THE NATURE OF PEACE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PEACE EDUCATION (Leo R. Sandy and Ray Perkins, Jr.

) In addition to his work in teacher who seek a world without war. This education at Plymouth State College, paper draws in part on that dialogue, Leo R. Sandy is a veteran of the U.S. and references to participants and ideas Navy and an active member are duly noted. of Veterans for Peace, Inc. He is a cofounder of Peace Studies at Plymouth State College and at Rivier College. Peace: avoiding the way of negation Ray Perkins, Jr. teaches philosophy at Plymouth State College and is the Peace is a word that is uttered almost author of several works concerning war as frequently as truth, beauty, and and peace, including his (forthcoming) love. It may be just as elusive to define Public Epistles of Peace and Justice: as these other virtues. Common Bertrrand Russells Letters to the Editor, synonyms for peace include amity, 1904-1969 (Open Court, 2001) friendship, harmony, concord, tranquility, repose, quiescence, Our scientific power has outrun our truce, pacification, and neutrality. spiritual power. We have guided Likewise, the peacemaker is the missiles and misguided men. -Martin pacifier, mediator, intermediary, and Luther King, Jr. intercessor. While some of these descriptions are appropriate, they are The abolition of war requires the still quite limited in describing both the development of effective nonviolent nature of peace and the role of the alternatives to military struggle -Gene peacemaker. Any attempt to articulate Sharp the nature of peace and peacemaking, therefore, must address those conditions which are favorable to their But war will only end after a great emergence. Freedom, human rights, labour has been performed in altering and justice are among such mens moral ideals, directing them to the prerequisites. Also included are good of all mankind and not only of the proactive strategies such as conflict separate nations into which men happen resolution, nonviolent action, community to have been born. -Bertrand Russell building, and democratization of authority. Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order--in short, of government. -Albert The peace process additionally must Einstein acknowledge and contend with its alternative -- war-- because of the high Several years ago Leo Sandy entered value status of violence. For example, into dialogue with fellow veterans to while war has brought out the worst kind explore the nature of peace and, based of behavior in humans, it has also on their own experiences of war, to brought out some of the best. Aside provide a satisfactory account that could from relieving boredom and monotony, serve as a guide for all peace-makers

war has been shown to spawn selfsacrifice, loyalty, honor, heroism, and courage. It is well known that suicide rates decline during war. Also, war has helped to bring about significant social changes such as racial and sexual integration, freedom, democracy and a sense of national pride. Because of its apparent utilitarian value and its ability to enervate, violence has been solidly embedded in the national psyche of many countries. As a result, its elimination will be no easy feat. Nevertheless, Reardon (1988) insists that peace is the absence of violence in all its forms --physical, social, psychological, and structural (p. 16). But this, as a definition, is unduly negative in that it fails to provide any affirmative picture of peace or its ingredients (Copi and Cohen, p. 195). Perhaps that picture must come, as OKane (1992) suggests, from a close examination of the nature of causes, reasons, goals of war in order that we might ... find ways of reaching human goals without resorting to force. That process should help us uncover the possible conditions of Peace. In its most myopic and limited definition, peace is the mere absence of war. OKane (1992) sees this definition as a vacuous, passive, simplistic, and unresponsive escape mechanism too often resorted to in the past -- without success. This definition also commits a serious oversight: it ignores the residual feelings of mistrust and suspicion that the winners and losers of a war harbor toward each other. The subsequent suppression of mutual hostile feelings is not taken into account by those who define peace so simply. Their stance is that as long as people are not actively engaged in overt,

mutual, violent, physical and destructive activity, then peace exists. This, of course, is just another way of defining cold war. In other words, this simplistic definition is too broad because it allows us to attribute the term peace to states of affairs that are not truly peaceful (Copi and Cohen, p. 194). Unfortunately, this definition of peace appears to be the prevailing one in the world. It is the kind of peace maintained by a peace through strength posture that has led to the arms race, stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and the ultimate threat of mutually assured destruction. This version of peace was defended by the peacekeeper--a name that actually adorns some U.S. nuclear weapons deployed since 1986.1 Also, versions of this name appear on entrances to some military bases. Keeping peace in this manner evokes the theme in Peggy Lees old song, Is That All There is? What this really comes down to is the idea of massive and indiscriminate killing for peace, which represents a morally dubious notion if not a fault of logic. The point here is that a peace which depends upon the threat and intention to kill vast numbers of human beings is hardly a stable or justifiable peace worthy of the name. Those in charge of waging war know that killing is a questionable activity. Otherwise, they would not use such euphemisms as collateral damage and smart bombs to obfuscate it. Some different types of peace One way of clearing up the confusion over terms is to define types of peace and war. Thus, there can be hot war, cold war, cold peace, and hot peace. In hot war, commonly called war, there is a condition of mutual hostility and active

physical engagement through such forms as artillery, missiles, bombs, small arms fire, mortars, flamethrowers, land and sea mines, hand-to-hand combat, and the like. The aim is the destruction of the enemy or his surrender by intimidation. The object is to have a winner and loser. Nationalism reaches its zenith here. In cold war, there is mutual hostility without actual engagement. Intimidation is the sole means of preventing hot war. This condition is characterized by propaganda, war preparations, and arms races--always at the expense of human needs. During a cold war, nationalism prevails, and the object is to have a stalemate where neither side will initiate aggression--nuclear or conventional--because of the overwhelming destructive capability of the retaliatory response. In cold peace, there is almost a neutral view of a previous enemy. There is little mutual hostility but there is also a lack of mutually beneficial interactions aimed at developing trust, interdependence, and collaboration. There may be a longing for an enemy because nothing has replaced it as an object of national concern. In this situation, isolationism and nationalism occur simultaneously. There is no clear objective because there is no well-defined enemy. Perhaps the current U.S. military preoccupation with Iraqs Saddam Hussein and the debilitating decade of sanctions against the Iraqi people are helping to relieve this enemy deficit. The notion that there are still dangerous people in the world is often used to advance the cause of military preparedness and at least some momentum toward a restoration of cold war thinking and behavior. The term

