M.

Jabbari
Assistant Professor e-mail: mohsen.jabbari@gmail.com

A. H. Mohazzab
South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran e-mail: ah mohazzab@yahoo.com

One-Dimensional Moving Heat Source in a Hollow FGM Cylinder

This paper presents the analytical solution of one-dimensional mechanical and thermal stresses for a hollow cylinder made of functionally graded material. The material properties vary continuously across the thickness, according to the power functions of radial direction. Temperature distribution is symmetric and transient. The thermal boundary conditions may include conduction, ux, and convection for inside or outside of a hollow cylinder. The thermoelasticity equation is transient, including the moving heat source. The heat conduction and Navier equations are solved analytically, using the generalized Bessel function. A direct method of solution of Navier equation is presented. DOI: 10.1115/1.3006953

A. Bahtui
Graduate Research Assistant School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, London, UK e-mail: ali.bahtui@brunel.ac.uk

Introduction
Functionally graded materials FGMs are heterogeneous materials in which the elastic and thermal properties change from one surface to the other, gradually and continuously. The material is constructed by smoothly changing the volume fraction of the constituent materials. These materials are advanced, heat resisting, erosion and corrosion resistant, and have high fracture toughness. Moving heat source and related thermal stresses occurred in these materials. The engineering relevance of the moving heat source for FGM that moves in the radial and circumferential directions of a cylinder is as hot uid or hot gas ow in the cylinder at the chemical operations in reactors. A composite cylinder such as FGM cylinder has prevented the heat from penetrating inside to outside of the cylinder that is not dangerous for the other equipments and instruments. Zimmerman and Lutz 1 presented thermal stresses in a solid cylinder, using hypergeometric functions. Temperature and stresses assumed linear functions of radius. Ootao et al. 2 studied stress distributions in a cylinder using the multilaminate composites theory. Ootao et al. 3 obtained the three-dimensional thermal stresses analytically due to the moving heat source in the axial direction from the inner and outer surfaces. They assumed that the material properties are nonhomogeneous in the radial direction, and they used the theory of laminated composites as a theoretical approximation. They used the Fourier transform, Laplace transform, potential function, Michells function, and Boussinesques function. Obata et al. 4 presented thermal stresses in beam, sphere, and cylinder using the perturbation theory. They assumed the material properties are arbitrary functions of r, and they used the separation of variables method and the Laplace transform. The mechanical problem solved Loves displacement function and two thermoelastic displacement potential functions. Tutuncu and Ozturk 5 studied closed-form solutions for stresses and displacements in functionally graded FG cylindrical and spherical vessels subjected to internal pressure alone using the innite theory of elasticity. The material stiffness obeying a simple power-law that is assumed to vary through the wall thickness and Poissons ratio is assumed constant. Stress disContributed by the Pressure Vessel and Piping Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY. Manuscript received March 14, 2007; nal manuscript received January 21, 2008; published online December 9, 2008. Review conducted by Edward A. Rodriguez. Paper presented at the Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference and the 11th International Congress on Pressure Vessel Technology, 2006.

tributions depending on an inhomogeneity constant are compared with those of the homogeneous case and presented in the form of graphs. Tarn et al. 6 reported thermomechanical states in functionally graded cylinders under extension, torsion, shearing, pressuring, and temperature changes. Referred to the cylindrical coordinates, the material is cylindrically anisotropic. The material properties are considered to be radial dependent in a specic manner on r. Exact solutions are determined for inhomogeneous hollow and solid cylinders. Aboudi et al. 7 obtained coupled thermoplasticity relations in bidirectionally functionally graded materials. Jabbari et al. 8 reported an analytical solution to obtain the mechanical and thermal stresses in a functionally graded hollow cylinder due to radially symmetric loads using the direct method of solving Navier equations. They assumed that the material properties are power functions of radius. The same authors 9 studied the general solution for mechanical and thermal stresses in a functionally graded hollow cylinder due to nonaxisymmetric steady state loads. They used the method reported in Ref. 8 . The authors mentioned 10 considered the axisymmetric mechanical and thermal stresses in thick long FGM cylinders. The temperature and Navier equations were solved analytically, using the generalized Bessel function and the complex form of Fourier integral. Chu et al. 11 presented a moving line source in a nite composite hollow cylinder with hyperbolic heat conduction equation. They applied Laplace transform, eigenfunction expansion, and Fourier series methods. Eslami et al. 12 studied analytical solution in FGM sphere under radially symmetric mechanical and thermal loads, by the method reported in Ref. 8 and using Legendre series. In this work, the thermal stresses considered as the heat conduction equation is transient; the heat source moves across the thickness; and, the boundary conditions are changed by time. For this motivation, direct method of solution of Navier equations, separation of variables method, eigenfunction method, and Hankel series are used. Material properties are assumed power functions of radial directions because this model covers other forms of FGM: When power-law index is zero, FG becomes homogeneous material; if power-law index is equal to one, the model of FG becomes linear; and, if power-law index is not equal to zero and one, the model is power functions of radius.

