Simulation of the Radiation Pattern of A Straight Vertical Antenna

Zakaria Bouhanna Sidi Bel Abbes Zip/22000, Algeria zaki_360@hotmail.com And Houcin Laouedj Sidi Bel Abbes Zip/22000, Algeria
Ladj_edu@hotmail.fr

Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Electronics University Djilali Liabes

ABSTRACT

In this article we will simulate the radiation pattern of a straight vertical antenna using MATLAB. But before we get there we will go through the main theoretical approaches of antennas and different antenna types and their applications.
Keywords: Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)-Antenna-transmitreceive- Radiation Pattern -MATLAB-GUI (graphical user interface).

The behavior of electromagnetic waves can be completely determined by solving Maxwell's equations Tab. I [1]
: electrical permittivity 0 : dielectric permittivity in space (8.85e-12 SI) r: relative permittivity = 0 r : magnetic permeability E rot= -d H/dt = + /dt rot H E =/ div E div B=0 0 Permittivity in space r : relative permittivity = 0 r : electrical conductivity : charge density

1.

INTRODUCTION

The antennas are everywhere in the domain of telecommunications, therefore, the experiences made in this area are important in gender and number. Researchers have found a more reliable to perform the experiments by virtualizing the physical values in real comprehensive digital data by the machine calculators. Our job is to do so and simulate the radiation pattern of a straight vertical antenna.. 2. GENERAL INFORMATION ON ANTENNAS

TAB I Maxwell Equations

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Introduction to EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) An electromagnetic wave is a vibration propagating in the space, formed of an electric field and magnetic . Where E H the fields E and H are perpendicular to each other as shown in Fig.a.

EMR Properties: Frequency: the frequency fieldsE and B which makes it. Wave impedance: the relationship between the amplitude of the magnetic and electric field is constant and equals to the intrinsic impedance of the propagation medium
0=

Wavelength: The wavelength is the distance traveled by the wave during a period T given by
c = =c.T f (6)

= =(337 in space)

(5)

Fig. 1 Representation of an electromagnetic wave [1].

Power (Poynting vector): The module of this vector is a power per unit area, that is to say a flow of energy. [3]. [2] Polarization: The polarization of an EMR is the direction of its electric field E
Pwave= H E (7)

Propagation : Radio waves propagate from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna in various ways By direct wave, starting from the transmitter and the receiver arrived without meeting any natural or artificial obstacles.. by reflected wave when the wave encounters an obstacle and is returned in its entirety or in part, in a different direction. [2] Influence of Characteristics of the antenna on transmission and reception of a signal There are several characteristics that specify characteristics of these antennas yield : Gain : directivity:
= R/A[1] (8) (9) (10)

3. BASE ANTENNAS The circulation of a high voltage current through an electrical conductor constitutes an EMR. It was time to call the conductor by an antenna. There are several different types of antennas which distinguish one from the other. Some parameters are used to classify the family of basic antennas as the antennas. These parameters can be directivity, radiation pattern, bandwidth, and cost. Half-wave dipole antenna (/) The dipole antenna also called dipole consists of a threadlike conductor of length l, cut in the middle for feeding a generator Fig. 3.

the
Fig. 3 dipole antenna [2]

G (, )=4 *P (0, 0)/A[1] D (, )=4 *P (, )/R[1]

Monopole antenna When a driver is placed above a ground plane, it is as if a virtual return conductor was placed under the driver first, symmetrically relative to the ground plane [1]. Fig. 4

Radiation Pattern This is the most interesting part in our article. The radiation pattern can define where the antenna radiation power is concentrated then define the optimal antenna suitable for application. The characteristic function of radiation r (, )
r (, ) =P (, )/P0 (0, 0) (p : random power, maximal power) p0 : (11)

Fig. 4 Behavior of a monopoly [1]

different Representations: The radiation pattern of an antenna is mainly related to its geometry. It may also vary with frequency. The antennas do not radiate power uniformly in space except for omnidirectional antennas Fig. 2.

Broadcasting antenna AM-FM The super-turnstile antenna (Fig. 5), consists of a vertical metal rod of a few meters in height and two dipoles / 2 in a cross shape in the horizontal plane.

Fig. 5 super-turnstile [3]

Fig. 2 Representation of the radiation pattern [1]

In general, power is concentrated in one or more'' lobes''. The main lobe is the preferred direction of radiation. The side lobes are generally spurious lobes sought to mitigate.

4. STRAIGHT VERTICAL ANTENNA The wire antennas are widely used in the field of high radio frequencies (VHF and UHF). They are used sometimes in the presence of a reflector or just ground for many applications such as FM radio, mobile radio and television. A wire antenna is made from rigid son (highly conductive metal rods) to the small diameter of the wire length. In other words, the class of wire antennas includes all antenna

structure formed of a conductive wire of small diameter where we consider the current densities per unit length [4]-9 (Fig. 6)

5. SIMULATION MATLAB allows the user to program Graphical Interfaces (in English: GUI: Graphical User Interface) interactive to present its results. Graphical interfaces are relatively simple feasible [6] -14. The GUI or the HMI (Human Machine Interface) allow the user through graphical objects (buttons, menus, checkboxes ...) to interact with a computer program.