peace dividend that expressed post cold war optimism is hardly verbalized anymore. Now we are (again) advancing ballistic missile defense--a variation of the Reagan Administration s Star Wars debacle, and an inst igator of nuclear proliferation. By contrast, hot peace involves active collaborative efforts designed to build bridges between and among past and present adversaries. This involves searching for common ground and the development of new non-human enemies--threats to the health and wellbeing of humankind and the planet.2 These new enemies could include human rights abuses, air and water pollution, dwindling energy resources, the destruction of the ozone layer, famine, poverty, and ignorance. Hot peace promotes-- and, indeed, is defined by--global interdepedence, human rights, democratization, an effective United Nations, and a diminution of national sovereignty. The object is the proliferation of cooperative relations and mutually beneficial outcomes. Hot peace thinking imagines peace and the abolition of war. Another way of thinking about peace is to have it defined in negative and positive terms. Peace as the mere absence of war is what Woolman (1985) refers to as negative peace. This definition is based on Johan Galtungs ideas of peace. For Galtung, negative peace is defined as a state requiring a set of social structures that provide security and protection from acts of direct physical violence committed by individuals, groups or nations. The emphasis is ...on control of violence. The main strategy is

dissociation, whereby conflicting parties are separated...In general, policies based on the idea of negative peace do not deal with the causes of violence, only its manifestations. Therefore, these policies are thought to be insufficient to assure lasting conditions of peace. Indeed, by suppressing the release of tensions resulting from social conflict, negative peace efforts may actually lead to future violence of greater magnitude. (Woolman, 1985, p.8) The recent wars in the former Yugoslavia are testimony to this. The massive military machine previously provided by the U.S.S.R. put a lid on ethnic hostilities yet did nothing to resolve them thus allowing them to fester and erupt later. Accentuating the positive Positive peace, in contrast, is a pattern of cooperation and integration between major human groups....[It] is about people interacting in cooperative ways; it is about social organizations of diverse peoples who willingly choose to cooperate for the benefit of all humankind; it calls for a system in which there are no winners and losers--all are winners; it is a state so highly valued that institutions are built around it to protect and promote it (OKane, 199192). It also involves the search for positive conditions which can resolve the underlying causes of conflict that produce violence (Woolman, 1985, p.8). The strategies used for this purpose are called associative, and they are characterized by a high level of social interaction [which] enables more rapid resolution of conflict by providing maximum contacts through which solutions may arise (Woolman,

1985, p.8). Woolman also describes the sort of social reorganization that would provide the best opportunity for real peace. Essentially, he espouses Galtungs idea of smallness and decentralization of power and authority. Thus, small scale social organization offers a better environment for encouragement of local autonomy, participation, and high levels of intergroup interaction. Big countries, corporations, and institutions are generally regarded as negative structures because they are prone to depersonalization, excessive centralization of decision-making, and patterns of center-periphery exploitation. Gene Sharp (1980) in his Social Power and Political Freedom adroitly elaborates these points. The condition of smallness does much to reduce feelings of anonymity and powerlessness. It also facilitates the development of relationships which can restore and preserve community values and spiritual needs which should take precedence over the materialism that is so central to Western culture. (Woolman, 1985, p.12). Consistent with these approaches, Reardon (1988) places global justice as the central concept of positive peace and asserts that justice, in the sense of the full enjoyment of the entire range of human rights by all people, is what constitutes positive peace (p.26). In a similar vain, Trostles (1992) comprehensive definition of peace clearly places it within a positive context: [Peace is] a state of well-being that is characterized by trust, compassion, and justice. In this state, we can be encouraged to explore as well as celebrate our diversity, and search for

the good in each other without the concern for personal pain and sacrifice. ... It provides us a chance to look at ourselves and others as part of the human family, part of one world.

The role of the individual peacemaker from this perspective would involve people who, . . . work toward promoting a world in which nonviolent interaction and social equality are the norm. . . . Individuals of conscience should work to create a trickle up theory. . . .by starting at the grassroots level to encourage corporate leaders, political figures, and government officials to establish policies promoting peace and justice. This includes not only participating in government by voting, etc., but also standing against a government that does not operate in the best interest of global harmony. (Trostle, 1992) A peacemaking government would require a system of non-military national service (to). . . include the Peace Corps and exchange student or exchange citizen programs. . .as well as the duty of largely developed nations to share technology and surpluses of any kind with those countries in need and less developed (Trostle, 1992). Offering another broad positive view of peace is MacLeod(1992) who defines it as, an awareness that all humans should have the right to a full and satisfying life. For an individual this means developing his own and his loved ones potential growth, and for reaching out to his neighbors to help assure that they have the same chance. For communities, this

means developing fair regulations for living together, and encouraging programs that will enhance fellowship among its many diverse elements. For nations, this means encouraging its citizens to strive for enhancement of a benign attitude toward all elements of their own society and toward all other nations.