Heat Conduction Problem

Consider a hollow circular cylinder of inner radius a and outer radius b made of functionally graded material. The cylindrical coordinate r is considered along the radial direction. The rst APRIL 2009, Vol. 131 / 021202-1

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

Copyright 2009 by ASME

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

law of thermodynamics for one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation for the functionally graded cylinder 13 including the moving heat source term is Tt kr rcr Trr + a f 1 r,t 1 kr r + Tr = kr r rcr r b 1

f 1 r,t =

f 1 r,t A t tr 2 B t tr + rcr + Bt m3 + 1 r

kr rcr

2A t m3 + 2 11

Using separation of variables method for U r , t , f 1 r , t is the moving heat source, which moves across the thickness of the cylinder. The mixed boundary conditions are x11T a,t + x12Tr a,t = F1 t x21T b,t + x22Tr b,t = F2 t 2
0c 0a m3m4m5

U r,t = R r G t

12

For the general solution, Eq. 12 is substituted into Eq. 9 as 1 R + m3 + 1 R * G r = rm3m4m5 = 2 G R

* 1 R + 2rm5+m4m3R = 0 r

The moving heat source can move in different directions such as radial, circumferential, and axial directions or a combination of them. So far, the only case that has been solved is in the radial direction. The form of time periodic moving heat source is applicable in thermal fatigue. By choosing suitable values for the parameters xij i , j = 1 , 2 , different types of the thermal boundary conditions including prescribed temperature, heat ux, and convection may be considered for the cylinder. The functions F1 t and F2 t are acting on the inside and outside surfaces of the cylinder, respectively. The initial thermal condition may be assumed as T r,0 = f 2 r 3

k0

13

R + m3 + 1

14

Equation 14 is the generalized Bessel equation 14 and thus has a solution in the Bessel equation form as R r = r B 1J
nr p

+ B 2J

nr

= r B 1C

nr

15

where n n = 0 , 1 , . . . are the eigenvalues and derived by equating the determinant of Eq. 10 to zero, and
*

where f 2 r is a known function of radius at t = 0. The material properties of cylinder are assumed to be graded along the radial direction according to the power-law function 5,6 as k r = k0 r a
m3

m3 , = 2

m5 + m4 m3 + 2 p= , 2

m3 2p

16

r =

r a

m4

c r = c0

r a

m5

where k0, 0, and c0 are material parameters. Using the denition for the material properties, the heat conduction equation becomes Tt kr rcr Trr + m3 + 1 1 f 1 r,t Tr = r rcr 5

The solution of the heat conduction equation 5 for temperature distribution may be assumed to be of the form T r,t = U r,t + W r,t 6

where W r , t is considered in a way that the boundary conditions of U r , t become zero. Thus W r , t is assumed a second order polynomial as W r,t = A t r2 + B t r Substituting Eq. 7 into Eq. 2 yields At = F1 t x21b + x22 F2 t x11a + x12 x11a2 + 2ax12 x21b + x22 x11a + x12 x21b2 + 2bx22 F2 t x11a2 + 2ax12 F1 t x21b2 + 2bx22 x11a2 + 2ax12 x21b + x22 x11a + x12 x21b2 + 2bx22 8 Substituting Eq. 6 into the heat conduction equation Eq. 5 and mixed boundary conditions Eq. 2 yields Ut k0 r 0c 0 a
m3m4m5

