Artificial Intelligence

Book: Neural and Fuzzy Logic Control of Drives and Power Systems CIRSTEA, M. N. (2002) 1) Elements of neural control (based on the concept of AI) AI techniques
Expert systems (ES) - based on Boolean algebra and use precise calculations Fuzzy logic (FL) - **Involve calculations based on an approximate reasoning. **Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to handle the concept of partial truthtruth values between completely true and completely false [88]. ** Introduced by Dr Lotfi Zadeh of UC/Berkeley in the 1960s as a means to model the uncertainty of natural language. ** It is used for processes that have no simple mathematical model, for highly non-linear processes, or where the processing of linguistically formulated knowledge is to be performed. Artificial neural networks (ANN)- **most powerful approach ** information processing structures which emulate the architecture and operational mode of the biological nervous tissue ** capability to simulate the learning process ** supplied with pairs of input and output signals from which general rules are automatically derived ** The neural approach can be combined with the fuzzy logic generating neuro fuzzy systems that combine the advantages of the two control paradigms Neurone types Each AN has several inputs and single output, the axon. Each input characterised by a certain weight indicating the influence of the corresponding signal over the neurone output. The neurone calculates an equivalent total input signal as the weighted sum of the individual input signals

The resulting quantity is then compared with a constant value named the threshold level and the output signal is calculated as a function of their difference (net t). This function is named the transfer function or the activation function.

 The function in (4.2) is part of a larger transfer function class called sigmoidal functions'. or Artificial neural networks architectures Two major classes of neural networks: Feedforward ANNs** organised into cascaded layers of neurones ** do not have any memory of the past inputs so that they are used for applications where the output is only a function of the present inputs. **The neurones within a layer do not communicate to one another. **The first network layer is named the input layer, while the last one is named the output layer. All the other neurone layers are known as the hidden layers of the neural network.

Recurrent ANNs-

**most adequate neural structures for modelling finite and infinite state machines. **They explicitly implement the concept of internal state as a set of neurone outputs which are used as future inputs of the FFANN contained inside the feedback architecture. ** The discrete-time models contain delay units on the feedback connections, while the continuous-time models contain low-pass filters (1st).

** Finite state machines are modelled by discrete-time models involving neurones with step activation functions. ** infinite state machines are modelled by continuous-time models containing neurones with sigmoidal activation functions.

Training algorithms ** One of the most important features of neural networks is their ability to learn (to be trained) and improve their operation using a set of examples named training data set. ** Training process is controlled by mathematical algorithms: *All the algorithms modify the neurone weights and thresholds based on calculations that analyse the network response to particular inputs. *The modifications are performed in a manner that brings the network outputs closer to the expected ones. Constructive**This algorithms modify all the network features including its architecture (neurones and even layers are added or eliminated as necessary) Non-constructive**This algorithms adapt only the connection weights and the threshold levels. **The Voronoi diagram is a constructive algorithm applicable to FFANNs composed of neurones with a step activation function

Figure 4.8 illustrates a Voronoi diagram example built for a neural network with two inputs and one output. Thus, the diagram is two-dimensional and the hyperplanes are straight lines. The shaded areas cover the Voronoi cells that belong to the class 1, the other cells are part of class 0. There are four Voronoi cells in Fig. 4.8: ra, rb, rc, rd that belong to class 1, and they are bounded by nine lines modelled by neurones n1 through n9. Therefore, the first neurone layer contains nine neurones, the second contains four neurones (one neurone for each of the Voronoi cells) whereas the third layer contains a single 4-input neurone (Fig. 4.9). The outputs of the neurone in the third layer are 1 when X1 and X2 correspond to a point in one of the shaded areas and 0 for all the other cases.