The first programming languages predate the modern computer. At first, the languages were codes.

The Jacquard loom, invented in 1801, used holes in punched cards to represent sewing loom arm movements in order to generate decorative patterns automatically. During a nine-month period in 1842-1843, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine, recognized by some historians as the world's first computer program.[1] Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that train conductors encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets. Hollerith then encoded the 1890 census data on punch cards. The first computer codes were specialized for their applications. In the first decades of the 20th century, numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers. Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers, not only with words. For example, Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulaic way. The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies. Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number. However, unlike the lambda calculus, Turing's code does not serve well as a basis for higher-level languagesits principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity. Like many "firsts" in history, the first modern programming language is hard to identify. From the start, the restrictions of the hardware defined the language. Punch cards allowed 80 columns, but some of the columns had to be used for a sorting number on each card. FORTRAN included some keywords which were the same as English words, such as "IF", "GOTO" (go to) and "CONTINUE". The use of a magnetic drum for memory meant that computer programs also had to be interleaved with the rotations of the drum. Thus the programs were more hardware-dependent. To some people, what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human-readability is required before the status of "programming language" is granted. Jacquard looms and Charles Babbage'sDifference Engine both had simple, extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform. One can even regard the punch holes on a player piano scroll as a limited domain-specific language, albeit not designed for human consumption.

Classification of Programming Languages

Computer programming language can be classified into two major categories:

Low Level High Level 1. Low Level Languages The languages which use only primitive operations of the computer are known as low language. In these languages, programs are written by means of the memory and registers available on the computer. As we all know that the architecture of computer differs from one machine to another, so far each type of computer there is a separate low level programming language. In the other words, Programs written in one low level language of one, architectural cant be ported on any other machine dependent languages. Examples are Machine Language and Assembly Language. Machine Language In machine language program, the computation is based on binary numbers. All the instructions including operations, registers, data and memory locations are given in there binary equivalent. The machine directly understands this language by virtue of its circuitry design so these programs are directly executable on the computer without any translations. This makes the program execution very fast. Machine languages are also known as first generation languages. A typical low level instruction consists essentially of two parts: An Operation Part : Specifies operation to be performed by the computer, also known as Opcode. An Address Part : Specifies location of the data on which operation is to be performed. Advantages Machine language makes most efficient use of computer system resources like storage, registers, etc. the instruction of a machine language program are directly executable so there is no need of translators. Machine language instruction can be used to manipulate the individual bits in a computer system with high execution speed due to direct manipulation of memory and registers. Drawbacks Machine languages are machine dependent and, therefore, programs are not portable from one computer to other. Programming in machine language usually results in poor programmer productivity. Machine languages require programmers to control the use of each register in the computers Arithmetic Logic Unit and computer storage locations must be addressed directly, not symbolically. Machine language requires a high level of programming skill which increases programmer training costs. Programs written in machine language are more error prone and difficult to debug because it is very difficult to remember all binary equivalent of register, opcode, memory location, etc. program size is comparatively very big due to non-use of reusable codes and use of very basic operations to do a complex computation. Assembly Language Assembly language are also known as second generation languages. These languages substitutes alphabetic or numeric symbols for the binary codes of machine language. That is, we can use mnemonics for all opcodes, registers and for the memory locations which provide us with a facility to write reusable code in the form of macros. Has two parts, one is macro name and the other is macro body which contains the line of instructions. A macro can be called at any point of the program by its name to use the instruction. A macro can be called at any point of the program by its name to use the instructions given in the macro repetitively. These language require a translator known as Assembler for translating the program code written in assembly language to machine language. Because computer can interpret only the machine code instruction, once the translation is completed the program can be executed.

Advantages Assembly language provide optimal use of computer resources like registers and memory because of direct use of these resources within the programs. Assembly language is easier to use than machine language because there is no need to remember or calculate the binary equivalents for opcode and registers. An assembler is useful for detecting programming errors. Assembly language encourages modular programming which provides the facility of reusable code, using macro. Drawbacks Assembly language programs are not directly executable due to the need of translation. Also, these languages are machine dependent and, therefore, not portable from one machine to another. Programming in assembly language requires a high level of programming skills and knowledge of computer architecture of the particular machine. High Level Languages (HLL) All high level language are procedure-oriented language and are intended to be machine independent. Programs are written in statements akin to English language, a great advantage over mnemonics of assembly languages require languages use mnemonics of assembly language. That is, the high level languages use natural language like structures. These languages require translators (compilers and interpreters) for execution. The programs written in a high level language can be ported on any computer, that is why known they are known as machine independent. The early highlevel language come in third generation of languages, COBOL, BASIC, APL, etc. These languages enable the programmer to write instruction using English words and familiar mathematical symbols which makes it easier than technical details of the computer. It makes the programs more readable too. Procedures Procedures are the reusable code which can be called at any point of the program. Each procedure is defined by a name and set of instructions accomplishing a particular task. The procedure can be called by its name with the list of required parameters which should pass to tat procedure. Advantages of High Level Languages These are the third generation languages. These are procedure-oriented languages and are machine independent. Programs are written in English like statements. As high level languages are not directly executable, translators(compilers and interpreters) are used to convert them in machine language equivalent. Advantages 1)These are easier to learn than assembly language. 2)Les time is required to write programs. 3)These provides better documentation. 4)These are easier to maintain. 5)These have an extensive vocabulary. Limitation of Programming language 1)A long sequence statements is to be written for every program. 2)Additional memory space is required for storing compiler or interpreter. 3)Execution time is very high as the HLL programs are not directly executable.

