis of a story____ its central conflict is likely to be especially fruitful, for it rapidly takes us to what is truly____ issue in the story. A) by / over B) from / with C) through / at D) with / about E) towards / above 05M

32. What's really ____ issue is the political structure ____ which Soviet communism was erected. A) at / on B) for / from C) to / through D) by / in E) over / with 05K

36. An Indian drug company has offered to supply an anti-AIDS drug____ sufferers in developing countries____ less than onetwentieth of the standard cost in the west. A) in / to B) at / over C) with / for D) to / at E) on / with 07M

33. Provincial governments play a big role in the lives of Canadians ____ primary responsibility _____ health, education and welfare. A) through / over B) at / about C) from / to D) by / of E) with / for 05K

37. The main attention at the World Economic Forum, when it was not focused ____ China, centered on Africas remarkable economic growth ____ the past couple of years. A) in / with B) on / over C) of / towards D) by / at E) from / through 07M

34. The Gulf countries have achieved substantial progress ____ regional integration____ the past 20 years. A) through / of B) into / with C) for / on D) over / by E) towards / over 05M

38. The patchwork of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic nations, the myths of a rural idyll created ____ rapid urbanization, have contributed to the wealth of music literature and recordings. A) of B) in C) at D) with E) by 07M

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39. As far as an employee is concerned, your educational qualification is a means ____ filtering where there is keen competition for a post. A) of B) by C) over D) with E) through 07M

43. He found remains of structures for turning blubber ____ whale-oil. A) by B) about C) next to D) upon E) into 06K

40. Severity of autism ranges____ those who are mute and have no functional behavior ____ individuals with high IQ scores. A) into / among B) in / about C) between / of D) through / for E) from / to 06K

44. Philosophers have debated the relation ____ thought and emotions ____ at least two millennia. A) from / over B) over / in C) between / for D) in / by E) through / to 06M

41. Most companies would prefer to concentrate ____ domestic rather than foreign markets because of their great familiarity ____ their own environments. A) in / of B) on / with C) over / by D) at / from E) for / to 06K

45. The concept developed ____ a growing emphasis on research into the interaction of emotion and thought. A) off B) against C) without D) out of E) under 06M

42. Fluctuations in the curve____ each plant category may then be studied for signs of climatic fluctuation. A) across B) on C) for D) about E) at 06K

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KEY TO PREPOSITIONS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1D 2E 3A 4B 5C 6E 7A 8B 9 D* 10 B 11 E 12 * 13 A* 14 A 15 A* 16 A 17 C 18 D 19 A 20 B 21 C 22 A 23 B 24 D 25 E 26 E 27 A 28 D 29 B 30 B 31 C 32 A 33 E 34 E 35 C 36 D 37 B 38 E 39 A 40 E 41 B 42 C 43 E 44 C 45 D

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Relative Clauses
Bir kii yada eyi tanmlayan veya hakknda ekstra bilgi veren cmleciklerdir. Defining ve Non-defining relative clauses olarak ikiye ayrlr. Defining relative clauses baka benzerleri bulunan, kii yada ey hakknda tanmlayc bilgi verir. who/ that (kii) This is the girl who won the gold medal. ( This is the girl. She won the gold medal.) which/ that (ey) I bought a washing machine which cost too much. (I bought a washing machine. It cost too much.) where/ / in which (yer) The county where I worked as a nurse was very small. ( This is a very small county. I worked there as a nurse.) whose (aitlik) I met a man whose son studies in Harvard. ( I met a man. His son studies in Harvard.) when/ at which/ in which (zaman) He remembers the day when he first drove a car. ( He remembers the day. He first drove a car.) why/ for which (neden) I was tired this is why I took a nap.******** ( I was tired. This is the reason I took a nap.) Not: who/ which yerine that kullanlabilir. I learnt a secret that nobody knows. (which) The girl that won the beauty contest wasnt so charming. (who) tanmlanan object (nesne) ise, who/ which/ that kullanlmayabilir. Ayrca who yerine whom kullanlabilir. This is the actor (who/ whom/ that) I admire. He found the necklace (which/ that) her sister lost. I saw her in a cafe (which) she goes very often.****

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Non-defining relative clauses kii yada ey hakknda ekstra bilgi verir. Mutlaka ana cmleden virglle ayrlr. Mr. Penn, who was a counselor, died yesterday. The Prince, who was known for his justice, ruled seventeen years. zel isimlerde kullanlr. Dr. Hedrick, who was rewarded the Nobel prize, lives in our neighborhood. Belgrad Forest, where you can see deer, is situated on the North-west. trnn tek rneiyse kullanlr. The Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old, revolves around itself. WHO, which was founded in 1948, Works to improve health conditions. Not: non-defining relative clause da that kullanamayz. Evanesance, which makes gothic music, took stage on Harbiye.

Dikkat: Baz durumlarda hem defining hem de non-defining clause kullanabiliriz. Fakat anlamda deime olur. My sister who is a teacher works in Nevehir. (baka kz kardeim de var.) My sister, who is a teacher, works in Nevehir. (tek kz kardeim var.) non-defining clause kullanabileceimiz dier kalplar: All of None of Some of Each of Most of The biggest, the best of WHOM WHICH WHOSE

There were seven questions in the exam. I couldnt answer any of them. There were seven questions in the exam, none of which I could answer. I met his sons. One of them was a writer. I met his sons, one of whom was a writer. Sarah looked after the children. Their mothers worked. Sarah looked after the children, all of whose mother worked.

144

RELATIVE CLAUSES
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. There are situations ____ the best way to heal the patient is to help him die peacefully. A) from where B) in that C) whence D) for whom E) in which 98K

4. Bennett's novel The Old Wives Tale is the one _____ he is likely to be best known by posterity. A) of which B) for whom C) by which D) in which E) that 01M

2. David Dickinsons new play is a fairy-tale romance, ____ a pregnant woman searches for the father of her child during a torrential rainstorm. A) who B) by whom C) that D) in which E) whose 00K

5. Several important ports, _____ export timber, are situated on the shores of the White Sea. A) most of which B) that many of them C) those which D) whichever of them E) some of whom 01M

3. Galileo originated the method of controlled experiment ____ now forms the basis of scientific investigation. A) what B) who C) where D) whom E) which 01K

6. The members of the special commission on crime, some of ____ were appointed by the mayor, still meet on a regular basis. A) that B) whose C) whom D) who E) which 02K

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7. The young sociologist ____ article was published in the "National Geographic" had traveled 1700 miles across Australia's western wilderness. A) whose B) who C) that D) which E) whom 02M

11. The nautical archaeologist Robert Grenier led a Parks Canada team in search of the Basque galleon San Juan, ____ the archives said had sunk in the harbor in 1565. A) whose B) when C) whom D) who E) which 06K

8. Photosynthesis is the process _____ green plants manufacture carbohydrates, using the energy of sunlight. A) as when B) on which C) where D) by which E) since 03M

12. Hviz is Europes largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, ____ helps extend the tourist season. A) thus B) which C) nor D) too E) so 06M

9. The most devastating human impact on environments can be seen on islands ____ settlers have introduced new animals and plants. A) which B) to whom C) what D) to which E) whom 04K

13. Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and raise our self-esteem. It removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of selfexpression, ____ the linear passage of time seems to vanish. A) wherever B) which C) where D) how E) whom 07M

10. Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ____ it is doing business. A) where B) what C) as for D) of which E) so that 06K

146

eviri sorular

1. In Latin America and Eastern Europe, where interventional methods in the past were put into effect most austerely, it is governments, not outside economists, that today speak most favourably in support of market economics. A) Gemite devlet mdahalesini esas alan ve bizzat uygulayan Latin Amerika ve Dou Avrupa hkmetleri, yabanc uzmanlardan daha istekli bir ekilde pazar ekonomisini destekleyici konumalar yapmaktadr. B) Bugn Latin Amerikada ve Dou Avrupada pazar ekonomisini destekleyenler, yabanc ekonomistlerden ok, gemite ar mdahaleci yntemler uygulam olan hkmetlerin bizzat kendileridir. C) Gemite mdahaleci yntemlerin en sert ekilde uygulamaya konulduu Latin Amerikada ve dou Avrupada, bugn pazar ekonomisi lehinde en olumlu konuanlar yabanc ekonomistler deil, hkmetlerdir. D) Bugn Latin Amerikada ve Dou Avrupada pazar ekonomisinin yararlarndan sz edenler, sadece yabanc uzmanlar deil, gemite ar devlet mdahalesini benimsemi olan hkmetlerin kendileridir. E) Eskiden ar mdahaleci uygulamalarn olduu Latin Amerikada ve Dou Avrupada bugnk hkmetler pazar ekonomisini yabanc ekonomistlerden daha fazla vmeye ynelmektedir. 98K

2. Our company, a partner in an international consortium and headquartered in Istanbul, is looking for water resources engineers who have at least ten years of experience in irrigation engineering and land development. A) Uluslararas bir konsorsiyumun orta olan ve merkezi stanbulda bulunan irketimiz, sulama mhendislii ve arazi slahnda en az on yl tecrbesi olan su kaynaklar mhendisleri aramaktadr. B) Merkezi stanbulda bulunan irketimiz uluslararas bir konsorsiyumun ortadr ve sulama mhendislii ile toprak slahnda en az on yl alm olan su mhendislerini istihdam etmektedir. C) Sulama yntemleri ve blge kalknmasnda en az on yllk tecrbe sahibi olan su mhendisleri arayan irketimiz uluslararas bir konsorsiyumun yesidir. D) stanbulda kurulmu ve sulama ileri ile toprak slahnda en az on yllk tecrbeye sahip su mhendisleri arayan irketimiz uluslararas bir konsorsiyum yesidir. E) Uluslararas bir konsorsiyuma dahil olan ve ana merkezi stanbulda bulunan irketimiz, sulama ilerinde ve arazi slahnda altrlmak zere su kaynaklarnda en az on yllk tecrbeye sahip su mhendislerine ihtiya duymaktadr. 98K

3. Britains newspaper market, which is one of the worlds most diverse, continues to prosper with relatively stable prices. A) Dnyann en eitlilerinden biri olan ngiliz gazete piyasas, nispeten istikrarl fiyatlarla gelimeye devam ediyor. B) Dnyann en karmak basn piyasasna sahip olan ngilterede gazete fiyatlarndaki istikrar ksmen devam etmektedir. C) Ksmen istikrarl fiyatlara sahip olan ngiliz basn piyasas, dnyann en ok farkllk gsteren piyasalarndan biridir ve gelimesini srdrmektedir. D) Dnyann en gvenilir basn piyasasna sahip olan ngilterede gazete fiyatlarnn istikrarl durumu devam etmektedir. E) Dnyann en farkl piyasalarndan biri olan ngiliz gazete piyasas ksmen istikrarl fiyatlar sayesinde olumlu gelimesini srdrmektedir. 98M

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4. There was much documentary evidence about the case, which was subjected to rigorous testing by the forensic specialists and found to be authentic. A) Davaya ilikin bir sr kant ve belge bu alann uzmanlarnca kkl bir incelemeye alnm ve bunlarn doruluu ispatlanmtr. B) Gvenlik uzmanlar, dava ile ilgili pek ok belge ve kant youn bir incelemeye alm ve bunlarn gerek olduunu ortaya koymutur. C) Dava hakknda, adli tp uzmanlarnca sk incelemeye tabi tutulan ve gerek olduu anlalan pek ok belgesel kant bulunmaktayd. D) Parmak izi uzmanlarnca ayrntl bir incelemeye tabi tutulan belgesel kantlar, davaya ilikin gerekleri kesin olarak ortaya koymutur. E) Davaya ilikin o kadar ok belge ve kant bulunmaktayd ki bunlarn gizli uzmanlarca incelenmesi ve doruluklarnn saptanmas ok uzun sre almtr. 98M

6. Aqueducts are conduits in which water flows or is conveyed from its source to the place where it is to be used. A) Su kemerleri, suyun iinde akt veya kaynandan kullanlaca yere tand su yollardr. B) inde su akan, veya suyu kaynandan kullanlaca yere kadar tayan su yollarna su kemerleri ad verilir. C) inde suyun akt su kemerleri, ayn zamanda suyu kaynandan kullanlaca yere tayan su yollardr. D) Su kemerleri, iinde su akan veya suyu kaynandan alarak kullanlaca yere kadar tayan su yollarndan oluur. E) Birer su yolu olan su kemerleri, iinden akan suyu kaynandan alarak kullanlaca yere kadar tar. 99K

5. Today there are some political scientists who would date the beginning of the cold war back to the early 1920s when the Soviets declared ideological war on western capital societies. A) Bugn baz siyaset bilimciler, Sovyetlerin kapitalist bat lkelerine kar ideolojik bir sava at 1920li yllarn, souk savan balang tarihi olarak kabul edilmesine karlar. B) Bugn, souk savan balangcn, Sovyetlerin kapitalist bat toplumlarna kar ideolojik sava ilan ettii 1920lerin ilk yllarna dayandran baz siyaset bilimciler bulunmaktadr. C) Bugn baz siyaset bilimcilere gre, Sovyetlerin 1920li yllarn banda kapitalist bat lkelerine kar ideolojik bir sava amas, souk savan balangcn oluturan ilk gelimedir. D) Bugn baz siyaset bilimciler souk savan balang tarihini 1920li yllar olarak kabul ederler, nk bu dnemde Sovyetler kapitalist bat lkelerine kar ideolojik bir sava ilan etmilerdir. E) 1920li yllarn banda Sovyetlerin baz kapitalist bat toplumlarna kar ideolojik bir sava balatmalar, bugn baz siyaset uzmanlar tarafndan souk sava olarak kabul edilmektedir. 98M

7. Martin Scorseses controversial film takes its story from Edith Wartons novel, which appeared in 1920 and made her the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for literature. A) Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmi, yksn, Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan romanndan almaktadr. B) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filmi, 1920de yaymlad romanyla Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn Edith Wartonnun yksn anlatmaktadr. C) Edith Warton 1920de yazd ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan roman, Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmine de konu olmutur. D) Martin Scorsesenin tartmaya ak filminin yks, 1920de yaymlandnda Edith Wartonnun Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olmasn salayan romann anlatmaktadr. E) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filminin yksn, Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olan Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanm bir romanndan alnmtr. 99K

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8. The rigid and hierarchical corporate structure that provided the basis for business growth until the 1980s has now become a thing of the past. A) 1980lerde i dnyasnda oluturan kat ve hiyerarik kurumsal yaplanma, bugn artk gemie ait bir olgu olarak grlmektedir. B) 1980lere kadar irketlerin bymesini salayan salam ve hiyerarik yaplanma, bugn artk eski nemini yitirmitir. C) lerin bymesi iin 1980lere kadar temel oluturan kat ve hiyerarik irket yaps, bugn artk gemite kalmtr. D) 1980li yllara kadar byme srecinin temelini oluturan kat hiyerarik kurumsal yapnn nemi, bugn artk yok olmutur. E) Gemiten gnmze kadar uzanan salam ve hiyerarik kurumsal yap, 1980lere kadar bymenin temelini oluturmutur. 99M

10. Pasifik Okyanusu'nun Atlantik Okyanusu'ndan ayr olduunu ilk fark eden Avrupal, spanyol kaif Vasco de Balboa idi. A) Even so, it was the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa who was the first European to notice that the Pacific and the Atlantic were separate oceans. B) The Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa was the first European to realize that the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean were separated. C) The first European to recognize the Pacific Ocean as distinct from the Atlantic Ocean was the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa. D) Vasco de Balboa of Spain was the first European to discover that the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans were separate. E) Until the Spanish explorer Vasco de Balboa made the discovery, Europeans did not realize that the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean were distinct. 00K

9. The European Molecular Biology Council, which represents the member states of the European Union, will co-ordinate advanced research into genetics. A) Genetik alannda ileri aratrmalarn egdmn salayacak olan Avrupa Molekler Biyoloji Konseyi, Avrupa Birlii'ne ye devletlerin temsilcilerinden olumaktadr. B) Avrupa Birlii'ne ye devletlerin oluturduu Avrupa Molekler Biyoloji Konseyi, genetik alanndaki aratrmalar destekleyecektir. C) Genetik alannda ileri aratrmalarn egdm, Avrupa Birlii'ne ye devletlerin oluturduu Avrupa Molekler Biyoloji Konseyi tarafndan salanabilir. D) Avrupa Birlii'ne ye devletleri temsil eden Avrupa Molekler Biyoloji Konseyi, genetik alanndaki ileri aratrmalarn egdmn salayacak. E) Avrupa Molekler Biyoloji Konseyi, Avrupa Birlii'ne ye devletlerin genetik alannda yrtt youn aratrmalarn egdmn salayacak. 00K

11. In his article, the author, who is a noted economist, describes why the economic decline in South America in the 1980s was inevitable. A) Bu makalede, yazar, nl bir iktisat olarak, 1980li yllarda Gney Amerikada yaanan ekonomik kn niin durdurulamadn ayrntlarla anlatmaktadr. B) Bu makalede. nemli bir iktisat olan yazar, Gney Amerikada 1980lerde grlen ekonomik gerilemenin kanlmaz sonularn ortaya koymaktadr. C) Bu makalede, 1980'li yllarda Gney Amerikada grlen ekonomik bunalmn nedenleri nl bir iktisat tarafndan aklanmaktadr. D) Bu makalede, 1980lerde Gney Amerikada ortaya kan ekonomik durgunluun niin nlenemedii saygn bir iktisat yazar tarafndan anlatlmaktadr. E) Bu makalede, tannm bir iktisat olan yazar, 1980'lerde Gney Amerikada ekonomik gerilemenin niin kanlmaz olduunu anlatmaktadr. 00M

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12. The Beni-Israel is a Jewish community of some thousands, known as the White Jews and found chiefly in Bombay and the costal towns of south-west India. A) Birka bin kiiden oluan Beni-srail Yahudi topluluu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudilerden oluur ve bunlar Gneybat Hindistan'n Bombay ve teki ky kentlerinde toplanmtr. B) Bombay ve Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde yaayan birka bin nfuslu Benisrail Yahudi topluluu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinmektedir. C) Birka bin nfuslu bir Yahudi topluluu olan Beni-srail iinde Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinenler, Bombay dahil Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde bulunmaktadr. D) Beni-srail olarak bilinen ve nfusu birka bini gemeyen Beyaz Yahudi topluluu, Bombay dahil Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde yaar. E) Beni-srail, Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinen ve genellikle Bombay ve Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde bulunan birka bin nfuslu bir Yahudi topluluudur. 01M

14. srail devletinin ilk babakan olan David Ben-Gurion, sadece nl bir hatip ve verimli bir yazar deil, ayn zamanda ciddi bir ncil ve felsefe aratrmacsyd. A) David Ben-Gurion, besides being the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was a notable orator and a prolific writer as well as a knowledgeable student of the Bible and philosophy. B) David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was not only a notable orator and prolific writer but also a serious student of the Bible and philosophy. C) In addition to being Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, was also an excellent orator and a prolific writer as well as being an avid student of the Bible and philosophy. D) Israel's first prime minister, David BenGurion, was not only a much admired orator and prolific author but was also interested in the Bible and philosophy. E) David Ben-Gurion, who was the first prime minister of the state of Israel, was a brilliant orator and prolific author, besides being an authority on the Bible and philosophy. 01M

13. The German poet Gottfried Benn, who was born in Prussia, spent most of his life in Berlin as a medical specialist. A) Prusya'da domu olan Alman air Gottfried Benn, yaamnn byk bir blmn Berlin'de tp uzman olarak geirdi. B) Prusya doumlu olan Alman air Gottfried Benn, bir tp uzman olarak tm yaamn Berlin'de geirdi. C) Prusya'da doan Alman air Gottfried Benn, Berlin'deki yaamn hep tp alanndaki almalarla geirmitir. D) Prusya'da doan ve bir tp uzman olan Alman air Gottfried Benn, yaamnn hemen hemen tmn Berlin'de geirmitir. E) Yaamnn nemli bir blmn Berlin'de geiren Alman air Gottfried Benn, Prusya'da domu bir tp uzmanyd. 01M

15. Pluto, which is the outermost planet of the solar system, has a mass ten times smaller than hitherto supposed. A) Bugne kadar bilinenden on kat daha az bir ktleye sahip olan Plton, gne sisteminin en u gezegenidir. B) Gne sisteminin en u noktasnda bulunan Plton gezegeninin ktlesi, daha nce bilinenden on kat daha azdr. C) Daha nce kabul edilenden on kat daha az bir ktlesi bulunan Plton gezegeni, gne sisteminin en d noktasndadr. D) Gne sisteminin en uzak gezegeni olan Plton bugne kadar sanldndan on kat daha az bir ktleye sahiptir. E) Gne sisteminin en u noktasnda bulunan Plton, imdiye kadar dnlenden on kat daha az bir ktleden oluan bir gezegendir. 02K

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16. One of the issues covered by the Maastricht Treaty, which took effect on 1 November 1993, is the European Union's decision-making process. A) 1 Kasm 1993'te yrrle giren Maastricht Antlamas ile Avrupa Birlii'nin karar alma srecine ilikin sorunlarndan biri zlmtr. B) Avrupa Birlii'nin karar alma sreciyle ilgili konular kapsayan Maastricht Antlamas, 1 Kasm 1993'te yrrle girmitir. C) 1 Kasm 1993'te yrrle giren Maastricht Antlamas, Avrupa Birlii'nin karar alma srecinin konu edildii dzenlemelerden biridir. D) Avrupa Birlii'nin karar alma srecine ilikin sorunlarn, 1 Kasm 1993'te yrrle giren Maastricht Antlamas'yla zlmesi amalanmtr. E) 1 Kasm 1993'te yrrle giren Maastricht Antlamas'nda kapsanan konulardan biri, Avrupa Birlii'nin karar alma srecidir. 03M

18. The Celts, who were later called "Gauls" by the Romans, migrated from the Rhine valley into the region that is now France. A) Gemite Romallarn "Salyallar" dedii Keltiler, Ren vadisinden g ederek bugnk Fransa'ya yerlemilerdir. B) Romallarn "Salyallar" olarak adlandrd Keltiler, bugnk Fransa'nn yaknlarna, Ren vadisinden g ederek gelmilerdir. C) Bugn Fransa olan blgeye Ren vadisinden g etmi olan Keltlere, Romallar "Salyallar" adn vermiti. D) Daha sonra Romallar tarafndan "Salyallar" olarak adlandrlan Keltiler, bugn Fransa olan blgeye, Ren vadisinden g etmilerdir. E) Romallarca uzun yllar boyunca "Salyallar" olarak adlandrlan Keltiler, Ren vadisinden g edip bugnk Fransa'ya yerlemilerdir. 04K

17. At a UN conference held in Rome in July 1998, an agreement was reached to set up a permanent international criminal court to try individuals accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity. A) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yaplan BM konferansnda alnan bir kararla kurulan uluslararas daimi ceza mahkemesi, sava suu ve insanla kar dier sular ileyen kiilerin yarglanmasyla grevlendirilmitir. B) Sava sular ve insanla kar sularla itham edilen kiilerin yarglanmasyla amacyla bir uluslararas daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas ancak Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yaplan bir BM konferansnda alnan kararla mmkn olmutur. C) Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yaplan bir BM konferansnda, sava sular ve insanla kar sularla itham edilen kiileri yarglamak amacyla bir uluslararas daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas iin anlamaya varld. D) temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yaplan BM konferansnda bir uluslararas daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmasna karar verilince, sava sular gibi insanlk suu ileyen kiilerin yarglanmas mmkn olmutur. E) Sava sular gibi insanlk suu ilemi kiileri yarglayacak uluslararas bir daimi ceza mahkemesinin kurulmas konusunda Temmuz 1998'de Roma'da yaplan bir BM konferansnda anlamaya varld. 03M

19. Osmanl imparatorluu dneminde, Selanik ehrinde ilk futbol man dzenleyenler, ngiliz ttn ve pamuk tccarlaryd. A) It was during the period of the Ottoman Empire that the first football match in the city of Salonika was organized by British tobacco and cotton traders. B) It was British tobacco and cotton traders who organized the first football match in the city of Salonika during the period of the Ottoman Empire. C) The first football match to be organized by British tobacco and cotton traders was in the city of Salonika during the period of the Ottoman Empire. D) British tobacco and cotton traders held their first football match in Salonika during the time of the Ottoman Empire. E) The first football match to be held in Salonika was during the time of the Ottoman Empire and was organized by British tobacco and cotton traders. 04K

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20. The strategic importance of Malta was first recognized by the Phoenicians, who occupied it and established a trade colony there. A) Malta'nn stratejik nemini ilk anlayan Fenikeliler, buray igal ettiler ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. B) Malta'nn stratejik nemi nedeniyle buray igal eden Fenikeliler, ilk nce bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. C) Malta'nn stratejik nemi, ilk kez, aray igal eden ve orada bir ticaret kolonisi kuran Fenikelilerce anlalmtr. D) lk kez Fenikeliler tarafndan igal edilen Malta'nn stratejik nemi hemen anlald ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kuruldu. E) Malta'nn stratejik nemini anlayarak buray igal eden Fenikeliler, ilk ticaret kolonisini burada kurdular. 04M

22. nl "Aynal Salon"nun bulunduu Versailles Saray, XIV. Louis'nin hkmdarl srasnda ina edilmi ve 1793'e kadar kraliyet saray olarak hizmet vermitir. A) From the time it was built in the reign of Louis XIV, until 1793, Versailles, with its famous "Hall of Mirrors" served as the royal palace. B) The Palace of Versailles, with its famous "Hall of Mirrors", was built at the request of Louis XIV and served as the royal palace until 1793. C) The Palace of Versailles, containing the famous "Hall of Mirrors", was built during the reign of Louis XIV and served as the royal palace until 1793. D) The Palace of Versailles, famous for its "Hall of Mirrors", was built for Louis XIV and continued to be the royal palace until 1793. E) The Palace of Versailles, best known for its "Hall of Mirrors", was the royal palace of Louis XIV and others right up to the year 1793. 05K

21. Analysis of the reddish surface soil of Mars points to the presence of oxidized iron, indicating that at the planet's surface is rusting. A) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi, gezegenin yzeyinin paslanmakta olduunu gsteren oksitlenmi demirin varlna iaret etmektedir. B) Mars'n kzlms yzey topra analiz edildiinde, oksitlenmi demirin varl nedeniyle gezegen yzeyinin paslanmakta olduu grlr. C) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi, oksitlenmi demirin varln gstermektedir ve gezegen yzeyinin paslanmasnn nedeni de budur. D) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizinden, oksitlenmi demir varlnn, gezegen yzeyinin paslanmasna yol at anlalmaktadr E) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi ile, oksitlenmi demir varlna bal olarak gezegen yzeyinin paslanmakta olduu belirlenmitir 04M

23. The Aryans who invaded India from the northwest in about 1500 B.C. found a land there that was already home to an advanced civilization. A) leri bir uygarl zaten barndrmakta olan Hindistan, M.. 1500 yllarnda Ariler kuzeybatdan istila etmilerdir. B) Ariler, ileri bir uygarla ok nceden beri ev sahiplii yapan bir lke olarak bulduklar Hindistan', M.. 1500 yllarnda kuzeybatdan igal ettiler. C) Zaten ileri bir uygarln vatan olan Hindistan, M.. 1500'lerde kuzeybatsndan Ari istilasna uramtr. D) Ariler, Hindistan M.. 1500 dolaynda igal etmiler ve oray ileri bir uygarln vatan olarak grmlerdir. E) Hindistan M.. 1500 dolaynda kuzeybatdan istila eden Ariler, orada, ileri bir uygarl zaten barndrmakta olan bir lke buldular. 05M

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24. James Joyce, whom Samuel Beckett knew in Paris in the 1920s, had a great impact on Becketts thinking regarding the art of writing. A) Samuel Beckettin 1920lerde Pariste tand James Joyceun, Beckettin yazma sanatyla ilgili dnceleri zerinde byk bir etkisi oldu. B) James Joyceun yazma sanat konusundaki dncelerinden ok etkilenen Samuel Beckett, onu 1920lerde Pariste tanmt. C) Samuel Beckett 1920lerde James Joycela Pariste tantktan sonra, yazma sanat konusundaki dnceleri bir lde deiti. D) James Joyce 1920lerde Pariste tand Samuel Beckettin yazma sanat konusundaki dncelerini byk lde etkiledi. E) 1920lerde Pariste yaayan Samuel Beckettin yazma sanat konusundaki dnceleri James Joyce sayesinde tamamyla deiti. 06K

27. Dilbilimi, son zamanlarda hemen tm alanlarda muazzam bir genileme salayan, gen bir sosyal bilimdir. A) Linguistics, which is, in a sense, a young social science, has expanded in every area in recent times. B) Linguistics is a young social science, which has recently had a massive expansion in almost all areas. C) As a young social science, linguistics has expanded enormously in all areas in recent years. D) Although linguistics is in fact a somewhat young social science, its recent expansion in almost all fields has been remarkable. E) Linguistics, which has expanded rapidly in all areas in recent years, is in fact a young social science. 07M

25. The European Union is engaged in a variety of programmes all around the world to promote and protect the rights of children, particularly in countries where children are affected by war. A) Tm dnyada zellikle savaan lkelerdeki ocuklar iin ocuk haklarn desteklemek ve korumak iin Avrupa Birlii birok programa izin veriyor. B) Avrupa Birlii dnyada savaan lkelerin ocuklarnn haklarn desteklemek ve korumak iin eitli programlar destekliyor. C) Avrupa Birlii tm dnyada, zellikle ocuklarn savatan etkilendii lkelerde, ocuk haklarn desteklemek ve korumak iin eitli programlarla ilgileniyor. D) Avrupa Birlii zellikle savatan etkilenen lkelerin ocuklarn desteklemek ve korumak iin tm dnyada eitli programlar dzenliyor. E) zellikle ocuklarn savatan etkilendii lkelerdeki ocuk haklarn destekleyen ve koruyan Avrupa Birlii tm dnyada eitli programlarla ilgilidir. 06M

28. Shakspearein ailesi, idam, 13. yzyl ortasnda kayda gemi olan Warwickshirel ekya William Shakspearee dayanmaktadr. A) It is to William Shakespeare, a Warwickshire robber in the mid-13th century, whose hanging is recorded, that Shakespeares family is related. B) William Shakespeare was a mid-13th century Warwickshire robber whose hanging was recorded and to whom Shakespeares family can be traced. C) Shakespeares family can be traced back to a Warwickshire robber, William Shakespeare, who was hung some time in the mid-13th century. D) Shakespeares family goes back to the Warwickshire robber William Shakespeare, whose hanging was recorded in the mid-13th century. E) Shakespeares family has been traced back to William Shakespeare, a Warwickshire robber, whose hanging in the mid-13th century was recorded. 07M

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Cmle tamamlama sorular

1. Many Egypts ruins are unfortunately being destroyed by the very people ____ . A) whose living habits had been depicted in the monuments B) that actually arent trained conservationists C) who will ask for international funding D) that is the result of faculty renovation E) who were hired to fix them 99K

4. In 1922 Hemingway settled in Paris ____ . A) whether he would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 B) if the life of a journalist hadn't attracted him even more than the life of a novelist C) that he wrote stories and novels about the Americans living there just as Henry James had done D) since he soon gave up journalism for fiction E) where he moved in a circle of American expatriates that included Ezra Pound and Scott Fitzgerald 00K

2. A new generation of business leaders is coming to the fore, ____ . A) whether the state continues to meddle in corporate affairs B) whose methods are more vital, more international and more aggressive C) who aimed to impress international investors D) which was realistic about the importance of economic growth E) so that they work to gratify not politicians but their own shareholders 99K

5. The doctor has prescribed some new pills ____ . A) which really do bring relief from pain B) if we could afforded them C) even though she requires them regularly D) why the others had ceased to be effective E) that had just come onto the market 01K

3. The elderly gentleman sitting over there is an artist ____ . A) whose many articles about their commitment to the cause of human welfare and happiness in Africa would be controversial B) that he shares the vision of young people for a peaceful and prosperous world in the next century C) whose work has been exhibited widely in many countries in Europe D) since his awards include gold and silver medals presented by various organizations E) whereby he had unanimously been elected an honorary member by the Society of Modern Arts 99M

6. At concert halls, the centre of the stage is increasingly being taken over by percussionists _____. A) who were trying out a wide range of new instruments B) that there is now a vast array of instruments C) whose performance showed amazing virtuosity D) who used to stand at the back of the orchestra tapping out the rhythm E) in order that a great range of new musical sound was being developed 01M

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7. Japan has produced two hi-tech stadiums ____. A) that has been designed to serve several purposes B) which display the sort of innovation for fun treatment we expect from that country C) neither of them is designed with the fans in mind D) whenever there is novelty for the sake of novelty E) as there is provision for novel waterproofing systems which are highly effective 03M

10. We are determined to give the contract to an architect ____ . A) since a great many problems had already arisen B) whose handling of the interiors was outstanding C) who is committed to environmentally responsible design D) until we learn the kind of garden that is possible E) if their requirements were even slightly unusual 05M

8. ____ where farmers benefit from legal opium cultivation for the production of painkillers. A) Turkey is one of several countries B) The UN's drug control agency admits that crop substitution projects are inadequate C) Total opium elimination in these countries is hardly feasible D) Until recently, only the trafficking of opium was prohibited in Laos, not the cultivation of it E) Opium is one of the oldest painkillers known 04K

11. Neanderthals were a recent evolutionary human relative ____ . A) who lived in Europe and became extinct 30,000-40,000 years ago B) as researchers studying human origins debated this question for decades C) which are muscular and robust, with a brain similar to ours in size D) while the relationship between humans and Neanderthals may best be described as sister species E) despite the fact that they had hands as nimble as those of present-day humans, with a thumb and fingers 06K

9. Celebrities ____ cause 14 times as many people to copy them as do other suicides. A) whose suicide was reported in newspapers B) who kill themselves C) whom journalists try to interview D) as the impact of their suicide on society is studied E) when they are reported in the media 05K

12. Road and rail connections in Italy are generally better in the north, ____. A) because between the snowy peaks of the Alps and the rugged shores of Sicily lies a whole series of regions, each with its distinctive culture B) but there are many other attractive historic towns and cities C) but people speak of two Italies: the rich industrial North and the poorer agricultural South D) just as the government has allocated extra funds for road repairs E) where Milan, Bologna and Verona are the key transport centers 06K

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13. He has focused on moving the complexity of computing from the desktop to the network, ____. A) where it can be managed more easily B) if computers could communicate more easily with one another C) that his improvements actually caught the eye of the Pentagon D) though it became the most widely used operating system of its day E) which would have been the greatest challenge of his career 06M

15. The stereotype of woman as the more emotional sex is the one ____. A) that still persists today B) as emotions are so unpredictable C) but it had been encouraged by the Stoics D) until overruled by 20th century psychology E) which a more sophisticated mode of thinking will have denied 06M

14. The Bermuda Triangle, ____, is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats and aircraft. A) that an entire squadron of planes vanished shortly after takeoff B) as local environmental conditions could be the cause C) since the sea here is particularly fast moving D) when there is an almost unique magnetic effect on compasses E) which is off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the US 06M

16. Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ____ .