Towards an adequate definition It is difficult not to see in these positive approaches to the definition of peace radical implications for a reorganization of our society and, indeed, our entire world. There is no denying that a positive conception of peace along the lines suggested by Galtung, Sharp, Reardon, et al. would involve fundamental changes on the level of the individual psyche and the nation-state as well. At both levels genuine peace requires the advent of a new self-lessness, a willingness to see our fellow humans as our bothers and sisters, and--as the traditional religions have always counciled--to love them as we love ourselves. But besides this subjective component of each individuals altruistic love, there must be justice which depends on the right sort of social organization. This is Reardons point. It is also implied by Trostles state of well-being ... of global harmony ... part of one world. The suggestion here is that, at the very least, a state of (genuine) peace is something beyond what can be achieved by the traditional system of sovereign nationstates. The problem, of course, is that this system lacks a system of workable law, each state being the ultimate arbiter of whether it will wield force in its pursuit

of national interest or not. Without workable world law its hard to see how there can be justice, and so, peace, in its true sense. The world federalists have expressed this point succinctly but powerfully: There can be no world peace without international justice; no international justice without world law; and no effective world law without institutions to make, interpret and enforce it.3 And the world federalists may be right when they make this requirement of enforceable world law a sine qua non for the abolition of the ageold institution of war itself. Certainly Albert Einstein thought so when he declared that Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order--in short, of government (Einstein, 1968). In conclusion, we believe that a proper definition of peace must include positive characteristics over and above the mere absence of belligerence. Rather, it must include those positive factors that foster cooperation among human groups with ostensibly different cultural patterns so that social justice can be done and human potential can freely develop within democratic political structures. And this--promoting social justice/freedom by democratic means-will almost certainly require more selfless concern at all levels: at the personal level, more brotherly love; and at the international level, less narrow national self-interest-- a goal which we believe will require a diminution of the current system of nation states and the gradual emergence of a world community self-governed by world law. In this way, a truly peaceful world will be a world where war has been made impossible--or, at least much less likely-by a new community where people not only see themselves in their hearts as

part of one human family, but where, in (political-legal-moral) reality, they really are part of such a family. Lessons for peace education Finally, what do these insights about the definition of peace mean for peace makers, and peace educators generally, in the 21st Century? We think they mean first that peace makers must stress that the long range goal of peace education should be the elimination of war as a method of resolving disputes. Reardon (1988) anticipated this when she said that peace education must confront the need to abolish the institution of war (p.24). To date there has not been a widespread perceived need to do so. Establishing the need is a challenge that lies ahead. But, secondly and at least equally important, our reflections about the nature of peace also suggests that the abolition of war will require more than the mere cessation of hostilities among peoples-not that that would be bad if we could get it. The problem is, as we saw earlier, that we probably cant get it without a radical reconstruction of interpersonal and international relations along the lines suggested by our earlier examination. And paramount among these relations are the ideas of social justice and world law. The importance of these ideas in successfully pursuing the quest of abolishing war is, we think, an equally important implication for the future of peace education. Of course, the quest for peace and the abolition of war will be a long one requiring us to dig deeper into the very depths of the human and institutional psyches which lead civilized peoples to resort to force and, hopefully, to find and build the elusive peace. This quest requires that we teach for peace and not just about

peace.

uotes Listed alphabetically by author Better than a thousand hollow words Is one word that brings peace. Better than a thousand hollow verses Is one verse that brings peace. ~ Gautama Buddha

The first peace, which is the most important, is that which comes within the souls of people when they realize their relationship, their oneness, with the universe and all its powers, and when they realize that at the center of the universe dwells Wakan-Tanka, and that this center is really everywhere, it is within each of us. ~ Black Elk

The pursuit of peace and progress, with its trials and errors, its successes and setbacks, can never be relaxed and never abandoned. ~ Dag Hammarskjld

I do not want the peace that passeth understanding. I want the

understanding which bringeth peace. ~Helen Keller

Peace hath her victories No less renowned than war. ~ John Milton

All we are saying is give peace a chance. ~ John Lennon

There is no way to peace; peace is the way. ~A. J. Muste

Get out there and get peace. Think peace, live peace, and breathe peace and you'll get it as soon as you like. ~ John Lennon There are only two powers in this world, the sword and the spirit ... in the long run the sword is always beaten by the spirit. ~ Napoleon I of France

What's so funny 'bout Peace, Love, and Understanding? ~ Nick Lowe

It isn't enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it. And it isn't enough to believe in it. One must work at it. ~ Eleanor Roosevelt

Peace comes from being able to

contribute the best that we have,

Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. ~ Baruch Spinoza

and all that we are, toward

creating a world that supports

everyone. But it is also securing

the space for others to contribute

the best that they have and all Recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. ~ Universal Declaration of Human Rights

that they are.

Hafsat Abiola in Architects of Peace: Visions of Hope in Words and Images (2000) edited by Michael Collopy

Peace at home, peace in the world.

Observe good faith and justice towards all Nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all. ~ George Washington

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk , as quoted in many sources including, Atatrk (1963) by Ulu demir, p. 200; and Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus (2000) by

Svante E. Cornell, p. 287; this later became the motto of the Republic of Turkey.