Bt =

Nine terms are needed to achieve a convergence to seven decimal places. Therefore, nine eigenvalues have to be taken. In all of the examples, we have full-convergence. In example 1 x12, x22 = 0, we have only heat conduction and determinant of the thermal condition Eq. 10 as characteristic equation, equaled to zero, f = J na p J nb p J nb p J na p = 0. For each value of that f becomes zero, there is a root. However it is not possible to nd it analytically, and a numerical method based on trail and error routine is needed. For this purpose and to determine the suitable starting point for trail and error process and to nd out the intervals for jump to other following roots, making a graph of f in term of is very helpful. After choosing an approximate guess before the rst root, an arbitrary interval is chosen, does not which changes necessarily have to be small at rst. If the value of f from negative to positive or visa versa between two intervals, there is a root between them, a new interval is chosen with more digit accuracy, and again the trial and error process is started a with new interval. This procedure is repeated for desirable deciand values. In this paper, seven decimal digits mal digits for f are recognized for suitability of roots. The computational solution time is very cheap and efcient. The accuracy can be adjusted simply by a tolerance value. Because of the periodic property of Bessel functions, characteristic equation is periodic and has innity number of roots, but for seven decimal digits accuracy, nine roots are enough, as zeta i zeta 1 zeta 2 zeta 3 zeta 4 zeta 5 zeta 6 zeta 7 zeta 8 zeta 9 C
nr p

Urr + m3 + 1

* 1 Ur = f 1 r,t r

x11U a,t + x12Ur a,t = 0 x21U b,t + x22Ur b,t = 0 where 021202-2 / Vol. 131, APRIL 2009 10

Eigenvalue 352585 704420 1056410 1408455 1760490 2112550 2464615 2816695 3168760

is the cylindrical function as Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

nr

= J

nr

B2 J B1

nr

17

U r,0 =
n=0

r C
b p 2 a

nr

bn + G 0 = f 2 r W r,0
*

29

Substituting Eq. 15 into Eq. 12 yields U r,t =

n=0

B 1r C

nr

Gn t

18

bn =

1 C
nr

+1

f 2 r W r,0 C

nr

rdr G 0 30

Substituting Eq. 18 into Eq. 10 yields x11J B2 = B1 x11J

p na p na

+ x12J + x12J

na

p p

x12 a1J x12 a J

1

na

p p

na

na

19 T r,t =
n=0

r C

nr

dt

bn +

f t C
nr p

2e

dt

dt 31

Substituting Eq. 18 into Eq. 9 leads to an equation with unequal power of r in each of its terms. To have equal power of r, the following relation should hold. C C
nr p nr p

+ A t r2 + B t r

+ m3 + 1 2
2

1 C r

nr

m3 r2

20

Stress Analysis
Let u be a displacement component in the radial direction. Thus strain-displacement relations are

2 m +m m r 5 4 3 n

yields Gn t +
n=0

* k am5+m4m3 2 0
n 0c 0

rr

= u r,

G n t B 1C

p nr = f 1 r,t r

u r

32

Hookes law for a one-dimensional hollow cylinder are 21

rr

The term in the bracket is the coefcient of the Hankel series, and is Gn t + = Where C
nr p

Er 1+ 12 Er 12 Er 12

rr

Er r T r,t 12 Er r T r,t 12 33

*
n

2 k 0a

m5+m4m3 0c 0

Gn t
b

=
*

1+ =

rr

+ 1

1 p nr

B1

r
a

+1

f 1 r,t C

nr

dr

22

zz

1+

rr

Er r T r,t 12

is the norm of the cylindrical function as

b

C writing
*

nr

=
a

nr

rdr

23

where T r , t is the temperature distribution from the heat conduction equation, ij, ij i , j = r , , z are stress and strain tensors, respectively, the modulus of elasticity and the coefcient of thermal expansion are assumed power-law 5,6 as E r = E0 r a
m1

r =

r a

m2

34

f t =
a

+1

f 1 r,t C

nr

dr

24

Equation 22 is a rst order linear ordinary differential equation and has solution in form of G t =e
*
dt

where E0 and 0 are the material parameters, and m1 and m2 are the power-law indices of the material. The equilibrium equation, disregarding body force and inertia term, is
rr,r

an +

C
0c 0

1 p nr

*
2

rr

B1

f te

dt

dt

25

=0

35

Using Eq. 32 35 , the Navier equation in terms of the radial displacement in Euler form is urr + m1 + 1
*

where = 18 yields U r,t =

2 n

k0am5+m4m3 /

. Substituting Eq. 25 into Eq.