A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone E) as it is brought to you by the worlds leading business channel 07M

156

Benzer cmle sorular

1. In a country such as Russia, where much power is vested in one man, that man can make quite a difference. A) Should one man be given unlimited power, as in Russia, it would make a difference to the country. B) When, as in Russia, one man unconditionally wields enormous power, he can affect many changes. C) If much power were invested in one man, in a country such as Russia, he could bring about great changes. D) It would make a terrific difference in Russia, for instance, if a great deal of power were vested in one man. E) In a country such as Russia, there would be a notable difference if complete power were vested in such a man as that. 99M

2. He's one of those people who is always ready to promise help but rarely keeps his promise. A) He's often promised to help one, but never once done so. B) He's like lots of other people; he promises to help but rarely does. C) It's easy for him to promise to help, but he never actually does help. D) Like so many others, he often promises to help but then forgets to do so. E) He's the sort of person who is good at promising help, but almost always fails to do so 04K

157

KEY TO RELATIVE CLAUSES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1 E 2D 3 E 4C 5A 6C 7A 8D 9D 10 A 11 E 12 B 13 C 6A 7A 8C 9D 10 C 11 E 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 D 16 E 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 C 21 A 22 C 23 E 24 A 25 C 26 B 27 B 28 D CMLE TAMAMLAMA 1 E* 2B 3C 4E 5A 6D 7B 8A 9B 10 C 11 A 12 E 13 A 14 E 15 A 16 B BENZER CMLE 1C 2E

EVR 1C 2A 3A 4C 5B

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Gerund Infinitive
Gerund isim olarak kullanlr, I like watching horror films, Smoking is forbidden here. sfat olarak kullanlr, Can you hear the mocking bird? She hates the working class. baz kalplardan sonra kullanlr, be accustomed to be used to cant help get accustomed to get used to

its no good its no use its worth look forward to there is no point in

Its no use talking to the boss. We look forward to visiting Egypt. I cant help buying expensive clothes. He got used to driving on the right in Britain. aadaki fiillerden sonra kullanlr: acknowledge admit advocate anticipate appreciate avoid consider contemplate defer delay deny dislike detest discuss dispute dread endanger enjoy envisage escape excuse fancy favor finish foresee forgive imagine include involve justify keep mean mention mind miss necessitate pardon postpone practice prevent prohibit propose recall recollect repent report resent resist resume risk stop suffer suggest

I hate eating frozen meat. She imagines living in a house with a pool.

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Not: Olayn bittiini vurgulamak iin having + ing kullanlabilir. The man recalled that he had seen the thief. The man recalled seeing the thief. The man recalled having seen the thief.

Infinitive isim olarak kullanlr, To find the right person is hard. They decided to buy a new house. Its sad to hear war news. sfat olarak kullanlr, The first driver to finish the race was Alonso. The latest student to attend the class is Cengiz. Angela was the ugliest girl to join the competition. ama bildiren belirte olarak kullanlr, I went to the Office to fetch my suitcase. They opened the window to let some air in. aada verilen yaplardan sonra kullanlr, tooenough adj + infinitive be able to be supposed to be going to used to be about to be to She is too fat to run fast. It is hard to believe him. He is not able to swim. You were supposed to be here at ten. She is going to study in the US. I used to join art clubs when was at university. The roof is about to collapse. You are to hand in your homework on time.

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 aadaki fiillerden sonra kullanlr: O + infinitive* advise allow believe cause challenge command compel dare drive enable encourage find force hire

agree aim appear arrange bother can afford care claim decide demand deserve endeavour fail happen

hesitate hope learn know manage offer plan pledge prepare pretend proceed promise refuse resolve

seek seem tend threaten undertake volunteer

invite notify order permit recommend remind require select teach tell tempt trust urge warn

The man threatened to kill the baby. Four thousand males volunteer to join the army. The security warned us not to take any photos. The cold weather forced the birds to immigrate early.

Bu fiillerden hemen sonra nesne gelir. warned us not to gibi

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nemli Baz fiiller hem gerund hem de infinitive alabilirler. Fakat anlam fark oluur. Aada baz fiiller ve anlam farkllklar verilmitir.

come + gerund come + infinitive forget + gerund forget + infinitive go on + gerund go on + infinitive mean + gerund mean + infinitive regret + gerund regret + infinitive

She came to be known as a photographer. (olarak tannmaya balad) He came murmuring about the day. (sylenerek geldi) He forgets leaving the lights on. (ak braktn unutuyor) He forgot to leave the light on. (ak brakmay unuttu) They went on complaining about the weather. The army went on after they camped in Barbua. (ara verip devam ettiler) To be successful means to work hard. (ok almak anlamna geliyor) I meant to visit Jordan. (ziyaret etmeye niyetlendim) I regret telling you that you are fired. (atldn sylediime pimanm) I regret to tell you that you are fired. (zgnm ama atldn)

remember + gerund I remember visiting my aunt. (ziyaret ettiimi hatrlyorum) remember + infinitive I remembered to visit my aunt. (ziyaret etmeyi unutmadm) stop + gerund stop + infinitive try + gerund try + infinitive He stopped drinking coke. (kola imeyi brakt) He stopped to drink coke. (kola imek iin durdu) He tried phoning the company, but they didnt help. (arad, ie yaramad) He tried to phone the company, but he couldnt contact. (ulamaya alt)

Not: notice, make, feel, hear, observe, overhear, see, watch, have, let gibi fiiller hem ing hem de bare infinitive* alabilirler. Fakat anlamda deime olur. I watched him racing in the WRC. (yarn bir ksmn, tamamn deil) I watched him race in the WRC. (yarn tamamn seyrettim) I saw him watering the garden. (bir ara sularken grdm) I saw him water the garden. (sulayp bitirinceye kadar baktm)

-to eki almayan infinitive watch him race gibi

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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. An acorn, left to itself becomes an oak, and a geneticist ____ its DNA to make it grow into an elm may justly be said ____ with its natural course. A) altering / to have interfered B) having altered / to interfere C) to alter / having interfered D) being altered / interfered E) to have altered / to be interfering 98K

4. He ____ that the forests ____ to their natural inhabitants, that is, to all varieties of living things. A) suggests / be returned B) suggested / to be returned C) has suggested / to have been returned D) had suggested / are being returned E) would have suggested / return 00M

2. The book of "a thousand and one nights" is a collection of fascinating tales of the Orient, of Mixed Indian, Persian, Arabic, and Egyptian origination, and first ____ in Europe by Antoine Galland's French translation in the early eighteenth century. A) having known B) to know C) to be known D) made known E) to be made known 99K****

5. When I ____ as a fully licensed geneticist in 1961, I thought I knew everything there was ____ about genetics. A) had been graduated / to be known B) graduated / to know C) was graduated / to have known D) have been graduated / known E) have graduated / to have been known 00M

3. This poem is generally supposed ____ in the fifteenth century, but some people date it even earlier. A) being composed B) to be composed C) having been composed D) to have composed E) to have been composed 00K

6. It is not unusual for advertising campaigns ____ even before the new products ____ onto the market. A) to have been launched / have come B) being launched / will come C) to be launched / come D) having been launched / are coming E) to have been launched / will have come 01K

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7. Soon, customs officers____ to use X-ray technology____ cavities in vehicles for drugs. A) have been able / having scanned B) are able / scanning C) were able / to be scanned D) will be able / to scan E) would have been able / to have scanned 02K

10. The 1980s____ a surge of new interest ____ the definition of intelligence. A) have brought / to be expanding B) had brought / having expanded C) were bringing / to have expanded D) brought / in expanding E) would have brought / to expand 06M

8. They hope that by surrounding city centres and likely terrorist targets with "soft walls", they____ it impossible for hijacked planes____ anywhere near them. A) will make / to get B) make / having got C) make / to have got D) have made / to be got E) are making / getting 04K

11. The British government ____ details of the next stage of its genetically modified crop field trials, thus____ off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration. A) has released / setting B) will release / to set C) would have released / having set D) is releasing / to have set E) released / to be set 07M****

9. Following World War II, job prospects for young people ____ greatly which allowed them ____ more prosperous than their parents. A) had improved / to have felt B) have improved / feeling C) improved / to feel D) were improving / having felt E) would have improved / having to feel 05K

164

eviri sorular

1. But it has become increasingly hard to sustain the idea that Britain has the best television in the world. A) Ne var ki, dnyada en iyi televizyona ngiltere'nin sahip olduu grnn kabul grmesi kesinlikle imkanszdr. B) Ama ngiltere'nin dnyada en iyi televizyona sahip olduu sav gittike daha gl destek bulmaktadr. C) Nitekim, dnyann en iyi televizyonunun ngiltere'de olduu gr gittike anlamn yitirmektedir. D) Fakat dnyada en iyi televizyon yaynclnn ngiltere'de olduu dncesi, bugn daha da glenmitir. E) Ancak, ngiltere'nin dnyada en iyi televizyona sahip olduu grn srdrmek giderek zorlamtr. 99K

3. The first colonial immigrants began to arrive in Britain in the early 1950s to work in the manufacturing industry. A) 1950lerin balarnda ngiltereye gelen ilk smrge gmenleri, ncelikle imalat sanayinde almaya baladlar. B) Smrgelerden ngiltereye gelen ilk gmenler, 1950lerin balarnda imalat sanayinde almaya baladlar. C) 1950lerin balarndan itibaren pek ok gmen, imalat sanayinde almak amacyla, ilk kez smrgelerden ngiltereye gelmeye balad. D) lk kez 1950lerde ngiltereye gelmeye balayan smrge gmenleri, ncelikle imalat sanayinde altlar. E) lk smrge gmenleri, ngiltereye, imalat sanayinde almak amacyla, 1950lerin balarnda gelmeye balamtr. 99M

2. Martin Scorseses controversial film takes its story from Edith Wartons novel, which appeared in 1920 and made her the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for literature. A) Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmi, yksn, Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan romanndan almaktadr. B) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filmi, 1920de yaymlad romanyla Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn Edith Wartonnun yksn anlatmaktadr. C) Edith Warton 1920de yazd ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan roman, Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmine de konu olmutur. D) Martin Scorsesenin tartmaya ak filminin yks, 1920de yaymlandnda Edith Wartonnun Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olmasn salayan romann anlatmaktadr. E) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filminin yksn, Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olan Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanm bir romanndan alnmtr. 99K

4. Greenpeace activists failed to stop a ship carrying reprocessed nuclear fuel through the Panama Canal. A) Yeilbar eylemcileri, yeniden ilenmi nkleer yakt tayan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalnda durdurmay amalyordu. B) Yeilbar eylemcileri, yeniden ilenmi nkleer yakt tamakta olan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalnda durdurmaya altlar. C) Yeilbar eylemcileri, Panama Kanalndan yeniden ilenmi nkleer yakt tayan bir gemiyi durdurmay baaramadlar. D) Yeilbar eylemcileri, ilenmi nkleer yakt tayan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalnda durdurma giriiminde yetersiz kaldlar. E) Yeilbar eylemcilerinin, yeniden ilenmi nkleer yakt tayan bir gemiyi Panama Kanalnda durdurma abalar boa gitti. 99M

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5. Hkmet giri cretlerini kaldrr kaldrmaz, ok daha fazla kii mzeleri ve sanat galerilerini ziyaret etmeye balad. A) Following the government's ruling for no entrance charges for museums and art galleries, more and more people will start to visit them. B) An increasing number of people had begun to visit the museums and art galleries even before the government abolished entrance fees. C) If the government decides to stop charging entrance fees for museums and art galleries, many more people will start to visit them D) As soon as the government had abolished entrance charges, many more people started to visit the museums and art galleries. E) Now, as there are no admission charges for museums and art galleries, following a government ruling, an increasing number of people are visiting them. 03M

7. lraq is making efforts to rebuild its shattered financial system by granting three foreign banks permission to operate in the country. A) Yok olmu mali sistemini yeniden kurabilmek iin almalara balam olan Irak, sadece yabanc bankann lkede faaliyet gstermesine izin veriyor. B) Irak, yklm olan mali sistemini yeniden yaplandrmak amacyla almalara balam ve yabanc bankann lkede faaliyete gemesine izin vermitir. C) Dalm olan mali sistemini yeniden dzenlemek iin gayret iine giren Irak, lkede yabanc bankann faaliyet gstermesine onay vermitir. D) Irak'n yabanc bankalardan nn lkede faaliyete gemesine onay vermesi, yklan mali sistemini yeniden kurmaya altnn gstergesidir. E) Irak, lkede faaliyet gstermeleri iin yabanc bankaya izin vererek, parampara olmu mali sistemini yeniden kurmaya aba gsteriyor. 04K

6. Alama, yalnzca insana zg olan glmenin tersine, insann baka birok hayvanla paylat bir zelliktir. A) In common with many other animals, human beings laugh but do not cry. B) Humans, like many other animals, cry, but laughing seems to be reserved for them alone. C) Animals and humans can cry, but it is only humans, who laugh. D) The ability to cry is shared by humans and all other animal, but no laughter; that is uniquely human. E) Crying, as opposed to laughing which is uniquely human, is a characteristics that humans share with many other animals. 03M

8. In some parts of the world, many believe that politics is not a suitable job for women, but eventually such opposition seems likely to disappear. A) Dnyann eitli blgelerinde birok insan siyaseti kadnlar iin uygun bir ura olarak grmemektedir; ancak bu tr muhalefet zamanla yok olacaktr. B) Dnyann baz blgelerinde pek ok kii siyasetin kadnlar iin uygun bir ura olmadna inanmaktadr; ancak bu tr muhalefet zamanla ortadan kalkacak gibi grnmektedir. C) Birok insan siyasetin kadnlara uygun bir i olmadn dnmektedir; ancak dnyann pek ok yerinde bu muhalefetin zamanla yok olacana inanlmaktadr. D) Dnyann eitli blgelerinde ou insan siyasetin kadnlara uygun bir ura olduuna kesinlikle inanmamaktadr; ancak bu muhalefet zamanla nemini yitirecektir. E) Pek ok kii siyaseti dnyann baz blgelerinde, kadnlarn yapabilecei bir ura olarak grmemektedir; ancak bu tr muhalefetin zamanla nemini yitireceine inanlmaktadr. 04M

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9. During the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi troops caused the worst ever man-made environmental disaster by setting fire to 650 of Kuwait's 950 oil wells. A) nsan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu evre felaketlerinden biri, 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vermesiyle meydana gelmitir. B) 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda, Irak birliklerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini yakmas, imdiye kadar insandan kaynaklanan en korkun cevre felaketlerinden biriyle sonuland. C) 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda, Irak birlikleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vererek insan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu en kt evre felaketine neden oldular. D) nsandan kaynaklanm en korkun cevre felaketi 1991'deki Krfez Sava srasnda meydana gelmitir; nk bu savata Irak gleri Kuveyt'in 950 petrol kuyusundan en az 650'sini atee vermitir. E) 1991 ylnda yalnz Krfez Sava'ndan dolay deil, bu sava srasnda Irak glerinin Kuveyt'e ait 950 petrol kuyusundan 650'sini atee vermesi yznden de insan tarafndan imdiye kadar oluturulmu en korkun cevre felaketi yaanmtr. 05M

10. Germanys far-right National Democratic Party upset the other parties by winning nearly 10 per cent of the votes in the economically depressed state of Saxony last year. A) Almanyann ar sa Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geen yl, ekonomik olarak geri kalm Saksonya eyaletinde, oylarn hemen hemen yzde onunu kazanarak dier partilerin cann skt. B) Geen yl, daha byk ekonomik skntlar iinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde, oylarn yzde onunu alan ar sa Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, Almanyadaki dier partileri telalandrmtr. C) Almanyann ar sa Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geen yl, ekonomik skntlar iinde olan Saksonya eyaletinde oylarn aa yukar yzde onunu kazanm ve dier partilerin ounu skntya sokmutur. D) Almanyadaki dier partilerin cann skan ar sa Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geen yl, ekonomik durgunluk iinde olan Saksonya eyaletindeki oylarn yzde onunu kazanmtr. E)Almanyann ar sa Ulusal Demokratik Partisi, geen yl, ekonomik sknt iindeki Saksonya eyaletindeki oylarn yzde onunu alnca, dier partiler telaa kaplmtr. 06M

167

Benzer cmle sorular

1. The normal school obviously doesn't have the resources necessary to cope with badly handicapped children. A) When children are seriously handicapped, the ordinary school has to find ways of answering their needs. B) The needs of such handicapped children are beyond the range of any ordinary school programme. C) Seriously handicapped children cannot fit into the routine of ordinary school life. D) In an ordinary school, the needs of seriously handicapped children tend to get forgotten. E) When it's a case of seriously handicapped children, the average school simply cannot meet their needs. 02M

3. China's determination to put people in space dates back to the 1960's. A) It was only in the 1960s that China could contemplate travel in space B) China has been resolutely sending people into space ever since the early 1960s. C) As far back as the 1960s, China also recognized the need to send people into space. D) From the 1960s onwards, China has been captivated by space travel. E) China has been set on getting people into space ever since the 1960s. 04K

2. I cant help feeling that hes not experienced enough to be given a position of such responsibility. A) With a little more experience Im sure he will develop into a highly efficient manager. B) Its inevitable that one should ask oneself whether he really is the right man for the job. C) A job of that description requires someone with a great deal of experience. D) Its a very demanding position and Im not at all sure that he has the experience needed for it. E) In my experience, men of his type rarely function well in positions of authority. 98M

4. Getting a law passed is one thing but getting it enforced is quite another thing. A) The law has already been passed, but I suspect it wont be easy to implement it. B) Once the law has been passed, it will be easy enough to put it into effect. C) If the law has been passed, it will soon come into effect. D) The law has been passed and will soon be enforced. E) The passing of a law and the implementing of it are two very different things. 06M

168

KEY TO GERUND - INFINITIVE BOLUK DOLDURMA 1A 2D 3 B* 4 A* 5 A* 6C 7D 8A 9C 10 D 11 A EVR 1E 2A 3E 4C 5D 6E 7E 8B 9C 10 A BENZER CMLE 1E 2D 3E 4E

169

Participles
Relative yada Adverbial clause cmlelerinin ksaltlmasn salayan kalplardr. Relative Clause Active -ing The boy who is speaking with Alice is an architect. The boy speaking with Alice is an architect. The lamp which illuminates our street is broken. The lamp illuminating our street is broken. Passive V3 The book which was written by G. Nielson is on auroras. The book written by G. Nielson is on auroras. The officer who was attained for the information department speaks three languages. The officer attained for the information department speaks three languages.

Adverbial Clauses Active ayn anda olan olaylar ing When I entered the room, I found her crying. Entering the room, I found her crying. While she was driving to work, she saw her high-school friend. Driving to work, she saw her high-school friend. As Jack is a calm man, he wont get furious about it. Being a calm man, Jack wont get furious about it. biri tamamlandktan sonra dieri meydana gelen olaylar having V3 After she cooked the dinner, she made a pie. Having cooked the dinner, she made a pie. After Kenan painted the house, he moved his furniture. Having painted the house, Kenan moved his furniture. Passive ayn anda olan olaylar V3 When the car was stolen in Vegas, it was brand new. When stolen in Vegas, the car was brand new. When it is switched on, the AC cools the room in five minutes. When switched on, the AC cools the room in five minutes.

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As he is sent to jail, he cant harm anyone. Being sent to jail, he cant harm anyone. farkl zamanlarda olan olaylar having been V3 After Judy was rejected, she didnt apply for the job again. Having been rejected, Judy didnt apply for the job again.

Not: Eer iki cmlenin znesi de ayn deilse, zneyi belirtmek gerekir. After Judy was rejected, they found somebody else. Judy having been rejected, they found somebody else.

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PARTICIPLES
IKMI SORULAR Boluk doldurma sorular

1. An acorn, left to itself becomes an oak, and a geneticist ____ its DNA to make it grow into an elm may justly be said ____ with its natural course. A) altering / to have interfered B) having altered / to interfere C) to alter / having interfered D) being altered / interfered E) to have altered / to be interfering 98K

4. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, most Americans were indifferent to paint. Wood was plentiful and cheap especially on the frontier; in fact most settlers had to chop down trees to dear their land. ____ eager to start farming, they used their wood to build their cabins as cheaply and quickly as possible. A) Having been B) To be C) To have been D) Being E) Having to be 04K

2. Once the occupying forces ______ many seemingly innocent people were accused of ______ with the enemy. A) are leaving / to have been collaborated B) were leaving / to have collaborated C) have left / being collaborated D) will leave / collaborating E) had left / having collaborated 01M

5. Seafarers' records ____ back to 1590 ____ it possible to visualize the behavior of one of the planet's most mysterious phenomena : its magnetic field. A) dating / have made B) to date / would make C) being dated/ had made D) to be dated / are making E) to have been dated / will make 04M

3. One oil company particular claims ______ its best to balance economic progress with environmental care and social responsibility. A) to be done B) having done C) doing D) having been done E) to have done 01M

173

eviri sorular

1. ngiltere tarafndan halen uygulanmakta olan ve iyiletirilmesine acilen ihtiya duyulan snma politikasna gre, mlteciler lkeye varlarnda gzetim altna alnmakta ve yasal ilemlerin tamamlanmas olduka uzun srmektedir. A) Due to the requirements of the asylum policy recently adopted by Britain but still in need of improvement, every refugee who arrives in the country has to be detained until legal matters are settled, and this usually takes a long time. B) The current asylum policy followed by the Britain urgently needs to be improved since it requires that all the refugees arriving in the country are to be held in custody until the completion of legal procedures which takes some time. C) According to the asylum policy currently practiced by Britain and urgently in need of improvement, refugees are detained on arrival in the country, and the completion of legal procedures takes quite a long time. D) The asylum policy currently practiced in Britain is in urgent need of reform as, on arrival, all refugees are taken into detention until legal procedures are finalized which may take a long time. E) Britains current asylum policy, which is in dire need of revision requires that all refugees are to be detained upon their arrival in the country and wait for the completion of lengthy legal procedures. 98M

3. The project we have undertaken will explore the political, social, and economic consequences of new information and communication technologies, particularly relating to issues such as the changing role of the state and new security threats. A) stlendiimiz proje, zellikle devletin deien rol ve yeni gvenlik tehditleri gibi konulara ilikin olarak, yeni bilgi ve iletiim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik sonularn aratracaktr. B) Yrtmekte olduumuz projeyle, yeni bilgi ve iletiim teknolojilerinin, zellikle devletin deien rol ve yeni gvenlik tehditleri zerindeki siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik etkileri aratrlacaktr. C) Devletin deien rol ve yeni gvenlik tehditleri gibi konular inceleyen projemizle, zellikle yeni bilgi ve iletiim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik etkilerini aratracaz. D) zerinde altmz proje, zellikle devletin deien ilevleri ve yeni gvenlik tehditleri gibi eitli konularla yeni bilgi ve iletiim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik yararlarn incelemektedir. E) Ele aldmz proje, zellikle devletin deien ilevini ve ortaya kan yeni tehditleri, yeni bilgi ve iletiim teknolojilerinin siyasal, toplumsal ve ekonomik sonular erevesinde aratracaktr. 99M

2. A new stamp, issued by the United Nations for use on its mail, features the typhoon Abby as it traveled over the Pacific towards China in September 1986. A) Yeni karlan ve zerinde Eyll 1986da Pasifikte oluarak ine kadar ilerleyen Abby tayfununun resmi olan pul, yalnzca Birlemi Milletlerin kendi postasna kullanlacaktr. B) Eyll 1986da Pasifik zerinden ine doru yol alan Abby tayfununu gsteren ve Birlemi Milletler tarafndan karlan yeni pul, postada kullanlmaya balamtr. C) Eyll 1986da, Birlemi Milletler, kendi postasnda kullanmak iin zerinde Abby tayfununun Pasifikten ine doru ilerleyiinin gsterildii bir pul karlmtr. D) Birlemi Milletler tarafndan, kendi postasnda kullanlmak zere karlan yeni bir pul, Abby tayfununun Eyll 1986da Pasifik zerinde ine doru yol aln gstermektedir. E) Kendi postasnda kullanlmak iin Birlemi Milletlerin Eyll 1986dan beri kard pullarn sonuncusunda, Abby tayfununun Pasifik zerinden ine ynelii gsterilmektedir. 99K

4. The question we have to answer is how the 60 trillion cells composing the human body communicate with each other and keep the body as a whole in balance. A) Bizce ilk nce cevaplanmas gereken soru, 60 trilyon hcreden oluan insan vcudunun nasl iletiim salad ve bir btn olarak nasl dengede kalddr. B) Cevaplamamz gereken soru, insan vcudunu oluturan 60 trilyon hcrenin birbiriyle nasl iletiim kurduu ve vcudu bir btn olarak nasl dengede tuttuudur. C) Bizce, insan vcudunda yer alan 60 trilyon hcrenin birbirleriyle nasl iletiim kurduu ve vcudu genel olarak nasl dengede tuttuu hl cevap bekleyen bir sorudur. D) nsan vcudunu oluturan ve vcut btnln dengede tutan 60 trilyon hcrenin birbiriyle nasl iletiim kurduu sorusu cevaplanmaldr. E) ncelikle cevaplanmas gereken soru insan vcudundaki 60 trilyon hcrenin, vcut dengesini salamak iin birbiriyle nasl iletiim kurduudur. 00K

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5. According to the "capitulations" generously granted by the Ottoman sultans, the foreigners operating within the Empire could import and sell goods at any price they chose and were largely exempt from taxes. A) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlara gre, imparatorluk iinde faaliyet gsteren yabanclar, mallar, tercih ettikleri herhangi bir fiyattan ithal edip satabiliyorlard ve byk lde vergiden muaftlar. B) Osmanl padiahlarnn cmerte verdii kapitlasyonlara gre, imparatorluk iinde ticaretle uraan yabanclar, istedikleri mal istedikleri fiyattan alp satabiliyor ve tm vergilerden muaf tutuluyorlard. C) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk iinde i sahibi yabanclar, mallarn istedikleri fiyattan ithal ediyor ve satyor, stelik ou hi vergi vermiyordu. D) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verdikleri kapitlasyonlarla, imparatorlukta yaayan yabanclara, her trl mal uygun grdkleri fiyattan ithal edip satma ve vergilerin tamamndan muaf olma hakk tanmlard. E) Osmanl padiahlarnca cmerte verilen kapitlasyonlar sayesinde, imparatorluk iinde yerlemi olan yabanclar, istedikleri mal, tercih ettikleri fiyattan ithal edip pazarlyor ve geni bir vergi muafiyetinden yararlanyorlard. 00M

7. Alsace is one of the most densely populated regions of France, the rural population being particularly high in the Rhine plain. A) Alsas, Ren Ovas'nda zellikle yksek olan krsal nfusla, Fransa'nn en youn nfuslu blgelerinden biridir. B) Alsas, Fransa'nn en kalabalk yerleim blgelerinden biridir ve krsal nfus younluu zellikle Ren Ovas'nda yksektir. C) zellikle Ren Ovas'ndaki youn krsal nfusu ile Alsas, Fransa'da yerleimin en youn olduu blgedir. D) Ren Ovas'nda krsal nfusun ok yksek olmas, Alsas', Fransa'nn en youn nfuslu blgesi haline getirmitir. E) Fransa'nn en youn nfuslu blgelerinden biri olan Alsas'n, krsal kesim nfusu zellikle Ren Ovasnda ok yksektir. 02M

6. The Beni-Israel is a Jewish community of some thousands, known as the White Jews and found chiefly in Bombay and the costal towns of south-west India. A) Birka bin kiiden oluan Beni-srail Yahudi topluluu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudilerden oluur ve bunlar Gneybat Hindistan'n Bombay ve teki ky kentlerinde toplanmtr. B) Bombay ve Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde yaayan birka bin nfuslu Benisrail Yahudi topluluu, genellikle Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinmektedir. C) Birka bin nfuslu bir Yahudi topluluu olan Beni-srail iinde Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinenler, Bombay dahil Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde bulunmaktadr. D) Beni-srail olarak bilinen ve nfusu birka bini gemeyen Beyaz Yahudi topluluu, Bombay dahil Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde yaar. E) Beni-srail, Beyaz Yahudiler olarak bilinen ve genellikle Bombay ve Gneybat Hindistan'n ky kentlerinde bulunan birka bin nfuslu bir Yahudi topluluudur. 01M

8. At the 1994 Brussels NATO summit a "partnership for peace" programme was formally launched, enabling the old Warsaw Pact members and former Soviet republics to take part in a wide range of military cooperation with NATO. A) Eski Varova Pakt yeleri ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetleri, 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde kabul edilen "bar iin ortaklk" program sayesinde NATO ile askeri alanda ok kapsaml ibirlii yapma olana buldular. B) Eski Varova Pakt yelerinin ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinin NATO ile geni kapsaml askeri ibirlii yapmalarn salamaya ynelik "bar iin ortaklk" program, ancak 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde resmen hayata geirilme olana buldu. C) 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde ilk kez nerilen "bar iin ortaklk" program, eski Varova Pakt yelerine ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri alanda sk bir ibirlii yapma olana salamay amalyordu. D) 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde, eski Varova Pakt yelerine ve nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile geni kapsaml bir askeri ibirlii yapma olana salayan "bar iin ortaklk" program resmen yrrle kondu. E) "Bar iin ortaklk", ilk kez 1994 Brksel NATO zirvesinde resmen kararlatrlp yrrle konan ve eski Varova Pakt yeleri ile nceki Sovyet cumhuriyetlerine NATO ile askeri ibirlii olana salayan geni kapsaml bir programdr. 03M

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9. When the Mongol invasion started, the Uygurs, realizing that resistance was futile, submitted willingly to Genghis Khan. A) Mool istilas yaygnlanca, direniin ise yaramayacan anlayan Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a gnll teslim oldular. B) Mool istilas balaynca, direniin bouna olduunu anlayan Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a isteyerek teslim oldular. C) Direniin bouna olduuna inanan Uygurlar, Mool istilas balar balamaz Cengiz Han'a teslim oldular. D) Moollarn istilas balaynca direnmenin bouna olduunu fark eden Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'n isteklerini kabul ettiler. E) Mool istilas, Uygurlarn direniin bouna olduuna inanmalarna yol at ve Uygurlar, Cengiz Han'a isteyerek teslim oldular. 04K

11. Analysis of the reddish surface soil of Mars points to the presence of oxidized iron, indicating that the planet's surface is rusting. A) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi, gezegenin yzeyinin paslanmakta olduunu gsteren oksitlenmi demirin varlna iaret etmektedir. B) Mars'n kzlms yzey topra analiz edildiinde, oksitlenmi demirin varl nedeniyle gezegen yzeyinin paslanmakta olduu grlr. C) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi, oksitlenmi demirin varln gstermektedir ve gezegen yzeyinin paslanmasnn nedeni de budur. D) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizinden, oksitlenmi demir varlnn, gezegen yzeyinin paslanmasna yol at anlalmaktadr E) Mars'n kzlms yzey toprann analizi ile, oksitlenmi demir varlna bal olarak gezegen yzeyinin paslanmakta olduu belirlenmitir 04M

