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Agriculture And Industry

Describe how Increasing Temperature can affect the rate of chemical reactions: Increasing the temperature provides particles with more energy so there is a greater frequency of collisions that have a combined kinetic energy greater or equal to the activation energy for the reaction. This increases the frequency of particles which react over a period of time increasing the rate of reaction.

Describe how Increasing Pressure can affect the rate of chemical reactions: Increasing Pressure causes particles to be in closer proximity of each other so there is a greater chance of particles that have a combined kinetic energy greater or equal to the activation energy for the reaction. This increases the frequency of particles which react over a period of time increasing the rate of reaction.

Describe how adding a Catalyst to a system can affect the rate of reaction: Adding a catalyst lowers the activation enthalpy of a reaction increasing the proportion of colliding particles with a combined kinetic energy greater or equal to the activation enthalpy thus increasing the rate of reaction.

Define Dynamic Equilibrium: A process occurring in a closed system so that the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction causing the amounts of reactants and products to appear to remain constant.

What is Le Chateliers Principle? If a condition of a system is changed; the position of equilibrium will change to counteract the change as far as possible. If the position of equilibrium moves to the right the yield of products will increase.

How do Catalysts affect the position of equilibrium? They dont. But they increase the rate at which equilibrium is reached.

Explain the comprises that industries consider when choosing temperature pressure and whether to include catalysts in chemical processes. Temperature: High temperatures increase the rate of reactions so more product will be made in a shorter space of time, but the energy/fuel required to maintain the temperatures is expensive. Pressure: Higher pressures increase the rate of gaseous reactions, but running the pumps (to pump the gas into the reaction vessel) is expensive. High pressures are dangerous; reaction vessels must be reinforced with strong thick steel and incorporate safety systems leading to higher costs. Catalysts: Catalysts are expensive but they speed up the reaction possibly eliminating the need for high temperatures. Catalysts do not get used up; so they are a good investment.

What is a partial pressure and how is it calculated? The equivalent to concentration of a gas. The mole fraction of a gas multiplied by the total pressure used in calculating the equilibrium constant Kp. p(A) = {(Number of moles of A)/(Total number of moles of gas)} x Total pressure of system

Explain why some conditions affect Equilibrium constants and others dont: ONLY CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE cause the equilibrium constants to change. Increasing the temperature will cause the position of equilibrium to move in the endothermic direction; if more product is produced Kp and Kc will increase, if more reactants are produced Kp and Kc will decrease. Increasing the pressure causes the partial pressures of reactants and products to increase; impacting the side of the equation with more molecules of gas. The position of equilibrium moves to the side with fewer molecules of gas to counteract this change so Kp and Kc stays constant. Catalysts do not affect Kp and Kc because they affect the forward and reverse reactions equally.

Describe the structural nature of Nitrogen gas: Nitrogen (N2(g)) exists as a diatomic molecule with a triple covalent bond, sharing 6 electrons, 3 from each atom.

Describe how ammonia and ammonium ions are formed: A nitrogen atom forms 3 separate covalent bonds with 3 hydrogen atoms to from ammonia (NH3). This leaves a lone pair available to form a dative covalent bond with a Hydrogen ion (H+) to form the ammonium ion (NH4+).

Describe the 3 oxides of nitrogen that the syllabus requires: NO; Nitrogen(II) oxide/nitrogen monoxide/ nitric oxide; Colourless gas. NO2; Nitrogen(IV) oxide/nitrogen dioxide; brown stinky toxic gas. N2O; Nitrogen(I) oxide/Nitrous Oxide/Dinitrogen monoxide/Laughing gas; Colourless sweet smelling gas.

Outline the ways in which chemicals are used in food production (other than ingredients...): Fertilising the soil; this provides crops with extra nutrients encouraging growth however: -Rain can wash the fertilisers into lakes/rivers which cause excessive algae growth, shielding the light from other plants, causing them to die, leading to a build up of bacteria respiring further depleting the water of oxygen. -NO3- ions (Nitrate(V) ions) from the fertilisers get into drinking water, possible health risks to young children especially. Acid Neutralisation; Chemicals such as limestone (Calcium carbonate - CaCO3) or lime (Calcium hydroxide - Ca(OH)2) are used to neutralise the acid build up in plants and raise the pH improving the growth of the crop. Killing Pests; Pesticides are used to kill insects/weeds/moulds (pests), increasing crop yield and quality, however: -Can kill non pest organisms (bees?) which are beneficial to the crop -Some pesticides dont break down easily they accumulate in the food chain and pose serious health risks to larger species -As with fertilisers they can be washed from the soil and get into drinking water; health risk!

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