Introduction Prefix Pico Nano Micro Milli Centi Deci Kilo Mega Giga Tera Symb ol p n m c d k M G T Sci. Not.

. 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 103 106 109 1012

Period & Frequency Period (T): time needed to repeat one complete cycle of motion Frequency (f): number of cycles that take place in one second; 1 cycle/s = 1 Hz Force of compressed or stretched spring F = kx F: force k: spring constant x: amount spring has been stretched or compressed Scalar and Vector quantities Scalar Quantity: quantity that tells you only magnitude (mass, distance and temperature) Vector Quantity: quantity that has magnitude and direction (displacement and velocity) Distance and Displacement Distance is the total length an object has moved and has no direction associated with it. Displacement is the straight-line distance between two points, and is a vector which points from an object's initial position towards its final position. (If you end where you started, displacement is 0) Speed and Velocity Average Speed: amount of distance a moving object covers divided by the amount of time to cover that distance. v=d/t Acceleration Average acceleration: rate of change of velocity between t0 and t1 a=v1-v0/t1-t0 Equations of motion Velocity with constant acceleration v1=v0+at Final position with constant acceleration d=do+1/2(v0+v1)t; d=do+vot+1/2at2 Final velocity with constant acceleration v12=v02+2a(d1-d0) Gravitational Field Strength A gravitational field exists for all objects that have mass. At the Earth's surface Earths GFS is g=9.80m/s2. Weight is the force of gravity acting on a body. Weight is the product of the mass of an object and the acceleration due to gravity that is acting on an object w=mg. Mass is a constant that does not change with location. Weight is not a constant and does change depending on the location of the object Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation States that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F=G(m1m2/r2)

F: gravitational force in Newtons G: universal gravitational constant 6.67x10-11 Nm2/kg2 m1, m2: the 2 masses r: the distance between the centres of the 2 masses Newtons Laws of Motion 1. Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) A body at rest stays at rest, and a body in motion stays in motion, unless it is acted on by an external force Inertia: tendency of an object to resist change Equilibrium: when the net force on an object is at 0; occurs in state of rest or constant velocity 2. Newtons Second Law of Motion (Law of Force and Acceleration) A force acting on a mass causes that mass to accelerate in the direction of the force. The acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass. 3. Newtons Third Law of Motion (Law of Action and Reaction) For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Action-reaction pairs act on different bodies, and they do not cancel each other. (Force a book exerts on a table and the force a table exerts on a book). [Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on the first body] Friction Kinetic Friction: The friction between two surfaces when one surface is moving relative to the other fK: force of kinetic friction Static Friction: The friction between two surfaces when the surfaces are not moving relative to each other fs: force of static friction Force of friction = fx = FN : coefficient of friction FN: normal force (the reaction force to an object's weight) = fx/FN fx = (FN)

Dynamics in One Dimension Momentum The momentum of an objects is the product of its mass and its velocity p=mv p: momentum in kgm/s, m: mass in kg v: velocity in m/s. Change in momentum: p=(mv) Impulse The product of the average net force exerted on an object and the time interval over which the force acts. Impulse = FT F: average force in Newtons t: time that the force is applied. Impulse and Momentum The impulse given to an object is equal to the object's change in momentum. Ft=(mv) The law of conservation of momentum Momentum for any closed system upon which there is no net external force remains the same. pi=pf Pai+Pbi=Paf+Pbf mava+mbvb=mavaf+mbvbf

Elastic Forces Hookes Law The force needed to compress or stretch a string is directly proportional to the product of the spring constant, k, and the amount the spring has been stretched or compressed. F=kx F: applied (or restoring) force in Newtons k: spring constant in N/m x: distortion of the spring in m Work, Energy, & Power Work Work is equal to the component of a force that is in the direction of the motion of an object & the displacement of the object W=Fcosd Power Power is the rate of doing work or the rate at which energy is transferred; measured in watts; 1 W = 1 J/s Power = work/time P = Fcosd/t Energy: property of an object that allows it to produce change in the environment or in itself. The workenergy theorem states that the change in energy of an object is exactly equal to the work done on it. W=E Kinetic Energy = KE = (mv2) Gravitational Potential Energy = PE = mgh where m is the mass, g the acceleration due to gravity, h is the height the object is above a reference plane. Gravitational Potential Energy (PE or Ug): PE is the stored energy in a system resulting from the gravitational interaction between masses. When we state an objects PE we must say which plane we are using as the reference plane.PE=mgh Mechanical Energy: sum of the kinetic and potential energy Ei = Ef mghi + (mvi2) = mghf + (mvf2) Efficiency = (work output/work input) x 100% Collisions & Explosions Inelastic Collisions Objects deform or stick together Kinetic energy is converted to heat Less kinetic energy after the collision Momentum is conserved mava+mbvb=mava+mbvb Elastic Collisions No deformation Kinetic energy is conserved mava+mbvb=mava+mbvb mava2+mbvb2=mava2+mbvb2 Temperature and Thermal Energy Thermal Energy (heat)-total amount of energy of all the particles. Kinetic Molecular Theory

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant motion. Particles moving faster have more kinetic energy. Thermal Energy: The overall energy of motion of the particles that make up an object Conduction: heat energy is transferred to the lower temperature; when the two are at the same temperature, thermal equilibrium is reached. Convection: transfer of heat by the process of motion in a fluid. Radiation: transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves; does not require presence of matter. Kelvin: 0.0 K is absolute zero, and equal to -273 oC Specific heat Amount of energy that must be added to a material to raise its temperature 1.0 K (1.0 oC) Q=mCT where m is the mass, C is the specific heat and T is the change in temperature. Change of state Melting Point: temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid Boiling Point: temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas All of the energy added goes to overcoming the forces that hold the molecules together. The temperature does not change. Heat of Fusion: amount of energy needed to melt one kilogram of a substance Q=mHf where m is the mass of the substance and Hf is the heat of fusion Heat of Vaporization: amount of energy needed to vaporize one kilogram of liquid Q=mHv where m is the mass of the substance and Hv is the heat of vaporization. Wave properties Wave: rhythmic disturbance that carries energy through matter or space Mechanical waves carry energy through matter 1. Transverse wave: a mechanical wave in which the medium moves perpendicular to the direction on the wave. Transverse waves cannot occur in gases. 2. Longitudinal wave: a mechanical wave in which the medium moves in the same direction as the wave. Longitudinal waves can occur in solids, liquids and gases. All waves can be represented using a sine wave:
wavelength

Below the surface, ocean waves are transverse waves. At the surface they have characteristics of both transverse and longitudinal waves. The speed of a wave is calculated by either: a. dividing the distance the wave travels by the time taken. v=d/t. b. multiplying its wavelength by its frequency. v= f The period of a wave is the time for one complete cycle and it is equal to T=1/f