10. According to the UN observers in the region, Rwandan troops have reentered Congo in violation of the peace treaty signed between the two countries last year. A) Blgedeki BM gzlemcilerine gre, Ruanda askerleri, geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanan bar antlamasna aykr olarak, yeniden Kongo'ya girmitir. B) Blgedeki BM grevlilerine gre, geen yl iki lke arasnda yaplan bar antlamasn ineyen Ruanda askerleri, Kongo'ya tekrar girmitir. C) Blgede bulunan BM grevlilerine gre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya tekrar girerek geen yl yaplan bar antlamasn bozmutur. D) Blgede grev yapan BM sorumlularna gre, Ruanda askerleri Kongo'ya yeniden girmi ve bylelikle geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanm olan bar antlamasn ihlal etmitir. E) Blgede bulunan BM gzlemcilerine gre, geen yl iki lke arasnda imzalanan bar antlamasna ramen, Ruanda askerlerinin ou Kongo'ya bir kez daha girmitir. 04K

12. 1958'de balatlan ve 1963'te tamamlanan "Mercury Projesi", ABD'nin ilk "uzayda insan" programyd. A) The US was the first country to set up a "human-in-space" programme, known as the "Mercury Project", and covering the years 1958 to 1963. B) The "Mercury Project", which was begun in 1958 and came to an end in 1963, was the first "human-in-s pace" programme to be sponsored by the US. C) The first "human-in-space" programme, known as the "Mercury Project", was set up in the US in 1958 and only ended in 1963. D) The "Mercury Project" initiated in 1958 and completed in 1963, was the US's first "humanin- space" programme. E) Often referred to as the "Mercury Project", the US's first "human-in-space" programme was set up in 1958 and continued until 1963. 05K

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Benzer cmle sorular

13. Yaklak olarak M.. 8. yzylda Homer tarafndan kaleme alnan Truva Sava hakkndaki destanlar, birka yzyl boyunca szl olarak korunmu olabilir. A) Homers epics about the Trojan War were written down, probably in the 8th century B.C., but may have been around for centuries in oral form. B) Homer apparently wrote down the epics of the Trojan War sometime in the 8th century B.C., but they had already existed in oral form for centuries. C) The Trojan War epics had probably existed for centuries in oral form before they were finally transcribed by Homer sometime in the 8th century B.C. D) The epics about the Trojan War written down by Homer in about the 8th century B.C. may have been preserved orally for several centuries. E) Homer transcribed the Trojan War epics sometime during the 8th century B.C., but their origins go back to an earlier oral tradition. 06M

1. You would do well to wait a little before buying a car. A) If you are thinking of buying a car, this is the right time. B) You must realize that this is not the right time to change old car. C) Don't buy now; car prices are expected to fall. D) It would be better if you didn't buy a car just yet. E) Buy a car now and you won't regret it later. 00M

14. When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps. A) 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete giren Sirkeci tren istasyonunun hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonu, ou Avusturyadan ithal edilen sobalarla stlyordu. B) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girdiinde, bekleme salonu Avusturyadan getirtilen sobalarla stlyor ve hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlyordu. C) 3 Kasm 1890da, bekleme salonu hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan ve Avusturyadan ithal edilen sobalarla stlan Sirkeci tren istasyonu hizmete girdi. D) Sirkeci tren istasyonu 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girdiinde, hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonunu stmak iin Avusturyadan soba ithal edilmiti. E) Sirkeci tren istasyonunun Avusturya sobalaryla stlan ve hava gaz lambalaryla aydnlatlan bekleme salonu, 3 Kasm 1890da hizmete girmiti. 06K

2. The new range of products launched last Autumn is already selling well. A) The market for the new goods has improved greatly since last Autumn. B) Sales of the new products that appeared on the market in the Autumn, are at last doing well. C) Articles on sale for the first time in the Autumn are finally selling well. D) The goods put onto the market for the first time last Autumn have already found plenty of buyers. E) The are still few buyers for the new range of goods that first made an appearance last Autumn. 03M

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3. He should have known better than to have left his son in charge of the factory if only for a week. A) Though it was only for a week, it was foolish of him to make his son responsible for the running of the factory. B) it was quite wrong of him to leave his son to run the factory for as long as a week. C) it was foolish of the boy to imagine he could take his father's place in the factory for a week. D) He must have known that he couldn't leave his son in charge of the factory for a whole week. E) He was mistaken in thinking that his son was up to the responsibility of running the factory for a week. 04M

6. A recent survey regarding new engineering graduates revealed that these graduates lack communication skills. A) New engineering graduates are not as good at communicating as their predecessors, according to the results of a recent survey. B) A deficiency in communicative skills was the most common complaint about new engineering graduates, according to a recent survey. C) The fact that recent engineering graduates do not have the ability to make themselves understood was made clear by a new survey. D) The results of a new survey on engineering graduates suggest that the most recent of these graduates are only average communicators. E) Good communication skills were rated in a recent survey as the most sought-after quality in new engineering graduates. 06K

5. On seeing the new shopping centre for the first time I wondered whether it would succeed, with all the other shops already in the neighborhood. A) Im sure the new shopping centre will make a profit, because it is much nicer than the other shops nearby. B) Because there were already many shops in the area, when I first noticed it I wasnt sure if the new shopping centre would do well. C) Due to the lack of shops in the area, I couldnt understand why the new shopping centre wasnt successful from the beginning. D) There are quite a few shops in the neighborhood, so the new shopping centre will face stiff competition. E) I dont know why they built a new shopping centre in our neighborhood; there was certainly no need for one. 06K

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KEY TO PARTICIPLES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1A 2B 3E 4D 5A EVR 1C 2D 3A 4B 5A 6E 7A 8D 9B 10 A 11 A 12 D 13 D 14 B BENZER CMLE 1D 2D 3A 4B 5C

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Passive Voice
Active cmlelerde znenin ne yapt anlatlrken, passive cmlelerde zneye ne yapld anlatlr. They took the children to the park. The children were taken to the park.(by them) * Passive voice, vurgulamak istediimiz olayn kendisi olduunda, This mosque was built in the 16th century. (by the Ottoman Empire) The arid lands are forested. Eylemi yapan nemli olmadnda, The garden is cleaned and the trees are trimmed. Are the exam papers distributed? Yada eylemi yapan bilinmediinde, My uncles house was burglarized yesterday. All the street lamps were damaged. Eylemi yapan aka belli olduunda, Seven suspects have been arrested. (polis tarafndan) The trash bins are picked up every day. (belediye tarafndan) Herkese hitap eden cmlelerde passive voice kullanlr. More explanation can be found on page 110. Borrowed books must be returned on time.

by eki ile eylemin kimin tarafndan yapldn bildirebiliriz. Buna agent denir.

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TENSE
The simple present The present continuous The simple past The past continuous The present perfect The present perfect cont. The past perfect The past perfect cont. The simple future The future perfect Modals

ACTIVE
The birds eat the seed. The seeds is eaten.

PASSIVE

The birds are eating the seeds.

The seeds are being eaten.

The birds ate the seeds.

The seeds were eaten.

The birds were eating the seeds.

The seeds were being eaten.

The birds have eaten the seeds.

The seeds have been eaten. The seeds have been being eaten.*

The birds have been eating the seeds.

The birds had eaten the seeds.

The seeds had been eaten. The seeds had been being eaten. The seeds will be eaten.

The birds had been eating the seeds. The birds will eat the seeds.

The birds will have eaten the seeds.

The seeds will have been eaten.

The birds should eat the seeds. The birds may eat the seeds. The birds must eat the seeds.

The seeds should be eaten. The seeds may be eaten. The seeds must be eaten

Nadiren kullanlr. Nadiren kullanlr.

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Gerund and infinitive in passive voice Verb -ing I remember my grandparents giving me pocket money. I remember being given pocket money. I dont like people watching me. I dont like being watched. The teacher caught Jenny cheating. Jenny was caught cheating. bkz. gerund (verbs with gerunds) Verb to infinitive James started to write the report. The report was started to be written. Teresa is trying to open the jar. The jar is being tried to open. The guards allowed us to enter the building. We were allowed to enter the building. bkz. infinitives (verbs with infinitives) Not: ki nesne bulunduran cmleler iki ekilde passive yaplabilir. ki nesne alabilen fiiller: acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, feel, find, know, prove, report, say, suppose, suspect, think, understand The boy claimed that he saw the accident. Its claimed that the accident was seen. The accident was claimed to be seen. People believe that famous people are happy. Its believed that famous people are happy. Famous people are believed to be happy.

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PASSIVE VOICE
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. Of the many attempts that ____ to regulate language one way or another, very few ____ . A) were made / had succeeded B) have been made / have succeeded C) are made / succeeded D) could have been made / will succeed E) are being made / may have succeeded 98K

4. The history of the Venetian Republic ____ to an end in 1797 when Venice ____ over to Austria by Napoleon. A) was coming / would have been handed B) had come / has been handed C) comes / had been handed D) came / was handed E) would come / was being handed 99M

2. When the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli ____ a map of Mars in 1877, he ____ a large number of straight linear features, which he called canali that is channels. A) publishes / has noted B) had published / was noting C) has published / notes D) published / noted E) would have published / had noted 98M

5. More than half of the 850 asylum seekers currently detained in Britain ____ in prison with no right of appeal, even though the vast majority ____ with any offence, let alone convicted. A) were held / are not charged B) are being held / have not been charged C) have been held / would not be charged D) being held / had not been charged E) will be held / were not being charged 99M

3. The report presents a general overview of the problems that ____ when a disaster ____ nation. A) would have been encountered / will hit B) are encountered / will hit C) have been encountered / had hit D) had been encountered / was being hit E) will be encountered / hits 99K

6. For observers of international politics, March 1998 ____ as a month when the worlds superpower relations ____ a hopeful new turn. A) will be remembered / may have taken B) had been remembered / would have taken C) may be remembered / took D) has been remembered / would take E) would be remembered / will have taken 99M

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7. Thesiger's passionate belief that traditional societies around the world ____ against the modern onslaught ____ fierce criticism. A) were protected / will attract B) have been protected / had attracted C) are being protected / was attracting D) ought to be protected / has attracted E) would have been protected / would attract 00K

11. Much health education in recent years ____ towards the view that heavy drinker ____ subject for amusement but for practical help. A) has been directed / is not B) had been directed / was not C) was being directed / wouldn't be D) is directed / won't be E) is being directed / hasn't been 01K

8. All the reports ____ handed in last week, but some of them still ____ me. A) should have been / haven't reached B) were / didn't reach C) have been / won't reach D) had been / didn't reach E) would have been / don't reach 00K

12. Although the metropolitan theatres ______ a monopoly there for a long time, recently several private theatres ______. A) would hold / are being opened B) had held / had been opened C) were holding / will be opened D) held / have been opened E) have held / were opened 01M

9. With the help of satellite images, the Indonesian government ____ that it is the timber companies which ____ the mass destruction of their rain forests. A) will show / would have caused B) would have shown / had caused C) had shown / were causing D) shows / had been causing E) has shown / are causing 00M

13. In 1906 at Boazky several thousand cuneiform tablets ______ and most of them ______ now on exhibit in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara. A) have been discovered / were B) were discovered / are C) had been discovered / had been D) would have been discovered / are being E) had discovered / have been 01M

10. Physics, as it ____ at the end of the nineteenth century ____ to as classical physics. A) has been known / might be referred B) is known / has been C) had been known / had been referred D) was known / is referred E) might have been known / was referred 01K

14. Though we still ____ a long way to go, a lot ____ in developing new medical procedures to deal with diseased tissue. A) had had / had been accomplished B) had / has been accomplished C) have had / was accomplished D) are having / was being accomplished E) have / is being accomplished 02K

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15. As acquisition opportunities within the EU ____less, western European energy companies____ to turn eastwards in the hunt for expansion opportunities. A) grow / are being forced B) will grow / would have been forced C) are growing / would be forced D) have grown / had been forced E) grew / have been forced 02K

19. He is hoping that, by the time he ____for the grant, his book on Egyptian, silverwork ____. A) has to apply / will have been published B) had applied / had been published C) was to apply / has been published D) will be applying / would have been published E) would have applied / will be published 04M

16. The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague____, on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ____together. A) would agree / had been heard B) have agreed / have been heard C) were agreed / will be heard D) agreed / would be heard E) had agreed / were heard 02M

20. The big test ____ over the next few weeks when the government____ to introduce a plan to include drug coverage in Medicare. A) is coming / will be expected B) comes / was expected C) has come / is expecting D) will come / is expected E) would come / would be expected 04M

17. Professional tennis, which got its start in 1926 when the French player Suzanne Lenglen _____ 50,000 US dollars for a tour, only _____ full recognition in 1968. A) had been paid / has received B) was paid / received C) has been paid / would receive D) is paid / receives E) would be paid / had received 03M

21. The choices we make and the lives we lead _____ by the values we _____ . A) would be influenced / are holding B) are influenced / hold C) had been influenced / were holding D) must have influenced / had hold E) have been influenced / were holding 05K

18. Throughout his term in office, President Clinton _____ by allegations relating to the Whitewater real estate deal in which he and his wife, Hillary Clinton, _____ prior to the 1992 election. A) is dogged / are involved B) had been dogged / were involved C) was dogged / had been involved D) has been dogged / have been involved E) was being dogged / may have been involved 03M

22. The auditing of accounts means the official inspection of a company's accounts by a qualified accountant, and this____ by law each year. A) had been required B) requires C) is required D) required E) would have been required 05M

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23. He ____ in a line of work that was dependent solely on his ability to win the trust of others, and one in which very close relationships ____ necessary. A) was engaged / were B) would have been engaged / will be C) will be engaged / could be D) had been engaged / are E) is engaged / would be 05M

26. The term emotional intelligence was probably first used in an unpublished dissertation in 1986. In 1990 it ____ into the field of scientific psychology. A) was being introduced B) had been introduced C) would be introduced D) has been introduced E) was introduced 06M

24. Joyce attended Clongowes Wood College for several years, but ____to leave when his family fell upon increasing economic hardship. A) was forced B) is forced C) has been forced D) would have forced E) would be forced

27. Training schemes in the United Kingdom ____ by the government as unemployment ____. A) were encouraged / will have worsened B) would be encouraged / had been worsened C) have been encouraged / has worsened D) had been encouraged / may worsen E) are encouraged / would have worsened 07M

25. Having read so many contemporary American writers, I____ to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ____ in England. A) was beginning / will have been written B) had begun / has been written C) have begun / would have been written D) would begin / is being written E) began / was being written 06M

28. After the Germanic invasions, Celtic cultures, which in pre-roman times ____most of Western Europe, ____almost entirely to the British Isles. A) had covered / were confined B) have been covering / have bee confined C) had been covering / would be confined D) have covered / could have been confined E) were covering / had been confined 07M

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eviri sorular

1. The German government and the opposition are expected to agree on a new law to make it easier for qualified foreigners to settle in Germany. A) Alman hkmeti ve muhalefetin zerinde uzlat yeni yasann nitelikli yabanclarn Almanya'ya yerlemelerini kolaylatrmas bekleniyor. B) Alman hkmeti nitelikli yabanclarn Almanya'ya yerlemelerini kolaylatran yeni bir yasa zerinde muhalefetle anlamay umuyor. C) Alman hkmeti ile muhalefetin, nitelikli yabanclarn Almanya'ya yerlemelerini kolaylatrmak iin yeni bir yasa zerinde anlamaya varmalar bekleniyor. D) Alman muhalefetinin nitelikli yabanclarn Almanya'ya daha kolay yerlemelerini salayacak yeni bir yasa zerinde hkmetle anlat belirtiliyor. E) Alman hkmeti ve muhalefetinin uzlaarak, nitelikli yabanclarn Almanya'da almalarn kolaylatracak yeni yasay yaknda karmalar bekleniyor. 04K

3. Avrupa tarihindeki savalarn ou, g dengesinin yeniden kurulmasn saladklar gerekesiyle hakl gsterilmitir. A) Most of the wars in European history are regarded as justifiable since the alleged purpose was to maintain the balance of power. B) In the course of European history, the majority of the wars were fought to maintain the balance of power and so they were said to be justified. C) The need to maintain the balance of power was the alleged reason for the majority of the wars fought in Europe and this justified them. D) Most of the wars fought in Europe have sought to restore the balance of power and so they have been regarded as justifiable. E) Most of the wars in European history have been justified on the grounds that they helped to restore the balance of power. 01M

2. New Deal szyle 1929'un sonunda patlak veren byk ekonomik bunalm amak iin 1933'te Amerika Birleik Devletleri'nde Bakan Roosevelt'in ald nlemler ifade edilmektedir. A) In order to deal with the great economic crisis that had broken out in the United States of America at the end of 1929, President Roosevelt implemented the measures known as the New Deal in 1933. B) In 1929 and again in 1933, President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, a series of measures designed to put an end to the great economic crisis which had broken out in the United States of America. C) The measures known as the New Deal were designed by President Roosevelt in 1933 to put an end to the great economic crisis that broke out in the United States of America at the end of 1929. D) By the term New Deal is meant the measures taken by President Roosevelt in the United States of America in 1933 to overcome the great economic crisis which broke out at the end of 1929. E) The measures known by the term New Deal, implemented by President Roosevelt in the United States of America in 1933, succeeded in overcoming the great economic crisis that broke out in 1929. 02M

4. Bugn Bat, nc Dnya lkelerine bor para verme tekniini, onlar kontrol altnda tutma arac olarak mkemmelletirmi bulunmaktadr. A) The technique of lending money to the Third World countries has today been improved by the West so that it can control them. B) Today, the West has perfected the technique of lending money to the Third World countries as a means of controlling them. C) In order to control the Third World countries today, the West has developed certain moneylending techniques. D) Today, the money-lending techniques perfected by the West have become a means for controlling the Third World countries. E) Today, the Third World countries are perfectly controlled by the West by means of moneylending techniques. 00M

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5. According to a report published last week, annual stipends for British graduate students should be increased by more than a third. A) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencilerinin yllk burslar te birden daha fazla artrlmaldr. B) Geen hafta aklanan rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencileri harlarnn yllk olarak te birden daha fazla artmas gerekir. C) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapora gre, ngiliz lisansst rencilerinin te birinden daha fazlasnn yllk burslarnn artrlmas arttr. D) Geen hafta yaymlanan bir rapor dorultusunda, ngiliz lisansst renci harlarnn her yl te bir oranndan daha fazla artrlmasna karar verildi. E) Geen hafta aklanm olan bir rapora dayanarak, ngiliz lisansst rencilerine yaplan yllk demeler te birden daha fazla artrld. 00K

7. Observer gazetesinin genel yayn ynetmeni Will Hutton, ngiliz basnnn durumunu izlemek zere kurulan bamsz bir kurulun bakanlna atand. A) Will Hutton, presently editor-in-chief of The Observer, has been approached to chair a special commission which will look into the issues facing the British press. B) In order to study the efficiency of the British press, Will Hutton, editor-in-chief of The Observer, was selected to chair an independent commission. C) Will Hutton, former editor-in-chief of The Observer, has been designated as the chairman of a free commission to report on the state of the British press. D) Will Hutton, editor-in-chief of The Observer, was appointed chair of an independent commission set up to monitor the state of the British press. E) Will Hutton, who is currently the editor-inchief of The Observer, has been chosen as the chair of an autonomous commission established to study the progress of the British press. 99M

6. Kzlderililer arasnda din, bireyle tanr arasndaki bir iliki olarak deil, daha ok belli bir tanryla bir toplum arasndaki szleme olarak grlr. A) Religion, among American-Indian people, is not regarded as a personal relationship between the deity and each individual, but rather as a covenant between a particular deity and a community. B) Religion, for the American-Indian people, means an agreement between some special deity and the community, there is no concept of a personal relationship between the deity and an individual. C) For the American-Indian people, there is no concept of a personal relationship between a deity and an individual but only between a specific deity and a community. D) The American-Indian people believe that each community has a special deity, but that there can never be a personal relationship between a deity and an individual. E) The concept of a personal relationship between an individual and a deity has no place in the religion of the American-Indian people, who regard their deity as common to the community. 00K

8. William Carlos Williams is known primarily as a poet, but he occasionally wrote prose in the form of short stories, novels and essays. A) Ksa yk, roman ve deneme biiminde dz yazlar da yazm olmasna karn, William Carlos Williams, ncelikle bir air olarak tannmak istemitir. B) William Carlos Williams asl tantan, zaman zaman yazd ksa yk, roman ve denemeler biimindeki dzyazlar deil, iirleri olmutur. C) Her ne kadar ksa ykler, romanlar ve denemeler dzyazlar yazmsa da William Carlos Williams nde gelen bir air olarak tannr. D) nde gelen bir air olarak tannan William Carlos Williamsn yazd az saydaki dz yazlar, genelde ksa yk, roman ve deneme biimindedir. E) William Carlos Williams ncelikle bir air olarak tannmaktadr; ancak zaman zaman ksa ykler, romanlar ve denemeler biiminde dzyazlar da yazmtr. 99K

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9. When slave ships took thousands of Africans to the Caribbean, these people were deprived of a link with their own native history. A) Binlerce Afrikal, kle gemileriyle Karayiplere tand zaman, bu insanlarn kendi yerel tarihleriyle balar yok edildi. B) Kle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikaly Karayiplere tamas bu insanlarn kendi yerel tarihleriyle balarnn kopmasna neden oldu. C) Kle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikaly Karayiplere tamas sonucu, btn bu insanlarn kendi yerel tarihleriyle balar tamamen koptu. D) Kle gemileri binlerce Afrikaly Karayiplere taynca, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle bir ba kurmaktan yoksun kaldlar. E) Kle gemilerinin binlerce Afrikaly Karayiplere tamas zerine, bu insanlar kendi yerel tarihleriyle olan balarndan koparlp atldlar. 05K

11. The strategic importance of Malta was first recognized by the Phoenicians, who occupied it and established a trade colony there. A) Malta'nn stratejik nemini ilk anlayan Fenikeliler, buray igal ettiler ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. B) Malta'nn stratejik nemi nedeniyle buray igal eden Fenikeliler, ilk nce bir ticaret kolonisi kurdular. C) Malta'nn stratejik nemi, ilk kez, oray igal eden ve orada bir ticaret kolonisi kuran Fenikelilerce anlalmtr. D) lk kez Fenikeliler tarafndan igal edilen Malta'nn stratejik nemi hemen anlald ve burada bir ticaret kolonisi kuruldu. E) Malta'nn stratejik nemini anlayarak buray igal eden Fenikeliler, ilk ticaret kolonisini burada kurdular. 04M

10. 1942'de gerekleen ve 3 Haziran'dan 6 Haziran'a kadar sren Midway Sava, tarihiler tarafndan 2.Dnya Savann bir dnm noktas olarak grlmtr. A) Historians insist that the Battle of Midway, Which took place between June 3rd and June 6th 1942, should be regarded as a turning point in World War II. B) According to many Historians, the Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 between June 3rd and June 6th, can be regarded as a turning point in World War II. C) The Battle of Midway, Which took place in 1942 and lasted from June 3 rd to June 6th, has been regarded by historians as a turning point in World War II. D) In the opinion of historians, the turning point of World War II came with the Battle of Midway, June 3rd-6th, 1942. E) Historians tend to regard the Battle of Midway, June 3rd-6th, 1942, as the turning point of World War II. 04M

12. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War I, Poland declared its independence on November 11, 1918, and on June 20, 1919, was recognized as an independent state by the Treaty of Versailles. A) I. Dnya Savanda Avusturya-Alman ordular tarafndan igal edilmi olan Polonya, bamszln 11 Kasm 1918de iln etmi olsa da bamsz bir devlet olarak tannmas, 20 Haziran 1919da imzalanan Versailles Antlamasyla gereklemitir. B) Avusturya-Alman ordularnca I. Dnya Savanda igal edilmi olan Polonya, 11 Kasm 1918de bamszln iln etmitir; ancak bir devlet olarak bamszl Versailles Antlamasyla 20 Haziran 1919da kesinlemitir. C) Polonya, I. Dnya Savanda AvusturyaAlman ordularnn igaline urasa da 11 Kasm 1918de bamszln iln etmi ve bir devlet olarak bamszl, 20 Haziran 1919da Versailles Antlamasyla kesinlemitir. D) I. Dnya Sava srasnda Avusturya-Alman ordularnn igaline urayan Polonya, Versailles Antlamasna gre, bamszln 11 Kasm 1918de iln etmi ve 20 Haziran 1919da da bamsz bir devlet olarak tannmtr. E) Avusturya-Alman ordularnca I. Dnya Savanda igal edilmi olan Polonya, 11 Kasm 1918de bamszln iln etmi ve Versailles Antlamasyla 20 Haziran 1919da bamsz bir devlet olarak tannmtr. 06K

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13. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluta, aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn tam olarak korunduunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kurulutaki aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn yeterince korunduu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluun aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn olabildiince korunduunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Aznlk temsilcileri, bir siyasal kurulutaki karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kurulu, aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissettirmelidir. 06M

15. In the last century, much attention was given to the language of literature and the question of whether there was in fact a separate literary language. A) Geen yzylda, edebiyat dili ok ilgi ekmi ve gerekte apayr bir edeb dil olup olmad sorusu zerinde nemle durulmutur. B) Geen yzylda, edebiyat dili ok ilgi ekmi ve apayr bir edeb dil olup olmad sorusu hep tartlmtr. C) Geen yzylda, edebiyat diline ve gerekte ayr bir edeb dil olup olmad sorusuna ok ilgi gsterilmitir. D) Edebiyat dilinin ne olduu ve apayr bir edeb dilin gerekten var olup olmad sorusu, geen yzylda ok ilgi ekmitir. E) Edebiyat dili geen yzylda ok tartlmtr ve gerekte ayr bir edeb dilin olup olmad sorusu ele alnmtr. 07M

14. Ortaa haritalar Hollandann neredeyse yarsn su altnda gsterir, ama o zamandan beri denizden geni alanlar kazanlmtr. A) In medieval maps nearly half of the Netherlands is under water, but since then the sea has withdrawn from large areas. B) Large areas of what is now the Netherlands have often been claimed from the sea, but in medieval maps they were under water. C) Nearly half of the Netherlands does not exist on medieval maps but later large areas were recovered from the sea. D) Medieval maps show that large areas of the Netherlands used to be under the sea, but they have since been reclaimed. E) Medieval maps show nearly half of the Netherlands under water, but since then large areas have been claimed from the sea. 06M

16. As we learn from the works of many biologists in the past, since sponges did not move from one place to another, they were thought to be plants. A) Gemiteki pek ok biyologun, eserlerinde, sngerlerden bitki olarak sz etmesinin nedeni, bu canllarn bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemesidir. B) Gemiteki biyologlarn eserlerinden rendiimiz kadaryla, sngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmemeleri dolaysyla bitkilerle ayn grupta ele alnyordu. C) Gemiteki pek ok biyologun eserlerinden rendiimiz kadaryla, sngerler bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedii iin onlarn bitki olduu sanlyordu. D) Gemite, sngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri iin bitki olarak kabul edildii halde,pek ok biyolog bu gre eserlerinde yer vermemitir. E) Sngerler, bir yerden bir yere hareket etmedikleri iin, gemite bitki olarak snflanyordu; fakat birok biyolog, eserlerinde bunun yanl olduunu belirtmektedir. 06K

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KEY TO PASSIVE VOICE BOLUK DOLDURMA 1B 2 B* 3E 4D 5B 6C 7D 8A 9E 10 D 11 A 12 D 13 B 14 C 15 C 16 D* 17 B 18 C 19 A 20 D 21 B 22 C 23 A 24 A 25 E 26 E 27 C 28 A EVR 1C 2D 3E 4B 5A 6A 7D 8E 9D 10 C 11 C 12 E 13 B 14 E 15 C 16 C

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Causatives
Bir ii bakasna yaptrdmz gsterirken kullanrz.

have sth done

I had my car painted. (arabam boyattm.) She will have her house cleaned. He is having his office decorated. have sb do sth

I had Terry paint my car. (arabam Terrye boyattm.) She will have the maid clean the house. He is having an architect decorate his office. have yerine informal olan get de kullanlabilir. Fakat get sb to do sth eklinde kullanlr. I got Terry to paint my car. (arabam Terrye boyattm.) She will get the maid to clean the house. He is getting an architect to decorate his office. ayrca olumsuz veya istenmeyen bir olaydan bahsederken de have sth done kalbn kullanabiliriz. My dad had his wallet stolen. (czdann aldrm) Kate has had her glasses broken again. benzer ekilde kullanlabilen dier baz filler: make The little boy made us laugh. (bizi gldrd) The teacher made us finish our homework. let Their mother let them play outside. (oynamalarna izin verdi) They didnt let her enter the building. force to He forced me to say it. (sylemeye zorlad) Cold weather forced them to stop.

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CAUSATIVES
IKMI SORULAR eviri sorular

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. The book of "a thousand and one nights" is a collection of fascinating tales of the Orient, of Mixed Indian, Persian, Arabic, and Egyptian origination, and first ____ in Europe by Antoine Galland's French translation in the early eighteenth century. A) having known B) to know C) to be known D) made known E) to be made known 99K

1. Martin Scorseses controversial film takes its story from Edith Wartons novel, which appeared in 1920 and made her the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for literature. A) Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmi, yksn, Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanan ve onu Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan romanndan almaktadr. B) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filmi, 1920de yaymlad romanyla Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn Edith Wartonnun yksn anlatmaktadr. C) Edith Warton 1920de yazd ve kendisini Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn yapan roman, Martin Scorsesenin tartmal filmine de konu olmutur. D) Martin Scorsesenin tartmaya ak filminin yks, 1920de yaymlandnda Edith Wartonnun Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olmasn salayan romann anlatmaktadr. E) Martin Scorsesenin ok tartlan filminin yksn, Pulitzer Edebiyat dln alan ilk kadn olan Edith Wartonnun 1920de yaymlanm bir romanndan alnmtr. 99K

2. Minority representatives in any political establishment must be made to feel that their interests are sufficiently protected. A) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluta, aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn tam olarak korunduunu hissetmelidirler. B) Herhangi bir siyasal kurulutaki aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn yeterince korunduu hissettirilmelidir. C) Herhangi bir siyasal kuruluun aznlk temsilcileri, karlarnn olabildiince korunduunu hissedebilmelidirler. D) Aznlk temsilcileri, bir siyasal kurulutaki karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissetmelidirler. E) Bir siyasal kurulu, aznlk temsilcilerine, karlarnn tamamen korunduunu hissettirmelidir. 06M

194

Benzer cmle sorular

1. A good book review lets you know whether it's the sort of book you want to read or not. A) To be good, a book review has to establish who would enjoy reading it. B) One ought to be able to understand from a book review which books are worth reading. C) The prime function of any book review should be to establish whether or not a book is worth reading. D) According to book reviews, all books are worth reading. E) You can understand from a good book review whether or not it's the kind of book you enjoy. 00K

3. I just couldn't make him understand that good planning is essential to success. A) I've failed to convince him that the secret to success lies in a sound plan. B) Apparently he can't grasp the fact that without a sound plan, success is hard to come by. C) He refuses to believe that the plan will turn out to be successful. D) He's convinced that the scheme is bound to succeed. E) I'll convince him in the end that no amount of planning can guarantee success. 02K

2. I suppose most criminals do get caught in the end because they believe their luck will hold just one more time. A) In most cases, so long as a criminal avoids taking risks he is not likely to be suspected. B) It seems that the majority of criminals start to take greater risks and so get arrested. C) Apparently, by trusting their luck just once too often, most criminals do eventually get arrested. D) Once the average criminal has fallen under suspicion he can no longer trust his luck. E) In my opinion, however hard he may try, no criminal can ever escape arrest. 98M

4. Get Jim to give the speech of welcome; he's quite the best person for the job. A) Try to persuade Jim to give the speech of welcome: he's good at such things. B) Jim will give a far better speech of welcome than anyone else would; get him do it. C) As he's good at things like that, why don't you get Jim to give the speech of welcome? D) One person who is good at speechmaking is Jim; ask him to do it. E) Jim will make as good a speech of welcome as anyone l know; see if he'll agree to do it. 04K

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KEY TO CAUSATIVES BOLUK DOLDURMA 1D

EVR 1A 2B

BENZER CMLE 1E 2C 3A 4B

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Pharasal Verbs
act like: gibi davranmak Why are you acting like a child? act up: marmak Stop acting up and do your homework. ask after: hal hatr sormak Jenny asked after you. ask for: bir ceza yada belay hak etmek I am not sorry for him. He asked for it. back off: geri adm atmak We told them we would sue them but they didnt back off. back out off: anlamay bozmak Now that youve signed the contract, you cant back out off it. back up: bir bilgiyi desteklemek He is not lying. His friend backed up his story as well. back up: yedeklemek I wish I had backed up the file. I have to write it again now. be up to: uramak, megul olmak Ive seen you recently. What are you up to? blow up: patlamak The bomb will blow up when he starts his car. blow up: birden sinirlenmek Dorothy blew up when her son told he was suspended from school. break away: alkanlk terk etmek You have to break away your bad habits, if you want to live healthy. break down: bozulmak, arzalanmak Did the tv break down? I cant switch it on. break in: kilidi krp girmek When we were on holiday, somebody broke in and took the TV and computer. break off: ilikiyi bitirmek I cant believe that they broke off. They were so happy.