If you keep your mind stayed

on Jesus, he'll give you peace, that

There is no trust more sacred than passes all understanding. the one the world holds with

Archbishop LeRoy Bailey Jr, Senior Pastor of The First Cathedral from a sermon entitled "We Need GOD" (14 June 2007).

children. There is no duty more

important than ensuring that their

rights are respected, that their

The first peace, which is the most

welfare is protected, that their

important, is that which comes

lives are free from fear and want

from within the souls of men

and that they grow up in peace.

when they realize their

Kofi Annan, in "Foreword" to The State of the World's Children 2000

relationship, their oneness, with

the universe and all its powers,

and when they realize that at the

center of the universe

dwells Wakan-Tanka, and that this

that true peace which is within the

center is really everywhere, it is

souls of men.

within each of us. This is the real

Black Elk in The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux (1953).

peace, and the others are but

Better than a thousand hollow

reflections of this. The second words peace is that which is made Is one word that brings peace. between two individuals, and the Better than a thousand hollow verses Is one verse that brings peace. third is that which is made Better than a hundred hollow lines Is one line of the law, bringing peace.

between two nations. But above

Gautama Buddha in "The Thousands" from the Dhammapada as translated by Thomas Byrom

all you should understand that

there can never be peace between

nations until there is first known

No matter what someone else has

done, it still matters how we treat

people. It matters to our humanity

What all men are really after is some

that we treat offenders according

form, or perhaps only some

to standards that we recognize as

formula, of peace.

just. Justice is not revenge it's

Joseph Conrad, in Under Western Eyes (1911)

deciding for a solution that is

There never was a good war, or a

oriented towards peace, peace

bad peace.

being the harder but more human

Benjamin Franklin, Letter to Josiah Quincy (1783)

way of reacting to injury. That is

We look forward to the time when

the very basis of the idea of rights.

Judith Butler, interview in The Believer Magazine - Issue 2

the Power of Love will replace the

Love of Power. Then will our world

Peace is a resistance to the terrible

know the blessings of peace.

satisfactions of war.

Judith Butler, interview in The Believer Magazine - Issue 2

British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (18091898), quoted in The Forbes Book of Business Quotations (1997) edited by Edward C. Goodman and Ted Goodman, p. 639;

Gladstone's words are very similar to those attributed to musician Jimi Hendrix a century later: "When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace."

can we reach that strength and

independence, that unity of

purpose, that equity of judgment

Our work for peace must begin which are necessary if we are to within the private world of each measure up to our duty to the one of us. To build for man a future, as men of a generation to world without fear, we must be whom the chance was given to without fear. To build a world of build in time a world of peace. justice, we must be just. And how

Dag Hammarskjld, in UN Press Release SG/360 (22 December 1953)

can we fight for liberty if we are

not free in our own minds? How

The pursuit of peace and progress

can we ask others to sacrifice if we

cannot end in a few years in either

are not ready to do so?... Only in

victory or defeat. The pursuit of

true surrender to the interest of all

peace and progress, with its trials

and its errors, its successes and its

don't do it, if we align ourselves

setbacks, can never be relaxed and

with one side or the other, we will

never abandoned.

lose our chance to work for peace.

Dag Hammarskjld, in United Nations Bulletin Vol. XVI, No. 4 (15 February 1954)

Reconciliation is to understand

both sides, to go to one side and

The situation of the world is still describe the suffering being like this. People completely endured by the other side, and identify with one side, one then to go to the other side and ideology. To understand the describe the suffering being suffering and the fear of a citizen of endured by the first side. Doing the Soviet Union, we have to only that will be a great help for become one with him or her. To do peace. so is dangerous we will be

Thich Nhat Hanh, Being Peace, 1987 edition, Parallax Press, Berkeley, CA.

suspected by both sides. But if we

The only way to abolish war is to

Maybe tomorrow when He looks

make peace heroic.

down

James Hinton, Philosophy and Religion: Selections from the Manuscripts of the Late James Hinton, ed. Caroline Haddon, (2nd ed., London: 1884), p. 267. Widely misattributed on the internet to John Dewey, who actually attributes it to Hinton in Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology (New York: 1922), p. 115.

Every green field and every town

All of his children every nation

There'll be peace and good,

brotherhood

Crystal blue persuasion

Tommy James, Eddie Gray and Mike Vale, Crystal Blue Persuasion (1969)

They shall beat their swords into

ploughshares, and their spears

Blessed are the peacemakers; for

into pruning-hooks: nation shall they shall be called the children of not lift up sword against nation, God. neither shall they learn war any

Yeshua (Jesus Christ) Matthew 5:9

more.

Isaiah 2:4

I do not want the peace that

institutions needed to regulate the

passeth understanding. I want the

challenges.

understanding which bringeth

peace.

Steve Killelea, Founder of the Global Peace Index in The Study of Industries that Prosper in Peace - the "Peace Industry" (2008)

Helen Keller, as quoted in Henry More: The Rational Theology of a Cambridge Plattonist (1962) by Aharon Lichtenstein

True peace is not merely the

absence of tension: it is the

Peace is the essential prerequisite

presence of justice.

because without peace we will be

unable to achieve the levels of

Martin Luther King, Jr., during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, as quoted by Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1982)

cooperation, inclusiveness and

We will not build a peaceful world

social equity necessary to solve our by following a negative path. It is global challenges, let alone not enough to say "We must not empower the international wage war." It is necessary to love

peace and sacrifice for it. We must

genius for the purpose of making

concentrate not merely on the

peace and prosperity a reality for

negative expulsion of war, but on

all of the nations of the world. In

the positive affirmation of peace.

short, we must shift the arms race

... We must see that peace

into a "peace race". If we have the

represents a sweeter music, a

will and determination to mount

cosmic melody that is far superior

such a peace offensive, we will

to the discords of war. Somehow

unlock hitherto tightly sealed doors

we must transform the dynamics of

of hope and transform our

the world power struggle from the

imminent cosmic elegy into a

negative nuclear arms race which

psalm of creative fulfillment.

no one can win to a positive

Martin Luther King, Jr, in his Nobel lecture (11 December 1964)

contest to harness man's creative

Make love, not war.

