Chapter 34-Infection Prevention 1) Pathogen A pathogen is any microorganism capable of producing an illness.

One of the most effective methods for limiting the transmission of pathogens is the medical aseptic practice of hand hygiene (see Chapter 34). Instruct clients in proper hand-hygiene techniques and to use them frequently in the home and hospital. 2) Colonization When a microorganism is present or invades a host, grows and/or multiplies but does not cause infection, this is referred to ascolonization. 3) Infectious disease An infectious disease may not pose a risk for transmission. Illnesses such as viral meningitis or pneumonia are infectious. The illness, although possibly serious for the client, does not pose a risk to others, including caregivers. 4) Communicable disease If the infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is termed a communicable disease. 5) Symptomatic When the pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms, the infection is symptomatic. 6) Dose Sufficient number of organisms (dose) 7) Virulence Is the ability to survive in the host or outside the body.

8) Host virulence Virulence factors are very often responsible for causing disease in the host as they inhibit certain host functions

9) Immunocompromised Has an impaired immune system 10) Reservoir A reservoir is a place where a pathogen can survive but may or may not multiply. For example, hepatitis A virus survives in shellfish but does not multiply Pseudomonas organisms may survive and multiply in nebulizer reservoirs used in the care of clients with respiratory problems. The most common reservoir is the human body. 11) Carriers Carriers are persons who show no symptoms of illness but who have pathogens on or in their bodies that can be transferred to others. For example, a person can be a carrier of hepatitis B virus without having signs or symptoms of infection. These persons transmit the disease to others through their blood or through sexual contact. Animals, food, water, insects, and inanimate objects can also be reservoirs for infectious organisms. Clostridium botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, survives in improperly processed foods (e.g., home-canned green beans and infant formulas). The bacterium Legionella pneumophila, which causes legionnaires' disease, survives in contaminated water and water systems. To thrive, organisms require a proper environment, including appropriate food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH, and light. 12) Aerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for survival and for multiplication sufficient to cause disease. Aerobic organisms cause more infections in humans, when compared with anaerobic organisms.

Examples of aerobic organisms are Staphylococcus aureus and strains of Streptococcus organisms. Anaerobic bacteria thrive where little or no free oxygen is available. Infections deep within the pleural cavity, in a joint, or in a deep sinus tract are typically caused by anaerobes. Bacteria that cause tetanus, gas gangrene, and botulism are anaerobes. An example of an anaerobic organism is Clostridium difficile, an organism that causes antibioticinduced diarrhea. 13) Bacteriostasis However, some can survive temperature extremes that would be fatal to humans. Cold temperatures tend to prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria (bacteriostasis). 14) Bactericidal A temperature or chemical that destroys bacteria is bactericidal.

Chapter 36_ Complementary & Alternative Treatments (CAM)_Vocabulary List_Allopathic Terms List

1) Allopathic Traditional Western medicine 2) Aromatherapy The use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils in massage or baths. A form of alternative and complimentary medicine based on the use of very concentrated "essential" oils from the flowers, leaves, bark, branches, rind or roots of plants with purported healing properties. 3) Ayurveda Traditional Hindu system of medicine practiced in India since the first century AD. A combination of remedies such as herbs, purgative, and rubbing oils treat disease.

4) Biofeedback A process providing a person with visual or auditory information about autonomic physiological functions of the body, such as muscle tension, skin temperature, and brain wave activity, through the use of instruments. 5) Centering Centering is the process whereby the practitioner becomes aware and fully present during the entire treatment. The next phase involves assessing the client, in which the practitioner moves his or her hands (roughly 2 to 6 inches from the body) in a rhythmic and symmetrical movement from the head to the toes. 6) Chakra Chakra is a concept referring to wheel-like vortices which, according to traditional Indian medicine, are believed to exist in the surface of the subtle body of living beings. The chakras are said to be "force centers" or whorls of energy permeating, from a point on the physical body, the layers of thesubtle bodies in an ever-increasing fanshaped formation. Rotating vortices of subtle matter, they are considered the focal points for the reception and transmission of energies. Different systems posit a varying number of chakras; the most well-known system in the West is that of seven chakras. 7) Endorphins Decrease awareness of the pain. 8) Healing touch (HT) (AKA) Therapeutic touch (Krieger, 1979) is a training-specific therapy that was developed by a nurse. Although the philosophical and religious assumptions of therapeutic touch are different from those of other Eastern healing modalities, therapeutic touch is similar in that it involves trained health care professionals who attempt to direct their own balanced energies in an intentional and motivated manner toward those of the client. Therapeutic touch (TT) is a natural human potential that consists of placing the practitioner's hands either on or close to the body of a person (Figure 36-4). The