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break out of: bir yerden kamak Two prisoners broke out of jail yesterday. break up: okullarn tatil olmas When does the schools break up in Germany. bring back: hatrlatmak The photo brought back her to childhood. bring on: sebep olmak The agents are trying to find out what brought on the fire. bring out: yeni bir rn srmek The chair man of Dell told they would bring out three new models next week. bring round: dile getirmek Why dont you bring round the pollution problem in the council? bring round: ayltmak We couldnt bring her round for two hours. bring up: yetitirmek My Grandma brought me up as my parents were working. burn up: birini kzdrmak My father will burnu p when I tell him my grades. burst in: odaya dalmak Dont burst in here again! Knock on the door first. butter up: ya ekmek George is buttering the new manager up. butt in: konumay blmek They didnt let the author speak because they constantly butt in. buy up: tamamn satn almak Chevrolet bought up Daewoo motors last week. call away: i iin arlmak The branch managers are called away to the US. call by: uramak I just called by to return your book. Thanks. call for: gerektirmek The situation calls for immediate action. call in: uramak I called in at the chemists to buy some aspirins.

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call off: iptal etmek The concert is called off because of the rain. call up: greve arlmak The nationalist called up the army. calm down: sakinlemek Calm down. we are going to find a solution. care for: bakmak, korumak Gina really cares for her children. catch on: anlamaya balamak You will like it when you catch on the story. catch up with: yetimek Rudy has been ill for a week. He will have to catch up with his friends. check in: otele kayt yapmak After you check in, you can use the hotel pool. check out: otelden ayrlmak You have to check or else they will charge one more day. check over: doruluunu kontrol etmek The consulate will check over your papers to decide on your visa. cheer up: neelendirmek Even the cartoon on tv didnt cheer up little girl. chew out: azarlamak, fralamak The boss chewed out Martin as he forgot to hand in his report. clear up: havann amas If it clears up, we will go for a picnic. come across: ans eseri bulmak I came acroos these old photos while I was looking for my certificates. come by: elde etmek How did you come by this old camera? come down with: hastalanmak He came down with flu as he ate so much ice-cream. come in: gelmek (yarta 1. 2. vs.) The Turkish athlete came first in long jump. come into: miras kalmak Mr. Shepherd came into two houses and a car after his uncles death.

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come in: moda olmak Leather jackets came in when Michael Jackson wore it 1980s. come off: kopmak The buttons will come off if you keep playing with them. come on: yava yava balamak The flight fares are going up as the summer comes on. come out: ortaya kmak The flowers started coming out after two weeks we planted them. come round: uramak I think he is coming round to see you. come round: aylmak The boy came roud when they washed his face. come round to: fikre katlmak He will come round to our plan if you explain it well. come through: atlatmak The passenger came through without a scratch in the accident.*** come up against: sorunla karlamak Its normal to come up against these kind of problems abroad. count in: hesaba katmak, saymak Dont count me in unless you by train. count on: gvenmek You cant count on him about lending money. cut across: kestirmeden gitmek We cut across by using the old motorway. cut back: bir eyin tketimini azaltmak The city has to cut back on spending money on structures. cut down on: azaltmak You have to cut down on salt and fat for your health. cut off: balants kesilmek Many villages are cut off by snow in winters. cut out: ksaltmak They cut out the text as it was too long. do over: tekrar yapmak Somebody has deleted my homework. I have to do it over.

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drag on: beklenenden uzun srmek We the the meet would end in an hour but it dragged on till nine. draw in: gn iin ksalmak The days will draw in after August. draw out of: para ekmek He drew out of some money as he was going on a holiday. draw up: durmak (ara) A lorry drew up in front of the bank. drop in: habersiz ziyaret etmek Helens dropped in us two days ago. drop off: uykuya abuk dalmak, szmak Because he worked all day, he dropped off as soon as he went to bed. drop sb off: arabayla brakmak Can you drop me off after the party. drop out: okulu brakmak He dropped out for acting. dry up: nemi kurumak The lake dries up a hundred years ago. dry out: alkol yada uyuturucuyu tedavi ile brakmak Sean dried out after the programme in Jersey. eat out: restoranda yemek We eat out every Saturday. end up: son bulmak, soluu (bir yerde) almak If you go on smuggling, you will end up in jail. face up to: gerekleri kabul etmek She doesnt like you. You must face up to it. fall back: geri ekilmek The Greek forces fell back because of the strong defense. fall behind with sth: deme yada etkinlikte geri kalmak He fell behind with his bills as he is laid off. fall for: aldanmak Dont fall for the sellers, they always want to earn more. fall in with: bir fikre uymak We tried to persuade the boss to fall in with our plan.

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fall out: mnakaa etmek Did you fall out with Tony for a computer game? fall through: plan suya dmek We dont have a Plan B. Because we didnt think Plan A would fall through. feel up to: kotarmak, becermek Find someone else to play the Sultan. I dont feel up to it. figure out: bir problemi zmek, anlamak Everybody laughed but she didnt figure it out. fill out: form doldurmak Fill this form out. We will inform you later. find out: bulmak, ortaya karmak The police are trying to find out the criminals. fix up: grme ayarlamak Can you fix up a meeting with bus? get across: anlalmak He tried hard but he just couldnt get across his point. get along: anlamak, geinmek Are you getting along with your fiance? get at: yetimek, uzanmak As Serhat was a short boy he couldnt get at the lamp on the ceiling. get away: kamak Trevor tried to get away a few times but he always get caught somehow. get by: ekonomik adan geinmek I cant my wife is going to get a job. We cant get by. get down: yazmak Mrs. Peterson always wants her students to get down everything on the board. get down to: ie balamak This rest is enough. Lets get down on some work. get in: kk bir araca binmek Get in the car! Its raining. get off: aratan inmek Just as I got off the bus, somebody grabbed my purse. get on with: geinmek, anlamak Try getting on with the new manager. He is quite harsh.

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get over: atlatmak, etkisinden kurtulmak Its three years since her fathers death but she still couldnt get over. get rid of: kurtulmak, bandan savmak I dont want the journalists. Get rid of them. get round sb: ikna etmek If we can get round our dad, we will come with you to the concert. get round to: zaman ayrmak I would like to go to the theatre but I cant get round to it. get round: stesinden gelmek I dont need your help. I can get round it. get through: ulamak, iletiim kurmak I cant get through to Glen. What is going on? get through: snav gemek Many people cant get through the driving exam. get up to: halt kartrmak He doesnt know what his son is getting up to these days. give away: ihbar etmek Why dont you give him away if you think he is selling drugs? give in: teslim olmak After a short clash, the terrorist gave in. give off: koku yada duman salmak This old tomato paste is giving off a bad smell! give out: datmak Can you give out these worksheets? give up: bir alkanl brakmak I know its harmful, but I cant give up. go along with: bir fikre katlmak I dont go along with you. This project is just a dream. go at: saldrmak Butch went at Fred as it thought him a thief. go by: bir bilgi yada ipucunu baz almak You cant go by the newspapers. They arent always true. go down: batmak There are no life jackets in this boat. Because we wont go down.

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go for: saldrmak As I hadnt eaten anything for two days, I went for the food. go for: fiyat bimek How much does a second hand laptop go for these days? go off: almak (alarm) The clock didnt go off yesterday. I was late, of course. go off: kesilmek (elektrik) I couldnt do my homework, because the electricity went off. go off: bozulmak This soup smells bad. I think its gone off. go out: kmak Mary doesnt go out with anyone poor. go over: gzden geirmek Go over your answers again. You still have some time. go round: yetmek You can each have two. It will go round. go through: tecrbe etmek, yaamak He went through really bad days after his mothers death. go with: uymak, yakmak This red tie doesnt go with your jacket. goof off: zaman ldrmek, aylaklk etmek As soon as the manager went out, the workers started to goof off. grow out of sth: byd iin brakmak He is stil spitting out while walking. I thought he would grow out of it. grow up: bymek, olgunlamak Ill be an officer when I grow up. hand in: bir rapor yada dev teslim etmek When is the deadline to hand in our reports? hand out: datmak Please hand out these assignments to your friends. hang on: hatta kalmak Can you hang on a minute? Dad is on the other line. have sb around: arlamak We would like to have you around, if you come to Rwanda.

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hold in: duygularn gizlemek You shouldnt t hold in your love for her. Go and tell her! hold on: beklemek Hold on a second. I will check the store for your order. hold out: dayanmak, tahamml etmek I cant hold out his bad behaviors anymore! hold up: oyalanmak We were held up in the traffic. Everyone was heading back home from holiday. keep off: uzak durmak You can live longer, if you keep off danger. keep on: devam etmek You cant keep on like that! You must get over it. keep up with: takip etmek, ayak uydurmak Do you think he can keep up with these rich kids? kick out: atlmak Yanni was kicked out off school because of cheating. knock out: bilincini kaybetmek The man knocked out when he was hit on the head. knock out: yenmek, alt etmek Galatasaray knocked out Chelsea in the first match. lay off: iten karmak My father was laid off according to the new economical arrangements. leave out: kartmak This programme leaves out the mistakes automatically. let down: hayal krklna uratmak I thought Derek would win the gold medal but he let me down. let off: gaz yada duman salmak You cant do anything. The factories will let off smoke. let out: hapisten salnmak She was let out after the police found the real criminal. let through: yol vermek I said I was his son but they didnt let me through. look forward to: drt gzle beklemek I look forward to see my cousins in the summer.

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look down on: hor grmek Dont look down on poor people! look into: aratrmak The senate is still looking into the matter. look like: grnt itibariyle benzemek She really looks like her sister. look on: hibir ey yapmadan bakmak There was no one who knew first-aid so they just looked on. look on to: bakmak (bina) Our new house looks on to the Black Sea. look out: dikkat et! Look out! There is a car coming. look over: kontrol etmek Mr. Preston looked over the garden but didnt like it at all. look through: aramak The man at the desk looked through the papers but couldnt find my report. look up: bir kaynaktan bilgi aramak The teacher wants us to look up at the dictionary for the words we dont know. make for: telafi etmek Ive not seen my parents for two years. I dont know how to make up for it. make fun of: alay etmek Dont make fun of old people! make out: anlam vermek He told a long story but we couldnt make out his point. make up: reete yapmak Many pharmacies doesnt make up prescription with credit cards. make up: uydurmak Children sometimes make up stories. Its normal. make up: makyaj yapmak It takes her two hours to make up before she goes out. mix up: akln kartrmak The old mans direction mixed up my mind. pass away: vefat etmek My uncle passed away when I was a little child.

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pass for: sanmak, benzetmek She is only twelve, but she can easily pass for twenty. pass off as: kendini biri gibi gstermek He wore a uniform and passed off as an officer. pass out: baylmak The old lady passed out because of the hot weather. pay off: karln almak Sometimes hard work doesnt pay off. pick out: semek Pick out the color you like the best. pick up: kaldrmak, toplamak Why dont you ever pick up your clothes! pick up: hastala yakalanmak Babies pick up flu much easier. play along: destekliyor gzkmek Although he doesnt agree with the boss, he plays along. play up to: yalakalk etmek The workers who play up to his superiors are always promoted. pull away: hareket etmek (ara) He run fast. However the bus pulled away before he reached. pull down: ykmak The City is determined to pull down the old buildings. pull in: yanap durmak (ara) We were out off gas, so we pulled in at the gas station. pull out: ekip kartmak I went to see the dentist and he pulled out two of my teeth. pull over: arac yolun kenarna ekmek The police man made us a sign to pull over. pull up: yavalayp durmak (ara) The limousine pulled up in front of the hotel. put across: kabul ettirmek Although he tried hard, he couldnt put across his view. put away: para biriktirmek Ive to put away some money to go abroad.

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put back: geciktirmek, oyalamak The strike put all the orders back. put down: not almak You should put down everything Mr. Vitally says. put down to: olarak aklamak Her strange behaviors were put down to her childhood. put forward: bir fikir ne srmek Young candidates are not let to put forward any ideas. put in for: ba vurmak Are you planning to put in for the tutoring position? put out: sndrmek Dont forget to put out the candle before you sleep. put off: ertelemek Fifa put off todays match due to the bad weather. put on: giymek Put on your clothes. We are going out. put sb on: dalga gemek, kafa bulmak You dont have to see the boss. I was just putting you on! put sb out: birinin ban derde sokmak I dont want to put you out. You dont have to come with me. put sb up: birini yatya almak I dont mind putting you up for the night. put through: telefonu balamak The girl on the phone wont put me through to Dr. Tucker. put up with: tahamml etmek I cant put up with chatty people. ring off: telefona bakamadan kapanmak I ran for the phone but it rang off before I get it. run down: arala ezmek My dog was run down by a lorry yesterday. run down: azalmak The remote control doesnt work. I think the batteries ran down. run into: ans eseri karlamak Mrs. Gwenth ran into one of her old friends in down town.

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run out off: tkenmek Weve run out off the gas we bought a few hours ago. run over: arala arpmak, ezmek I think, youve just ran over a frog! run through: tekrar etmek I want to run through the headlines before I finish. see off: yolcu etmek Donnie went to see his girlfriend off. see to: kontrol etmek, takip etmek Can you see to the project when Im abroad. send for: postayla sipari vermek I sent for a tv set two weeks ago. Why are they so late? sell out: rnlerin tamamn satmak, tketmek The laptops were sold out as they were much cheaper than the normal price. set back: geciktirmek The export orders were set back because of the strikes. set off: tetiklemek The bomb on the train was set off with a mobile phone. set out: yolculua kmak Ill set out early in the morning. I dont want to be held up in the traffic. set out: kurul yada komisyon oluturmak The president set out a commission for human rights. set up: i kurmak Paul wants to set up his own business with the inheritance. settle down: bir yere yerlemek After many years, they settled down in France. show off: gsteri yapmak He bought a motorbike to show off. show up: gelmek, gzkmek She was rewarded the golden globe, but she didnt show up at the ceremony. stand by: desteklemek, yannda olmak I was surprised to see him stand by me. stand out: kendini gstermek, fark ettirmek Jennys paintings always stand by.

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stand for: simgelemek What do the letters of NATO stand for? stand up to: karlk vermek Though her father slapped her face, she didnt stand up to him. step on: terbiye etmek, disipline etmek Somebody has to step on children. stir up: ortal kartrmak The old lady stirred up the bank when she learnt the wages were postponed. take after: grnt itibariyle benzemek Terry takes after his grandfather. He also had curly hair. take back: geri gtrmek You have to take the books back to the library in two weeks. take care of: salna dikkat etmek Everybody thinks they take care of their health. take in: anlamak The conference took four hours but I didnt take in anything. take in (passive): aldatlmak, dolandrlmak Clare paid 100 dollars for a shirt. She is certainly taken in. take off: elbiseyi kartmak Why dont you take off your clothes? Is it cold? take off: kalkmak (uak) When does your plane take off? take on: ii almak DTE corporation takes on twenty workers each year. take out: para ekmek Can you take out some money form me? take up: yer kaplamak This dinner table takes up too much place. take up: bir hobi yada spora balamak Andrew took up tennis despite his age. think over: iyice dnmek Before you buy the flat, you had better think it over. try on: bir elbiseyi denemek Why dont you try this sweater on?

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try out: bir makineyi denemek They dont let everyone try out the luxury cars. turn down: ayarn drmek yada ksmak I am sure Becky will turn down Harrys proposal. turn off: bir cihaz kapatmak You can turn off the light. The daylight is enough. turn on: bir cihaz amak The heater automatically turns on when its cold. turn sb on: heyecanlandrmak, tahrik etmek What kind of music turns you on? turn over: ters dnmek The vandals turned over three cars and burned them. turn up: ayarn ykseltmek Can you turn up the volume? I cant hear it. turn up: beklenmedik bir anda gelmek We were expecting them the next week, but they turned up yesterday. watch out for: dikkat etmek Your duty is to watch out for the shop-lifters. wear off: etkisi gemek When the alcohol wears off, he will understand his mistake. wear out: yormak This homework really wore me off. It is thirty pages in total! work out: incelemek, kontrol etmek The meeting ends after we work out the import results. zonk out: hemen uykuya dalmak As he had been working for nine hours, he zonked out as soon as he went to bed.

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PHARASAL VERBS
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. I dont know how we are going to ____ the expected surge of immigrants into the country. A) look over B) run through C) put out D) take down E) cope with 98K

4. Before the meeting begins, it would be advisable to remind him that he is not on any account to ____ the subject of unemployment insurance. A) look through B) bring up C) take back D) break out E) make out 99K

2. The Jewish immigrants, who ____ the boat in England, formed the bulk of the ethnic groups arriving in a country historically wary of foreigners. A) took after B) got off C) turned up D) made up E) showed off 98K

5. Since most of the worlds commercial apples lack genetic diversity, they are unable to ____ a disease or a pest. A) put away B) hold up C) fight off D) get off E) break out 99M

3. Despite the gusty wind they were able to put out the fire before it ____ . A) fell off B) was taken into account C) was held out D) got out of hand E) broke up 98M

6. The atmosphere ____ the earth as if it were a huge roof. A) breaks up B) makes for C) hangs over D) puts off E) runs over 99M

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7. The problem of how to ____ the vast quantities of waste we produce, requires our urgent attention. A) bring up B) win over C) find out D) put off E) deal with 00K

11. In the early twentieth century, a number of scientists, who had been trained as physicists, were interested in the study of biological organisms, and their efforts ____ the field we now call molecular biology. A) took leave of B) made up for C) gave rise to D) showed up E) fell apart 01K

8. Once the children have grown up I shall start traveling again, and I'm really ____ that. A) passing on to B) waiting up for C) looking forward to D) making up for E) going along with 00K

12. In the introduction to this book, the writer ____ a foreign policy that makes world peace the top priority. A) calls for B) holds out C) keeps up D) puts on E) brings about 01K

9. Natural disasters have been defined as ecological disruptions exceeding the adjustment capacity of a community and ____ outside assistance. A) stepping up B) putting up with C) look after D) calling for E) dealing with 00M

13. I'm afraid I can't ____ the signature on this oil painting, but it has been signed. A) make out B) take up C) find out D) turn back E) put down 01M

10. It is hard for a tiger, especially an inexperienced one, to ____ how to attack an animal that is facing it. A) figure out B) keep away C) rule out D) fall back E) run over 00M

14. The top research universities in the USA are ______ the fact that women researchers are encountering substantial barriers to career advancement. A) waiting for B) pulling out of C) facing up to D) trying out E) turning up 01M

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15. His doctor ______ advising him to take it easy for a while and stop all overtime, but he didn't listen. A) made up B) kept on C) ran through D) left out E) played down 01M

19. Among the Maori of New Zealand, each community has developed its own way of ____ crimes and has chosen a number of different punishments to match them. A) holding up B) coming along C) dealing with D) paying for E) taking over 02M

16. The foreman has a way of making most people do what he wants, but somehow I don't think he'll manage to ____ the new director! A) get around B) make up for C) turn over D) keep up with E) rule out 02K

20. The first two paragraphs ____ the particular requirements of the digital environment as the source of data and as a means of producing maps and other visualizations. A) lay emphasis on B) run out of C) break through D) stop short of E) look down on 03M

17. The man who created the first computer virus has been sentenced to 20 months in an American federal prison, and it is generally agreed that he has been ____ very lightly. A) shown up B) let off C) taken down D) given up E) brought in 02K

21. As Egypt ____ its biggest irrigation project, the Pharaohs' dream of spreading their kingdoms into the desert is coming true. A) puts off B) embarks on C) breaks up D) tries on E) shows up 04K

18. The population of the underdeveloped countries is growing so fast that the agricultural activities there are unable to ____ the progressively rising demand for food. A) keep up with C) look out for B) make sure of D) bring up E) sort out 02M

22. Pakistan ____ the Indus and its tributaries for almost half of its irrigation supplies. A) turns back B) waits for C) takes to D) pulls up E) relies on 04M

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23. Jean Chrtien ____ after more than ten years as Canada's prime minister. A) steps down B) makes out C) runs out D) holds up E) points out 05K

26. For decades presidents have been coming ____ plans to deal with the fact that one day the world will run ____ its key sources of energy; oil. A) up with/ out of B) out of/ up against C) down to/ away from D) up for/ through E) over to/ into 06M

24. In China's largest psychiatric facility there is a serious lack of resources but the staff try hard to ____ this in their treatment of the patients. A) come up with B) go in for C) put up with D) set oat for E) make up for 05M

27. There has been increasing pressure in the US to ____ the amount of funding allocated to foreign aid, and instead, use the funds to improve the domestic economy. A) make up for B) point out to C) keep up with D) cut down on E) take up with 06K

25. Solar heating never ____ in the US because of the cost and limited winter sunlight in most areas. A) caught on B) played up C) turned over D) waited on E) looked back 06M

28. Cells convert energy from one form to another and use that energy to ____ various activities, ranging from mechanical work to chemical synthesis. A) turn off B) use up C) take in D) carry out E) pick up 07M

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KEY TO PHRASAL VERBS BOLUK DOLDURMA 1E 2B 3D 4B 5B 6C 7C 8E 9C 10 D 11 A 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 C 16 B 17 A 18 B 19 A 20 C 21 A 22 B 23 E 24 A 25 E 26 A 27 A 28 D 29 D

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VOCABULARY
IKMI SORULAR

Boluk doldurma sorular

1. Asthma is a common ____ in which the airways lining the lung become inflamed. A) diagnosis B) disease C) fury D) patient E) recovery 98K

4. It is plain that the United Nations will not lift the sanctions unless the Iraqi government fully ____ with the Security Council resolutions. A) matches B) elaborates C) complies D) resumes E) accomplishes 98K

2. From the report released today it appears that oil tankers suffer their major ____ on their return journeys. A) spills B) costs C) repairs D) drills E) crews 98K

5. When the chairman tried to explain his views to the shareholders at the ____ general meeting, he was shouted down by them with cries of Resign!. A) annual B) minimal C) essential D) ultimate E) recurrent 98K

3. People curious to get some idea of what it is like to be black in a country ____ by whites need look no further than Dennis Williamss new novel Crossover. A) tempted B) undermined C) perpetrated D) run E) deemed 98K

6. If we are serious about suppressing terrorism we shall have to ____ stronger measures than those currently in practice. A) require B) revise C) adopt D) abduct E) suspend 98M

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7. When an unknown but gifted artist is finally recognized, his paintings can become valuable ____ in the future. A) rates B) accounts C) sales D) interests E) assets 98M

11. Space research is largely a branch of pure science, independent of any applications which ____ from it. A) enforce B) insure C) reduce D) restore E) stem 99K

8. I am horrified at the turn things have taken and am convinced that he is ____ of much better treatment than that which he is receiving. A) rebutting B) deserving C) defending D) safeguarding E) indulging 98M

12. She is the oldest person in the village, to be precise, 92 years old and has a ____ word of advice for everyone. A) fanciful B) faithful C) credible D) futile E) kindly 99K

9. Progress in materials research is ____ to overcoming such problems as the finiteness of the worlds resources and possible shortages of strategic materials. A) crucial B) inexpensive C) adamant D) subversive E) subsequent 98M

13. Our challenge is to ____ our clients with the best possible advice and support, enabling them to take the right direction at both strategic and operational levels. A) expand B) consult C) improve D) provide E) respect 99K

10. The whole business of having meals at fixed ____ is nothing but a social convention and, in modern life, a matter of convenience. A) approaches B) substances C) intervals D) requirements E) proportions 99K

14. It is a book rich in ideas and beauty, a book that ____ and tries to answer great fundamental questions and demands the most active reading one is capable of. A) raises B) attains C) casts D) alludes E) accomplishes 99K

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15. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace seeks an individual to launch a research project on the information revolution and its ____ on international affairs. A) impact B) involvement C) reference D) linkage E) comparison 99M

19. The objective of this project is to increase the depth of awareness and understanding in the world, about the causes and consequences of the HIV epidemic through ____ policies and programmes. A) innovative B) decadent C) meagre D) ambiguous E) poignant 99M

16. Unlike Europes stone castles and cathedrals, Americas historical buildings are often wood-framed and so subject to ____ from moisture and insects. A) rebuke B) deficiency C) damage D) obsession E) frustration 99M

20. If you want that post you'd better apply quickly; the last day for ____ applications is Friday. A) reversing B) withholding C) enforcing D) submitting E) committing 00K

17. Physically speaking, the Pacific Basin includes not only all those countries bordering on the Pacific coast but also the Pacific island nations ____ across the ocean. A) adopted B) based C) grafted D) scattered E) expanded 99M

21. In this paper I should like to report some of the results of an ____ study of two hundred London families. A) extreme B) intrinsic C) intensive D) emphatic E) apparent 00K

18. Nearly half of the worlds countries have ____ capital punishment in law or in practice, and some two dozen of them have done so formally since 1985. A) accused B) abolished C) executed D) entailed E) frustrated 99M

22. Recent studies have shown that smokers are more ____ to common colds and flu than non-smokers. A) feasible B) susceptible C) applicable D) reliable E) responsible 00K

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23. I wasn't at all impressed by the ____ he gave me. A) distribution B) explanation C) determination D) complication E) negotiation 00K

27. Today a very wide spectrum of biological scientists are needed, both to develop the biotechnology of the next millennium and to ensure the ____ of life in our planet. A) explanation B) process C) exhaustion D) duration E) conservation 00M

24. The river Danube rises in Germany and ____ through central Europe and into the Black Sea. A) cruises B) spreads C) flows D) conducts E) covers 00M

28. If the ____ of profits falls in one area of activity, entrepreneurs may move their resources to an industry where the returns are higher. A) phase B) liability C) level D) supply E) policy 01K

25. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) help you to maintain steering control of your car even while braking on ____ roads. A) lonesome B) fast C) reckless D) slippery E) stagnant 00M

29. In many countries training for industry has always been considered to be ____ the concern of industry itself, not of the state. A) socially B) primarily C) suitably D) firmly E) reputedly 01K

26. ____ populated, rural Northumberland is one of the most unspoiled countries in England. A) Sparsely B) Nearly C) Primarily D) Suitably E) Efficiently 00M

30. A basic ____ of amphibious warfare is undoubtedly command of the sea. A) withdrawal B) involvement C) determination D) concession E) requirement 01K

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31. Even quite late in the twentieth century many men assumed that entry into certain professions was their ____ right. A) independent B) exclusive C) adequate D) excessive E) unaccountable 01K

35. The ozone layer may still act like a protective blanket, but scientists continue to worry about the sun's _____ lethal effects. A) potentially B) equivalently C) indifferently D) approximately E) abruptly 01M

32. Bacteria have remarkable capacity for ____ tolerance to previously lethal drugs. A) acquiring B) denouncing C) deceiving D) repudiating E) recovering 01K

36. Owing to the shortages in some building materials and labor ______ in some trades, the building industry began to make more use of prefabricated components. A) immunity B) reliability C) cavity D) scarcity E) morality 01M

33. Our understanding of the development of behaviour has long been hampered by the tendency to _____ sharply between "innate" and "acquired" behavior. A) exclude B) separate C) distinguish D) infer E) assess 01M

37. In a blizzard, the _____ of very low temperatures, strong wind and suffocating snow often proves fatal. A) expectation B) endurance C) engagement D) consistence E) combination 01M

34. The government has recently made one million dollars _____ for research grants concerning the prediction of earthquakes. A) conditional B) available C) suitable D) considerable E) vulnerable 01M

38. Acid rain only became a ____ environmental issue in the 1980s following groundbreaking studies in the 1970s. A) previous B) deceitful C) reckless D) destructive E) prominent 02K

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39. Using the dam to generate power would not ____ the treaty with the neighboring country, but diverting water out of the river would. A) intimidate B) betray C) violate D) convert E) fetch 02K

43. Now that formal____ has been given by the government, the project team can be recruited. A) reference B) apprehension C) approval D) expression E) determination 02M

40. The ____ that terrorists use to move money from regions that finance them to their target country are often identical to those used by criminal gangs. A) regulations B) methods C) provisions D) laws E) admissions 02K

44. Certain new findings suggest that young calves may be more ____ than older cows to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). A) reluctant B) hazardous C) intimate D) susceptible E) relative 02M

41. In the wake of yet another financial scandal, the chief accountant handed in his ____ to the director. A) retirement B) redundancy C) promotion D) resignation E) vacancy 02K

45. Champions of the green movement regard the internal combustion machine as one of the biggest ____ in history. A) disasters B) rejections C) admissions D) denials E) illusions 02M

42. The American constitution with its various constraints ____ to protect citizens, can actually shield criminals. A) discovered B) complained C) persuaded D) designed E) displayed 02K

46. The distinction between a language and a dialect is a ____ difficult one. A) precisely B) notoriously C) compulsively D) suitably E) flexibly 02M

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47. Japan is often ____ as an example of a country that has managed to keep its national defense orientated industries entirely separate from foreign-owned companies. A) deduced B) delayed C) deceived D) withdrawn E) cited 02M

51. The discovery of a _____ cancercausing chemical in foods like crisps, chips and cereals caused shock waves around the world when it hit the headlines earlier this year. A) potentially B) remarkably C) controversially D) memorably E) concisely 03M

48. The general feeling in the court was that several of the witnesses were ____ information that could have a direct bearing upon the case. A) expressing B) withholding C) avoiding D) disrupting E) declining 02M

52. Each year, large amounts of carbon monoxide are _____ into the atmosphere by automobiles and factories. A) absorbed B) emitted C) exchanged D) repulsed E) compelled 03M

49. As the new field-worker will be working in close ____ with several others, make sure you select someone with an agreeable personality. A) uniformity B) suspicion C) collaboration D) discretion E) productivity 03M

53. These novels illustrate the author's____ for the struggles of young people and the proper help that should be given. A) deceit B) obligation C) alteration D) disturbance E) concern 04K

50. Sponsorship is being increasingly allowed in schools provided it is regarded as being ____ with educational curricula. A) considerate B) predictable C) decisive D) compatible E) provocative 03M

54. The quartet's rendering of Mozart is ____ good, but l have mixed feelings about the Schubert collection. A) exceptionally B) sensitively C) preferably D) impulsively E) impartially 04K

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55. The book is surprisingly lucid and manages to make the controversial field of evolutionary psychology ____ to the average intelligent reader. A) susceptible B) conducive C) available D) indulgent E) exclusive 04K

59. It seems strange to us now that miners and others employed in dangerous work should not have demanded the provision of____ Headgear. A) forceful B) obstructive C) relentless D) protective E) intensive 04M

56. America's subsidies to its cotton farmers have long been a noteworthy example of the harm that rich countries' subsidies ____ on the poor. A) enforce B) provide C) exceed D) inflict E) employ 04K

60. In the past 30 years , our knowledge of the ancient Maya civilization has increased ____ as a result of the decipherment of a newly discovered script. A) significantly B) alternatively C) suspiciously D) persuasively E) conditionally 04M

57. Their Prime Minister has been able to act more aggressively in the past year because he has ____ his power within the government. A) recommended B) reduced C) compelled D) consolidated E) impaired 04M

61. A fair proportion of the workforce now work from their homes, a____ that has been made possible by computers. A) disturbance B) destination C) circumstance D) support E) denial 05K

58. The auroras are caused by the ____ of solar winds with gases in the Earth's atmosphere. A) intersection B) completion C) interaction D) perception E) distraction 04M

62. North Korea is ____ to abandon its nuclear programme without specific security guarantees from America and promises of lost of aid. A) sincere B) nasty C) boastful D) unlikely E) provisional 05K

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63. Pharmaceutical firms are wary of devoting money to new antibiotics whose sales can be ____ limited by the development of resistance in the target microbes. A) accurately B) adequately C) severely D) complacently E) confidently 05K

67. In the case of opera, the benefits of being able to experience the whole production from the comfort of your armchair are very ____. A) subtle B) demonstrative C) deliberate D) excessive E) attractive 05M

64. In an aircraft the cabin lights are dimmed during take-off and landing to help passengers to _____ themselves to darkness in the event of an emergency. A) modify B) accustom C) resume D) associate E) relate 05K

68. For the control of the deadly brain disease in cows (BSE), surveillance is being stepped up in Canada, but the US claims to be testing enough cattle already to ____ the risk. A) assert B) assess C) consult D) exceed E) discourage 05M

65. Unless you use your computer____ , you can't expect it to function well A) surely B) particularly C) recently D) properly E) soundly 05M

69. Volcanoes are built by the ____ of their own eruptive products, which are lava, ash, flows, airborne and dust. A) accumulation B) destruction C) explosion D) instability E) growth 07M

66. It's worth remembering that his ____ of the downward trends in output over recent years is not the only one. A) interpretation B) departure C) compliance D) discretion E) intention 05M

70. Certain nations have ____ the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques to select the sex of an unborn child; but, bribery and human ingenuity have made it easy for prospective parents to bypass the statute. A) removed B) outlawed C) explored D) sustained E) retained 07M

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71. Music educators give us many good reasons for playing. It is said to feed our intelligence and ____ our self-esteem. A) raise B) appreciate C) afflict D) represent E) provoke 07M

75. Pollen grains - the tiny male reproductive bodies of flowering plants have an almost ____ outer shell that can survive in certain sediments for tens of thousands of years. A) intense B) approachable C) indestructible D) abundant E) unsteady 06K

72. Education is both a consumption and an investment good. The ____ of knowledge by reading a book can give pleasure and benefits to an individual equivalent to consuming an ice-cream or seeing a film at the cinema. A) contribution B) exclusion C) obscurity D) acquisition E) continuation 07M

76. The Basques were at this time the largest suppliers to Europe of whale-oil an important ____ used for lighting and in products such as soaps. A) commodity B) refinement C) artifact D) hardship E) settlement 06K

73. A strong ____ exists between a countrys wealth and the freedom afforded its citizens. A) coincidence B) correlation C) consideration D) determination E) interpretation 06K

77. The laws concerning the breeding of animals for research could turn out to be to the ____ of medical research. A) admission B) detriment C) exclusion D) preference E) cohesion 06M

74. Satellite television transmission now makes it ____ for us to watch events as they unfold in other countries. A) worldwide B) substantial C) aware D) commonplace E) liable 06K

78. At present, interest rates are comparatively____ ; lets hope they remain that way. A) frequent B) uneasy C) consecutive D) comprehensive E) steady 06M

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79. What are some of the things that differentially affect siblings and help ____ their success or failure? A) pursue B) recognize C) recreate D) determine E) reinstate 06M

80. The concept developed out of a growing emphasis on research into the ____ of emotion and thought. A) alternation B) participation C) interaction D) obstruction E) complication 06M

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KEY TO VOCABULARY BOLUK DOLDURMA 1B 2A 3D 4C 5A 6C 7E 8B 9A 10 C 11 E 12 C 13 D 14 A 15 A 16 C 17 D 18 B 19 E 20 D 21 C 22 B 23 B 24 C 25 D 26 A 27 E 28 C 29 B 30 E 31 B 32 C 33 C 34 B 35 A 36 D 37 E 38 E 39 C 40 B 41 D 42 D 43 C 44 D 45 A 46 * 47 E 48 B 49 C 50 D 51 A 52 E 53 E 54 A 55 C 56 D 57 D 58 C 59 D 60 A 61 C 62 D 63 C 64 B 65 D 66 A 67 E 68 B 69 A 70 B 71 A 72 D 73 B 74 D 75 C 76 A 77 B 78 E 79 D 80 C

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PARAGRAF SORULARI ANALZ

rnek paragraf 1 1.-5 sorular paraya gre cevaplaynz.