Gershon Legman in his lecture Love and death (and schmutz): G. Legman's second thoughts held at University of Ohio in 1963. (According to Dudar, H. (1984, May 1))

History by David Pritchard and Alan Lysaght (1998), p. 285.

Imagine all the people living life in

peace. You may say I'm a dreamer,

All we are saying is give peace a but I'm not the only one. I hope chance.

John Lennon in "Give Peace A Chance" Remember love. The only hope for any of us is peace. Violence begets violence. If you want to get peace, you can get it as soon as you like if we all pull together. You're all geniuses and you're all beautiful. You don't need anybody to tell you who you are or what you are. You are what you are. Get out there and get peace. Think peace, live peace, and breathe peace and you'll get it as soon as you like. Okay?

someday you'll join us, and the

world will live as one.

John Lennon in "Imagine"

If you wish for peace, understand

war.

Basil Liddell Hart, Strategy (1967)

What's so funny 'bout Peace, Love,

John Lennon to the press in July 1969 after the release of the Plastic Ono Band's single "Give Peace a Chance", as quoted in The Beatles : An Oral

and Understanding?

Nick Lowe, in "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding" (1974), which

became a hit as sung by Elvis Costello.

demands of the sophisticated

Peace is not the absence of

conservatives, must be stopped; to

anything. Real peace is the

have peace without slump, the

presence of something

tactics and policies of the practical

beautiful. Both peace and the

right must be overcome. The

thirst for it have been in the heart

political and economic power of

of every human being in every

both must be broken. The power of

century and every civilization.

these giants of main drift is both

Maharaji; Address to faculty, students and guests at Harvard University's Sanders Theater (August 2004)

economically and politically

anchored; both unions and an

To have peace and not war, the drift

independent labor party are

toward a war economy, as

needed to struggle effective.

facilitated by the moves and the

C. Wright Mills in "The New Men of Power" (1948)

The American elite does not have

Peace hath her victories

any real image of peace other

No less renowned than war.

than as an uneasy interlude

John Milton, "Sonnett: To the Lord General Cromwell" (1652)

existing precariously by virtue of

There is no way to peace; peace is

the balance of mutual fright. The

the way.

only seriously accepted plan for

A. J. Muste, as quoted in The New York Times, (16 November 1967), Variant: There is no way to peace, peace is the only way.

peace is the full loaded pistol. In

short, war or a high state of war-

preparedness is felt to be the

normal and seemingly permanent

condition of the United States.

A. J. Muste, as quoted in The Peasant's Revolt : McCarthy 1968 (1969) by William P. McDonald and Jerry G. Smoke; these statements have also become attributed to Mahatma Gandhi and Doris Twitchell Allen

C. Wright Mills in The Power Elite (1956)

We cannot have peace if we are

only concerned with peace. War is

not an accident. It is the logical

If they want peace, nations should

outcome of a certain way of life. If

avoid the pin-pricks that precede

we want to attack war, we have to

cannon shots.

attack that way of life.

Napoleon I of France, to Alexander I of Russia at Tilsit (25 June 1807), as quoted in Libretto for the Republic of Liberia (1953) by Melvin Beaunorus Tolson

Disarmament cannot be achieved

nor can the problem of war be

Do you know what I admire most in

resolved without being the world? The inability of force to accompanied by profound changes organize anything. There are only in the economic order and the two powers in this world, the structure of society.

A. J. Muste, as quoted in Our Generation Against Nuclear War (1983) by Dimitrios I. Roussopoulos, p. 430

sword and the spirit ... in the long

run the sword is always beaten by

the spirit.

Napoleon I of France, in an 1808 conversation with Louis-

Marcelin de Fontanes, quoted in Madame de Stal et Napolon (1903) by Henri Guillemin, p. 185, as translated in Dictatorship and Political Police: The Technique of Control by Fear (1945) by Ernest Kohn Bramsted

Most anarchists believe the coming

change can only come through

a revolution, because the

Variants: Fontanes, do you know what I admire most in the world ? It is the powerlessness of force to organize anything. There are only two powers in the world, the sword and the mind .... In the long run the sword is always vanquished by the mind.

possessing class will not allow a

peaceful change to take place; still

we are willing to work for peace at

As quoted in "French Literature" by William Koren, in Modern Language Notes, Vol. XX, No. 3, (March 1905), p.97

any price, except at the price

of liberty.

The more I study the world, the more am I convinced of the inability of brute force to create anything durable.

Lucy Parsons, in The Principles of Anarchism

It isn't enough to talk about peace.

As quoted by Charles Sumner, "War System of the Commonwealth of Nations" (1849), in The works of Charles Sumner (1870), Vol. 2, p. 224 One must believe in it. And it isn't

enough to believe in it. One must

work at it.

Eleanor Roosevelt, Voice of America broadcast (11 November 1951)

thought but of an If, as, "If you said

so then I said so"; and they shook

Sometimes there's truth in old hands and swore brothers. Your If cliches. There can be no real peace is the only peace-maker; much without justice. And without virtue in If. resistance there will be no justice.

Arundhati Roy, speech on Accepting the Sydney Peace Prize (7 November 2004) Sydney IMC article Peace?... Full speech

William Shakespeare, As You Like It (c.1599-1600), Act V, scene 4, line 100.