Arnis, as a martial art, originated and developed in the Philippine soil. This was practiced and mastered by early Filipinos for defense and self preservation. It was known in ancient Philippines as kali believed to have derived from the Indonesian word tjakalele which means fencing. Later on during the Spanish regime in the Philippines

Filipinos called it arnis. Historically, It was a derivation from the word Arnes, a colorful trappings on defensive armors used in moro-moro plays which were then a socio-religious plays depicting the victory of Christian Spaniards over the muslims. The shows were used primarily as propaganda and also for entertainment. During that time, The Filipinos were prohibited by the Spanish regime to practice their martial arts so the staging of moro-moro gave the players a good excuse to practice their fighting art. The Arnis system of fighting includes empty hands techniques which employ the flowing method of training like the tapi-tapi(Tapping) sytem to develop reflexes, sensitivity, timing, and good coordination. It also utilized kicking techniques but usually applied to the lower part of the body. Traditional arnis is usually practiced in three forms of play. They are solo baston or single-stick in which a long stick or baston is used; the espada y daga or sword and dagger in which a long stick or sword and a wooden dagger are used; and the sinawali, a native term applied because of its intricate movements of the two sticks resemble the weave of sawali(crisscross fashion), the bamboo split weave pattern used in walling and matting which was very common in Visayas Islands.

Arnis is a Filipino Martial Art where it uses Hardened sticks for training. It is the extension of the hands. There are many variations and styles of Arnis so it is "performed" differently depending on the Guro(instructor). But the basics on holding and strike with the stick is the same. One holds the stick a Fist's length away from the tip of the sticks tip. One must hold firmly without loosening the fingers when striking. The strikes vary from angle strikes with slicing motion or impact strikes. The target of basic strikes in many styles of Filipino Martial arts also varies, from the top of the head(temple, eyes,neck, etc.) to the torso and legs. It is recommended to practice the basics with a real Guro ,Punong Guro or Master, who is certified or affiliated with a Philippine organization or Filipino Martial Arts school. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_perform_the_arnis#ixzz1y0WEGAqc

Rank & Title

Tagalog Sa Pinuno Panggitna Dalubhasa Saligan Taga-Pagturo Abante Taga-Pagturo Guro English Leader (Master) Intermediate Expert Basic Instructor Advanced Instructor Teacher Tagalog Pundador Baguhan Abante Taga-Pagsany Taga-Pagturo Punong Guro English Founder Beginner Advanced Trainer Instructor Senior Teacher

Arnisador/ Escrimador Arnis Practitioner

Punong Taga-Pagturo Senior Instructor

Numbers (Counting)

Tagalog English Isa Dalawa Tatlo Apat Lima Anim One Two Three Four Five Six

Tagalog Pito Walo Siyam Sampo Labing Isa

English Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven

Labing Dalawa Twelve

Actions & Techniques

Tagalog Patama Hawak Sugod Sinawali Corto Abanico Crossada Tulok Hirada Mano-Mano Ocho-Ocho Hawi Doblada Suntukan Hold Attack Weaving Short Fan Cross Push Forward Hand to Hand Figure Eight Parry Double Movement Boxing English Strike Tagalog Sanga Pakawalan Lumaban Rompida Redonda Largo Palis Palis De Cadena Tusok Mahuli Sungkiti Hawi-Sungkiti Anyo English Block Release Fight Up & Down X Movement Long Sweep Stroke Give & Take Poke/Jab Trap Thrust Parry-Thrust Form (Kata)

Banda y Banda Back & Forth

Cadena De Mano Chain of Hands

Abaniko Doblata Double Fan

Weapons
Tagalog Espada Solo Baston English Sword Single Cane Baston Doble Baston Tagalog Cane Double Cane English

Punyal Daga Yantok Tabak

Knife Dagger Rattan Bolo

Punyo Espada y Daga Bahi Balisong

Sword or Cane Butt Sword & Dagger Iron Reed Butterfly Knife

You can find this answer all over the internet but here is a summary. Arnis or any Filipino martial art is a Weapon based Martial art that use Sticks-depending on style Largo, Media or Carto (Long, medium and short range) for example long staff with blade (sibat) or Dulo-dulo(short stick), Knifes(Balisong-butterfly knives or any type of knife). It also uses several weapons depending on the style of arnis. Whips, projectile weapons or handkerchief (belt) and many more. But the basics, you will only need two rattan sticks, and maybe an armor(Helmet whit neck guard, body armor and hand protection) for sparing depending on the instruction ( you may not be able to use the armor for a while). And if you are lucky, after sticks you may have sword instruction (Barong, Kris or any Filipino style swords) and eventually you are thought empty hands based on the Arnis moves (for the stick is just the extension of your hands) but this is advance techniques