(2) No human dream is more universal than the longing for a paradise on earth, a place free of the ravages of time and disease, where the best in nature flourishes while the worst is forbidden to enter. By definition, such magical lands cant be near at hand; they must be remote and inaccessible destinations to be reached by pilgrimage or a heroic journey. (3) Ancient Tibetan Buddhist texts spoke of just such a kingdom, where wise kings, blessed with long life spans, await the day when they will take power over the world, ushering in a golden age of peace and justice. This mythical kingdom was called Shambala, and its location was believed to be a valley in northern India. Said to be enclosed by a double ring of snow-capped mountains, this fabled valley of Shambala resembled a (5) mandala, which is Buddhisms circular symbol of the unity of all creation. Known only to a few European enthusiasts of Asia in the 19th century, (1,4) the myth of Shambala was popularized in the 20th century by the famous Russian mystic, Madame Blavatsky, who claimed she received telepathic messages from the mystic valley.

1. It is clear from the passage that the myth of Shambala ____ . A) was originally introduced by those Europeans in the 19th century who were interested in Buddhism and carried out extensive studies in India B) began to be so popular in Europe in the 19th century that, with Madame Blavatsky, it turned into a mystical kind of religion C) had obviously been very popular throughout Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries before it was discovered by the Europeans D) had originally been an Indian myth and was later adopted by Tibetan Buddhists into their own culture E) came to be known widely in Europe only in the last century, thanks to Madame Blavatsky Soru kk Shambala dan bahsettii iin paragrafta kelimenin getii satr buluyoruz (1 numaral satr). E kknda known widely olarak verilen yani tannan ibaresi aslnda metinde de popularized olarak geiyor. kisi de Shambalann Madame Blavatsky tarafndan Avrupaya tantldn anlatyor. A kk: Shambalay Avrupal aratrmaclar tarafnda tantldn, B kk: Madame Blavatsky tarafndan Avrupaya tantldn fakat bir dine dntn, C kk: Avrupallar kefetmeden nce de Shambalann Asyada bilindiinden, D kk: bir Hint mitiyken Tibetli Budistler tarafndan kendi kltrlerine uyarlandndan bahsediyor.

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2. The author claims that a great many people ____ . A) yearn for a distant land of absolute health, happiness and goodness B) imagine India as a land of plenty, where people lead a most prosperous and peaceful life C) go on long pilgrimages to very remote places such as Tibet, where the most popular religion is Buddhism D) have a mystical view of life which enables them to cope with the ravages of time and disease E) have a strong desire to make a pilgrimage to the mythical valley of Shambala in order to recover from their sorrows and sufferings Soru kk pek ok insan diye balyor. Metnin giriinde de insanlarn cennet gibi bir dnya hayal ettiklerinden bahsediyor. Metindeki long for kelimesinin e anlamls yearn (zlem duymak) A kknda gemekte. Her ikisi de insanlarn her zaman mutlu ve salkl olduu, ktleri olmad cennet misali bir yerden bahsetmekte. B kk: insanlarn Hindistann mutlu ve huzurlu bir yer olarak hayal ettiklerinden, C kk: insanlarn Tibet gibi uzak yerlere hacca gittiklerinden, D kk: insanlarn sknt ve hastalklaryla mistik bir dnya gr sayesinde ba ettiklerinden, E kk: insanlarn skntlarndan kurtulmak iin Shambalaya gitmek istediklerinden bahsediyor.

3. According to the passage, ancient Tibetan Buddhists ____ . A) preferred to live in places which were very remote and not easily accessible for common people B) had a very strong longing for a world in which Buddhist values and ideas were shared by all human beings C) were most gifted writers who idealized life on earth and, in their writings, encouraged people to strive for peace and justice D) often made long pilgrimages and journeys to the valley of Shambala in India in order to have a mystical experience E) believed that a time would come when, under the rule of wise kings, peace and justice would prevail in the world Soru kknde geen eski Tibet Budistleri 3 numaral satrda geiyor. Eski Tibet Budistlerinin kaynaklarnda dnyaya huzur ve adaleti getirecek bilge krallarn ortaya kacandan ve dnyann altn an yaacandan bahsediyor. Bu ise E kknda aynen anlatlyor. A kk: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin uzak yerlerde yaamay tercih ettiklerinden, B kk: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin Budizm retilerinin benimsendii bir dnya hayal ettiklerinden, C kk: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin ok iyi yazarlar olduundan, D kk: Eski Tibet Budistlerinin Shambalaya hacca gittiklerinden bahsediyor.

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4. As one understands from the passage, the Russian mystic Madame Blavatsky ____ . A) was clearly one of the few Europeans in the 19th century who were seriously concerned with studies related to Asia B) developed her telepathic skill through her study of Buddhism and also by making innumerable journeys to the valley of Shambala C) constantly dreamed of a paradise on earth and made great efforts to make peace and justice dominant in the world D) helped to spread interest in the mythical kingdom of Shambala E) believed that a study of Tibetan Buddhist texts was indispensable for the acquisition and exercise of telepathic skills

Aslnda bu soru, 1. sorunun tersten sorulmu hali. Yani Madam Blavatskynin Shambalay Avrupaya tanttndan bahsediyor. A kk: Madam Blavatskynin Asya aratrmalaryla ilgilenen birka Avrupaldan biri olduundan, B kk: Madam Blavatskynin telepati yeteneini Budizm almalar sayesinde edindiinden, C kk: Madam Blavatskynin cennet gibi bir dnya hayal ettiinden ve bunun iin abaladndan, E kk: Madam Blavatskynin telepati renmek iin Budizm kaynaklarnn vazgeilmez olduundan bahsediyor.

5. One learns from the passage that, for Buddhism, ____ . A) the wise kings of the valley of Shambala value peace and justice more than any other thing B) man can never enjoy absolute peace and justice in the world owing to his wickedness C) the valley of Shambala is a sacred place for pilgrimage and worship D) a paradise on earth can only be established in the distant future E) everything created in the universe was part of one whole, which was represented by the symbol of mandala Soru kkndeki mandala kelimesi metinde 5 numaral satrda geiyor. Budizme gre yaratlm her ey aslnda bir btnn paras. E kk bize bu bilgiyi veriyor. A kk: Budizme gre bilge krallar iin en nemli ey huzur ve adalettir. B kk: Budizme gre insan kt olduu iin dnyada asla mutlu olamaz. C kk: Budizme gre Shambala sakl bir ibadet ve hac yeridir. D kk: Budizme gre ileri bir gelecekte cennet gibi bir yaam kurulabilir.

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rnek paragraf 2

1.-5. sorular paraya gre cevaplaynz.

Until the giant American energy company (5) Enron collapsed, and its director Kenneth Lay was imprisoned, his life had been a model of the American dream of rising from rags to riches on the strength of merit and hard work. His beginnings were socially and financially very modest. He was born in Tyrone, Missouri, in 1942, as the son of a preacher who was also a part-time salesman. (3) He helped his father make ends meet by cutting grass and delivering papers. His start in the energy industry seemed similarly modest. After obtaining a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Houston, he got his start in the booming Texan oil industry. In 1985 (2) he merged Houston Natural Gas with InterNorth of Nebraska in order to form Enron. As Enron became stronger, (4) Mr. Lay turned increasingly to politics and was one of the biggest donors to the Bush-Cheney campaign. (1) After Mr. Bush entered the White House, Mr. Lay had hopes of a seat in the cabinet, perhaps as energy secretary or even at the Treasury. However, for reasons that remain unclear, Mr. Bush overlooked him, so his professional life ended in frustration.

1. According to the passage, after Mr. Bush was elected president of the US, Kenneth Lay ____ . A) turned increasingly to politics B) became involved in the Texan oil industry C) was not offered a cabinet seat D) obtained a doctoral degree from the University of Houston E) dissolved Enron, the company he had created

Bush bakan seildikten sonra Lay kendisine de kabinede bir koltuk verileceini dnyor. 1 numaral satrda geen bu bilgi C kk ile tamamlanyor. Fakat kabineye alnmyor. A kk: Kenneth Lay kendini politikaya veriyor. B kk: Kenneth Lay Texan Oile katlyor. D kk: Kenneth Lay Houston niversitesinden doktora derecesi alyor. E kk: Kenneth Lay Enron u blyor.

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2. It is clear from the passage that the giant American energy company Enron was founded through ____ . A) Kenneth Lays increasing interest in politics B) Kenneth Lays dream of rising from rags to riches C) the fact that Kenneth Lay had been imprisoned D) Kenneth Lays modest beginnings as the son of a preacher and part-time salesman E) the merging of two companies: Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth

Soru kk bizden Enronun nasl kurulduunu istiyor. 2 numaral satr, Enronun Houston Doal Gaz ve InterNorthun birlemesi ile kurulduunu gsteriyor. E kk da ayn bilgiyi veriyor. A kk: Enronun Layin politikaya girmesiyle, B kk: Enronun Layin fakirlikten kurtulma hayali sayesinde, C kk: Enronun Lay hapse girdii iin, D kk: Enronun Layin mtevazi hayat sayesinde kurulduunu sylyor.

3. We understand from the passage that, when Kenneth Lay was a child, he ____ . A) worked as a part-time salesman together with his father B) wanted to become a preacher like his father C) moved with his family from Tyrone, Missouri, to Houston, Texas D) contributed to his familys income by working at part-time jobs E) dreamed of becoming an oil tycoon

Soru kk bize Layin ocukluunu soruyor. 3 numaral satrda ocukken satclkta babasna yardm ettiini reniyoruz. Yani A kknda belirtildii gibi. B kk: babas gibi vaiz olmak istediinden, C kk: ailesiyle Tyroneden Houstona tandndan, D kk: part-time ilerde alarak ailesine destek olduundan, E kk: petrol devi olmak istediinden bahsediyor.

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4. We can infer from the passage that Kenneth Lay expected Mr. Bush to offer him a high position in his administration because Mr. Lay ____ . A) had contributed a very large amount of money to Mr. Bushs presidential campaign B) was an important player in the Texan oil industry C) was frustrated with his political life D) had obtained a high level of education, and was therefore quite knowledgeable E) had become very rich through his hard work

Lay, Bushtan bir koltuk bekliyor. Soru kk Layin neden byle bir beklenti iinde olduunu bize soruyor. 4 numaral satrda Layin, Bushun seim kampanyasna byk destekte bulunduunu reniyoruz. A kk bize Layin seim kampanyasna yksek miktarda para akttn sylyor. B kk: Texan Oilde ynetici olduu iin, C kk: politikadan istediini alamad iin, D kk: iyi bir eitim alm olduu iin, E kk: zengin olduu iin kendisine koltuk verilmesi gerektiini dnyor.

5. We see from the passage that Kenneth Lays imprisonment was ____ . A) the result of his involvement in the Bush-Cheney campaign B) a miscarriage of justice C) due to a crime he had committed while studying at the University of Houston D) carried out despite the fact that he was a good friend of President Bush E) implemented at around the same time that Enron, the company he had founded, collapsed

Soru kk bizden Layin hapse atlmas hakknda bilgi istiyor. 5 numaral satrda Enronun battn ve hapse atldn reniyoruz. Yani iki olayda ard sra gerekleiyor. E kknda bahsettii gibi. A kk: seim kampanyasna katld iin hapse atldn, B kk: yasalara kar geldii iin hapse atldn, C kk: niversitede iledii bir su iin hapse atldn, D kk: Bushun dostu olmasna ramen hapse atldn sylyor.

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rnek paragraf 3 1.-5. sorular paraya gre cevaplaynz.

Just as every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, (5) every decade considers itself superior to the one that came before. Over the past few months, (2) we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads above those who lived in the 1990s. Weve done it first by establishing a reigning clich for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age when the real problems in the world were ignored while the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. (4) Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldnt be on enough businessmagazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with such weighty titles as The Road Ahead.

1. According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ____ . A) capitalism, blindness and possessions B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate C) indifference, immorality and selfishness D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality E) disagreements, competition and prejudice

Soru kk bize 90l yllarn nasl anlatldn soruyor. Gilded age yazan blmden itibaren bize 90l yllarn zellikleri anlatlyor. nsanlarn gerek sorunlardan uzaklap teknoloji ve spor arabalarla urat, varlk iinde yzlen bir hayat. A kk bunlarn hepsini zetliyor. B kk: 90l yllar ok alma, hrs ve iletiim gerekirlii, C kk: 90l yllar kaytszlk, bencillik, ahlakszlk, D kk: 90l yllar cmertlik, doalama, bireyselci, E kk: 90l yllar uyumazlk, rekabet ve nyarg yllar olarak tanmlam.

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2. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade____ . A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades

Soru kk bize 2000li yllarn nasl anlatldn soruyor. 2 numaral satrda 2000li yllarn 90l yllardan daha ahlakl olduunu sylyor. C kk bize bu bilgiyi veriyor. Morally heads above diye bahsettii ey C kknda far more moral (daha ahlakl) olarak geiyor. A kk: 2000li yllarn Reaganl yllardan ok da farkl olmadn, B kk: 2000li yllarn kresel ekonomiyi nceki yllardan kt devraldn, D kk: 2000li yllarn hala 90l yllarn iadamlarna hayranlk duyduuna, E kk: 2000li yllarn idealizmini kaybedip nceki dnemlere benzemeye baladn anlatyor.

3. The term Gilded Age as it is used in the passage means____ . A) to be admired B) golden age C) with moral principles D) with surface shine E) in bad taste

Soru kknde Prltl Yllar kelimesiyle neyin kastedildiini soruyor. Bu gsterili olmasna ramen 90l yllarn iinin bo olduunu bize gsteriyor. D kk yzeyi parlayan anlamnda with surface shine kelimesini kullanm. A kk:hayran olunacak, B kk: altn a, C kk: ahlakl, E kk: kt tatl tanmlarn ngrm.

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4. We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ____ . A) there was a great deal of student unrest B) capitalism again fell into disrepute C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized

Soru kk bizden 90l yllarda yaanan bir bilgiyi istiyor. klardan sadece E kk 90l yllara ait bilgi ieriyor. Bu da 90l yllarda iadamlarna hayranlk duyulmaya baland. A kk: renci ayaklanmalarndan, B kk: kapitalizmin gzden dtnden, C kk: teknolojinin yararl aletler rettiinden, D kk: genlerin ailelerini eletirdiklerinden bahsetmi.

5. One point made in the passage is that ____ . A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same

Not: Soru kknde burada olduu gibi ayrca bir ipucu verilmiyorsa, mesela: One point made in the passage is that, We understand from the passage that,

According to the passage, It is clear from the passage that, One point emphasized in the passage is that,
gibi soru kkleri parann genelinden bir bilgi kartmamz gerektirir. Ayrca bir ipucu kelime olsayd, mesela: We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s biz, hemen 90l yllara ait bir bilgi arayacaktk. Bu tr sorularda en doru yntem klardan hareket ederek cevab bulmaktr. Yani yanl bilgi ieren yada parayla alakas olamayan klar karttktan sonra bize zaten doru k kalacaktr. A kk: her geen gn yaamn kolaylatndan bahsediyor. B kk: 2000li yllara dair umutlarn ok yaamayacandan, C kk: bu yllarn i dergilerinin nceki yllardan ok deimediinden, E kk: asl sorunlarn bu dnemde de ayn olduunda bahsediyor. Fakat D kk her dnem insannn kendini bir nceki dnem insanlarndan daha stn grdn sylyor. Bu kkn metinde yer aldn 5 numaral satrda geen cmleden anlyoruz.

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PARAGRAF 1 IKMI SORULAR 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. 3. It is clear from the passage that, the queries and manuscripts sent to an editors office ____ . A) are meticulously examined with a view to making books B) are rarely of any interest to the editorial staff C) will almost always result in a publication D) seldom receive the attention they deserve E) are of vital importance in the search for a suitable writer for a given text

Editors have two primary functions which sometimes overlap: finding/selecting manuscripts, then polishing them for publication. Acquisitions editors perform the first chore. The approach they adopt depends on several factors. The idea for a college text, for example, usually originates inside the publishing house; the acquisition editors job is then to choose a suitable author to produce the manuscript. In a trade book division, on the other hand, the acquisitions editor may be more passive, carefully reading manuscripts and queries that are mailed in, then recommending the best of these for development as a book. In the former case, the acquisitions editor may be knowledgeable in a given area (economics, perhaps, or one of the sciences) while the second type might be more of a generalist. Copyeditors, who whip the manuscript into shape for the press, must possess a superb background in English and bring to their work high standards of accuracy and thoroughness along with a remarkable attention to detail. 07M

4. We understand from the passage that an acquisitions editor, working on college texts, will probably ____ . A) have far better skills and qualifications than copyeditors B) have started his career in one of the branches of the media C) have taken courses in marketing and advertising D) aim to go on to promote sales E) have a specialized knowledge of one or more fields

1. According to the passage, editors have two primary functions ____ . A) one of which is to write publicity announcements about the books which will be published B) the most crucial of them to prepare manuscripts for publication C) which occasionally merge into each other D) both of which are related to the selection of books to be published E) which few publishers can fulfill

5. It is obvious from the passage that the work of a copyeditor ____ . A) is one of the easier ones in the publishing business B) hardly differs from that of the acquisitions editor C) has been constantly underrated D) requires an excellent grasp of the English language and the ability to give precise expression E) combines specialized knowledge with communication skills and the ability to summarize essential points

2. We learn from the passage that a college text ____ . A) usually has its starting point in a lecturers notes B) is always assigned to an author by copyeditors C) can only be edited by the original author D) is harder to edit than a trade book E) often has its origin in an editors office

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PARAGRAF 2 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

2. It is suggested in the passage that a person with a sense of independence____ . A) enjoys traveling together with other people B) can make friends easily while traveling C) soon mixes with other people D) wants to be led around by friends who know the territory E) usually prefers to be anonymous when he or she travels

When you stay as a guest in someones house, you give up your anonymity. This becomes quite a challenge if you are the kind of person who cherishes independence. However, when you and your host are on the same wavelength, you can have a trip more special than money can buy. Some years ago when I went to Auckland, New Zealand, for the first time, my hosts were a couple, about my age, whom I had met while traveling in Europe. They had a full programme lined up for me. They drove me around and showed me their favorite hot springs and also the beach where a popular TV series had once been filmed. At mealtimes, they introduced me to their favorite restaurants, where I sampled cheeses from south New Zealand that dont get exported, and fruits grown locally. Normally such a tight schedule would make me nervous, but I found myself happily relinquishing control to my hosts, who truly understood the pleasures of their native country and enjoyed sharing them. I couldnt have encountered this New Zealand on my own. 06K

3. According to the passage, while the narrator was in New Zealand, he ____ . A) tried to find ways whereby he could travel independently B) had the opportunity to taste the native produce unique to the country C) was frustrated with the programme prepared for him by his hosts D) was particularly attracted by the location of a popular TV series E) did not have enough money to see the other parts of the country outside Auckland

4. It is pointed out in the passage that the narrator and his hosts ____ . A) knew each other before he traveled to New Zealand B) had made a long journey together across many European countries C) spent a fortune to experience the pleasures of New Zealand D) were genuinely interested in sampling a large variety of New Zealands food and drinks E) were independent people who preferred to be on their own

1. As we understand from the passage, the narrator ____ . A) was a person who shamelessly exploited the couples hospitality B) expected his hosts to meet all the expenses of his sightseeing in and around Auckland C) and his hosts had similar tastes and interests, which made his trip most enjoyable D) was more interested in eating than visiting places E) enjoyed the beginning of the holiday but not the latter part

5. It is implied in the passage that the narrator usually likes ____ . A) local food more than nationally popular food B) to be in New Zealand rather than in Europe or anywhere else C) to follow a full programme on his travels D) to see his travels as a challenge E) to travel in a relaxed and leisurely way

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PARAGRAF 3 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. 2. One point that is given considerable emphasis in the passage is ____ . A) the need of all students to get acquainted with foreign cultures and global issues B) that the universities have a commitment to the pursuit of truth for its own sake C) that the universities are in a position to further greater global integration D) the incredible speed with which knowledge is increasing E) that universities must stick to the values that have made them successful in the past

In this century, the wealth and success of nations will depend like never before on the ability to produce and use knowledge. Universities have long been instrumental in generating knowledge and ideas. But in an increasingly globalized world, and in the face of rapid scientific change, they will need to think about a set of new challenges and how best to prepare their students for the coming decades. Universities will need to teach a new kind of literacy, in which global awareness will play an important role. They also need to deal with the dilemmas posed by the accelerating pace of change brought on by scientific and technological advances. We are on the brink of once-in-human-history progress in combating disease through the application of modern science. Doctors will have at their disposal blood tests that will tell you with substantial predictive power how long you will live and from what diseases you are likely to suffer. The Internet and the application of information technology may well represent the most profound change in the way knowledge is disseminated since the printing press. We are close to understanding the first second of the history of the cosmos. 06M

3. It is clear from the passage that science and the application of science ____ . A) will not help to further global awareness B) is largely confined within the universities C) has grown so complex that it is beyond the understanding of all but a very few D) cannot go on advancing at this rate E) is opening up startling new possibilities

4. The writer of the passage seems convinced that the current rapid developments in science and technology____ . A) will be accompanied by new problems B) cannot go on much longer C) will bring more harm than good D) are largely concentrated in the field of medicine E) are beyond the grasp of most people in most countries

1. According to the passage, universities are under an obligation to ensure that their students ____ . A) have the chance to work alongside foreign students B) are equipped to deal with the changing conditions of the coming decades C) are introduced to international perspectives in every area of study D) are taught not specific facts as much as broad ways of thinking E) all have a good grounding in science and technology

5. The phrase, once-in-human-history progress is saying ____ . A) we cannot expect or, indeed, hope for such progress ever to happen again B) this is only the first of many spurts of progress C) this is the first instance of a widespread application of science D) there has never been such progress ever before and there may not be again E) this is the highest possible peak of progress

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PARAGRAF 4 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz.

2. In this dramatic account of the film Super volcano, the writer ____ . A) urges the general public to go and see the film B) is primarily concerned with the measures needed to contain a super-eruption C) essentially deals with the causes of a supereruption D) also includes certain specific details E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the world is very near

One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world will ever see could be little more than a decade away. The film Super volcano traces the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption -one that not only wipes out several states of America but that threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption really possible? Well, super volcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every 50,000 years. Every statistic associated with a super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten magma is blasted out at a rate 140 times greater than the flow of water over the Victoria Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km upwards to the edge of space before falling over one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would pile up on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface over an area of 10,000 square kilometers. Worst of all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter. 05K

3. According to the passage, one of the devastating consequences following a super eruption would be ____ . A) the complete destruction of America and Britain B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover the whole surface of the planet D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the result of burning gas

4. The writer seems convinced that ____ . A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but fairly regular intervals B) no part of the US could possibly survive a super-eruption C) Britain would be the first region of the planet to be buried under the ashes of a supereruption D) a volcanic winter, following a super-eruption, would wipe out life on earth E) there is no likelihood of a super-eruption happening in the near future

1. We understand from the passage that the film Super volcano ____ . A) gives a convincing and credible account of an imminent super-eruption B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the scientific world C) has aroused little interest among the general public D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a volcanic super-eruption

5. According to the passage, the destruction caused by a volcanic supereruption ____ . A) could lead to the break-up of the entire planet B) could be contained, if not prevented C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale D) would result largely from the flow of molten magma E) can only be guessed at as one has never occurred

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PARAGRAF 5 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. We should care about dying languages for the same reason that we care when a species of animal or plant dies. It reduces the diversity of our planet. In the case of language, we are talking about intellectual and cultural diversity, not biological diversity, but the issues are the same. As a result of decades of environmental publicity and activism, most people have come to accept that biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic diversity has not enjoyed the same publicity. Diversity occupies a central place in evolutionary theory because it enables a species to survive in different environments. Increasing uniformity holds dangers for the long-term survival of a species. The strongest ecosystems are those which are most diverse. It has often been said that our success in colonizing the planet can be accounted for by our ability to develop diverse cultures which suit different environments. 05K 3. The author draws a strong parallel between ____ . A) cultural and linguistic diversity B) plant and animal species C) linguistic and biological diversity D) environmental and cultural publicity E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that of cultures

4.It is pointed out in the passage that man _____ . A) has developed diverse cultures which are appropriate for the environment he lives in B) has always been very much aware of the benefits of biodiversity C) has always valued cultural diversity well above biodiversity D) has always found it very hard to adapt himself to any new environment E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is desirable

1. It is stressed in the passage that biological diversity _____ . A) is not in any way related to eco"1 systems B) has received far more attention than linguistic diversity C) is fast being reduced D) contributes very little to the survival of plant and animal species E) is richer in northern regions than in southern ones

2. The point is made in the passage that the survival of species in different environments _____ . A) is of no real importance except to biologists B) has been made possible by the continuous efforts of man C) has aroused very little interest in the general public D) has been made possible by diversity E) bears no relation to the survival of languages and cultures.

5. According to the writer, diversity on earth _____ . A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack of public interest in it B) consists not only of the diversity of species and plants but also of languages and cultures C) has only recently become a research concern among environmentalists D) has encouraged man to exploit his environment E) can best be maintained through the preservation of different languages

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PARAGRAF 6 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. The discovery of an ancient tomb in modern China is so commonplace that it often annoys as much as excites, because it can delay construction for months or even years. So when archaeologists were called in last May to check structures discovered during the expansion of a bone meal factory in a southern suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting to find anything of great interest. To the archaeologists' surprise, the structures were the remains of two traditional domed tombs, each over a thousand years old. One was flooded and badly damaged, but the other contained beautifully-preserved wall frescoes from the 10th century. "It's only recently that the Chinese have been publishing artifacts from ancient tombs, and it's unusual to see them in the Western press,'1 says Dr Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and Archaeology at Oxford University. 05K 3. According to Professor Rawson in the passage, China ____ . A) has only recently emerged as an area of interest for archaeologists B) has only just started to publish art objects for the West C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with frescoes D) continues to be very secretive about its archaeological finds E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world

4. We understand from the passage that only one of the tombs unearthed during extension work at a factory in Beijing _____ . A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson had a domed roof which was undamaged B) had a doomed roof which was undamaged C) could be dated back to the 10th century D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition E) caused a delay in the Project

1. We learn from the passage that the Chinese ____ . A) show archaeologists a great deal of respect B) are very proud of their ancient archaeological heritage C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient tomb is discovered E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those with domes

2. It is clear from the passage that in China today the progress of a construction work ____ . A) is very often hindered by the unexpected discovery of ancient tombs B) is frequently supervised by archaeologists C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather conditions E) often runs parallel with archaeological excavations

5. The passage points out that the archaeologists who were called in ____ . A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the walls of one of the tombs B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of such great value in a suburb of Beijing C) made ancient tombs their specialty D) had published extensively in the western press E) were annoyed by the discovery of two ancient tombs in Beijing

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PARAGRAF 7 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diversity among American college students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities. it need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do. 04M

2. The writer points out chat children can, at a very early age____ . A) be encouraged to take part in after-school activities B) develop an interest in scientific matters C) make up their minds to study engineering at university D) learn something about the basis of engineering, which is design E) be influenced by their school environment

3. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering____ . A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really mature students D) has become one of the most popular fields of study at American universities E) requires many years of treaning prior to qualification

4. Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that____ . A) the American schools still follow out-dated curricula B) university entrance requirements are far too demanding C) it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools

1. The writer of the passage feels strongiy that ____ . A) children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age B) many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering C) the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized D) university engineering courses ought to be upgraded E) the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance

5. According to the passage, all school programmes____ . A) should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles B) ought to give priority to the sciences C) must encourage children to make creative designs D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to diversify learning E) overlook the fact that all children are different

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PARAGRAF 8 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "industry", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigor directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent. 04M 3. As we understand from the passage, the writer ____ . A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-making B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and wants it to be more successful D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually in proportion to its success

4. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood regards its films as____ . A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences C) goods to be dynamically marketed D) the most creative products of capitalism E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit

1. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they ____ . A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values B) add to the expenses of film-making C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of film making E) are too small to be truly representative of the general public

2. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ____ . A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers B) find volunteers for their preview audiences C) raise the money needed for film- making D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences

5. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ____ . A) is far more important than the marketing of it B) usually involves a very large financial investment C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on show D) usually follows the norms established by Hollywood E) is guided by a whole series o representative preview audiences

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PARAGRAF 9 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most likely reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in shore ditch and Southward, districts of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shore ditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,00 lines a week. 04K

2. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ____ . A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or Burbage in their troupe B) were normally open to the public six afternoons a week C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors E) all had their own leading players

3. it is clear ,from the passage that Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ____ . A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and Burbage C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays D) preferred living in Southward to Shore ditch E) was little known as an actor though he was probably acting

4. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century____ . A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days B) Shore ditch and Southward were heavily populated, commercial districts C) there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was already on the decline E) working conditions in the theatres varied enormously

1. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ____ . A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles D) an acting company usually staged a new play each week E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation

5. it was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ____ . A) were times of hardship and uncertainty B) were a period of widespread public recognition C) marked a turning point in his life D) brought many great changes and opportunities E) were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage

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PARAGRAF 10 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. Scientist who study earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the emissions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life. 03M 3. According to the passage, even through there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ____ . A) none of them could claim to be successful B) man's knowledge of the moon has not increased at all C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface remains to date unexamined D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored fully E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon seems even more far-fetched than formerly

4. As we understand from the passage, a great many people____ . A) believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough C) are sure the moon cannot support life D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on the moon is enough E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as unfeasible

1. The point made in the passage is that it may be possible to _____ . A) come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon D) identify the origin of the organic compounds found on the moon E) have a full knowledge of the moon without sending anymore astronauts there

2. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ____ . A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon B) the focusing of scientific attention on the comets C) the resumption of lunar missions D) the realization that life is possible on the moon E) the realization that there were great similarities between earth and moon

5. A major point made in the passage is that ____ . A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life in the universe B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success C) the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should have continued E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon

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PARAGRAF 11 1. 5. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. In modern times, it was perhaps the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modernday science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. "Academic freedom" is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publiclyfunded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name "science". 02K 2. The writer points out that in the 1960s____ . A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war

3. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research ____ . A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry B) finds its best milieu within the universities C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers E) is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application

4. The writer of the passage regards the "gentleman scientists" of the nineteenth century as privileged because ____ . A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures D) scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

1. According to the passage, the major difference between the "gentleman scientists" and present-day ones ____ . A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are

5. The phrase "part of the public good" (lines 13-14) in effect means ____ . A) deserving of a good public B) setting good standards for society C) ensuring a better future for society D) beneficial to society E) recognized by the general public as being good

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PARAGRAF 12 1. 3. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and files. When boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilized by chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to one liter of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however, the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East, and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canals may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin. 01M 2. We learn from the passage that, when sterilization of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ____ . A) it is important to make sure that the water is not infected B) it must be preceded by filtration C) great care must be taken that no dust be allowed to get into the water D) the best containers for the job are earthenware ones E) the process should be followed by the boiling of the water

1. In this passage the writer point out that boiling ____ . A) is the only safe method of producing drinking water B) is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water. C) is a reliable method of making impure water safe to drink D) will purify water but must not continue for more than 30 minutes E) is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries

3. We understand from the passage that, in certain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia, ____ . A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water. B) river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it. C) people are cautioned not to use canal water because it is always infected D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilize infected water E) skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease

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PARAGRAF 13 1. 3. sorular aadaki paraya gre cevaplaynz. The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world s running water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river s banks can take half a day to reach in parts. It can drop up to 40 meters in less than a kilometer. Furthermore, it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters. 99M 2. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ____ . A) shelter many species of exotic fish B) are in parts muddy and not fresh C) form a chain of spectacular waterfalls D) are not suitable for the survival of piranha E) flow calmly throughout its course

1. We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ____ . A) it is not the longest B) it is in no parts particularly wide C) there is very little topographical variety in its course D) it is seldom used for transportation of goods E) it is in most parts congested with mud and slime hence slow-moving

3. The passage largely deals with ____ . A) the difference and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon D) the number and the size of the Amazon s many tributaries E) the size of the Amazon and its topographical and aquatic features

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KEY TO PARAGRAPHS PARAGRAF 1 1C 2E 3A 4E 5D PARAGRAF 2 1C 2E 3B 4A 5E PARAGRAF 3 1B 2D 3E 4A 5D PARAGRAF 4 1E 2D 3B 4A 5C PARAGRAF 5 1B 2D 3C 4A 5B PARAGRAF 6 1D 2A 3D 4D 5E PARAGRAF 7 1A 2D 3A 4E 5A PARAGRAF 8 1E 2D 3D 4C 5B PARAGRAF 9 1A 2B 3E 4A 5A PARAGRAF 10 1B 2A 3C 4D 5A PARAGRAF 11 1B 2D 3A 4C 5D PARAGRAF 12 1C 2D 3E

PARAGRAF 13 1A 2B 3E

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APPENDIX 1

infinitive

IRREGULAR VERBS past simple

past participle

V1
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know was/were beat became began bent bet bit blew broke brought built burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew

V2
been beaten become begun bent bet bitten blown broken brought built burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known

V3

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lay leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep speak spend stand steal swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write

laid left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept spoke spent stood stole swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote

laid left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept spoken spent stood stolen sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written

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INFINITIVE abide arise awake bear bear beat become befall beget begin behold bereave beseech bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst buy cast catch chide chose cleave cling clothe come cost creep crow cut dare deal dig do draw dream drink drive dwell

LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS (advanced) PAST PAST PARTICIPLE abode abode arose arisen awoke awoke bore borne bore born beat beat/ beaten became become befell befallen begot begotten began begun beheld beheld bereft bereft besought besought bet bet bid/ bad bid/ bidden bound bound bit bit bled bled blew blown broke broken bred bred brought brought broadcasted broadcast built built burnt burnt burst burst bought bought cast cast caught caught chid chidden/ chid chose chosen clove/ cleft cloven/ cleft clung clung clad clad came come cost cost crept crept crew crowed cut cut durst dared dealt dealt dug dug did done drew drawn dreamt dreamt drank drunk drove driven dwelt dwelt

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eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbear forbid forecast forego forget forgive forsake forswear freeze get give go grind grow hang hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lade lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet

ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbore forbad forecast forewent forgot forgave forsook forswore froze got gave went ground grew hung heard hove hewed hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laded laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met

eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forborne forbidden forecast foregone forgotten forgiven forsaken forsworn frozen got given gone ground grown hung heard hove hewn hidden/ hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laden laid led leant leapt learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met

256

mistake mow pay put quit read rid ride ring rise run saw say see sell seek send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell smite sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil

mistook mowed paid put quit read rid/ ridded rode rang/ rung rose ran sawed said saw sold sought sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit smelt smote sowed spoke sped spelt spent spilt spun/ span spat/ spit split spoilt

mistaken mown paid put quit read rid/ ridded ridden rung risen run sawn/ sawed said seen sold sought sent set sewn shaken shaved/ shaven shorn shed shone shod shot shown shrunk/ shrunken shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit smelt smitten sown/ sowed spoken sped spelt spent spilt spun spat/ spit split spoilt

257

spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive swear sweat sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread understand wake wear weave weep win wind wring write

spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/ stunk strewed strode struck strung strove swore sweat swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought throve threw thrust trod understood woke wore wove wept won wound wrung wrote

spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn stridden struck strong striven sworn sweat swept swollen/ swelled swum swung taken taught torn told thought thriven thrown thrust trodden understood woke/ woken worn woven wept won wound wrung written

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APPENDIX 2 STATE VERBS* acknowledge, agree, assume, believe, belong, contain, cost, detest, deduct, disagree, excuse, feel, hate, have, hope, know, like, look, love, own, prefer, realize, regret, resemble, smell, taste, trust

APPENDIX 3 COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE ?