That it should hold companionship

All these you may avoid but the Lie

in peace

Direct; and you may avoid that too,

With honour, as in war; since that

with an If. I knew when seven

to both

justices could not take up a

It stands in like request.

quarrel, but when the parties were

William Shakespeare, Coriolanus (c. 1607-08), Act III, scene 2, line 49.

met themselves, one of them

A peace is of the nature of a

* Peace,

conquest;

Dear nurse of arts, plenties and

For then both parties nobly are

joyful births.

subdued,

William Shakespeare, Henry V (c. 1599), Act V, scene 2, line 34.

And neither party loser.

William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part II (c. 1597-99), Act IV, scene 2, line 89.

Still in thy right hand carry gentle

peace,

In peace there's nothing so becomes

To silence envious tongues.

a man

William Shakespeare, Henry VIII (1613), Act III, scene 2, line 445.

As modest stillness and humility.

William Shakespeare, Henry V (c. 1599), Act III, scene 1, line 3.

To reap the harvest of perpetual

peace,

By this one bloody trial of sharp

war.

William Shakespeare, Richard III (c. 1591), Act V, scene 2, line 15.

Paul of Tarsus, Romans 14:19

A state of human life vaguely

Peace is not an absence of war, it is

defined by the term "Universal

a virtue, a state of mind, a

Peace," while a result of

disposition for benevolence,

cumulative effort through

confidence, justice.

Baruch Spinoza, in TheologicalPolitical Treatise (1670)

centuries past, might come into

existence quickly, not unlike a

If slavery, barbarism and desolation

crystal suddenly forms in a

are to be called peace, men can

solution which has been slowly

have no worse misfortune.

prepared. But just as no effect can

Baruch Spinoza, in Political Treatise (1677) precede its cause, so this state can

So, then, let us pursue the things

never be brought on by any pact

making for peace and the things

between nations, however solemn.

that are upbuilding to one another.

Experience is made before the law

is formulated, both are related like

to a common desire, will peace be

cause and effect. So long as we are

assured.

clearly conscious of the

To judge from current events we

expectation, that peace is to result

must be, as yet, very distant from

from such a parliamentary

that blissful goal. It is true that we

decision, so long have we a

are proceeding towards it rapidly.

conclusive evidence that we are

There are abundant signs of this

not fit for peace. Only then when

progress everywhere. The race

we shall feel that such

enmities and prejudices are

international meetings are mere

decidedly waning.

formal procedures, unnecessary

Nikola Tesla, in "The Transmission of Electrical Energy without wires as a means for furthering Peace" in Electrical World and Engineer (7 January 1905)

except in so far as they might

serve to give definite expression

Recognition of the inherent dignity

Peace will come wherever it is

and of the equal and inalienable

sincerely invited.

rights of all members of the

Alice Walker in Living by the word: selected writings, 19731987, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 192, (1989)

human family is the foundation of

freedom, justice and peace in the

To be prepared for war is one of the

world.

most effectual means of

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Preamble

preserving peace.

George Washington, First Annual Address to both Houses of Congress (8 January 1790)

From somewhere in the

Mediterranean this is The Voice

Observe good faith and justice

of Peace

Station identification of Israeli humanist and peace activist Abie Nathan's pirate offshore radio Voice of Peace

towards all Nations; cultivate

peace and harmony with all.

George Washington, in his Farewell Address (17 September 1796)

Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or internati onal relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political

order that serves the true interests of all. In international relations, peacetime is not only the absence of war or conflict, but also the presence of cultural and economic understanding and unity.There is also a sense of tolerance in international relations for the realization of true peace.
Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology 2 Religious beliefs and peace 2.1 Inner peace 2.2 Satyagraha 3 Justice and injustice 4 Movements and activism 4.1 Peace movement 4.2 Pacifism 4.3 Organizations 4.3.1 United Nations 4.3.2 Nobel Peace Prize 4.3.3 Gandhi Peace Prize 4.3.4 Paul Bartlett R Peace Prize 4.3.5 Student Peace Prize 4.3.6 Other 5 Monuments
o o o o o

6 Theories 6.1 Game theory 6.2 Democratic peace theory 6.3 Active Peace Theory 6.4 Many Peaces 6.5 Trans-rational Peaces 7 Peace and conflict studies 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links
o o o o o

[Etymology From the Latin pax, meaning "freedom from civil disorder," the English word came into use

in various personal greetings from c.1300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Shalom, cognate with the Arabic "salaam", has multiple meanings: safety, welfare, prosperity, security, fortune, friendliness. The personalized meaning is reflected in a nonviolent lifestyle, which also describes a relationship between any people

characterized by respect, justice and goodwill. This later understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's sense of himself or herself, as to be "at peace" with one's own mind attested in Europe from c.1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting a calm, serene, and meditative approach to the family or group relationships that avoids

quarreling and seeks tranquility an absence of disturbance or agitation. In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word Salam . In English the word peace is used as a farewell, especially for the dead as in Rest In Peace, RIP. [edit]Religious

beliefs

and peace

"Peace of God" redirects here. For the medieval movement, see Peace and Truce of God.

Gari Melchers, Mural of Peace, 1896.

The Peace symbol in 1701 displayed by Pope Clement XI.

Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including the conflicts between, among, and within persons. Christians claim Jesus of Nazareth to be the "Prince of Peace", the Messiah Christ who established a Kingdom of Peace where persons, societies, and all of creation are to be healed of evil. For persons to enter this Kingdom and experience peace,

Christians believe that one must develop a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, who stated: "Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden light." (Matthew 11:28-30)

Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. To eliminate suffering and achieve this peace, they follow a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam means the way of life to attain peace. The word "Muslim" means the person who submits to Allah in Peace. The submission to Allah (the Arabic

proper noun for "The God", One and Only) is based on humility. An attitude of humility within one's own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence and attitude of alliance towards peace. See also: Catholic peace traditions and Peace in Islamic philosophy [edit]Inner

peace

Main article: Inner peace

Inner peace (or peace of mind) refers to a state of being mentally and spiritually at peace, with enough knowledge and understanding to keep oneself strong in the face of discord or stress. Being "at peace" is considered by many to be healthy homeostasis and the opposite of being stressed or anxious. Peace of mind is

generally associated with bliss and happiness. Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some cultures, inner peace is considered a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various forms of training, such as prayer, meditation, t'ai chi ch'uan (, tijqun) or yoga, for

example. Many spiritual practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself. Finding inner peace is often associated with traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. Inner peace is also well known as the first of four concepts to living life in the acronym PLUR.

[edit]Satyagraha Main article: Satyagraha Satyagraha (Sanskrit: s

atygraha) is a philosophy and

practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as "Mahatma" Gandhi) said to have been inspired by Henry D. Thoreau's 1848 essay "Civil Disobedience". Gandhi deployed satyagraha in

campaigns for Indian independence and also during his earlier struggles inSouth Africa. Satyagraha theory also influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. during the campaigns he led during the civil rights movement in the United States. The theory of satyagraha sees means and ends as inseparable. Therefore, it is contradictory to try to use violence to obtain peace. As

Gandhi wrote: They say, 'means are, after all, means'. I would say, 'means are, after all, everything'. As the means so [1] the end... [edit]Justice

and

injustice
Since classical times, it has been noted that peace has sometimes been achieved by the victor over the vanquished by the imposition of ruthless measures. In his

book Agricola the Roman historian Tacitus includes eloquent and vicious polemics against the rapacity and greed of Rome. One, that Tacitus says is by the British chieftain Calgacus, ends Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. (To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and

where they make a desert, they call it peace. Oxford Revised Translation). [edit]Movements

and activism
Peace movement
A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence

in a particular place or type of situation, often linked to the goal of achieving world peace. Means to achieve these ends usually include advocacy of pacifism, non-violent resistance, diplomacy, boycotts, moral purchasing, supporting anti-war political candidates,demonstrations, and lobbying to create legislation.

[edit]Pacifism Main article: Pacifism Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved; to calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war; to opposition to any organization of

society through governmental force (anarchist or libertarian pacifism ); to rejection of the use of physical violence to obtain political, economic or social goals; to opposition to violence under any circumstance, including defense of self and others. Pacifism may be based on moral principles (a deontological view)

or pragmatism (a consequentiali st view). Principled pacifism holds that at some point along the spectrum from war to interpersonal physical violence, such violence becomes morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and interpersonal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found. Pacifists in general reject theories of Just War.

Ten Commandments for Peace of Mind

How to attain mental peace
From Shri Gyan Rajhans,

See More About:

prayers chants meditation yoga pranayama

is the most sought after 'commodity' in human life. It appears that most of us are in a state of perpetual restlessness. On analyzing the causes of this restlessness, I have ventured to find for myself ten solutions that need to be followed religiously if we are serious about achieving perfect peace of mind.
Peace of mind

1. Do not interfere in others' business Most of us create our own problems by interfering too often in others' affairs. We do so because somehow we have convinced ourselves that our way is the best way, our logic is the

perfect logic, and those who do not conform to our thinking must be criticized and steered to the right direction, our direction. This kind of attitude on our part denies the existence of individuality and consequently the existence of God, for God has created each one of us in a unique way. No two human beings can think or act in exactly the same way. All men or women act the way they do because they are prompted to do so by the Divine within them. There is God to look after everything. Why are you bothered? Mind your own business and you will have your peace. 2. Forget and forgive

This is the most powerful aid to peace of mind. We often nurture ill feeling inside our heart for the person who insults or harms us. We forget that the insult or injury was done to us once but by nourishing the grievance we go on excavating the wound forever. Therefore it is essential that we cultivate the art of forgiving and forgetting. Believe in the justice of God and the doctrine of Karma. Let Him judge the act of the one who insulted you. Life is too short to waste in such trifles. Forget, forgive, and march on. 3. Do not crave for recognition

This world is full of selfish people. They seldom praise anybody without selfish motive. They may praise you today because you are rich and have power but no sooner you are powerless, they will forget your achievement and start criticizing you. Moreover, no one is perfect. Then why do you value the words of praise of another mortal like you? Why do you crave for recognition? Believe in yourself. People's praises do not last long. Do your duties ethically and sincerely and leave the rest to God. 4. Do not be jealous We all have experienced how jealousy can disturb our peace of mind. You

know you work harder than your colleagues in the office but they get promotions, you do not. You started a business several years ago but you are not as successful as your neighbor whose business is only one year old. Should you be jealous? No, remember everybody's life is shaped by his previous Karma that has now become his destiny. If you are destined to be rich, not all the world can stop you. If you are not so destined, no one can help you either. Nothing will be gained by blaming others for your misfortune. Jealousy will not get you anywhere, but will only give you restlessness.

5. Change yourself according to the environment If you try to change the environment single handedly, the chances are you may fail. Instead, change yourself to suit the environment. As you do this, even the environment, which has remained unfriendly for you, will mysteriously appear to be congenial and harmonious. 6. Endure what cannot be cured This is the best way to turn a disadvantage into an advantage. Every day we face numerous inconveniences, ailments, irritations and accidents that are beyond our control. We must learn to endure them

cheerfully thinking, "God will it so, so be it". God's logic is beyond our comprehension. Believe it and you will gain in patience, in inner strength, in will power. 7. Do not bite more than you can chew This maxim should be always remembered. We often tend to take more responsibilities than we are capable to carry out. This is done to satisfy our ego. Know your limitations. Spend your free time on prayers, introspection and meditation. This will reduce those thoughts in your mind, which make you restless.