1 1 m1 1 2u ur + r 1 r
0a m2

r C
n=0

nr

dt

bn +

f t C
nr p

2e

dt

dt 26

1+ 1

m1 + m2 rm21T + rm2Tr

36

It is assumed that Poissons ratio is constant. The general solution of Eq. 36 is u g r = A 1r 1 + A 2r where
1,2
2

Gt =

f t C
nr p

2e

dt

dt

27 28

37

B 1a n = b n
*

m1 2

m 12 v m 1 +1 4 1

38

where G t will be used in further equations. Using the initial condition we have Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

Substituting Eqs. 6 , 7 , and 18 into Eq. 36 yields the particular solution as APRIL 2009, Vol. 131 / 021202-3

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

u P r = r m2

+1 n=0

D 1J

nr

+ D 2J

nr

+ D3rm2+1 + D4rm2+2 39

Table 1 The material properties of the functionally graded cylinder Metal E = 66.2 Gpa = 10.3 106 K k = 18.1 W / m K = 4410 kg/ m3 c = 808.3 J / kg K Ceramic E = 117 Gpa = 7.11 106 K k = 2.036 W / m K = 5600 kg/ m3 c = 615.6 J / kg K Material property m1 = 3.1236 m2 = 2.0329 m3 = 11.9839 m4 = 1.3103 m5 = 1.4937

Substituting Eq. 39 to Eq. 36 and equating the same power from two sides of the equation, yields 1+ 1 D1 =
1 0a m2

B1

m1 + m2

m3 +p 2K + 2 K=0

Gt

1+ 1 D2 =

0a

m2

B2

m1 + m2
2

m3 +p 2K 2 K=0

Gt

= A 1r

11

+ A 2r

21

+ r m2
n=0

D 1J

nr

+ D 2J

nr

+ D3rm2 + D4rm2+1

44

1+ D3 = 1

0a

m2

m1 + m2 W r,t m1 1 1

m2 m2 + 1 + m1 + 1 m2 + 1 + 1+ D4 = 1
0a m2

Stresses are obtained substituting Eqs. 43 and 44 into Eq. 33 . To determine the displacement and stresses, two boundary conditions are required to evaluate two unknown constants A1 and A2. The two boundary conditions may be selected from the list of boundary conditions indicated below. These constants are calculated by solving the system of algebraic equations made of two selected boundary conditions. u a,t = g1, 40 u b,t = g2,
rr

Wr r,t

a,t = g3,

rr

b,t = g4 45

m1 m2 + 2 m2 + 1 + m1 + 1 m2 + 2 + 1 1

where gi i = 1 , . . . , 4 are known boundary condition functions.

where
1

Results and Discussion

= m2 + 1 m2 + 2 m2 +1 p
K=0

2K +

+ p2
K=0

2K +

2K +

1 + m1 + 1 m2

+1

+p
K=0

2K +

m1 1 1

= m2

+ 1 m2

+ 2 m2

+1 p
K=0

2K

+ p2
K=0

2K

2K

1 + m1 + 1 m2

+1

Consider a hollow functionally graded cylinder of inner radius a = 0.02 m and outer radius b = 0.024 m. Poissons ratio is assumed to be constant 0.3. The material properties of the functionally graded cylinder are given in Table 1. mi i = 15 are calculated using Eq. 4 and 34 and Table 1. In this part consider the rst example. The temperature on the inside and outside is zero. For mechanical boundary condition, it is assumed that outside boundary is xed u b = 0, and inside boundary is traction free rr a = 0. The initial thermal condition is assumed as T r , 0 = 50 100r 0c. Also the moving heat source is assumed as f 1 r , t = 6 106 1 / r sin 5t W / m3 in order to show the mathematical power of the presented work. Figure 1 illustrates the cylinder temperature over the course of 10 s. All graph lines show that temperature decreases sharply in magnitude. Figure 2 shows the temperature along the radial direction. Temperature proles are down for different times. Since the
70

+p
K=0

2K

m1 1 1

41
60

r=0.021 r=0.022 r=0.023

The complete solution of Eq. 36 is the summation of the general solution Eq. 37 and the particular solution Eq. 39 as u r = A 1r 1 + A 2r 2 + r m2 + D 3r
m2+1 +1 n=0

50

D 1J

nr

+ D 2J

nr

p
T ( oC)

40

30

+ D 4r

m2+2

42
20

Substituting Eq. 42 into Eq. 32 yields

rr

10

1A 1r

11

2A 2r

21

+ m2

+ 1 r m2
n=0

D 1J

nr

p
0

+ D 2J

nr

+ r m2

+1 n=0

D 1J

nr

+ D 2J

nr

10

5 6 Time (second)

10

+ D3 m2 + 1 rm2 + D4 m2 + 2 rm2+1 021202-4 / Vol. 131, APRIL 2009

43

Fig. 1 Transient temperature distribution example 1

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

70 t=0.4 t=1.6 t=5.4 60

50
4

T ( C)