[C] accident ache arrangement assignment belonging building coast condition disaster expenditure explanation feeling income life movie neighborhood operation pain problem situation stream tide trouble view

[U] advice anger behavior bread cake coffee courage education equipment food furniture health information jewelry knowledge love luggage meal money news rubbish scenery smell tea traffic vocabulary water wealth weather

continuous ve modal would ile kullanamayacamz baz fiiller ska kartrlan saylabilir ve saylamaz isimler

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Glossary A
abandon abate abbreviate abhor abide abject abolish abound abreast abrupt absent-minded absolute absorb abstain abstract absurd abundance abuse accelerate accept access accidental acclaim accommodate accompany accomplish accord account accumulate accurate accuse accustomed achieve : acknowledge acquaintance acquire acquit actual acute adapt address adequate : adhere adjourn : adjust admonish administer admirable admire admit adore adorn adroit : leave, desert - brakmak : reduce, decrease, lessen - azaltmak : shorten, curtail, brief, abridge - ksaltmak : hate, detest, loathe nefret etmek : remain, sojourn, reside, inhabit - katlanmak : humiliating, contemptible, base, mean - sefil : annul, nullify, revoke yrrlkten kaldrmak : teem, swarm - bol : alongside omuz omuza : sudden, hasty - ani : oblivious, inattentive - dikkatsiz : complete, perfect mkemmel, mutlak : swallow, engulf - emmek : refrain - kanmak : theoretical, unpracticed - mulak : ridiculous, foolish, stupid - garip : plenty, profusion - yeterli : misuse, maltreat, ill-use, reproach suiistimal : hurry, hasten, quicken, speed up - hzlanmak : admit, approve kabul etmek : approach - ulamak : casual, contingent - kazara : praise - vmek : suit, fit, adapt, hold, contain - yerletirmek : escort, convoy elik etmek : fulfill, complete, achieve, execute - baarmak : agree, assent, concur - uymak : explanation, exposition - aklamak : gather - toplamak : correct, precise - kesin : indict, charge, impeach, blame - sulamak : customary, habitual, wont alk accomplish, effect, perform - baarmak : admit, confess, own - bilgilendirmek : associate, companion - tandk : gain, win, earn, secure - dinmek : declare sb innocent - aklamak : tangible, definite, genuine - asl : sharp, intense, poignant, severe keskin, iddetli : suit, adjust, fit - uymak : 1. residence, abode - adres 2. speech, lecture, discourse iaret etmek sufficient, suitable - yeterli : stick, cleave, cling - yapmak suspend, postpone, defer, delay - ertelemek : fit, adapt, suit - uymak : give advice nasihat etmek : manage, conduct, execute, direct - ynetmek : praiseworthy, fine, excellent takdire ayan : esteem, revere - imrenmek : acknowledge, own, confess, receive kabul etmek : worship, esteem, revere hayran olmak : decorate, beautify, ornament - sslemek : skilful - mahir

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advance advent adversary adversity affable advocate : affect affectation affection : affectionate affluent : affront aggregate aggressive agile agree ailing ailment aim alert alien allege alleviate alliance : allocate allot allow allude ally alter alternate alternative altitude altruistic amass amaze ambiguous amend amiable ample amplify : amuse ancestor anchor ancient anger angry anguish : annihilate announce annoy annul anonymous antagonist antagonize anticipate antipathy apathetic

improve, progress, propose, offer - ilerlemek arrival - var : antagonist, opponent, enemy, foe - dman : calamity, catastrophe, disaster, misfortune - felaket : agreeable uyumlu, geimli support, argue for, speak for - desteklemek : influence, impress, touch, stir - etki : airs, pretense - gsteri attachment, amity, love sevgi : friendly - sevimli rich, opulent, abundant - varlkl : offend, insult, abuse hor grmek : assemble, collect, accumulate, gather - toplamak : offensive, assaulting, militant - saldrgan : quick, light, nimble - hzl : assent, consent, accede, comply - kabul etmek : sick, ill, unwell - hasta : illness - hastalk : direct, point - hedef : attentive, vigilant, watchful, wary - dikkatli : strange, foreign - yabanc : declare, affirm, assert - aklamak : ease, lessen, abate - azaltmak association, partnership, affiliation, union - birlik : assign - ayrmak, atamak : divide, distribute, assign, allocate - tahsis etmek : permit, grant - izin vermek : mention indirectly - ima etmek : align, confederate, join, combine - mttefik : modify, change, vary - deimek : interchange, occur successively - deimeli : choice, option - seenek : height, elevation - ykseklik : unselfish - paylamc : collect, gather, accumulate - toplamak : astound, surprise, astonish - artmak : unclear, vague - mulak : improve or correct sth. - zr dilemek : kind, friendly, amicable - uyumlu, dosta : large, spacious, vast, great - bol enlarge, expand, magnify - bytmek : entertain, please, cheer - elendirmek : forefather - ata : fix, secure, fasten - balamak : old, aged, antique, antiquate - eski : resentment, wrath, fury, rage - fke : indignant, resentful, irate - sinirli pain, pang, suffering, agony - znt : remove, abolish, erase, exterminate - yok etmek : proclaim, publish, declare - duyurmak : harass, bother, worry, trouble - kzdrmak : cancel - ertelemek : unnamed, unsigned - anonim : opponent, adversary - rakip : counteract - karsna almak : foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek : dislike, disgust, hatred - holanmamak : indifferent, unconcerned, uninterested - vurdum duymaz :

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apex appall apparel apparent appeal appease appendix applause appliance apply appoint apportion appreciate apprehension apprentice appropriate apt aptly aptitude archaic ardent ardor arid argue arouse arrange arrogant arrest ascend ascertain : aspect aspire assail assassinate assemble assembly assent assess asset assign associate assort assume assure astonish asylum attach attachment attain attempt attend attentive attire attitude attract augment authority authorize

tip, summit, zenith, acme, climax - zirve frighten, horrify, terrify, shock - dehete drmek clothes, dress, garb, attire, costume - kyafet plain, clear, evident, obvious - ak entreaty, request, petition - bavurmak pacify, quiet, soothe, calm, tranquilize - sakinletirmek supplement, adjunct - ek acclamation, acclaim - alklamak instrument, apparatus, device, tool - alet use, employ, utilize - uygulamak nominate, name, designate - atamak divide, allot, assign, allocate - pay value, estimate - takdir etmek anxiety, misgiving - kuruntu : trainee - rak : suitable, proper - uygun : inclined, disposed, prone, liable - yatkn : appropriately - uygun bir ekilde : aptness, fitness, suitability - uygunluk : ancient, antiquated, antique - tarihi : passionate, fervent, eager, enthusiastic - hevesli : eagerness, zeal, passion, enthusiasm - heves : barren - orak : debate, discuss, dispute - tartmak : awaken, excite, incite, stimulate - uyandrmak, tahrik etmek : order, array - ayarlamak : haughty, insolent, overbearing - kibirli : seize, apprehend, capture - tutuklamak : mount, soar, arise - ykselmek determine, settle, discover - dorusunu aratrmak : appearance, look, countenance - grn : desire, long, yearn - arzulamak : assault, attack - saldr : murder, kill, slay - suikast dzenlemek : gather, congregate, collect, convene - toplamak : congress, legislature, parliament, diet - toplanmak : accede, consent - uzlamak : estimate, calculate, evaluate, appraise - deer bimek : commodity - mal : distribute, allot - tahsis etmek : join, affiliate, unite, combine - birlemek : classify, group, sort, categorize - snflamak : pretend, affect - tahmin etmek : convince - temin etmek : amaze, surprise, shock, startle, stun - artmak : refugee - mlteci : fasten, affix, join, annex - balamak : affection - ballk : 1. reach, win - ulamak, baarmak : try - denemek : wait on, serve - katlmak : heedful, alert, watchful, careful - dikkatli : clothing - kyafet : position, bearing, pose - tavr : draw, allure, charm - cazibe : increase - arttrmak, bytmek : power - otorite : empower, allow, permit, let - yetki vermek

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auxiliary : available avenge average : avid avoid aware awe awkward

subsidiary, subordinate, additional - yardmc : usable - elverili : revenge - c almak mean, median - vasat : greedy, avaricious, covetous - a gzl : shun, evade, escape, elude - kanmak : conscious - bilinli : wonder, amazement - merak : clumsy, unskillful - sakar

B
ban banish bar barbarian bare bargain barren barrier barter base beam bear bearing becoming beg behave bend beneficial benevolent betray beverage bewilder bias bid bilateral bind bite bitter blame blasphemy blast blaze blemish blend blind blink block bloody bloom blow blunt boast bold bond bondage : forbid, inhibit, prohibit, outlaw - yasaklamak : expel, exile, deport - srgn etmek : hinder, obstruct, deter, stop, impede - engel : savage, primitive, barbaric, barbarous - cani : naked, nude, exposed - plak, yaln : contract, trade, sell - pazarlk yapmak : sterile, infertile, unproductive - ksr : bar, obstruction, barricade, obstacle - engel : trade, exchange - takas yapmak : mean, degraded - temel : shine, gleam, glitter, radiate - tayf : carry, transport, convey - tamak : manner, behavior, conduct - tavir : attractive, comely, suitable, appropriate - uygun : entreat, crave - yalvarmak : conduct - davranmak : curve, crook, bow - eilmek : helpful, profitable, advantageous - faydal : kind, humane, tender, generous - kibar : be unfaithful to, be a traitor to - ihanet etmek : drink - iecek : confuse, perplex, puzzle - akln kartrmak : prejudice - n yarg : command, order, direct - emretmek; fiyat vermek : between to sides - iki ynl : tie, fasten - balamak : gnaw, chew - srmak : harsh, acrid, biting - ac : reproach, censure, condemn - sulamak : disrespectful speech towards God - isyan : explosion, outburst, burst - patlama : flame - alev : stain, defect, speck - leke : mingle, mix - karm, harman : sightless - kr : wink, twinkle - gz krpmak : obstacle - engel : cruel, ruthless - acmasz : flowering - iek amak : move with air - flemek : dull - kt, krelmi : brag, swagger - vnmek : courageous, daring, valiant - cesur : union - birleik : slavery, confinement - klelik

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boom bore bother bound boundary bow brave bravery : break breakthrough breed brief bright brisk broad brood brook brutal brute bulk burden burst bury

: flourish, thrive, prosper - ykselie gemek : weary, tire - skmak : annoy, worry, trouble, harass, disturb - rahatsz etmek : boundary, border, limit, precinct - bal, snrl : edge - snr : stoop, bend - bayla selamlamak : courageous, gallant, dauntless, bold - cesur boldness, courage, daring - cesaret : shatter, batter, destroy - krmak, bozmak : important discovery - dnm noktas : generate, raise, rear, nurture - beslemek : short, transitory, transient, temporary - zet : radiant, glowing, beaming, brilliant - parlak : active, lively, energetic - hareketli : wide, extensive, vast, spacious - geni : dwell on, ponder, meditate - yuva yapmak : stream - akarsu : savage, cruel, inhuman, barbarous - acmasz : beast, animal - hayvan : large size - yn : load - yk, sknt : explode, blow up - patlamak : entomb, hide - gmmek

C
calamity calculate : cancel candid capacious capacity capital captivate captivity capture careful careless cargo carriage carry cast casual catastrophe cease celebrate celebrated celebrity celestial census cessation change charge charitable cheat check cheer : tragedy, disaster, catastrophe, cataclysm - felaket count, figure, reckon, compute - hesaplamak : annul, revoke - ertelemek : frank, open, outspoken - ak szl : spacious, roomy - geni : ability - yetenek : principal, chief, prime, primary - ncl : charm, enthrall, enchant, fascinate - etkisi altna almak : bondage, confinement - tutsak : seize, catch, snare - yakalamak : cautious, watchful, vigilant, discreet - dikkatli : heedless, reckless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz : freight, load, burden - yk : vehicle, conveyance - tat : convey, transport, transfer - tamak : throw, fling, hurl, pitch - atmak : unexpected - tessadfi : disaster, mishap, calamity, misfortune - afet : stop, terminate - durmak : observe, commemorate - kutlamak : famous, renowned, well-known, distinguished - tannm : a famous person, hero, notable - nl : heavenly - uhrevi : count of population - nfus saym : stopping - durma : alter, turn, transform, vary - deime : load - mal olmak : generous, benign, kind - cmert : deceive, defraud, trick, delude - aldatmak : study, examination, inspection, stop - kontrol etmek : inspirit, animate - nee

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cheerful cherish chill chop chronic cite civil claim clash clasp clean cleanse clear clever climb clumsy coarse coax cohere cohesion : collect column combat combination combine comfort command commence commend commit commodity communicate compact companion comparable compassion compel compensate compete competent complain complex comply component composed comprehend comprehensive compress compulsory conceal : conceit conceive : concentrate concession conciseness concrete condemn condense

gay, joyful, buoyant, jolly - neeli value sth. highly - deerini bilmek cold, coldness - souk cut, mince - doramak habitual, confirmed - kronik : mention as an example - rnek olarak bahsetmek : polite, courteous, civilized - kibar : demand, request, requirement - iddia etmek : collide - arpmak : grasp, grip, clutch - tutmak : unstained, clear, pure - temiz : clean, purify - temizlemek : distinct, evident, plain, obvious - ak : smart, intelligent, ingenious - akll : mount, ascend, scale - trmanmak : awkward - sakar : crude, rude, rough - kaba : cajole, persuade - ikna etmek : stick, cling, adhere, bond - balamak bond, adhesion - tutarl : assemble, amass, accumulate, aggregate - toplamak : pillar - stun : struggle, fight, battle - savamak : conjunction, association, union - birleik : unite, join, associate, incorporate - birletirmek : soothe, console, solace - teselli etmek : order, bid, instruct - ynetmek : begin, start, originate - balamak : entrust, laud, praise, exalt - iltifat etmek : perform - ilemek : traded item - mal : transmit, convey - iletiim kurmak : tightly, packed - sktrlm : associate, partner, fellow, mate - arkada : similar, equivalent, like - benzer : pity, sympathy, mercy - merhamet : force, impel - zorlamak : atone - telafi etmek : contend, vie, rival - yarmak : qualified, capable, proficient - yetenekli : grumble - ikayet etmek : compound, complicated - kark : acquiesce, conform, consent, accede - uymak : element, ingredient - bileen : calm, tranquil - sakin : understand, grasp, discern, perceive - anlamak : inclusive, broad, extensive, sweeping - anlalr : condense, squeeze - skmak : compelled, binding - zorunlu hide, bury - gizlemek : vanity, complacency - kenini beenmi understand, apprehend, comprehend - kavramak : focus, intensify - odaklanmak : privilege - dn : brevity - ksalk : definite - somut : blame, censure - sulamak : compress, concentrate - younlamak

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condition conduct confer conference confess confidence confident confine confirm conflict : conform confuse : confront congestion congress conjurer conquer conscience conscientious conscious consensus consequence consider considerate consistent console : consort conspicuous constant constitution constrain constrict consult consume contagious contain contaminate contemplate contemporary contempt contemptible contemptuous contend content contest continual contract contradictory contrast contrive control controversy convenient converse : convert convey convict convince

: state, situation, circumstance - durum : behavior, demeanor, manner, bearing - davran : bestow, give, donate, grant - nvan vermek : meeting, convention - toplant : avow, own, admit - itiraf etmek : trust, belief, faith, reliance - itimat : certain, convinced - emin : enclose, imprison - tutsak etmek : assure - temin etmek collide, clash, contend, fight - atma : comply, yield, agree, assent - uymak disturb, confound, perplex, bewilder - kafasn kartrmak : encounter - maruz kalmak : blockage - tkanklk : meeting, assembly, conference - kongre : magician - sihirbaz : defeat, master, beat - fethetmek : scruples - vicdan : just, upright, honest - vicdanl : aware - bilin : agreement - uzlama : effect, result, outcome - sonu : contemplate, meditate, reflect, ponder - dnmek : thoughtful, charitable - dnceli : compatible, harmonious - tutarl comfort, solace, soothe - teselli etmek : associate, fraternize, agree - beraberlik : prominent, manifest, plain, apparent - gze arpan : invariable, uniform, stable, unchanging - sabit : document of laws - anayasa : compel, coerce - zorunda brakmak : compress, contract - darltmak : confer - danmak : expend, exhaust - tketmek : communicable, infectious - bulac : hold, accommodate, include - iermek : pollute, stain, corrupt - kirletmek : consider, reflect, ponder, meditate - ayrntsyla dnmek : coexisting - ada : scorn, disdain - kmseme : mean, abject, base - alak : scornful, sneering - aalayc : struggle, strive, fight, battle - mcadele etmek : satisfied, contented - memnun : struggle , battle, combat, fight - yarmak : incessant, ceaseless - devaml : compact, bargain - szleme : opposing, paradoxical, inconsistent, contrary - kart : comparison - ztlk : devise, invent, design - bulmak : dominate, govern, rule, reign - kontrol etmek : dispute, debate - tartma : handy - mnasip opposite, reverse - ters : change, transform - deitirmek : carry, transport, transmit - tamak : find guilty - sulu bulmak : persuade - ikna etmek

265

core corpse correct correspond corrosion corrupt courteous covet cowardly crack craft crash crave crazy credit creditable credulous crime criminal cripple crisis critic critical crop crowd crucial crude cruel crush cumbersome cunning curb cure curious current curse curtail custody : customary cut cynical

center, heart - ekirdek body - ceset amend, remedy, cure - dzeltmek conform, accord, match - uyumak : decay - rme, yozlama : rotten, spoiled - bozuk : civil, polite, well-mannered - kibar : want sb elses property - gz dikmek : craven, afraid, timid - korkaka : break, snap, split - atlak : skill, ingenuity - sanat : shatter, smash - arpmak : desire - arzulamak : insane, lunatic, mad - lgn : belief, trust, confidence, faith - gven : reputable, honorable - gvenilir : gullible - saf, abuk kanan : offense, sin, felony - su : convict, sinner, culprit, offender - sulu : disable, maim, ruin - sakat : emergency - acil : reviewer, judge - eletirmen : crucial, momentous, important - kritik : harvest, produce, yield - rn : throng, multitude, swarm, herd - kalabalk : vital - nemli : unrefined, raw - ham : barbarous, ferocious - acmasz : shatter, smash, crumble - arpmak : bulky, inconvenient - hantal : tricky, sly - kurnaz : restrain - kendine hakim olmak : remedy - ifa : inquisitive, interested - merakl : prevailing, prevalent, common, popular - hali hazrda : damn, imprecate - lanetlemek : curb, reduce - dizginlemek imprisonment, confinement - gz alt : habitual, accustomed, conventional - allan : divide, sever, chop - kesmek : sarcastic, satirical, sneering - ironik

: : : :

D
damage : damp danger dare daring dash dawn dead deadly debate decadence decay injury, harm, hurt, impairment - zarar : moist, humid, wet - nem : hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy - tehlike : venture, risk, challenge, defy - cesaret etmek : courageous, bold, brave, valiant - cesur : rush, dart, bolt - acele etmek : daybreak - gn batm : deceased, extinct, inanimate - l : fatal, lethal, mortal - lmcl : discussion, argument, controversy, dispute - tartma : deterioration, decline - rezil olma : deteriorate, decline - ktye gitmek

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deceit deceive : decent decided : declare decline decrease dedicate deduct defeat defect defend deficient definite : defy dejected deliberate delicate : delicacy delinquency delude demolition deny depart depict depletion deplore deposit depressed deprive derive descent desert design desolate despair desperate destiny destitute destroy detain detect deter deteriorate detest detriment deviate device devise devoid devote devour devout dictate : die diffuse digest dilemma

: fraud, deception, cheating - hile delude, cheat - kandrmak : right, proper, nice, pure, modest - mnasip resolute, determined, final - kararl : announce, proclaim - duyurmak : refuse, reject - red etmek : diminish, lessen, dwindle, abate - inmek : devote - adamak : subtract - kartmak : conquer, overwhelm, subdue - yenmek : blemish, flaw, fault, weakness - kusur : guard, shield, shelter, protect - savunmak : lacking - eksiklik fixed, clear, express - ak : challenge - kafa tutmak : depressed, discouraged - zgn : careful, thoughtful, cautious - kasti dainty, graceful, elegant - hassas : dainty, savory - hassasiyet : unlawful behavior - su : lead sb into false belief - yanltmak : destruction - ykm : gainsay, contradict - red etmek : start, leave, quit - ayrlmak : represent, portray - betimlemek : exhaustion - tkenme : grieve, regret, lament, mourn - zlmek : save, store, entrust - ayrmak : downcast, melancholy, gloomy - hznl : bereave, strip - yoksun kalmak : come from a source - tremek : falling, - ini : abandon, forsake - terk etmek : plan, devise, project, contrive - tasarlamak : barren, ravaged - ssz : discouragement, disheartenment - umutsuzluk : hopeless, desolate, extreme, excessive - umutsuz : fate, doom - kader : poor, devoid - yoksul : smash, demolish - yok etmek : confine, arrest, keep - alkoymak : spot, discern, discover - tespit etmek : prevent - engel olmak : get worse - ktlemek : hate - nefret etmek : harm - zarar, aleyhine : diverge, wander, stray - sapmak : plan, design; tool - plan; cihaz : contrive, invent, design - planlamak : lacking - yoksun : dedicate -adamak : eat up - yiyip bitirmek : pious, devoted, saintly - dindar fix, impose, prescribe, ordain - zorla kabul ettirmek : decease, perish, vanish - lmek : spread, distribute, scatter, disperse - yaylm : absorb, imbibe, assimilate - sindirmek : predicament, strait - ikilem

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diligent dim diminish : dirty disadvantage disappear disappoint disaster : discern discernible disciple : discipline disclose disconcert discourage discreet : disdain disgrace disgust disgusting dishonorable disinterested disloyal dismiss : disorder disperse displace dispute disregard dissent dissolve distinct distinction distinguish distinguished distort distress : distribute disturbance diverse divulge doctrine domain dominant donation doom draw dread dreary dubious dull dumb durable dusky duty dwarf dwell

hardworking - alkan : obscure, faint - lo lessen, reduce, decrease, shrink - azaltmak : foul, unclean, filthy - kirli : harm, damage, injury - aleyhine : vanish, fade - yok olmak : frustrate, baffle - hayal krklna uramak calamity, mishap, catastrophe, adversity - felaket : perceive, notice, discriminate, distinguish - fark etmek : noticeable, detectable, observable, perceptible - fark edilir pupil, student, scholar - renci : training, drill, exercise, practice - disiplin : reveal, divulge, unveil - ifa etmek : disturb, bewilder, perplex, embarrass - huzurunu karmak : dishearten, dispirit, depress - hevesini krmak judicious, prudent, cautious, considerate - nazik : condemn, despise, scorn - hor grme : shame, dishonor - yz karas : sicken, nauseate - irenmek : offensive, sickening, nauseous, nauseating - iren : disgraceful, shameful - onursuz : unbiased, impartial, fair - tarafsz : unfaithful - sadakatsiz discharge, fire, refuse, reject, decline - atlmak : mess, confusion, chaos - karmaa : scatter, dissipate, diffuse - yaymak : replace, remove - yerini deitirmek : argue, debate - tartmak : ignore, neglect, overlook - gz ard etmek : differ, disagree - ayrlmak, uyumamak : melt - erimek : definite, clear, plain - sarih : difference - ayrm : discriminate, differentiate - ayrmak : marked, famous, celebrated - tannm : mislead - yanl ynlendirmek pain, anxiety, agony, anguish - sknt : deal, allot, apportion, assign, dispense - datmak : agitation, disorder, confusion, uproar - rahatszlk : various, manifold - eitli : reveal - ifa etmek : tenet, dogma, theory, principle - reti : area, field, territory, province - blge : ruling, prevailing, prevalent - egemen : gift, contribution, offering - ba : fate, destiny, lot, ruin, death - kader : drag, pull, tug, attract - ekmek, cezbetmek : fear, awe - korku : gloomy, dismay - can skc : doubtful - pheli : boring, tedious, uninteresting, blunt - skc : mute, speechless - dilsiz : lasting, enduring, constant, permanent - dayankl : dim, shadowy, cloudy, obscure - glgeli : obligation - grev : pygmy - cce : abide, reside, live, inhabit -yaamak

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E
earn earnest easy ebb economical edge effect effective effort egoism elaborate elegant elementary elevate elicit eliminate elude embark embarrass embed : emerge emergency eminent emit emphatic employ empower empty enchant : encircle enclose encounter encourage endeavor endemic endorse endow endowment endure enemy enforce enhance enlarge enlighten enliven enmity enormous enrage ensue entangle enterprising entertain enthusiasm enthusiastic entice entitle gain, acquire, win, obtain - kazanmak sincere, ardent, eager - samimi facile, light - kolay subside, abate, recede, retire - ekilme saving, thrifty, frugal - tutumlu border, margin, boundary, verge, brink - kenar, snr result, consequence, outcome - etki efficacious, efficient, effectual - etkili endeavor, exertion, struggle, striving - aba selfishness - bencillik detailed, intricate, complicated - ayrntl tasteful, refined, polished, graceful - zarif primary, rudimentary, basic, fundamental - ilk, giri raise, lift, exalt, heighten, increase - ykseltmek : draw out - sonucuna varmak : remove - karmak : avoid, escape, evade - kurtulmak, yakasn kurtarmak : 1. start - balamak 2. get on a ship - gverteye kmak : confuse, perplex - artmak fix, fasten, root - yerletirmek : emanate, appear - ortaya kmak : crisis - aciliyet : distinguished, prominent, renowned, outstanding - gze arpan : discharge, shed, radiate - yaymak : forcible, strong - vurgulu : use, engage, hire - iletmek : authorize, warrant, enable, permit - yetki vermek : void, vacant, blank, unoccupied - bo fascinate, captivate, charm - cezbetmek : surround, encompass, enclose - kuatmak : surround, circle, beset - kuatmak : face - yzlemek : hearten, stimulate - cesaretlendirmek : effort, struggle, labor, exertion - mcadele etmek : restricted to one place - yaygn : support - desteklemek : confer, bestow, give - bahetmek : gift, capacity, talent - yetenek : sustain, bear, stand, tolerate - dayanmak : foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist - dman : apply - uygulamak : increase - bytmek : extend, augment, amplify, magnify - geniletmek : illumine - aydnlatmak : invigorate, animate - canlandrmak : hatred - dmanlk : huge, immense, vast, gigantic - devasa : anger, aggravate - fkelendirmek : follow, succeed - izlemek : complicate, involve - kartrmak : ambitious, adventurous, energetic - giriken : divert, amuse, please - elendirmek : eagerness, zeal, passion - heves : ardent, zealous, eager, passionate - hevesli : seduce - ayartmak : empower, qualify - yetki vermek : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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entity envelop envy equal equip era erect erroneous err error escape escort essence essential establish esteem estimate eternal evade evaporate even event eventually evict evident evil examine exceed excel excellent exception exceptional excessive exchange excite exclamation exclude : exclusive execute : exert exhaust : exhibit exorbitant expand expect expel expend expense expensive experiment expert explain explicit exploit expose express extend : extensive

thing, individual, object - bamsz surround, enclose - kapsamak jealousy - kskanlk equivalent, alike - eit furnish, provide - donatmak time, period, age, epoch - a upright standing, vertical - dikmek mistaken, incorrect, false - hatal : mistake - hata yapmak : mistake, blunder, slip - hata : flee, evade, avoid - kamak : convoy, guard, guide - elik etmek : spirit, principal - z : indispensable, vital, fundamental - gerekli : found, institute - kurmak : prize, value, respect - deer bimek : judge, assess, value, evaluate, appraise - tahmin etmek : endless, everlasting, infinite - sonsuz : escape, elude, shun - kamak : vaporize - buharlamak : equal - berabere : occurrence, happening, incident - olay : ultimately, finally, in time, in the long run - sonunda : eject sb from a property - arazisinden kartmak : plain, clear, obvious, manifest, apparent - ak, belli : immoral, malicious - eytani : inspect, probe, investigate - tetkik etmek : surpass, excel, outstrip - amak : surpass, outdo, exceed - stn olmak : fine, eminent - mkemmel : exclusion - istisna : unusual, extraordinary, abnormal - istisnai : extreme - ar : barter, interchange, swap - deitirme : stir, arouse, stimulate, incite - heyecanlandrma : outcry - nlem, haykr expel - hari tutmak : excluding - tekel perform, achieve - ilemek : exercise, wield - aba sarfetmek expend, consume - tketmek : present, display, show, demonstrate - tehir etmek : extreme, excessive, undue, extravagant - fahi : extend, swell, enlarge - genilemek : anticipate, await - ummak : oust, banish, exile - atmak : use, consume, spend, exhaust - harcamak : cost, charge, price, expenditure - tutar : costly, dear - pahal : test, trial - deney : specialist, authority, master - uzman : elucidate, explicate, clarify - aklamak : clear, unambiguous, definite - ak : feat, accomplishment - baar : display, betray, reveal, uncover - maruz brakmak : utter, state, manifest, reveal, represent - dile getirmek increase, grow, expand, enlarge - geniletmek : wide, broad, spacious, vast - geni