process of therapeutic touch involves the practitioner scanning the body of the client and diagnosing areas of accumulated tensions. A form of complementary and alternative medicine based on the belief that vital energy flows through the human body. This energy is said to be balanced or made stronger by practitioners who pass their hands over, or gently touch, a patient's body. Healing touch is being studied in patients receiving cancer therapy, to find out if it can improve quality of life, boost the immune system, or reduce side effects. Healing touch is a type of energy therapy. Also called therapeutic touch. Touch is a therapeutic tool that you will use to help comfort older adults. A pilot study by Wang and Hermann (2006) showed that agitation levels were significantly lower in demented older adults who received a healing touch intervention. Touch provides sensory stimulation, induces relaxation, provides physical and emotional comfort, orients the person to reality, shows warmth, and communicates interest. It is a powerful physical expression of a relationship. 9) Homeopathy System of medical treatments based on the theory that certain diseases can be cured by giving small doses of substances that in a healthy person would produce symptoms like those of the disease. Prescribed substances called remedies are made from naturally occurring plant, animal, or mineral substances. 10) Imagery Imagery or visualization techniques use the conscious mind to create mental images to stimulate physical changes in the body, improve perceived well-being, and/or enhance self-awareness. Frequently imagery combined with some form of relaxation training facilitates the effect of the relaxation technique. Imagery is self-directed, in which individuals create their own mental images, or it is guided, during which a practitioner leads an individual through a particular scenario (Naparstek, 1995). For example, direct the client to begin slow, abdominal breathing while focusing on the rhythm of breathing. Then direct the client to visualize ocean waves coming to shore with each inspiration, then receding with each expiration.

Next instruct the client to take notice of the smells, sounds, and temperatures that he or she is experiencing. As the imagery session progresses, instruct the client to visualize warmth entering the body during inspiration and tension leaving the body during expiration. Individualize imagery scenarios for each client. Therapeutic technique for treating pathological conditions by concentrating on an image or series of images. 11) Meditation Meditation is any activity that limits stimulus input by directing attention to a single unchanging or repetitive stimulus (Rakel and Faass, 2006). It is a general term for a wide range of practices that involve relaxing the body and stilling the mind. The root word, meditari,means to consider, or to pay attention to something. Most meditation techniques involve slow, relaxed, deep, usually abdominal, breathing (see Box 36-2). Meditation evokes a restful state, lowers oxygen consumption, reduces respiratory and heart rates, and generates reports of reduced anxiety. 12) Music-thanatology Music-thanatology is a professional field within the broader subspecialty of palliative care. It is a musical/clinical modality that unites music and medicine in end of life care. Fundamental to music-thanatology is an underlying recognition that the experience of dying is a sacred, spiritual process within which exists the possibility for a peaceful death. With roots in palliative care that pre-date modern medicine, music-thanatology addresses physical, emotional or spiritual suffering that might adversely impact the dying process and impede a peaceful death. Central to the field itself is the healing potential of sound and the intention of deepest respect in music played prescriptively. 13) Music Therapy: Uses music to address physical, psychological, cognitive, and social needs of individuals with disabilities and illnesses. Therapy improves physical movement and/or communication, develops emotional expression, evokes memories, and distracts people who are in pain.

14) Prana Life sustaining energy centered in the human brain; the first of the five airs of Ayurvedic philosophy; the life force governing inspiration and the conscious intellect. Vital energy as articulated in the spiritual and healing systems of India 15) Relaxation response The relaxation response is the state of generalized decreased cognitive, physiological, and/or behavioral arousal. Relaxation also involves arousal reduction. The process of relaxation elongates the muscle fibers, reduces the neural impulses sent to the brain, and thus decreases the activity of the brain as well as other body systems. Decreased heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption and increased alpha brain activity and peripheral skin temperature characterize the relaxation response. The relaxation response occurs through a variety of techniques that incorporate a repetitive mental focus and the adoption of a calm, peaceful attitude (Benson, 1975). Box 36-2 lists client teaching strategies for relaxation. 16) Shaman Combination of prayers, chanting, and herbs to treat illnesses caused by supernatural, psychological, and physical factors (common in Native American Indians, Chinese, and South East Asians.) 17) Tao Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) comprises several healing modalities, including herbs, acupuncture, moxibustion, diet, exercise, and meditation. TCM is several thousand years old and has its roots in Taoism. There are several major concepts that constitute Chinese medicine. The most important of these is the concept of yin and yang, which represent opposing yet complementary phenomena that exist in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Examples are night/day, hot/cold, and shady/sunny. Yin represents shade, cold, and inhibition, whereas yang represents fire, light, and excitement. Yin also represents the inner part of the body, specifically the viscera, liver, heart, spleen, lung, and

kidney, whereas yang represents the outer part, specifically the bowels, stomach, and bladder. (In philosophical Taoism) that in virtue of which all things happen or exist. The rational basis of human activity or conduct. A universal, regarded as an ideal attained to a greater or lesser degree by those emb odying it.