Fewer the thoughts, greater is the peace of mind. 8. Meditate regularly Meditation makes the mind thoughtless. This is the highest state of peace of mind. Try and experience it. If you meditate earnestly for half an hour every day, you will tend to become calm during the remaining twenty-three and a half hours. Your mind will not be disturbed as much as before. This will increase your efficiency and you will turn out more work in less time. 9. Never leave the mind vacant

An empty mind is devil's workshop. All evil deeds start in the mind. Keep your mind occupied in something positive, something worthwhile. Actively follow a hobby. You must decide what you value more - money or peace of mind. Your hobby, like social work may not always earn you more money, but you will have a sense of fulfillment and achievement. Even if you are resting physically, occupy yourself in healthy reading or mental chanting of God's name (japa). 10. Do not procrastinate and never regret Do not waste time in wondering "should I or shouldn't I?" Days,

weeks, months and years may be wasted in that futile mental debating. You can never plan enough because you can never anticipate all future happenings. Always remember God has His own plan too. Value your time and do things. It does not matter if you fail the first time. You can rectify your mistakes and succeed the next time. Sitting back and worrying will lead to nothing. Learn from your mistakes but do not brood over the past. DO NOT REGRET! Whatever happened was destined to happen only that way. Take it as the will of God. You do not have the power to alter the course of God's will. Why cry?

May God help you remain at peace With yourself and the world Om shanti shanti shanti

Peace Quotes He who joyfully marches to music in rank and file has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would fully suffice. This disgrace to civilization should be done away with at once. Heroism at command, senseless brutality, deplorable love-ofcountry stance, how violently I hate all this, how despicable and ignoble war is; I would rather be torn to shreds than be a part of

so base an action! It is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder. Albert Einstein Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron. Dwight Eisenhower, 1953 speech

Imagine all the people living life in peace You may say I'm a dreamer, but I'm not the only one. I hope someday you'll join us, and the world will live as one. John Lennon One day we

Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable. John F. Kennedy It is easier to lead men to combat, stirring up their passion, than to restrain them and direct them toward the patient labours of peace. Andre Gide I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is

must come to see that peace is not merely a distant goal we seek, but that it is a means by which we arrive at that goal. We must pursue peaceful ends through peaceful means. Martin Luther King Jr. The problems that exist in the world

only temporary; the evil it does is permanent. Mohandas Gandhi Conflict is inevitable, but combat is optional. Max Lucade

today cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them. Albert Einstein Peace is more precious than a piece of land. Anwar Sadat

Permanent good can never be the outcome of untruth and violence. Mohandas Gandhi Nuclear Weapons . . . I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but

Peace has its victories no less than war, but it doesn't have as many monuments to unveil. Kin

World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones Albert Einstein

Hubbard

Nonviolence is the supreme law of life. You can no Indian more win a war Proverb than you can win an earthquake. Peace is the Jeanette one condition Rankin, of survival in first woman this nuclear Member of age. Congress Adlai E. A peace that Stevenson comes from fear and not A Change of from the heart Heart . . . is the opposite of peace. If in our daily life we can smile, Gersonides if we can be I like to believe that people in the peaceful and long run are going to do more to happy,

promote peace than our not only we, governments. Indeed, I think that but everyone people want peace so much will profit that, one of these days, from it. This governments had better get out is the most of the way and let them have it. basic kind of peace Dwight D. Eisenhower work. Thich Nhat Hanh Peace cannot be achieved through violence, it can only be attained through understanding. Ralph Waldo Emerson Non-violence leads to the highest ethics, which is the If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other. Mother Teresa Peace is not an absence of war, it is a virtue, a state of

goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages. Thomas Alva Edison The opposite of war is not peace; it's creation. Unknown

mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice. Baruch Spinoza The life of inner peace, being harmonious and without stress, is the easiest type of existence. Norman Vincent Peale

Peace is rarely denied to the peaceful. Johann von Schiller The world is a dangerous place to

Nothing can bring you peace but yourself;

live, not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it. Albert Einstein Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal. Martin Luther King Jr.

nothing, but the triumph of principles. Ralph Waldo Emerson Freedom, Equality, and Peace You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom. Malcolm X Darkness cannot drive out darkness;

Nonviolence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time; the need for mankind to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence.

Mankind must evolve for all human conflict a method which rejects revenge, aggression, and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love. Martin Luther King, December 11, 1964

only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence, and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction. . . . The chain reaction of evil hate begetting hate, wars producing more wars must be broken, or we shall be plunged into

the dark abyss of annihilation. Martin Luther King, Jr. We seek peace, knowing that peace is the climate of freedom. Dwight D. Eisenhower Importance of Dialogue . . . If we are to live together in peace, we must come to know each other better. Lyndon Baines Johnson Peace and friendship with all mankind is our wisest policy, and I wish we may be permitted to pursue it. Thomas Jefferson If you want to make peace, you don't talk to your friends.

When the power of love overcomes the love of power, the world will know peace. Jimi Hendrix

You talk to your enemies. Moshe Dayan If we are to teach real peace in this world, and if we are to carry on a real war against war, we shall have to begin with the children. Mohandas Gandhi

Write us at imagine_peace@att.net.