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extent exterior : exterminate extinct extol extract extraordinary extravagant extreme

: space, scope, range, stretch - kapsam outer, outside, external - d : annihilate, destroy, eradicate, eliminate - yok etmek : quenched, vanished - nesli tkenmi : praise - methetmek : extort, derive - kartmak : exceptional, inordinate, remarkable, unusual - srad : wasteful, prodigal - msrif : ultimate, excessive, unreasonable - ar

F
fable fabricate faculty fade failing faint fair faith faithful false fame familiar famous fancy fascinate : fashion fast fasten fat fatal fate fatigue fault favor fear feasible : feast feat feeble feed fertile fervent feud fidelity fierce fiery fight final financial fine firm fiscal fix flame : legend - efsane : make, build, produce, assemble, manufacture - retmek : ability, capacity, aptitude - yetkinlik : wither, decline, decay - yok olma : shortcoming, defect, flaw - hata : indistinct, dim, feeble - ok kk : unbiased, just, impartial, disinterested - adil : confidence, trust, credit - sadakat : true, reliable, trustworthy - sadk : erroneous, wrong - yanl : reputation, renown, eminence, celebrity - n : intimate, close, friendly, amicable - tandk : celebrated, well-known, eminent, distinguished - nl : imagination, fantasy - hayali charm, enchant, captivate, allure - cezbetmek : style, vogue, mode - moda : quick, swift, rapid, fleet - hzl : fix, attach - balamak : plump, stout, obese - iman : deadly, mortal, lethal - lmcl : doom, lot, destiny - kader : exhausted - bitkin : blemish, flaw, shortcoming - kusur : kindness, good-will - iyilik : apprehension, dread, terror, fright - korku possible, workable, practicable, viable - makul : celebration, anniversary, ceremony - kutlama : achievement, accomplishment, exploit - marifet : weak, delicate, fragile - krlgan : nourish, sustain - beslemek : productive, fecund, fruitful - verimli : ardent, earnest, zealous, passionate - itiyakl : hostility - kin : loyalty, faithfulness, devotion - adanmlk : ferocious, wild, savage, brutal - acmasz : fervent, burning, afire - ateli, kzgn : conflict, battle, war, combat - dvmek : ultimate, conclusive - son : monetary, pecuniary - mali : delicate, elegant, exquisite - ho : stable, steadfast, determined, reliable - sabit : financial - mali : arrange - ayarlamak : blaze, fire - alev

271

flash flat flawless flee flexible : flock flood flourish flow fluctuate fluent foe fog follow food foolish forbid force forecast foresight : forgery formidable foster foul foundation fraction fragrant frame frank fraud free freight friction fright frighten frightful frugal fruitless frustrate fume fun fundamental funny furnish fury fuse futile

flame, flare, glare - fla horizontal, level, even, plane - dz : perfect - defosuz : escape from - kamak plastic, adaptable, adjustable, pliable - esnek : bevy, brood, school, swarm, herd - sr : deluge, overflow - sel : thrive, prosper, succeed - gelimek : stream, run - ak : vary in level - dalgalanmak : flowing - akc : enemy, opponent, adversary, antagonist - dman : mist, haze - sis : succeed, ensue - takip etmek : provisions - erzak : silly, fatuous, stupid, dull - aptal : inhibit, prohibit - yasaklamak : strength, power, might, energy - zorlamak : predict, foretell, foresee - n grmek forethought - sezgi : fake - sahte : dreadful, threatening, fearful, frightful - korkun : encourage, promote - tevik etmek : filthy, dirty, stained, polluted - kt, iren : base, basis, ground - kurum : share - hisse : perfumed - ho koku : structure - ereve : candid, outspoken - ak szl : deceit, deception - sahtekarlk : liberate, release, emancipate - zgr brakmak : cargo, shipment, load - nakliye : rubbing - srtnme : dismay, terror, panic - korku : scare, terrify, alarm, dismay - korkutmak : alarming, awful, horrible, gruesome - korkun : economical, thrifty - tutumlu : futile, sterile, unproductive - ksr : disappoint, thwart - boa karmak : smoke - duman : pleasure, amusement -elence : basic, underlying, essential, primary - temel : amusing, diverting - komik : provide, supply - tedarik etmek : rage, anger, wrath - garez : melt, dissolve - eritmek : ineffective, useless, vain - sonusuz

: :

G
gaiety gain gallant gang gash gasp : : : : : : mirth, glee, cheerfulness, joviality - nee obtain, secure, acquire, earn, win - kazanmak brave, valorous, valiant, intrepid - cesur band, clique - ete deep cut - kesik yara pant - soluk solua kalmak

272

gather gaze generosity generous genial gentle ghost gift gigantic give glad glamorous glance gleam glee glide gloomy : glory godly good-will govern grace gracious grand grant grasp grateful : gratify grave great greed greedy greet grief grieve grind gross grudge guarantee guard guess guide guilty guiltless gush

collect, aggregate, assemble, muster - toplanmak stare - gzn dikip bakmak charity, bountifulness - cmertlik bountiful, unselfish, charitable - cmert sympathetic, cordial, friendly, kindly - kibar clement, humane, merciful, amiable - kibar phantom, spirit - hayalet donation, present, contribution, offering - yetenek huge, enormous, tremendous, mammoth - devasa deliver, bestow, impart, accord - vermek delighted, pleased, elated - mutlu : stylish, desirable - gz alc : glimpse - gz arpmak : flash, beam, glimmer - lt : exultation, merriment, hilarity - nee : slide, slip - kaymak, szlmek obscure, depressed, dim, melancholy - melankolik : praise, honor, celebrity, fame - grmek : pious, saintly, devout, holy - yce : benevolence, favor, kindness - iyilik : rule, reign - hkmetmek : elegance, refinement - ltuf : benign, courteous, polite - ltufkar : imposing, stately, dignified - byk : bestow, confer, award - vermek : seize, hold, clutch, grab, catch - kavramak appreciative, thankful, obliged - mteekkir : satisfy - sevindirmek : tomb; momentous, important, serious - mezar; ciddi : immense, enormous, huge, vast, grand - byk : avidity, avarice, covetousness - tamah : avaricious, desirous, covetous - tamahkar : accost, salute - karlamak : sorrow, woe, sadness - znt : lament, mourn, sorrow, bewail - zlmek : grate, rub - tmek : bulky, massive, great - hantal : malice, spite, malevolence - garez, kin : insure, warrant - taahht etmek : protect, shield, defend, shelter - korumak : conjecture, suppose, fancy - tahmin etmek : lead, conduct, show, escort - rehberlik etmek : criminal, culpable - sulu : innocent, blameless, immaculate - susuz : spurt, spout - fkrmak

: : : : : : : : : : :

H
habitual habituate halt hamper hang happen harbor hard hardship : : : : : : : : : usual, regular, customary, accustomed - sradan accustom, familiarize - altrmak stop, cease - durmak impede, hinder, prevent, obstruct - engel olmak suspend, dangle -aslmak occur, befall - meydana gelmek accommodate, board, room, shelter - snmak solid, inflexible, unyielding - sert trial, oppression, suffering - zorluk

273

hardy harm harmony : harsh hasten hate hatred haughty hazard heal heap heavy hectic helpful heredity heritage heroic hide hinder hint hoarse hoax hoist hole homely honesty : honor hopeless horrible hostile hostility huge humane humble humid humiliate humorous hurt hypocrite

: vigorous, sturdy, robust, stout - dayankl : injury, damage, hurt, mischief, detriment - zarar vermek agreement, concord, unity - uyum : rough, severe, austere - sert : hurry, accelerate, urge , quicken - acele etmek : detest, abhor, loathe - nefret etmek : aversion, hate, detestation - nefret : proud, arrogant - gururlu : danger, peril, jeopardy - tehlike : cure, remedy, amend - tedavi etmek : mass, stack, pile, accumulation - yn : weighty, demanding, burdensome - youn, ar : busy, hurried - telal : useful, advantageous, profitable - yardmsever : ancestry - kaltsal : inheritance - miras : brave, courageous, dauntless, gallant - epik : conceal, screen, veil, shroud, cover - saklamak : interrupt, check, impede, hamper - engellemek : suggestion, implication, allusion - tyo : husky - ksk sesli : trick - hile : raise, elevate, lift - kaldrmak : opening, cavity, hollow, pit - delik : plain, simple, unattractive, ugly - sade uprightness, justice - drstlk : fame, repute, reputation - onur : desperate, despairing, despondent - mitsiz : terrible, dreadful, hideous, grim - korkun : antagonistic - dmanca : enmity, antagonism - dmanlk : mammoth, vast, gigantic, colossal - devasa : merciful, benevolent, compassionate - merhametli : unassuming, meek, modest, unpretending - mtevazi : damp, moist - nemli : degrade, disgrace, shame - kk drmek : funny, comical - mzip : injure, damage, mar, impair - yaralamak : pretender - ikiyzl

I
ideal idiotic idle ignite ignoble ignorant ignore illegal illustration imaginary imitate immense immerse imminent : : : : : : : : : : : : : : perfect, model, exemplary - mkemmel foolish, stupid, fatuous - aptalca indolent, lazy, slothful - tembel catch fire - tutumak mean, base, degraded - alak illiterate, uneducated - grgsz, cahil overlook, disregard, neglect - nemsememek unlawful, illegitimate, illicit - yasa d explanation - betimleme fanciful, visionary - hayali mimic, mock, reproduce, copy - taklit etmek huge - devasa submerge, dip, submerse - daldrmak impending - yaknda olacak

274

immoderate : excessive, extreme, exorbitant - ar immoral : vicious, corrupt, amoral - ahlak d impact : effect - etki impair : injure, deteriorate - zarar vermek impart : give, bestow, grant, confer - vermek, bildirmek impartial : unbiased, just, fair, disinterested - tarafsz impediment : obstacle - engel impel : compel, drive, urge - sevketmek imperceptible : barely visible - zor seilen impetus : stimulus - hz implore : supplicate, beseech, entreat, crave - yalvarmak imply : mean indirectly - ima etmek impolite : uncivil, rude, discourteous - kaba importance : consequence, moment, significance - nem impose : enforce sth - empoze etmek impregnable : unassailable, invincible - ele geirilemez impromptu : unrehearsed - doalama improper : unfit, inappropriate - yakksz improve : ameliorate, better - gelitirmek improvident : unwary, thoughtless, careless, wasteful - savurgan improvised : impromptu - irticalen impudent : brazen, insolent, rude - kaba impulsive : emotional - duygular harekete geiren impunity : exemption - ceezadan kurtulacan dnme impute : attribute, accuse - sulamak inaccurate : incorrect, erroneous - yanl inactive : inert, lazy, passive, inanimate - hmbl inadvertent : heedless, careless, negligent - kazara, kastsz inanimate : lifeless - cansz inapt : unsuited, unsuitable, inappropriate, unfit - uygun olmayan inborn : innate, native, natural - doutan incarcerate : imprison, confine - hapsetmek incense : scent, fragrance - tts incentive : motive, stimulus, spur, impulse - uyarc incessant : uninterrupted, unceasing, ceaseless, constant - devaml incidental : accidental, casual, contingent - tesdfi incisive : penetrating, keen - sorunla ilgilenen incite : stimulate, spur, instigate, provoke - uyarmak inclination : tendency, trend - meyil include : contain, comprise - iermek income : returns, revenue, gain, earnings - gelir incommode : impede, hinder, bother - rahatsz etmek incompatible : unable, incapable, incompetent - kabiliyet olarak yetersiz inconsistent : incompatible, inharmonious, incongruous, incoherent - elikili inconstant : fickle, variable, volatile, unstable - deiken incontrovertible :indisputable - tartlmaz incorporate : combine, integrate, include - birletirmek increase : augment, enlarge - artrmak incredulous : skeptical, doubtful, dubious - pheci incur : suffer sth unpleasant - (bir olay nedeniyle) ekmek indecent : vulgar, coarse, rude, immodest - yakksz indefinite : vague, obscure, confusing, uncertain - belirsiz indifference : unconcern, apathy, inattention - kaytszlk indignation : resentment, wrath, anger - kzgnlk indignity : humiliation, insult, scorn - onur krc indispensable : necessary, requisite, essential - vazgeilemez induce : persuade, instigate, urge - ikna etmek indulge : spoil - martmak

275

industrious inept inert infamous infectious inflate inflexible inform information ingenious inherent inhabit inhibit initial initiate injury innate innocent innumerable inquire inquiry inquisitive insane insecure insolent instantly instrument insulation insult intact integrity intensify intent intentional interfere interim interpret interrupt intervention intimate intolerable intolerant intricate intrude intuition inundate invaluable invariable involve irrigate irritate irrevocable isolation issue

diligent, assiduous - alkan inapt, unsuitable, inappropriate - uygun olmayan : inactive - hareketsiz : notorious, disgraceful - rezil : contagious, communicable - bulac : swell, expand - imek : rigid, unbending, stern, resolute - deimez : notify, acquaint - bildirmek : intelligence - istihbarat : wise - bilge : natural, intrinsic, built-in, innate, congenital - kaltsal : dwell - (bir yerde) yaamak : restrain, prohibit, forbid - engellemek : first, introductory, beginning, inceptive - ilk , nc : begin, originate, commence, inaugurate - balamak : harm, damage, detriment, impairment - yaralanmak : present from birth - doutan : pure, blameless, faultless - masum : countless, numberless, numerous - saysz : ask, query - talep etmek : investigation, scrutiny, research - talep : curious - merakl : lunatic, crazy - atlak : unsafe, uncertain - emniyetsiz : rude, overbearing, contemptuous, arrogant -grgsz : immediately, instantaneously - annda : tool, implement - ara : isolation - yaltm : scorn, slander, abuse - aalamak : uninjured, sound, unimpaired - etkilenmemi, zarar grmemi : uprightness, honesty, righteousness - drstlk : deepen, strengthen - younlatrmak : intention, design - niyet etmek : deliberate, purposeful, designed, planned - niyet : intervene, intrude - mdahele etmek : temporary - geici : explain, explicate, translate - evirmek, anlamn vermek : suspend, intermit, stop, hinder - blmek : interference - ara : close, familiar - yakn kii : unbearable - tahamml edilemez : bigoted, narrow, prejudiced, biased - ho grsz : complex, elaborate, complicated - anlalmas g : trespass, encroach, violate - szmak, girmek : insight - sezgi : flood - sel : priceless, precious - paha biilemez : constant, uniform, unchangeable - deimez : include, embrace, contain, comprise - iermek : water - sulamak : vex, fret, anger, enrage, infuriate - tiksinmek : irreversible - geri dndrlemez : separation, segregation - yaltm, dlama : point, problem, question - konu

: :

276

J K
jam jealous jeer jeopardy jest join jolt joyful joyless judicial judicious jump junction justify keen kill kind kindle kinship knack : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : pack, force, squeeze - sktrmak envious - kskan scoff, mock, ridicule - alay etmek risk, danger, peril - tehlike joke - aka yapmak link, fasten, attach, combine - katlmak shock, startle - ok etmek glad, delighted, buoyant, elated - neeli cheerless, gloomy, dismal - mutsuz judicious, juridical - adli wise, sensible, reasonable - adil spring, bound, hop, leap - zplamak combination, union, joining, juncture - kesiim back, confirm, testify - dorulamak sharp, acute, poignant - canl, gl slaughter, slay, assassinate, massacre - ldrmek benign, humane, compassionate - kibar ignite, inflame, fire - tututurmak relationship - yaknlk skill - maharet

L
labor laborious lack lag lament lane languid large last latent laud laugh lavish lawful lax layman lazy league lean leap leave legacy : legend legitimate lengthen lenient lessen level liable liberal liberate toil, work, exertion - i 1. toilsome, arduous, burdensome, difficult - yorucu 2. diligent, industrious - alkan : deficiency, need, want, scarcity - eksik : linger - arca ilerlemek : bemoan, deplore, grieve, mourn - yas tutmak : path, way, passage, alley - yol : faint, weak, feeble, exhausted - uyuuk, halsiz : huge, enormous, immense - geni : final, ultimate, conclusive, terminal - son : hidden, concealed, potential - gizli : praise, exalt, applaud - beenmek : giggle, chuckled, grin, smile - glmek : expend, waste, squander - savurmak : legal, legitimate, valid - yasal : not strict - gevek : sb without knowledge on a subject - bir konuda sz sahibi olmayan : idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish - tembel : alliance, confederation, union - birlik : incline, bend - eilmek : jump, bound, spring, hop - zplamak : quit, depart - ayrlmak tradition, culture, heritage, inheritance - miras : fable, myth - efsane : licit, legal, lawful - yasal : extend, stretch, prolong, protract - uzatmak : mild, clement, merciful - yumuak, mfik : diminish, decrease, abate, dwindle - azaltmak : even, flat, plain, horizontal - seviye : responsible, answerable, accountable - gvenilir : tolerant, broad-minded, magnanimous - zgrlk : release, free, disengage, deliver - serbest brakmak : :

277

lift light lighten likely limber limit link liquid livelihood lively livestock load loathe lodge loft lofty loiter lone longing : loose lordly loud lower loyal lubricious lucid lucrative ludicrous luminous lure lust luster lusty luxurious

raise, elevate, exalt, uplift - ykseltmek illumination, radiance - k illuminate, brighten, shine - aydnlatmak probable, possible - muhtemel flexible - esnek bound, boundary - snr bond, tie, connection - ba fluid - sv living, employment - geinme energetic, active, vigorous, brisk - canl : animals for sale - davar : burden - yk : abominate, detest, hate, abhor - nefret etmek : shelter, harbor, house, quarter - kiralk barnak : attic - tavan aras : high, elevated, tall, sublime - yce : linger, loaf - aylak aylak gezinmek : solitary, lonely, secluded, separate - yalnz desire, yearning, aspiration - zlem duymak : lax, slack - gevek : grand, magnificent, majestic, lofty - asil : noisy, clamorous, resounding, deafening - grltl : reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen - drmek : faithful, devoted - sadk : slippery, smooth - kaygan : clear, plain - akc : profitable - kazanl : ridiculous, comical, funny - sama, gln : bright, shining, lucid, brilliant - parlak : allure, decoy, attract, tempt, seduce - cezbetmek : sexual desire - ehvet : brilliance, brightness, radiance - prlt : hearty, vigorous, robust, stout - canl, din : sumptuous, ornate - lks

: : : : : : : : : :

M
mad madden magnificent magnify magnitude maid main maintain maintenance majestic maladroit malady malcontent male malice malicious malignant maltreat manage : manager : insane, lunatic, crazy - lgn : infuriate, irritate, provoke, annoy - kzdrmak : splendid, august, stately, majestic - grkemli : enlarge, augment, amplify, exaggerate - bytmek : degree, extent, measure, proportion - byklk : girl, maiden, lass - kz : chief, cardinal, prime, principal, leading - ana, temel : keep, retain - iyi halde tutmak : subsistence, livelihood, living - bakm : stately, grand, august, imposing - ahane : unskillful, awkward, clumsy, inept - beceriksiz : disease, illness, ailment - hastalk : dissatisfied, discontented - menuniyetsiz : masculine, manly - ekrek : ill will, spite, enmity, malevolence - kt niyet : malevolent, evil-minded - kt niyetli : fatal - lmcl : mistreat, abuse - kt davranmak conduct, control, direct, administer - ynetmek : administrator, executive, director - ynetici

278

maneuver manful mangle mania manifest manifold manner margin mariner : mark marriage : marvelous mask mass massacre massive master matchless matter mature maxim meager mean measureless meddlesome medicine meditate medium meet melancholy melt menace : mend merciful merciless mercy merit merry mess mighty migrate : mild milestone mingle minor minute miraculous mirth miscellaneous mischief miser miserable misery misgiving mislead : mistake : misty mix

: move; scheme, plot - hareket etmek, plan : manly - erkeke : maim, ruin, spoil, mar - paralamak : excitement, enthusiasm - heves : evident, obvious, apparent - ak : various, numerous - eitli : mode, fashion, way, method - tavr : border, edge, rim - snr sailor, seaman - denizci : note, importance, distinction, eminence - iaretlemek wedding, matrimony - evlilik : wonderful, extraordinary, amazing, astonishing - olaanst : veil, disguise - gizlemek : aggregation, collection, accumulation, pile - birikinti : slaughter, annihilation, murder - kymak, katletmek : bulky, immense, huge, tremendous - toplu : commander, chief, head - stat : unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled - esiz : substance, material, stuff - madde : ripe, complete, grown, fully-developed - olgun : proverb, saying - zdeyi : scanty, deficient, insignificant, thin - yetersiz : signify, imply, express, humble, ignoble - cimri, kt kalpli : limitless, boundless, immense, infinite - snrsz : interfering - blmek : drug - ila : contemplate, reflect, ponder - dnmek : means - vasta : encounter, confront, face - karlamak : depressed, gloomy, despondent, dismal - hzn : fuse, dissolve, thaw - erimek threaten, intimidate - tehdit etmek : repair, fix - onarmak : compassionate, clement, humane, sympathetic - merhametli : pitiless, relentless, inexorable - merhametsiz : compassion, benevolence - merhamet : worth, excellence, value - deer, kymet : jolly, gay, mirthful, hilarious - nee : confusion, muddle - karmaa : powerful, potent - gl immigrate, emigrate, move - gmek : amiable, gentle, temperate, clement - yumuak, hafif : important event - kilometre ta : mix, blend - harmanlamak : secondary, subordinate - ikincil, nemsiz : detailed, precise - detayl : marvelous, wonderful, incredible - mucizevi : gaiety, glee, merriment - mutluluk : various - eitli, trl : harm, injury, damage, hurt - hasar : niggard - cimri : wretched, unhappy - zgn : wretchedness, distress, suffering, torture - znt : apprehension, doubt, distrust, suspicion - kuku, kayg misguide, misdirect - yanltmak error, blunder, slip - hata : foggy - sisli : blend - karm

279

moan mock moderate modest modify moist momentous monetary monotonous monster monstrous mood moody moral moreover mortal mostly motif motion motionless motive mount mourn movement multitude murder murmur muse mute mutiny mutual

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

groan, mourn - zlmek ridicule, sneer - dalga gemek reasonable, temperate, mild, average - vasat humble, decent - ar bal change, alter, vary - deitirmek damp, humid, wet - nemli important, consequent, serious - ciddi pecuniary - parasal tedious, dull, unvaried - skc demon, devil - canavar tremendous, gigantic, prodigious, enormous - kocaman disposition, temper - hal gloomy, sullen - hznl ethical, righteous, virtuous - ahlaki besides, further, furthermore - dahas fatal, lethal, deadly - lmcl generally, chiefly - genelde figure, pattern, design, device - desen gesture, movement, move - hareket fixed, still, stationary - hareketsiz motivation, inducement, incentive - gd, neden ascend, climb, scale - trmanmak grieve, lament, bewail, deplore - zlmek drive, crusade - hareket host, crowd, throng, mass, swarm - ok sayda, kalabalk assassination - cinayet grumble, mumble, mutter - sylenmek meditate, ponder, contemplate - derince dnmek silent, dumb, still - sessiz ; dilsiz revolt, rebellion, uprising, rebel - isyan reciprocal - karlkl

N
naive naked namely narrow-minded nasty native nearly neat necessary negate neglect negligence negligible negotiate nervous noble nonconformist notable notice notify notion notorious nourish : ingenuous, candid, downright - saf, toy nude, bare, stripped - plak : that is to say - yani : intolerant, illiberal - dar kafal : filthy, dirty, foul, impure, polluted - kt, terbiyesiz : inborn, inherent, natural, innate - yerli : almost, approximately, well-nigh - neredeyse : orderly, trim, tidy, smart - dzenli : essential, indispensable, requisite, vital - gerekli : deny - reddetmek : disregard, ignore, overlook - nemsememek : carelessness - ihmal : trivial, unimportant - ihmal edilebilir : treat, bargain - uzlamak : excitable, uneasy - sinirli : lofty, honorable, dignified - asil : disobedient - asi : noteworthy, noticeable, remarkable - dikkat ekici : information, intelligence - fark etmek : inform, acquaint - bildirmek : opinion, view - tanm, ifade : known for sth bad - kt nl nurture, breed - beslemek : :

280

novel nuisance nullify numberless nurse nurture nutrition

: : : : : : :

new, fresh - yeni trouble - ba belas cancel - ertelemek innumerable, numerous, myriad, countless - saysz care, look after - bakmak nurse - besleme nourishment - besin

O
oath obedient object objective obligation oblige obscene obscure : observance observation observe : obsolete obstacle obstinate obstruct obtain obvious occult occupation occupy occur occurrence odd odor offend offense offensive offer old-fashioned ominous omnipresent only operate operation operative opponent opportune opportunity oppose opposite oppress : oppression oral orbit ordeal order : promise - yemin submissive, docile - ba kaldrma protest, remonstrate - kar kma unprejudiced, unbiased, impartial, fair - yansz requirement, duty, responsibility - yaptrm require, compel, force - yaptrmda bulunmak : explicit - mstehcen unclear, uncertain, ambiguous, blurred - mulak : fulfillment, performance - itaat : noticing, perceiving, watching - inceleme 1. perceive, notice, watch - incelemek 2. comply, conform, follow, fulfill - uymak : outdated - demode : obstruction, hindrance, impediment - engel : unyielding, stubborn, inflexible - dik kafal : block, stop, bar, hinder, barricade, impede - engellemek : get, acquire, procure - elde etmek : evident, clear, apparent - ak, sarih : mysterious, secret, unknown, mystical - gizemli : calling, trade, business, profession - meslek : capture, seize - doldurmak : happen, befall - olmak : event, incident, affair - olay : unusual, strange, eccentric, bizarre - garip : smell, fragrance, scent, perfume - koku : irritate, annoy, vex, provoke - rencide etmek : transgression, sin, misdemeanor, crime, felony - su : displeasing, irritating, unpleasant - irkin : present, proffer, tender - nermek : outmoded, antique, obsolete, archaic - eski moda : foreboding - uursuz : ubiquitous - yaygn : sole, single, unique - tek : work, manage - ilemek : transaction, business, affair - ilem, ameliyat : effective, efficient, effectual - etkili : adversary - rakip : timely, seasonable - yerli yerinde : chance, occasion - frsat : resist, object - kar kmak : contrary, reverse - kar maltreat, persecute - sknt vermek : tyranny, despotism, persecution - sknt : verbal, spoken, vocal - szl : path, course - yrnge : trial, test - etin snav : direction, mandate, command - emretmek : : : : :

281

orderly ordinary organize original : originate : ornament outbreak

: regular, systematic, methodical - nizami : common, usual, customary - sradan : construct, form, constitute - rgtlemek, ynetmek inventive, creative - zgn spring, emanate, initiate - kaynak almak, domak : decoration - ssleme : 1. epidemic, plague, rash - salgn 2. explosion, burst, outburst - patlak verme outcome : result, consequence - sonu outdo : surpass, excel - alt etmek outlaw : criminal - kanun kaa outline : contour, sketch, draft - eskiz outlive : survive - hayatta kalmak outrage : insult, abuse, maltreat, injure - fke outspoken : frank, open candid - ak szl outstanding : prominent, eminent, conspicuous, striking - gz alc overall : complete - tm overcome : conquer, defeat, subdue, crush, surmount - stesinden gelmek overlook : disregard, neglect, ignore; face - gz ard etmek; yn bakmak overpower : overcome, overwhelm, vanquish - alt etmek overrate : neglect - gznde bytmek oversee : supervise, superintend, survey, watch - gz kulak olmak oversight : mistake, blunder, slip, error - gzden karma overthrow : upset, overturn, subvert - devirmek (hkmet) overwhelmingly : overpower, crush - ezici ounlukla own : acknowledge, admit, allow, recognize - sahiplenmek

P
pace pacific pacify pack pact pain painstaking pale panic pant parallel paralyse paramount partake partial partisan participation partition passage : passion : passionate passive pastime : patch pathetic patience pause step, gait, walk, step - hz peaceful, calm, tranquil, quiet - sakin calm, tranquilize, assuage, ameliorate - sakinletirmek package, bundle, parcel - paketlemek compact, contract, bond - anlama suffering, distress, torment - zdrap assiduous, diligent - incelikle, hassasiyetli pallid, wan - soluk terror, fright, alarm - korkmak gasp - nefes nefese kalmak corresponding - bezerlik gsteren benumb - fel etmek supreme, chief, principal - stn participate, share - yer almak biased, prejudiced, unfair - taraf tutan adherent, supporter - desteki : contribution - katlm : divide, separate, apportion - blme way, route, path, lane, thoroughfare - geit zeal, ardor, fervor - tutku : ardent, vehement, zealous, enthusiastic - tutkulu : inactive, inert - pasif diversion, entertainment, recreation - hoa vakit geirme : mend, repair, fix - yama : pitiable, touching, moving - ackl : endurance, fortitude, perseverance - sabr : suspension, interruption, break, halt -durma : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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peaceable peaceful peak peculiar pecuniary pedestrian peek peer penance penetrate penetrating pensive : perceive perception perform peril period periphery perish permanent permission permit perpetual perplex persecute persevere persuade : pertinent : pervade petition : phony picturesque piece pierce piety pile pilgrim pillar pious piquant pitiful pitiless pity placid plague plain platform plead plight plot plunge pointed poison polish polished polite pollute ponder

: pacific, peaceful, amicable - barl : tranquil, placid, serene, calm - huzurlu : top, rest, summit, acme - zirve : strange, odd, queer, eccentric, unique - tuhaf : monetary, financial - mali : walker - yaya : peep, peer, pry - dikizlemek : equal, mate, match - e : self-punishment - kendini cezalandrma : pierce, permeate - girmek, sokmak : piercing, sharp, acute, keen - giren thoughtful, meditative, reflective - dalgn : see, discern, notice, apprehend, understand - alglamak : understanding - alg : execute, discharge, fulfill, accomplish - icra etmek : risk, jeopardy, danger, hazard - tehlike : age, era, epoch - dnem : edge, border, fringe, margin, rim - alan : die, decay, wither, disappear, vanish - yok olmak : lasting, constant, perpetual, everlasting - srekli : leave, permit, allowance - izin : allow, let - izin vermek : everlasting, permanent, infinite - sonsuza dek sren : confuse, puzzle - kartrmak : oppress, harass, molest, afflict - zulmetmek : persist, endure - dayanmak induce, entice - ikna etmek appropriate, suitable, fit, proper - uygun : permeate, penetrate - doldurmak, kaplamak entreat, supplicate, beg, solicit - talep : false - yanl : colorful, scenic, beautiful - gzel manzaral : segment, scrap, shred, fragment - para : penetrate - sokmak : devoutness - takva : heap up, accumulate, assemble, amass - ymak : wanderer - hac : column, prop - stun : devout, reverent, religious - dindar : sharp, pungent - ac, keskin : pitiable, pathetic, piteous - ackl : merciless, cruel, ruthless, relentless - acmasz : sympathy, compassion - acma : calm, peaceful, tranquil, serene, quiet - sakin : epidemic, outbreak - salgn : clear, distinct, lucid, unambiguous - ak, sade : stage, scaffold, scaffolding, pulpit - sahne : entreat, beg, supplicate - yalvarmak : predicament, dilemma - kt durum : scheme, intrigue, conspiracy - senaryo : immerse, submerge, dip - suya daldrmak : sharp, piercing, severe, keen - sivri ulu : venom - zehir : brighten, smooth, shine - parlatmak : smooth, glossy, shiny - parlak : courteous, civil, genteel - kibar : dirty, contaminate - kirletmek : meditate, reflect, deliberate - iyice dnmek

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popular : port portion portray pose position post postpone posture potent poverty practicable practice praise pray precaution precious precise predecessor predict predisposition predominant predominate preeminent prejudice preliminary premises premium preoccupied prescribe presently preserve prestige presume pretend pretense prevail prevent previous pride primary prime primitive principal : private privilege : probe procedure proceed proclaim : procure : prodigious productive profession proficient profound profusion progress

common, prevailing, current, general - nl, yaygn : harbor, haven - liman : part, section, segment, fragment - pay : picture, depict, represent, describe - resmetmek : state, assert, propound - ortaya srmek : station, place, locality, site - durum : duty - grev : defer, delay, procrastinate, adjourn - ertelemek : pose, attitude - tutum : powerful, mighty, influential - gl : state of being poor - yoksulluk : workable, achievable, attainable - uygulanabilir : custom, habit - uygulamak : laud, commend, admire, exalt - vmek, yceltmek : entreat, supplicate, beg, beseech, implore - dua etmek : prudence - nlem : valuable, dear, invaluable, priceless - kymetli : definite, correct, strict, accurate - net, kesin : forerunner - selef : foretell, prophesy, foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek : innate - doutan : prevailing, prevalent, dominant - baskn : prevail, outweigh, surpass, dominate - stn gelmek : conspicuous, noticeable, outstanding, eminent - stn : bias, partiality - n yarg : introductory, preparatory - balang : building - bina : bonus, gift, reward - dl, prim : absorbed, engrossed - kafas megul : ordain, direct, dictate, decree - tarif etmek : currently - u anda : keep, conserve, shelter, shield - korumak : reputation, influence, distinction - itibar : assume, suppose - ngrmek : feign, affect, assume - gibi davranmak : pretext, excuse - bahane : prevalent, predominate, dominant, current - yenmek : hinder, obstruct, hamper, impede, thwart, interrupt - engellemek : prior, earlier, former, preceding - nceki : conceit, self-esteem, vanity, arrogance - gurur : elementary, fundamental, basic - nc, ilk : primary - ilk : primeval, uncivilized, uncultured - ilkel prime, paramount, capital, chief - temel, asl : individual, personal, confidential, secret - zel prerogative - ayrcalk : examine, explore, investigate - soruturmak : proceeding, course, process - ileyi : advance, progress, continue - ilerlemek announce, declare, promulgate - ilan etmek acquire, gain, get, secure, win, obtain - edinmek : wonderful, marvelous, amazing, astonishing - muhteem : fertile, fruitful - retken : vocation, calling, business, employment - i, meslek : skilled, adept, skillful - yetenekli : deep - derin : abundance, bounty - bolluk : advancement, advance, progression - ilerleme