Fig. 6 wire antennas [4]

Among the wire antennas include: antennas base such as dipoles, monopoles, loops, more advanced antennas such as propellers, Yaguis, the log-periodic. etc.. Coefficient of Efficiency Plus it is closer to 1 the more reaches efficiencies of the order of 75 to 95 % [5]
=RR/ RR+r (12)

Application We have downloaded a program from the www.pudn.com. This program allows us, as the title of the article suggests, to plot the radiation pattern of a wire antenna. To do so, the program has two data inputs, one for the antenna length, the other for the output impedance (Fig. 9). Variation in length of the antenna First, we fix the output impedance on 75.ZC, and we varies the antenna length values for (0.5* ; 0.75* ; 1* ; 10* ). The resulting figures are in the order ( Fig. 10 ; Fig. 11 ; Fig. 12; Fig. 13). Variation of Output Impedance for the second plane, we fix the antennas length (1. ).we varies the output impedance (0.25*ZC ; 0.5*ZC ; 1*ZC ; 20*ZC ). The resulting figures are in the order (Fig. 14 ; Fig. 15 ; Fig. 16; Fig. 17).
TABLEAU II Summary of Results

Input Impedance A first approximation, the dipole antenna in a two-wire line which we rule out the ends. 7.

Fig. 7 : input impedances of an antenna wire [5]

To transmit maximum power from the source to the antenna, then it is best to use a power supply line adapted to the source and adapted to the input impedance of the antenna (Fig. 8).RS=RCL=RE .

Variation of the antennas length

Total power transmitted (w/A2) Opening angle () effective height (cm) directivity (/)

Simulation results 0. 0.75 5 36.6 27.1 46.7

10 82.4

88 0 1.64 0.25 Zc 19.6

50.4 16

42.7 0

16 0 8.16 20Zc 46.5

Output impedance variation

1.53 1.84 0.5Zc Zc 28.4 63 .4 48 0 3. 54

Fig. 8 transmission line adaptation with the source [5]

Total power transmitted (w/A2) Opening angle () effective height (cm) directivity (/)

45 0 3.52

46 0 3.88

57 0 1.9

Interpretation of Results As can be seen in Table II, by varying the length of the antenna and setting the output impedance, we find that the parameters: transmit power, angle, height and effective directivity also vary. Thus, the total power transmitted ranges from 27 to 82 along the lengths tested. The transmission power and directivity vary proportionally with the variation of the length of the antenna. For against, the

latter is inversely proportional to the variation of the angle of opening. Table II shows the variation of the output impedance by fixing the length of the antenna. In this case, it is found that the output impedance varies proportionally to the variation of the transmission power and that of the opening angle, and is inversely proportional to the change in the directivity.

Fig. 9 program interface

Fig. 10 Radiation pattern for L=0.5*

Fig. 12 Radiation pattern for L=1*

Fig. 11

Radiation pattern for L=0.75* Fig. 16 Radiation pattern for 1*Zc

Fig. 13 Radiation pattern for L=10*

Fig. 17 Radiation pattern for 20*Zc

6. CONCLUSION Such a simulation allowed us to evaluate the performance of a straight vertical antenna. According to this simulation, an antenna with a considerable length, allows a transmission of a high power, with a narrow angle, mainly used for transmission in one direction concentrated. An antenna with output impedance greater, it is less directive, and opening angle more or less large, which is a disadvantage for a radio transmission 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We just cant thank enough, the person whom, without here all of this would not exist. In fact we express our gratitude to Dr. Salah DECKICHE Leila. A big thank you to Prof. Djebbari Ali, head of our courses, teachers of telecommunications engineering. .We thanks indeed everyone who did help making this work this work in the near or far. 8.
[1] [2] [3] [4] Fig. 15 Radiation pattern for 0.50*Zc [5]

Fig. 14 diagramme de rayonnement avec 0.25*Zc

REFERENCE

http://lesia.insatoulouse.fr/~a_boyer/alex/enseignement/cours_System es_transmission_v3.pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc/49186784/Les-antennes-et-les-lignes-detransmissions http://www.infcom.rnu.tn/content/pdf/cours/aline-saidane/chapitre3groupement-des- antennes-2dni.pdf Guilaume Villemaude, Cours dantenne, 5me anne du Dpartement Gnie lectrique. http://elec.polytech.unice.fr/~aliferis/fr/teaching/courses/elec4/tp_elect ronique /ep_unsa_elec4_tp_electronique_04_antennes.pdf