(Pa)

40
o

30
8

20

rr

10

10

12

t=0.4 t=1.6 t=5.4 0.0205 0.021 0.0215 0.022 r (m) 0.0225 0.023 0.0235 0.024

0 0.02

0.0205

0.021

0.0215

0.022 r (m)

0.0225

0.023

0.0235

0.024

14 0.02

Fig. 2 Temperature distribution in the radial direction example 1

Fig. 4 Thermal radial stress in the radial direction times 108 example 1

magnitude of thermal conductivity of metal is higher than that of ceramic, the cylinder is cooler on the surface closer to the inside surface. The hoop stress distribution is illustrated in Fig. 3. The curves follow the sine-form pattern of the assumed moving heat source. Figure 4 clearly highlights the radial stress distribution of the cylinder. According to the given mechanical boundary conditions, stresses are zero at the inside surface. Since outside surface ceramic is stiffer than the inside surface metal , the outer radial stresses are larger in magnitude. As may be seen, stresses decrease as time increases. Figure 5 shows the hoop stress along the radial direction. Now, consider the second example with identical power-law indices of material properties, m1 = m2 = m3 = m. Figures 68 correspond to an FG cylinder with metal inside and ceramic outside. The inside material properties are identical with the rst example. The thermal boundary conditions on the inside and outside are zero and are assumed that the moving heat source and the initial thermal condition are zero. Inside mechanical B.C is due to internal pressure rr a = 100 MPa and outside boundary condition is traction free rr b = 0. Figure 6 shows radial displacement distribution. This gure is the plot of radial displacement distribution versus radial direction of the cylinder for different power-law indices. The value of m = 0 corresponds to isotropic material. It is

noted that when m increases, the radial displacement is decreased. The effect of the power-law index on the distribution of the hoop stress is shown in Fig. 7. The hoop stress along the radius decreases for m 1 similar to thick cylinders made of isotropic materials , due to the acting internal pressure and zero external pressure. For m 1, the hoop stress increases as the radius increases, since the modulus of elasticity is an increasing function of the radius see Eq. 34 . Physically, this means that the outer layers of the cylinder are based to maintain the stress due to their higher stiffness. There is a limiting value for m, where the hoop stress remains almost constant along the radius. For low values of the ratio b / a, such as b / a = 1.2, this value of m is about 1. For higher b / a ratio, this condition is achieved for higher values of m. For example, for b / a = 5, this condition is reached for m = 1.5. However, for designing the pressure vessel, it is better consider effective stress as
e

rr

zz

zz

rr

/ 2

46

Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of effective stress along the thickness direction for b / a. This gure shows for m = 2, effective stress remained constant and pressure vessel becomes optimum 15,16 .

1
0.5

0
0

0.5

2
(Pa)

1.5

(Pa)

4
2.5

3.5 r=0.021 r=0.022 r=0.023 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (second) 7 8 9 10

t=0.4 t=1.6 t=5.4 0.0205 0.021 0.0215 0.022 r (m) 0.0225 0.023 0.0235 0.02

7 0.02

4.5

Fig. 3 Thermal hoop stress times 109 example 1

Fig. 5 Thermal hoop stress in the radial direction times 108 example 1

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

APRIL 2009, Vol. 131 / 021202-5

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2

x 10

10

U(m)

to a one-dimensional moving heat source, is studied. The method of solution is based on the direct method and uses Bessel functions. The presented method is very extensible to other mechanical and thermal problems. The analysis shows that as the powerlaw indices increase the mechanical stresses are increased until it reachs a constant value. In this value the mechanical stresses remained constant from the metal surface to the ceramic surface of cylinder, and also in this value of mechanical effective stress, pressure vessel becomes optimum.

Nomenclature
m=2 m=1 m=0 m=1 m=2 0.0205 0.021 0.0215 0.022 (m) 0.0225 0.023 0.0235 0.024

1.1 0.02

Fig. 6 Radial displacement due to mechanical load along the thickness with various power-law indices example 2
700 m=2 m=1 m=0 m=1 m=2

650

600

a b c f1 r , t f2 r k mi i = 1 , . . . , 5 r t u xij i , j = 1 , 2 E F1 t F2 t T

(MPa)

550

n
500

inner radius m outer radius m specic heat capacity J / kg 0K moving heat source W / m3 initial B.C C thermal conductivity W / m 0K power-law indices of the material radius m time s radial displacement m parameter of thermal B.C modulus of elasticity GPa internal thermal B.C of cylinder s external thermal B.C of cylinder s temperature distribution C thermal expansion coefcient l/K strain m eigenvalue order of the generalized Bessel function Lame constant separation constant Lame constant Poissons ratio density kg/ m3 stress Pa