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progressive progressively prohibit project prolong : prominent promote prone proof proper property prophesy proponent proportion propose proposition prosecute prospective prosper prosperity prosperous protect protest proud prove proverb : provide : provision provoke prudent : pseudo publish purchase : pure purge purpose pursue pursuit push pyre

: forward, advanced - ilerleyen : increasingly - ilerleyerek : forbid, inhibit - yasaklamak : plan, scheme, design - tasar lengthen, extend, protract - uzatmak : distinguished - sekin : further, encourage - terfi ettirmek : inclined, disposed, liable, tending - meyilli : evidence, testimony - kant : appropriate, suitable, suited - uygun : 1. possession, effects, estate - mal 2. quality, character, feature, characteristic - zellik : foretell, predict - gelecekten haber vermek : supporter - desteki : size, extent, dimensions - oran : offer, proffer, suggest - nermek : proposal - teklif : sue - dava amak : anticipated - mstakbel : succeed, thrive, flourish - canlanmak, gelimek : wealth - refah : successful, flourishing, thriving - baarl : defend, guard, shield, shelter, harbor - korumak : remonstrate, complain, object - kar kmak : arrogant, haughty, overbearing, self-important - kibirli : confirm, verify, corroborate, validate - kantlamak maxim, saying - atasz furnish, supply, afford - temin etmek : food, supplies - erzak : enrage, exasperate, vex, irritate - galeyana getirmek cautious, discreet, careful, wary - temkinli : sham, counterfeit, false, fake - sahte : announce, proclaim, declare - yaynlamak buy, procure - satn almak : uncontaminated, clean, spotless, immaculate -saf : purity, cleanse, clear, clean, clarify - temizlemek : object, intent, intention, aim, end - teklif etmek : follow - takip etmek : search for - aramak : shove, thrust - itmek : fire of woods - odun atei

Q
quaint quake qualify quality quarrel quest quick quiet quit quiver quote : : : : : : : : : : : strange, odd, unusual, extraordinary - ilgin shake, shudder, tremble, shiver - sarslmak fit, suit, entitle, equip - yeterli olmak characteristic, attribute, property - nitelik dispute, argument, controversy - tartma search - aratrmak prompt, rapid, swift, fleet - abuk pacific, calm, tranquil, serene - sessiz, sakin stop, cease, leave - sona erdirmek shiver. shake, tremble, vibrate - sarslmak mention - bahsetmek

285

R
radiant rage raid raise random : range rank rapid rapture rare rascal rash ratify ration rational : raw reactionary readily real realize realm rear reasonable reassure rebel rebellion : rebellious rebuke recall recede recency reciprocal recite reckless reckon recommend recompense reconcile recover reduce refer referee refined reflect reflection reform refresh refuge refuse refute regain regard regardless region register regret shining, bright, brilliant, beaming - parlayan anger, fury, wrath - fke : invasion - saldr : lift, elevate, hoist - ykseltmek haphazard, aimless - rasgele : extent, scope, compass - saha : position, standing, station, level - rtbe : speedy, fast, swift, fleet - abuk : ecstasy, joy, delight, bliss, exultation - byk coku : scarce, uncommon, extraordinary - nadir : scamp, villain, scoundrel - alak , namussuz : reckless, heedless, indiscreet, imprudent - dikkatsiz : confirm, sanction, validate - onaylamak : apportion, distribute, mete - istihkak reasonable, sensible - mantkl : crude, rude, uncooked - ham : repulsive - gerici : easily, willingly - gnll : actual, factual, authentic, genuine - gerek : grasp, understand, comprehend, conceive - farketmek : kingdom - krallk : nurture, raise, nurse - yetitirmek : rational, logical, sensible, judicious - makul : encourage, comfort - garanti vermek : insurgent, traitor - isyanc mutiny, revolt - isyan : defiant, rebel, mutinous - isyanc : reprove, reprimand, reproach, scold - azarlamak : recollect, remember - hatrlamak : go back - geri ekilmek : latest - yenilik : mutual - karlkl : rehearse - ezberden okumak : careless, rash, heedless, imprudent - dikkatsiz : 1. count, compute, calculate, enumerate - hesaplamak 2. consider, regard, deem - sayma, kabul etmek : commend - nermek : compensation, reward - tazmin etmek : conciliate, appease - bartrmak : regain, reclaim, retrieve, restore - atlatmak : decrease, abridge, abate, lessen - azaltmak : attribute, ascribe, impute - sz etmek : umpire, judge - hakem : purified, clarified, distilled - saflatrlm : meditate, ponder, deliberate, contemplate - yanstmak : image - yansma : better, rectify, correct, improve, repair - yenilemek : freshen, enliven, reanimate - tazelemek : sanctuary, haven - snak : decline, reject, rebuff - reddetmek : disprove - yalanlamak : recover, retrieve - tekrar kazanmak : consider, account, deem - sanmak : inattentive, neglectful, indifferent, unconcerned - dikkatsiz : section, province - blge : enroll, list, record, catalogue - kaydolmak : deplore, lament - piman olmak : :

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regular regulate regulation rehearse reign reinforce rejoice relation : relax release relentless reliable relief relieve religious relish reluctant remain remainder remark remarkable remedy remember remembrance remote remove render renew renown rent repair repel repent replace represent repress reprimand reproach reproduce reprove : reputation request require requisite rescue research resemblance resentment reserve reside residence resign resilient resist resolute resolve respect

: uniform, even, systematic, formal - dzenli : control, direct, adjust, arrange - dzenlemek : rule, order, law - dzenleme : recite, practice, drill, train - prova yapmak : rule, govern, prevail, predominate - iktidara gemek : strengthen, intensify - desteklemek : delight - zevk connection, relationship, association, alliance - ilinti : loosen, slacken - gevemek : 1. emit, vent, give off, give out, let off - salmak 2. loosen, loose, untie, unbind, unclasp - gevetmek : severe, merciless, ruthless, pitiless - acmasz : trustworthy, dependable, infallible - gvenilir : alleviation, ease - rahatlatma, kurtarma : ease, alleviate - rahatlatmak, kurtarmak : pious, devout, reverent - dini : taste flavor, savor - zevk : unwilling, disinclined, loath, averse - gnlsz : last, abide, endure - kalmak : remnant, residue, rest - kalan : comment, utterance, statement - sz , gr : notable, extraordinary, noteworthy, distinguished - dikkate deer : cure, treatment - ifa : recall, recollect - hatrlamak : recollection, reminiscence, memory - anma : distant, removed - uzak : transfer, transport, carry - tamak : contribute, afford, present - vermek, sunmak : regenerate, renovate - yenilemek : repute, fame, eminence, reputation - an : lease, let - kiralamak : mend, remodel, amend, fix - tamir etmek : repulse, parry - geri pskrtmek : regret, atone - piman olmak : supersede, supplant, substitute - yerini deitirmek : depict, express, portray - gstermek, betimlemek : check, restrain, curb - bastrmak : rebuke - azarlamak : reprimand, condemn, rebuke, scold - azar : copy, duplicate, imitate, generate, beget - kopyalamak rebuke, blame - paylamak : repute, honor, fame, distinction - n : petition, entreat, beg - talep : demand, enjoin - gerektirmek : necessary, essential, indispensable - gerekli : save, deliver, redeem - kurtarmak : investigate, study, examine, scrutinize - aratrmak : analogy, similarity - benzerlik : anger - fke : save, retain, keep, hold - ayrmak, saklamak : dwell, abide, live, inhabit - yaamak : dwelling, house, habitation - mesken : relinquish, abandon, forsake, quit - istifa etmek : rebounding, elastic - esnek : withstand, oppose, confront - kar koymak : resolved, steadfast, determined - kararl : determine, decide, disintegrate, separate - karar vermek : esteem, deference, veneration, reverence - sayg duymak

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respectable respectful responsible restful restore restrain restrict result retaliate retard retire reveal reverence reverse revert review revise revoke revive revolt revolution revolve reward ridicule : ridiculous right righteous rigid rigorous rim riot ripe risk rival roam roar rob robust rot rotate rotten rough rouse rude rudimentary ruin rural rush ruthless :

: estimable, honorable - sayg deer : courteous, polite, well-mannered, civil - saygl : accountable, answerable, liable - sorumlu : calm, tranquil, peaceful, serene - sakin : renew, renovate, repair, return - yenilemek : check, repress, curb, suppress - dizginlemek : confine, limit, restrain, curb - snrlamak : outcome, consequence - son : avenge, requite, revenge - misilleme yapmak : slow down - yavalatmak : withdraw, retreat, recede, retract - bir keye ekilmek : disclose, divulge, unveil - ifa etmek : worship, respect - sayg gstermek : invert - ters evirmek : return, come back, revisit - geri dnmek : survey, reexamination - gzden geirip dzeltmek : change, modify, amend, alter, correct - gzden geirmek : cancel - iptal etmek : revitalize - yeniden canlandrmak : rebel, mutiny - isyan etmek : overthrow, revolt - ihtilal : rotate, circulate, roll, orbit - dnmek : recompense, prize - dl mockery, sneer, mock, jeer - alay : absurd, funny, comical - alayc : just, equitable, upright - doru : moral, upright, virtuous, equitable - doruluk : strict, severe, stern, rigorous - sert : painstaking - zenli : edge, border, margin, brim - kenar : uproar, disturbance - ayaklanma : mature, mellow, developed - ham : hazard, danger, venture, peril - tehlike : competitor, contestant, antagonist, opponent - rakip : ramble, wander, rove, stray - gezmek : cry, bellow, shout, yell - kkremek : deprive, plunder, pillage - soymak : sturdy, vigorous, stalwart - dayankl : decay, corrupt, degenerate - rme : turn, spin, revolve, wheel, roll - evirmek : decayed, foul, corrupt - rk : uneven, rugged, violent, wild - kaba, ilenmemi : stir, excite, stimulate, awaken, provoke - uyarmak : discourteous, ill-mannered, impolite, coarse - kaba : elementary, fundamental, basic - basit, temel : decay, demolish, destroy, damage - yok etmek : rustic - krsal : dash - acele etmek pitiless, cruel, harsh, relentless - merhametsiz

S
sacred sad safe sanction sanguinary : : : : : holy, divine - kutsal sorrowful, mournful - zgn secure, protected - gvenli permission, ratification, authorization - yetki bloody, bloodthirsty, cruel, ruthless - acmasz

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sanitary sarcasm satire satisfy savage save savor scale scan scanty scarce scare scatter scent scheme scoff scold scope score scorn scream scrupulous scrutinize scrutiny search secluded secret secure segregate seize send sensation sensational sense senseless sensibility sensible sensitive sensual sententious sentiment separate sequence serene serious serve sever severe shabby shade shake shameful shameless share sharp shed shatter : sheer

sterile - temiz irony - ineleme : irony, sarcasm - inelemek : gratify, meet, satiate, suffice - tatmin etmek : wild, cruel, brutal - vahi : rescue, salvage - kurtarmak : taste, flavor - tat : portion - lek : scrutinize, investigate - taramak : meager, insufficient, inadequate - seyrek : rare, insufficient, deficient - nadir : terrify, alarm, startle, frighten - korkutmak : sprinkle, strew, disperse, dissipate - yaymak : odor, perfume - koku : plan, design, project - tasar : mock, scorn, jeer, sneer - alay etmek : reprove, reproach, reprimand - azarlamak : range, extent, space - alan : gain - puan almak : contempt, disdain, mockery, scoff - alay : shriek, cry - lk atmak : careful, painstaking, meticulous - ihtiyatl : examine, investigate, dissect, study - incelemek : examination, investigation, dissection - inceleme : seek, explore - aramak : deserted - ssz : clandestine, conceal, private - sr : safe, protect - gvence altna almak : isolate, separate, dissociate - ayr tutmak : grasp, grab, clutch, capture, grip - kuatmak : transmit, dispatch, convey -gndermek : excitement, stimulation, agitation - duygu : exciting, stimulating - duygusal : meaning, signification, significance, denotation - his : stupid, foolish, silly, idiotic - hissiz : susceptibility, sensitivity, sensitiveness - hassasiyet : judicious, sound, rational, reasonable - mantkl : impressionable, susceptible - duyarl : voluptuous, sensuous - hissi : concise, terse, succinct - zdeyilerle konuan : emotion, sentimentality, sensibility - duygu : divide, part, split - ayrmak : succession, series - sre : calm, peaceful, tranquil, placid - sakin : important, momentous, grave - ciddi : assist, help, aid, succor, contribute - yardm etmek : separate, divide, cut, cleave, rend - kesmek : tough, rigid, stern, strict - ac, iddetli : ragged, beggarly, poor - pejmrde : hide, protect, conceal, cover, shelter - glge : sway, waver, agitate, shudder - sarslmak : disgraceful, humiliating, dishonorable, ignominious - utan kayna : brazen, impudent, insolent, unashamed - utanmaz : portion, part - hisse : keen, acute, pointed, pungent, severe - keskin : emit, radiate, diffuse - yaymak break, crush, crack - krmak : only - tek, yalnzca

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shelter shield shine shining shiver shorten short-sighted showy shrewd shrink shun shy siege sign significant signify silent simultaneous sin sincere sip situation size skeptical : skilled : skillful skip skirmish slack slander slaughter slavery slay slender slide slight slim slip slumber sly smart smash smooth snare sneer soak soar sober sociable soften solace sole solemn solid solitary solitude soothe sophisticated

: protect, harbor, defend - snak : protect, defend, secure, guard - kalkan : beam, glare, gleam, glisten - parlamak : radiant, gleaming, brilliant - parlayan : tremble, quake, shudder, shake - titremek : curtail, abbreviate, abridge, reduce - ksaltmak : near-sighted, indiscreet, imprudent - miyop : ostentatious, gaudy, loud - haval : astute, sharp, acute, penetrating - kurnaz : contract, shrivel, diminish, decrease - ksalmak : elude, avoid, evade, escape - kanmak : bashful, reserved, timid, coy -utanga : blockade, besieging - kuatma : token, indication, trace, hint - iaret : important - belirgin : express, indicate, mean - simgelemek : speechless, dumb, mute, tacit - sessiz : concurrent, concomitant, synchronous - e zamanl : transgression, crime, offense - gnah : candid, earnest, true, real - samimi : drink, absorb, sup - yudumlamak : location, position, site, place, spot - durum : dimensions, proportions, magnitude - boyut skeptic, doubtful, dubious, incredulous - pheci able, capable, competent - yetenekli : adroit, deft, adept, proficient - yetenekli : spring, jump, leap, bound, hop - atlamak : battle, fight, conflict, combat - savamak : loose, relaxed - gevek : defame, scandalize, vilify - karalama : butcher, murder, slay - kym : bondage, servitude, subjection, enslavement - klelik : murder, kill, slaughter, massacre, butcher - kymak : slim, weak, fragile, feeble, delicate - zayf, dayanksz : glide - kaymak : insignificant, trivial, trifling - nemsiz : slender, thin - ince : mistake, error, blunder -srme : sleep - uyumak : cunning, artful - kurnaz : intelligent, bright, sharp, clever - akll : shatter, crush, crash - arpmak : even, plain, flat - przsz : trap, lure, bait - tuzak : scorn, jeer, gibe, scoff -hor grmek : steep, drench, wet, saturate - slanmak : tower, rise, ascend, mount - ykselmek : sane, sound - ayk : affable - giriken : assuage, moderate, mitigate - yumuatmak : comfort, consolation - teselli : only, single, solitary - yalnz : serious, stately - ciddi : firm, substantial, sound, stable - kat : isolated, lonely - yalnz : isolation, loneliness - yalnzlk : relieve, allay, mitigate, assuage - yattrmak : artificial, mundane, worldly - karmak

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sore sorrow sort sound sour sovereign spacious span spare sparkle special specimen spectacular speculation speculative spend spin spite splendid splendor split spoil spontaneous spot spread sprinkle spur squander stab stable stagger stagnant stain stake stale stammer stamp stand stare startle state stately statement station status steadfast stem sterile stern stick stiff stifle still stimulating stimulus stingy stir stock

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

painful, grieved, distressed, sorrowful - ac veren distress, anguish, grief, sadness - ac classify, class, assort - snflamak uninjured, unharmed, unimpaired, healthy - sa acid, tart - eki supreme, chief, paramount - lider, egemen ample, capacious, extensive, vast - geni distance, length - mesafe save, reserve - yedek spark, glitter, twinkle - parlt particular, especial, peculiar, specific - zel sample, model, pattern - misal dramatic, sensational, impressive - etkileyici supposition, conjecture, surmise - sylenti tentative - kuramsal expend, waste, consume - harcamak turn, rotate - evirmek ill-will, maliciousness, malice - kt niyet gorgeous, magnificent, sumptuous, dazzling - grkemli brilliance, grandeur, pomp - ihtiam cleave, rend, separate - ayr damage, impair, ruin, harm, corrupt - berbat etmek voluntary, uncompelled, willing - iten gelen find, locate, pinpoint, detect - yer unfold, extend, stretch, expand - yaymak scatter, strew, disperse - samak incitement, stimulus, incentive, provocation - drt waste, lavish - israf etmek thrust, plunge - baklamak invariable, constant, steady - sabit sway, totter, waver, falter - sendelemek inert, inactive - durgun taint, spot, dirty, blemish, blot - leke stick - kazk vapid, old, decayed - bayat stutter, hesitate, falter - kekelemek trample, crush, pound - damgalamak endure, undergo, bear, tolerate, endure - dikilmek gaze - dik dik bakmak surprise, alarm, amaze, astound - artmak condition situation, status, environment - hal imposing, grand, majestic, magnificent - grkemli declaration, announcement, proclamation - ifade standing, rank - mevki position, standing, rank - konum firm, stanch, steady, resolute - sadk derive, originate - tremek barren, unproductive, fruitless - temiz, hijyenik firm, severe, harsh, hard - hain adhere, cohere, cling, cleave - sadk kalmak rigid, solid - deimez smother, suffocate, strangle, choke - bomak motionless, stationary - hareketsiz restorative, encouraging - motive eden incentive, incitement, stimulation - uyarc parsimonious, miserly, mean - cimri agitate, incite, instigate, prompt - kartrmak store, inventory, reserve, hoard - mevcut mal

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stoop stout strain strange stranger stray stream strength strenuous stress stretch strict strife stringent strike strive stroke stroll strong stubborn : stuff stun sturdy subdue submerse submit subordinate subscribe subsidize substance substantial subtract succession successive succinct suffer sufficient suggest : summary summit : summon superficial supernatural supply support : suppose surpass surplus surrender survey suspect suspend suspense suspicion sustain swallow sway

bend, lean, bow, crouch - eik durmak stalwart, sturdy, athletic, vigorous - din stretch, tighten - germek 1. unusual, extraordinary, bizarre - acayip 2. foreign, alien - yabanc : alien, foreigner - yabanc : wander, rove, roam, ramble - yolunu kaybetmek : current, run, flow - akm : power, force, vigor, might - g : vigorous, energetic, active - gl : emphasis, accent, force - vurgulamak : extend, lengthen, pull - germek : rigid , stiff, severe, harsh - kat, sert : conflict, discord, quarrel - ekime : severe, constricted, tight, strict - sk, kat : hit, knock, beat, pound, slap - saldr : endeavor, try, struggle, toil - uramak : striking, blow, beating, beat - atak, arpnt : ramble, wander, roam, rove - gezinmek : powerful, vigorous, mighty, potent - gl obstinate, dogged, rigid, stiff - dik kafal : material, substance, matter - ey, madde : astound, daze, astonish, amaze - artmak : strong, robust, stalwart, muscular - dayankl : conquer, defeat, suppress, subjugate - boyunduruk altna almak : dip, sink, plunge, immerse - suya daldrmak : yield, obey; give - boyun emek; teslim etmek : inferior, secondary - ikincil, ast : agree, assent, consent - onaylamak, abone olmak : back, finance, fund - sbvanse etmek : matter, material, stuff - madde : real, actual, material - gerek : deduct, discount - kartmak : sequence, series - birbirini izleme : consecutive, continuous - ard sra : concise, brief, lean, terse, condensed - az ve z : undergo, experience - bir eyden ekmek : enough, adequate, ample - yeterli indicate, hint, intimate - nermek : digest, extract, abstract - zet top, apex, pinnacle, acme - zirve : call, bid, convene, convoke - celp etmek : shallow, external, outward - yzeysel : miraculous, abnormal - doa st : furnish, provide, replenish - tedarik etmek aid, help, assist, advocate - desteklemek : assume, presume - sanmak : exceed, excel, transcend, outdo - stn gelmek : abundant - bol : give in, submit - teslim olmak : watch, inspect, examine, scrutinize - incelemek : surmise, imagine, consider, suppose - phelenmek : defer, postpone, delay - askya almak : uncertainty, doubt, indecision, hesitation - kararszlk : doubt, mistrust, distrust - phe : bear, carry, support, uphold -tahamml etmek : eat, gorge, gulp, engulf, devour - yutmak : swing, wave, brandish, rule - hkmetmek

: : : :

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swear sweat sweep sweeping swift swivel

: : : : : :

avow, vow - yemin etmek perspiration - ter clean - temiz broad, wide, extensive, comprehensive - geni ierikli speedy, fleet, rapid - hzl spin, rotate, turn - dnmek

T
taboo tackle tale talent talkative tame tangible tear tease tedious temperament temperate temporary tempt tempting : tendency tender tense terrible terrific terror thrifty tiresome toil token tolerance tolerate toll tool torment : torrential tide touch tough trace traffic trail traitor tranquility transact : transform transmit transparent transport : trap treachery treasure prohibition - yasak deal with - ba etmek : story, narrative, account, fiction - hikaye : aptitude, capacity, capability, gift - yetenek : garrulous, wordy, verbose - geveze : domesticated, mild, docile, domestic - terbiye etmek : real, substantial, concrete, substantive - elle tutulur : rend, rip, sever, split - yrtmak : irritate, bother, disturb, annoy - kzdrmak : boring - skc : disposition, make-up, nature - miza : moderate, self-restrained - lml : transient, transitory, fleeting, ephemeral - geici : induce, allure, seduce, attract - batan karmak inviting, seductive, attractive, alluring - cezbedici : trend, proneness, inclination, bent - meyil : soft, delicate, lenient, mild - lml : rigid, strained, nervous - gergin : dreadful, awful, frightful, appalling - berbat : splendid, glorious, superb, marvelous - harika : horror, panic, fright, dismay - korku : careful with money - tutumlu : wearisome, tedious, dull, boredom - yorucu : work, labor, strive - sk almak : symbolic - nian, iaret : toleration, patience - ho gr : endure - dayanmak : damage sustained - kayp says : instrument, implement, utensil - alet afflict, pain, rack, torture - sanc : heavy, severe - youn : stream, current - akm, dalga : impress, move, strike, stir - duygulandrmak : firm, strong, hard, sturdy - sert : vestige, mark, sign, track - iz : trade - ticaret : drag, draw - iz srmek : betrayer - hain : serene - sakin settle, perform, manage, conduct - i grmek, yapmak : change alter, convert, transmute - deitirmek : send, dispatch, convey, carry - iletmek : clear, pellucid, lucid, limpid - saydam carry, convey, transport - tamak : pitfall, snare - tuzak : betrayal, treason - ihanet : prize, cherish - hazine : :

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treat tremble : tremendous trend trespass trial trick trifling trim triumph troop trouble troublesome true trust trustworthy tumult twinkle twist typical tyrannical tyrant

: entertain, regale, feast - ziyafet shake, quiver, quaver, quake - sallanmak, titremek : huge, gigantic, colossal - devasa : tendency, direction, inclination - eilim : encroach, infringe, intrude, invade - izinsiz girmek : hearing; affliction, suffering, distress, sorrow - duruma; dert : cheat, swindle, beguile, deceive - oyun, hile : trivial, insignificant, unimportant, petty - nemsiz : clip, prune, shave, shear, arrange - krkmak : win, succeed, prevail - zafer : band, squad, party company, group, herd - blk : disturb, distress, worry, annoy, vex, bother - sorun karmak : annoying, laborious, difficult, arduous - sorun karan : factual, actual, real, authentic - gerek : confidence, belief, faith, credit - gvenmek : reliable, true, stanch, dependable - gvenilir : commotion, disturbance, disorder - patrt : glimmer, sparkle - parldamak : contort, distort - bkmek : representative, symbolic, model, exemplary - zg : arbitrary, despotic, oppressive - zorba ynetim : dictator, oppressor - diktatr

U
ugly : unlovely, unsightly, homely - irkin ultimate : final, last, extreme - son umpire : referee, arbiter, judge - hakem unaccountable : inexplicable, strange, incomprehensible - anlalmaz unanimity : accord, agreement - genel kabul gren unanimously : agreed on by everyone - genel kabul gren unassuming : modest, unpretending, unpretentious - alakgnll unbearable : unendurable, intolerable, insufferable - dayanlmaz unbecoming : inappropriate, unsuitable - uyumsuz unbiased : fair, impartial, unprejudiced, disinterested - tarafsz unbounded : unlimited, boundless, limitless, immense - snrsz uncivil : impolite, discourteous, impudent - kaba uncompromising : unyielding, inflexible, rigid, firm - uzlamaz undergo : experience, suffer - kt bir ey yaamak undermine : ruin, thwart - ykmak undertake : assume - stlenmek unequaled : unparalleled, matchless, peerless - benzersiz unexampled : unprecedented, matchless, peerless - benzersiz uniform : invariable, unchanging, consistent - tek tip uninterested : unconcerned, indifferent - ilgisiz unite : join, combine, incorporate, connect - birlemek universal : entire, ecumenical - evrensel unlawful : illegal, illicit, illegitimate - yasa d unmindful : heedless, regardless, careless, inattentive - dncesiz unparalleled : matchless, unmatched, unequaled, unrivaled - esiz unpleasant : disagreeable, offensive, repulsive - ho olmayan unreasonable : irrational, senseless, foolish, silly, preposterous - mantksz unrefined : coarse, crude, unpolished, vulgar - ilenmemi unrelenting : relentless, implacable, inexorable, harsh - acmasz unsettled : unstable, unsteady, shaky, unfixed - deiken, kararsz unsophisticated : simple, artless, ingenuous, naive - saf, cahil

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unstable unsteady : untie unyielding upright uproar upset urge urgent useful

: infirm, unsteady, precarious, inconstant - kararsz unsettled, changeable, unstable - kararsz : unfasten, loose, unknot - zmek : inflexible, firm, stanch, steadfast - banaz : erect, vertical, perpendicular, conscientious - drst : disturbance, tumult, turbulence, commotion - amata : 1. overturn - ters dnmek 2. defeat, overwhelm, embarrass - yenmek : force, impel, press, instigate, stimulate - zorlamak : pressing, imperative, exigent - acil : serviceable, advantageous, profitable - kullanl

V
ineffective vacant vagabond vague vain valiant valid vanish vanity variable variety various vary vast velocity vengeance venture verbal verge versatile version vertical vibrant vibrate vice vicious view vigilant : vigorous : villain violation : violence virgin virtual : virtually virtue virtuous visible vision visionary vista vital : empty, devoid, destitute - etkisiz, sonusuz : empty, void, unoccupied - bo : wandering, nomadic, vagrant - avare : indefinite, unspecified, obscure, uncertain - mphem : useless, worthless, trifling, trivial - faydasz : brave - cesur : sound, cogent, effective -geerli : disappear, end, cease, fade - kaybolmak : excessive pride - kibir : changeable, inconstant, fickle, unsteady - deiken : diversity, kind, sort, species, type - tr : diverse, varied - trl : change, alter, diversify, transform, transmute - deimek : extensive, immense, huge, enormous - bol : speed, pace, rapidity, celerity - hz : avenging, revenge - intikam : hazard, danger, jeopardy, risk - tehlike : oral, spoken - szel : edge, rim, margin, brim, brink - snr, kenar : multi functional - ok ynl : translation - eviri : upright, plumb, erect, perpendicular - dikey : vibrating, shaking, oscillating - titreimli : oscillate, shake, tremble, quiver, shiver - titremek : wickedness, evil - kt : immoral, depraved, corrupt, malicious - eytani : prospect, outlook, idea, notion - gr attentive, wary, alert, awake - tetikte strong, robust, sturdy, energetic - din, atik : rascal, scoundrel - kt kii breach, infringement, transgression - ineme (yasa) : vehemence, intensity, force - iddet : maiden, maid - bakire practical, implicit - sanal : nearly - neredeyse : goodness, uprightness, morality, justice -erdem : right, upright, moral, righteous, good, chaste - erdemli : apparent, obvious, evident, clear - grnr : sight, perception, discernment - gr : fanciful, imaginary, speculative, illusory - hayalperest : view, prospect, perspective - manzara : indispensable, important, critical, cardinal - nemli

295

vivid vocation vogue void volume voluntary vow voyage vulgar vulnerable

: : : : : : : : : :

bright, brilliant, animated, spirited - canl business, occupation, pursuit, profession - i, meslek fashion, style, mode - moda useless, ineffectual, vain - bo, faydasz size, measure, magnitude, mass - hacim spontaneous, free, unforced - gnll pledge, promise - yemin etmek cruise, sailing - seyahat etmek coarse, mean, rude - kaba susceptible - meyilli, yatkn

W
wage wake wallow wander ware warp wary waste watchful wave weak weaken : weakness wealth wear out wearisome weary weave weigh welfare wet whim whip whirl wholesale wholesome wicked widespread wild wily win wise withdraw wither withhold : witness : witty woe wonder wonderful workmanship worry worship : pay, salary, earnings - maa : rouse, arouse - uyanmak : flounder, roll - yuvarlanmak : ramble, rove, roam, stray - gezinmek : good, merchandise - mal : bend, deform, twist -eriltmek : alert, careful, cautious - dikkatli : squander, dissipate, lavish - israf etmek : vigilant, alert, observant, attentive - dikkatli : undulate, fluctuate - dalgalanmak : fragile, frail, delicate, feeble - zayf, gsz deplete, diminish, lessen - zayflatmak : flaw, defect, fault - zayflk, kusur : abundance, profusion - varlk : exhaust - ypranmak : tiresome, boring, tedious, irksome - yorucu : exhausted, tired, wearied, fatigued - bitkin : intertwine, twist, curl, meander - dokumak : consider, ponder, contemplate - dnmek : prosperity - refah : drenched, dampened, moistened, moist - slak, nemli : caprice, whimsy - kapris : lash, beat, flog, thrash - krbalamak : spin, rotate, revolve, wheel - dnmek : extensive, indiscriminate - toptan sat : healthful, healthy, salutary - salkl : evil, immoral, impious, profane - lanetli : extensive, prevalent, sweeping - yaygn : untamed, undomesticated - vahi : shrewd, cunning, crafty - kurnaz : obtain, gain, procure, secure - kazanmak : judicious, sensible, rational - bilge : retire, retreat, secede - ekmek : fade, decay, decline - solmak, snmek reserve, retain, hold back - saklamak sb that sees a occurrence - ahit : amusing, clever, comic - akac : distress, affliction, sorrow, grief - keder : surprise, astonishment, amazement, awe - merak : remarkable, awesome, astonishing - muhteem : handicraft, handiwork - iilik : torment, annoy, disturb - endielenmek : revere, respect, venerate, adore - tapmak

296

worthy wound wrap wrath wreck wretched

: : : : : :

worthwhile, deserving - layk injure, hurt - yara cover, envelop, muffle - sarmak, kaplamak anger, ire, rage, resentment, indignation - gazap destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter - ykmak miserable, pitiable, dejected, distressed - zavall

Y
yawn yearn yearning yield : : : : gape - esnemek crave, desire, want - arzulamak longing, craving, desire - arzulay 1. produce, bear - retmek 2. surrender, submit, concede - teslim olmak

Z
zeal zealous zenith zest zone : : : : : passion, enthusiasm, ardor, zealousness - tutku ardent, enthusiastic, eager, earnest - tutkulu apex, peak, tip - zirve gusto, heartiness, eagerness - eni, zevk area, area, region, district, section - blge

297