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condense to liquid; Temperature is LOW and the pressure is HIGH. Physical Chemistry for Engineers 1 It deals with the study of physical properties of matter using the concept of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum theory and spectroscopy. Physical Chemistry 1 discusses the physical properties of the 3 basic states of matter (Solid, Liquid, Gas), describing how these things behave in certain conditions. Variable of states of real gases can NEVER be explained by the Ideal Gas Law. Several empirical equations are devised to explain the behavior of these gases. These empirical equations are called, Cubic Equations of State. (e.g. Van der Waals Equation of state, Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation, KamerlinghOnnes Equation, Berthelot Equation) Example:

GAS: Gases behaves according to the kinetic molecular theory which states that gas particles move freely in space and collide with other particles elastically. Simplest form of matter. Where: Z = Compressibility Factor Phase Diagram: A diagram or graph which describes the phase of a certain matter considering its variable of states like pressure, temperature and volume. Commonly used phase diagram is the PT phase diagram:

Gases behavior depends greatly on variables of state which are: Pressure Temperature Volume Amount

Equation of states Interrelates the 4 variables that define the state of gas. Kinds of gases: 1. Ideal Gas A collection of atoms or molecules having continuous random motion. Intermolecular forces between gas particles and particle sizes are considered negligible. It exists when the TEMPERATURE is HIGH and the PRESSURE is LOW. Ideal Gas Law governs these gases:

LIQUIDS: Particles of liquids are close to each other unlike gases which are far from each other and unlike solids which are closely packed. Particles of liquids exhibit intermolecular forces which contributes to flowing property of this matter. Gases and Liquids are considered as FLUIDS.

2. Real Gas A collection of particles having continuous random motion wherein intermolecular forces between gas particles and the size of the particles are not negligible. It usually exist when gas particles are ready to agglomerate or

Properties of liquids: HarjayFelosopo|2012

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Density It is the ratio between the mass and the volume of matter. (Common Unit used: Kg/m3) 1. 2. Viscosity Defined as the resistance of a fluid to flow. (Common Unit used: 1 cP = 0.001 Pasec) 3. Surface Tension Amount of work required to increase the surface area of the liquid. (Common Unit Used: Pam) THERMODYNAMICS: A macroscopic science that deals with the utilization of heat to convert it into other forms of energy especially work or mechanical energy. Commonly used thermodynamic substances are fluids. Thermodynamics cannot be used for: 1. Establishing reaction rates 2. Revealing microscopic aspects since it is macroscopic. It deals with the system, surroundings and boundaries inside the universe or the thermodynamic body. Internal Energy (U) A thermal change at constant volume. Thermodynamic Processes: 1. Isochoric Process Constant volume process. 2. Isobaric Process Constant pressure process. 3. Adiabatic Process There is exchange of heat between the surrounding and the system. 4. Isothermal Process Constant temperature process. Equilibrium A condition of maximum stability appropriate with the state of each system. Free Energies Energy produced as the system approaches equilibrium. Helmholtz Free Energy The maximum work of the system.

Laws of thermodynamics: 0th Law of thermodynamics: All heat transfer comes from the body which has a higher temperature to the body which has lower temperature until the two bodies will be thermal equilibrium. 1st Law of thermodynamics: Energy can never be destroyed nor created. The energy of the universe is constant. 2nd Law of thermodynamics: The entropy of the universe is always increasing. 3rd Law of thermodynamics: A perfect crystalline solid at absolute zero will have entropy of zero. Thermodynamics Properties: Entropy (S) - A thermodynamic property of disorder or disorientation. Enthalpy (H) A thermal change at constant pressure.

Gibbs Free Energy The maximum additional non-expansion work that can be extracted from the system.

SOLIDS: Include materials such as metals and alloys, semiconductors, ceramics, synthetic and natural. The properties of these arise from the arrangement and properties of constituent atoms. Chemical bonding exists in all compounds between atoms. The bonding of these atoms affects the physical as well as the chemical properties of the different chemical compounds.

Type of Bond: 1. Primary Bonding it includes: - Ionic Bonding - Covalent Bonding HarjayFelosopo|2012

Adamson University Chemical Engineering Student Society

- Metallic Bonding 2. Secondary Bonding Also called Van der Waals or Physical bonding. This bond includes Hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole intermolecular attraction and etc. This bond is relatively weaker than the primary bonds. Kinds of solids according to structure: 1. Crystal Structure are built up by regularly repeating structural motifs (may be molecules, atoms, or groups of molecules, atoms or ions). 2. Amorphous materials non-crystalline; order is not present in the source. Space Lattice A pattern formed by points representing the locations of these motifs. This was also defined as the basic structure of the crystal. Unit Cell It is the basic building block of the crystal structure. It is the subdivision of the repetitive structure of crystals. Theoretical Density It is the density of a certain crystal computed theoretically.

Where: n = # of atoms associated with each unit cell A = Atomic Weight Vc = Volume of unit cell Na = Avogadros Number

HarjayFelosopo|2012