450

400

350 0.02

0.0205

0.021

0.0215

0.022 r(m)

0.0225

0.023

0.0235

0.024

Fig. 7 Mechanical hoop stress distribution along the thickness with various power-law indices example 2
700 650 600 550 (MPa) 500 450 400 350 300 0.02 m=2 m=1 m=0 m=1 m=2 m=3

References
1 Zimmerman, R. W., and Lutz, M. P., 1999, Thermal Stresses and Thermal Expansion in a Uniformly Heated Functionally Graded Cylinder, J. Therm. Stresses, 22 2 , pp. 177188. 2 Ootao, Y., Fukuda, T., and Tanigawa, Y., 1989, Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of a Multi-Layered Composite Laminate Cylinder and its Analytical Extension of Non-Homogeneous Materials, Theoretical Appl. Mech., 38, pp. 177188. 3 Ootao, Y., Akai, T., and Tanigawa, Y., 1995, Three-Dimensional Transient Thermal Stress Analysis of a Nonhomogeneous Hollow Circular Cylinder Due to a Moving Heat Source in a Axial Direction, J. Therm. Stresses, 18, pp. 497512. 4 Obata, Y., Kanayama, K., Ohji, T., and Noda, N., 1999, Two-Dimensional Unsteady Thermal Stresses in a Partially Heated Circular Cylinder Made of Functionally Graded Material, Proceedings of Thermal Stresses, Cracow, pp. 595598. 5 Tutuncu, N., and Ozturk, M., 2001, Exact Solutions for Stresses in Functionally Graded Pressure Vessels, Composites, Part B, 32 8 , pp. 683686. 6 Tarn, J. Q., 2001, Exact Solutions for Functionally Graded Anisotropic Cylinders Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical Loads, Int. J. Solids Struct., 38 4747 , pp. 81898206. 7 Aboudi, J., Pindera, M. J., and Arnolds, S. M., 1996, Thermoplasticity Theory for Bidirectionally Functionally Graded Materials, J. Therm. Stresses, 19, pp. 809861. 8 Jabbari, M., Sohrabpour, S., and Eslami, M. R., 2002, Mechanical and Thermal Stresses in a Functionally Graded Hollow Cylinder Due to Radially Symmetric Loads, Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping, 79, pp. 493497. 9 Jabbari, M., Sohrabpour, S., and Eslami, M. R., 2003, General Solution for Mechanical and Thermal Stresses in a Functionally Graded Hollow Cylinder Due to Nonaxisymmetric Steady-State Loads, ASME J. Appl. Mech., 70, pp. 111118. 10 Jabbari, M., Bahtui, A., and Eslami, M. R., 2006, Axisymmetric Mechanical and Thermal Stresses in Thick Long FGM Cylinders, J. Therm. Stresses, 29 7 , pp. 643663. 11 Chu, H. S., Chen, J. M., and Tzou, J. H., 1986, Transient Response of a

0.0205

0.021

0.0215

0.022 r(m)

0.0225

0.023

0.0235

0.024

Fig. 8 Mechanical effective stress distribution along the thickness with various power-law indices example 2

Conclusion
In this paper, the analytical solution for mechanical and thermal stresses in a short length functionally graded hollow cylinder due 021202-6 / Vol. 131, APRIL 2009

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm

Composite Hollow Cylinder Heated by a Moving Line Source With Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation, Proceedings of Int. J. Heat Transfer Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 621626. 12 Eslami, M. R., Babai, M. H., and Poultangari, R., 2005, Thermal and Mechanical Stresses in a Functionally Graded Thick Sphere, Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping, 82 7 , pp. 522527. 13 Necati zisik, M., 1980, Heat Conduction, Wiley & Sons.

14 Rice, R. G., and Do, D. D., 1995, Applied Mathematics and Modeling for Chemical Engineering, Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 131132. 15 Tyn, Myint-U, 1980, Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics, Elsevier, North Holland. 16 Ueda, S., 2001, Elastoplastic Analysis OF WCu Functionally Graded Materials Subjected to a Thermal Shock by Micromechanical Model, J. Therm. Stresses, 24 7 , pp. 631649.

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology

APRIL 2009, Vol. 131 / 021202-7

Downloaded 23 Mar 2009 to 216.91.96.130. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm