College of Engineering EE Department

HARMONICS IN POWER Distribution Networks

- Problem & Solutions -

Class Notes ELEC 423 Electric Power Distribution Spring 2012

by

Dr. Khaled Ellithy

Course Instructor

CONTENTS

Introduction Non-linear loads Harmonics Effects Harmonics Representation & Harmonics indices International standards Harmonics resonance problem Solutions to harmonics problem Harmonics analysis using EDSA software
2

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
What is Power Quality Problem?
Power quality problem is defined as any problem manifested in current, voltage or frequency, which causes end-use equipment failure or malfunction

Power Quality Includes

Voltage and current unbalance

Voltage sag and swell Voltage fluctuation and flicker Voltage Transients Grounding Harmonics

Typical 50Hz Current Waveform

(Pure 50Hz Sinewave)
Pure Sine waveform

Pure 50Hz Sine waveform

No Harmonics

Typical Distorted Current Waveforms

EDSA Harmonic Analysis
318.9 212.6 106.3

Non Sinusoidal waveform

Amps

0.0 -106.3 -212.6 -318.9 0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720

Angle in Degrees

Non Sinusoidal waveform (Distorted waveform)

Harmonics exist

Harmonics In Power Distribution Networks

In recent years, harmonics have become a serious
problem in many industrial and commercial power distribution networks power networks are increasing due to the growth of the use electronic devices such as UPSs and VFDs

The harmonic distortion of voltage/current in the International standards such as IEEE and IEC

standards were adopted to provide guidelines for controlling voltage and current harmonic distortions

Harmonics In Power Distribution Networks

Harmonics generate by industrial and commercial
loads must be reduced to satisfy the international standards and to prevent the power network and equipments from damage

Solving harmonics problems requires

- Harmonics measurement - Harmonics analysis - Good understanding of harmonics sources

Harmonics problem can be solved by using passive

or active harmonic filters
9

Harmonics Sources
What are the major sources of harmonics?
The major sources of harmonics are the non linear loads or devices that draw highly non sinusoidal (distorted) currents
Utility

Transformer

Distorted Currents

Shunt Capacitor

Motor Distorted current waveform Non linear Loads Distorted current waveform

10

Non Linear Loads

11

Non Linear Loads

The major sources of harmonics are the non linear loads that draw highly non sinusoidal (distorted) currents
150 100 50

-50

Distorted current waveform

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-100

-150 0

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0

Distorted Current

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

pure sine wave

Non-linear load

12

Non-Linear Loads
Types of Non-Linear Loads
Ferromagnetic F errom a gn etic D evice s Devices Magnetic Circuits its M ag n etic C ircu T ra n sfo rm e Transformers rs M ag . B a lla sts Magnetic Ballast e tc... etc Arc Furnaces s A rc Fu rn ace Fluorescent lights F luo . L ig hts e tc... etc Rectifiers R ectifiers VFDs B a lla sts E le c. SMPS S SMP Electronic Ballast A S D 's e tc... etc..

NonLLinear ine ar Load s L oad

N on

A rcin g Devices Arcing D evices

E Electronic le ctro n ic CConverters on verte rs

13

Linear Loads
Linear Load applies to devices that display constant steady-state impedance during the cycle of the applied sinusoidal voltage waveform. Linear loads occur when the impedance is constant; then the current is proportional to the voltage - a straightline graph Examples of Linear Loads are: Heaters Incandescent Lighting

14

Non-Linear Loads
Non-Linear loads are devices that do not exhibit constant impedance during the entire cycle of applied sinusoidal voltage waveform. This causes the current waveform to be distorted with respect to a sine wave Examples of Linear Loads are: - Switched mode power supply - Variable frequency drive - Electric Arc Furnace

15

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)

What is a variable frequency drive?
A variable frequency drive is a solid state device that convert ac voltage supply to variable voltage and frequency to control 3-phase induction motors. By controlling motor speed, energy saving can be achieved

6-Pulse VFD 12-Pulse VFD

16

Variable Frequency Drives

Harmonics Spectrum of 6-Pulse VFD
Harmonics Spectrum of 6-Pulse VFD
Theritical
120 100 Harmonic Current (%) 80 60 40 20 0 1 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th 23rd 25th Order of Harmonic Component

Typical

Theoretical

Theoretical, the harmonic components are

%I h

Ii x100 h
17

6-Pulse VSD Input Current

6-Pulse

18

Uninterruptible Power Supply

The purpose of Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is

to isolate the load from any interruption in the line including under voltage and blackout by supplying continuous ac voltage. In case of blackout, the battery will feed the output for a time dependent on the battery size from few minutes to hours.
By Pass Switch Power Source AC/DC Converter DC/AC Converter Load Battery
19

Output

Harmonics Generated by UPS

UPSs produce harmonic currents on upstream power network due to rectifier-charger. The 5th harmonics is the dominant harmonic order. The current total harmonics (%I-THD) is approximately 30%.
Harmonics Upstream of UPS
120 Relative Amplitude 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 5th 7th 11th 13th 17Th Harmonics Order

20

10

Non-Linear Loads
3th Harmonic Generating Loads
Computer equipment, fluorescent lighting, switch mode power supplies, single-phase UPS and so on. These loads generate third harmonics, which tend to collect in the neutral conductor of the LV network

Harmonic Spectrum of a typical PC

21

Florescent Lamps
3th Harmonic Generating Loads
%I-THD =18.5%

Fluorescent lamp current (with magnetic ballast)

%I-THD =11.6%

Fluorescent lamp current (with electronic ballast) 22

11

Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF's)

In modern steel industry, EAF's are widely used for scrap melting and iron. The operation of EAF cause many power quality problem such as voltage flicker and harmonics.

Position drive & control

Electrode
Vessel Melt

The electricity needed for EAF process is enough to power a town with large population 23

Mitigation of EAF Voltage Fluctuation & Flicker

Power System Supply

FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System

Arc Furnace

24

12

Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)

Static Var Compensator (SVC) Thyristor Switch Capacitor (TSC) Static Compensator (STATCOM)

L SVC
Typical SVC

25

Effects of Harmonics
Motor overheating
Allowing the motor to reach and operate at a temperature of about 10oC above its max temperature rating will reduce the motor expected life time by 50%

Transformer overheating Cable overheating and insulation degradation Malfunction of relays Frequent tripping of circuit breakers Neutral conductor overloading Resonance & capacitor failure Errors in metering equipments Decrease power factor

26

13

Results of Harmonics Effect

Waste energy Increase electrical costs Cause loss of productivity Increased maintenance expense Deterioration of cable insulation Increased voltage drops Destroy equipment Cause fires
27

Harmonics Representation and Harmonics Indices

28

14

Harmonics Representation and Harmonics Indices

150

distorted current waveform fundamental component

100

3rd component 5th component 7th component

9th component

50

11th component

Current (A)

-50

-100

-150 0 0.01 Time (s) 0.02

Fundamental Definitions
Harmonics: are sinusoidal currents and voltages having integer multiples of the system's fundamental frequency (50Hz). For example, the 5th harmonic frequency is 150Hz (3x50Hz)
100

50Hz Fundamental

0 -100 50

150Hz 3th
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

250Hz

150Hz (5th order)

350Hz

7th
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

-50 20

350Hz (7th order)

-20

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

Note: When the frequencies of currents and voltages are not an integer of the fundamental they are termed interharmonics 30

15

Fundamental Definitions
Harmonic Order: is a number indicating the harmonic frequency. For example, the third harmonic (3rd) is the harmonic component with 3 times the fundamental frequency Distorted Waveform: is composed of sinusoidal waves of different frequencies
150 100 current A 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 0.005 0.01 Time s 0.015 0.02
Distorted waveform

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Fundamental Definitions
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): is the amount of harmonics in a distorted wave as a percentage of the fundamental. It is a measures of the degree to which a waveform deviates from a purely sinusoidal Point of Common Coupling (PCC): is the point where an individually utility shares a connection with customers. Usually at the main transformer or at the revenue meter

32

16

Fundamental Definitions
Frequency Scan (Impedance Scan): is a plot of the magnitude of driving point impedance at the bus of interest versus harmonic order or harmonic frequency. It is useful in identifying resonance conditions. A sharp rise occurring in the impedance value implies parallel resonance. Series resonance, on other hand, is identified by A dip in the impedance value implies

33

Representation of Harmonics Current Distortion

A distorted periodic symmetrical current waveforms current i(t) can be expanded into in a Fourier Series as follows

where n = 1,2,3, is harmonic order 0 = Fundamental frequency in rad/sec (= 2f0, f0 = 50Hz)

The Root Mean Square Value (RMS) value of i(t)

OR I RMS

h 1

I h2

34

17

Representation of Voltage Harmonic Distortion

A distorted periodic symmetrical voltage waveforms current v(t) can be expanded into in a Fourier Series as follows

where n = 1,2,3, is harmonic order 0 = Fundamental frequency in rad/sec (= 2f0, f0 = 50Hz)

The RMS value of v(t)

OR V RMS

V
h 1

2 h

35

Representation of Harmonic Distortion

I 0 Hz 0 Hz t
Distorted Distorted Current Current Waveform Waveform (Periodic) (Periodic Waveform)

60Hz 50 Hz t Fundamental Fundamental

120Hz 100 Hz t 2ndHarmonic 2nd Harmonic

DC Component DC Component

150 Hz 180Hz

I t

200 Hz 240Hz

I t

250 300Hz Hz

t
5 Harmonic 5th Harmonic
th

-.....

3 Harmonic 3ndHarmonic
rd

4 Harmonic 4th Harmonic

th

36

18

Representation of Harmonic Distortion Waveform

100 Fundamental 50Hz
150 distorted current waveform fundamental component 3rd component 5th component 7th component 9th component 11th component

50 150Hz 3th 0 -50 20 0 -20 1 0 -1

3rd

0 -100 50

50Hz

100

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02 5th 350Hz 7th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

150Hz

7th

50 Current (A)

150Hz 5th 250Hz

0 -50 5

-50

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02 9th 550Hz 11th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

350Hz

-100

11th

-150

0.01 Time (s)

0.02

450Hz 9th 450Hz

0 -5

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

550Hz

37

Representation of Harmonic Distortion Waveform

Harmonic Spectrum
100% Amplitude of the harmonic components 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Harmonic order

100 Fundamental 0 50Hz -100 50 0 250Hz -50 5 0 450Hz -5

50 0 -50 20 0 -20 1 0 -1

3rd

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02 5th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

150Hz

7th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02 9th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

350Hz

11th

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

550Hz

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19

Current and Voltage Harmonics Distortion

The current harmonic distortion IH-RMS value of the i(t)

OR

I H RMS

I
h2

2 h

The voltage harmonic distortion VH-RMS value of the v(t)

OR

V H RMS

V
h2

2 h

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Harmonics Phase Sequence

Harmonic Order Positive (+) Sequence h = 3n -2 Negative (-) Sequence h = 3n -1 Zero (0) Sequence h = 3n
1 (Fundamental) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,11,12,

Sequence
+ 0 + 0 + 0 +,-,0,

The negative sequence (5th,11th, etc) harmonics are particular concern to industry today. When distorted voltage containing the negative sequence harmonics applied to a 3-phase motor, it will attempt to drive the motor in reverse, creating a negative torque. In order to compensate for this negative torque, the motor must draw additional fundamental current.

40

20

Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage

Voltage total harmonic distortion (V-THD) is used to define the effect of harmonics on power system voltage. It is expressed as a percent of the fundamental and is define as:
%V THD
Where

VH RMS x100 V1 RMS

VH RMS V22 V32 .... Vh2

V
h2

2 h

is the voltage harmonic distortion

V1-RMS

= Fundamental Voltage, RMS

41

Total Harmonic Distortion of Current

Current total harmonic distortion (I-THD) is used to define the effect of harmonics on power system current. It is expressed as a percent of the fundamental and is define as:
% I THD
where
2 2 I H RMS I 2 I 32 .... I h

I H RMS x100 I1 RMS

2 h

I
h2

is the current harmonic distortion

I1-RMS = fundamental Voltage, RMS

42

21

Total Demand Distortion

Total Demand distortion (TDD) is defined by IEEE 519-1992 as proportion of harmonic current RMS contribution with respect to 15-30 minutes maximum demand load current of a system
%TDD
Where
2 2 I H RMS I 2 I 32 .... I h

I H RMS I L , Max RMS

x100

I
h2

2 h

is the current harmonic distortion

IL max -RMS = Maximum fundamental Load current, RMS

43

K-Factor
K-Factor is a value used to determine how much harmonic current a transformer can handle without exceeding its maximum temperature rise level. Kfactor values range from 1 to 50

I xh K Factor I
h 1 2 h 2 h 1 2 h

where h = harmonic order Ih = harmonic current

44

22

K-Rated Transformers
K-Rated transformers are used to deal with harmonic generating loads. They do not mitigate harmonic currents or voltages. K-rated transformers are sized appropriately to handle this additional heat due to harmonics
K-rated transformers are tested in according to IEEE C57.110-1986 by the manufacturer, and then assigned a "k" rating. Typical ratings are k-4, k-9, k-13, k-15, k-20, k-40 etc.

How Much K-Rated Transformer I need?

The selection of K-rated transformer is based on the calculated value of K-factor. Typically a K-13 rated transformer is sufficient for most applications. Loads approaching 75-100% non-linear such as VFD should incorporate a K-20 rated transformer
45

International Standards

46

23

International Standards
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards were adopted to provide guidelines for controlling voltage and current harmonic distortions levels

International Standards
- IEEE 519 - IEC 61000-2&3 series of standards Other National Standards - Australia - Japan - Canada

IEEE 519 Standards

Harmonics Voltage Distortion Limits in % of V1
Bus Voltage at PCC Individual Harmonic Total Voltage Order Harmonics Distorsion (%) (%)

V 69 kV 69 kV <V 161 kV V>161 kV

3.0 1.5 1.0

5.0 2.5 1.5

NOTE: High voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause is an HVDC terminal that will attenuate by the time it is tapped for a user.

48

24

IEEE 519 Standards

Harmonics Current Distortion Limits in % of IL
Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems

120V < V 69kV

Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonic)

ISC/IL <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000

<11

11<h<17

17<h<23

23<h<35

35<h

%TDD

4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0

2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0

1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0

0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4

5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above Where ISC = Maximum short circuit current at PCC IL = Maximum demand load current at PCC

49

Harmonics Resonance Problem

50

25

Harmonics Resonance Problem

The application of shunt capacitor banks for power factor improvement can lead to harmonic resonance condition that could cause capacitor failures, fuse nuisance operation and equipment damage

Frequency Scans
Frequency Scans (Harmonic Impedance Scans): Frequency scabs are used to determine where resonant conditions exist. They are basically an impedance verses frequency plot of the selected bus in the network
EDSA Harmonic Analysis
52.41 Impedance Response (Ohms ) 43.68 34.94 26.21 17.47 8.74 0.00 0.0 2.2 4.4 6.7 8.9 11.1 Frequency (pu) 13.3 15.6 17.8 20.0

52

26

Capacitor Banks and Resonance Problems

At a given harmonic frequency in any power distribution network where a shunt capacitor exists, there will be a parallel resonance. Parallel resonance causes problems only if a source of harmonics exists at harmonic resonance. Near resonance can also be very damaging as well
200.2

Impedance Response (Ohms)

166.9 133.5 100.1 66.7 33.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 4.4

The parallel resonant point is at the 5.3 ED SA H armonic Analysis harmonic and a source of 5th harmonic current exists on the network, problems are likely to occur

6.7

8.9

11.1

13.3

15.6

17.8

20.0

Frequency (pu)

53

Frequency of Harmonic Resonance

The Harmonics resonant frequency can be computed from a variety of different formulae depending on what data are available. The resonant harmonic (hr) can determined by the following formula

where hr = resonant harmonic, Xc = capacitor reactance XSC = system short-circuit reactance Mvarcap= Mvar rating of capacitor bank = Qcap, MVASC = MVA short-circuit = Ssc kVAtx = KVA rating of step-down transformer %Ztx = % step-down transformer impedance

54

27

Avoiding Harmonics Resonance Frequency

There are a number of ways to avoid harmonic resonance when installing shunt capacitors bank

Re-locate the proposed shunt capacitor installation onto another part of the system Varying the kvar rating of the shunt capacitor bank will alter the resonant frequency A reactor can be connected in series with capacitor to form tuned LC filter.

55

Design of LC Tuned Filter To Avoid Harmonic Resonance

The single tuned filters are the most used filters. The filter can create system resonance, therefore during designing filter must avoid this condition. Determine the capacitance reactance

where Qc is capacitor size

XL

Determine the reactor reactance

XC

where hr is the ith harmonic to be trapped

56

28

Design of LC Tuned Filter To Avoid Harmonic Resonance

The reactor resistance

where qquality is the filters quality factor, 30<Q<100

The Kvar size of the filter Size is given by

ANSI standards regarding capacitor nameplate rating: rms voltage less than 110%; peak voltage less than 120%; rms current less than 180%; and reactive power output limited to 135%
57

Solutions To Harmonics Problem

58

29

Solutions To Harmonics Problem

Main cause of harmonics are all variable frequency drives (VFDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), switch mode power supplies (SMPSs) and solid state devices causes harmonics because of the nature of 6-pulse rectifier design

59

Solutions To Harmonics Problem

Common methods used today for controlling the harmonics of distribution networks

Line Reactor
Multi-Pulse Converter Design
- 12-pulse converter or higher pulse order

Harmonics Filter
- Passive Harmonic Filter - Active Harmonic Filter

30

Harmonics Reduction Using Line Reactor For 6-Pulse VFD

Source

6-Pulse VFD
Line Reactor
Current Total Harmonics Distortion vs Input Reactor
160 140 120 %I-THD 100 80 60 40 20 0 No Reactor ( 25% Source impedanc) 3% Reactor 5% Reactor 8% Reactor

Line Reactor

Input Reactor

Line reactors (also referred to as inductors) are available in standard impedance range from 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 7% of load impedance
61

Harmonics Reduction Using 12-Pulse

Harmonics Orders of 6-Pulse and 12-Pulse VFDs
80 70 %Harmonic Distortion 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th 23rd 25th Harmonics orders 6-Pulse VFD 12-Pulse VFD

Typically, the 11th , 13th and the 23rd and 25th are the present harmonics components. Mainly reduces 5th and 7th harmonics.

6-pulse VFD with no added line reactor: %I-THD = 90% 12-pulse VFD with no added line reactor %I-THD = 24%

62

31

Harmonics Reduction Using Harmonics Filter

Harmonic currents can be prevented from flowing in power distribution networks by using Harmonic filters Passive and active harmonic filters are the most common filters used for harmonics reduction Before a harmonic filter can be designed, a harmonics analysis must be conducted to determine the frequency of harmonics currents to be filtered Harmonics measurements using power quality analyzer must also be carried out

63

Harmonics Reduction Using

Active Harmonic Filters
They are designed using power electronics components and this type is complicated and much more expensive The basic idea of active filter is to generate a harmonic current waveform that is opposite in phase to the distorted harmonic it measures. Therefore harmonics are cancelled and the result is a sinusoidal current They have advantages that dont resonate with the system and they can also cut more than one harmonic
64

32

Harmonics Reduction Using Active Harmonic Filters

I IL

6-Pulse VFD

Active Filter

Control

Typical harmonic current components with 6-pulse VFD without line reactor
Fundamental 100% 5th 63% 7th 54% 11th 10% 13th 6,1% 17th 6,7% 19th 4,8%

Typical harmonic current components with Active IGBT rectifier

Fundamental 100% 5th 2,6% 7th 3,4% 11th 3,0% 13th 0,1% 17th 2,1% 19th 2,2%

65

Harmonic Reduction Using Passive Harmonic Filter

Passive filters are used to provide a low impedance path for harmonic currents so that they flow in the filter and not the supply

66

33

Harmonic Reduction Using Passive Harmonic Filter

Single tuned harmonic filter is a tuned capacitor bank, i.e. a capacitor bank with a suitable reactor in series. The tuning frequency is matched to the dominant Harmonic, normally 5th and 7th The benefits of passive harmonic filters are

Provide low impedance path for harmonics, thereby reducing the harmonic distortion in the the network Improvement the power factor

Passive harmonics filter is ideal for power distribution networks that have a high percentage of 6-pulse drives and linear loads
67

Single Tuned Passive Harmonics Filters

A single tuned filter is the most common type of passive filter. It consists of a series combination of a capacitor and a reactor. It can be tuned to 5th, 7th and 11th harmonics. At the tuned harmonic, the capacitor and reactor have equal reactance and the lowest impedance

XL

XC

68

34

Calculation of Passive Harmonics Filter parameters

Example It is desired to convert an existing 600-Kvar shunt capacitor bank bus to 5th harmonic filter. The capacitor is connected at 11kV bus
Utility

Passive Harmonic Filter Remaining Distribution Network Passive Harmonic Filter

Non-Linear Loads

69

Calculation of Passive Harmonics Filter parameters

Placing a 8.0667 reactor in series with the existing 600 Kvar shunt capacitor creates an acceptable 5th harmonic filter

X L = 8.0667

Qcap= 600 Kvar

70

35

Harmonics Analysis Using EDSA Software

Application To Typical Power Distribution Network

Harmonics Analysis
Typical Power Distribution Network
GRID

Z%: 8.71 10000 kVA

Bus 4

Z%: 5.74 2000 kVA

I I

Shunt Capacitor
780 kVar

M2
3000 HP

M1
1500 HP

Bus1 3

M3
500 HP

VSD1
300KVA

VSD2
300KVA

72

36

Harmonics Analysis
Harmonics Sources (6-Pulse VSD Loads)
Current

%THD=76.8%

73

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Frequency Scan at Bus 4

74

37

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Voltage Total Harmonics Distortion at Network Buss
Bus THD ======= Sys Volt V(1) V(rms) V(peak) THD -------- -------- -------- -------- ------11000 11000 11001 15462 1.41% 11000 11000 11001 15462 1.41% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6452 6458 9348 4.19% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 6600 6449 6455 9343 4.18% 6600 6452 6457 9347 4.18% 415 397 400 625 11.13% 415 396 399 627 11.55% 415 396 399 626 11.52% 415 395 397 623 11.37% 415 396 399 627 11.60% 415 396 399 627 11.60% 415 395 398 630 12.57% 415 395 398 630 12.57%

# ---1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Bus Name -------0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019

75

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Distorted Waveform at 415V bus

%THD=11.55%

76

38

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Distorted Waveform at 6.6kV bus

%THD = 4.18%

77

Harmonics Analysis
Harmonics Filter Design

11th Harmonic Filter VFD1 VFD2 5th & 7th Harmonic Filters 78

39

Passive Harmonic Filter

Design
11th harmonic filter Located at 6.6 kV bus using the capacitor of power factor improvement
XC XL

QC = 780 kvar, XC = 55.84 XL = 0.462 , R = 0.051

79

Passive Harmonic Filter Design

Parameters harmonics filters located at 415V bus 5th harmonic filter: QC = 13.8kvar XC = 12.5
XL = 0.5 R = 0.01 XC = 24.5 R = 0.01
7th harmonic filter

7th harmonic filter: QC = 7kvar,

XL = 0.5
5th harmonic filter

80

40

V-THD After Installing the 5th 7th and 11th Filters

# ---1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Bus Name -------0001 0002 0003 0004 0006 0007 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 Bus THD ======= SysVolt V(1) V(rms) V(peak) THD -------- -------- -------- -------- ------11000 11000 11000 15509 0.40% 11000 11000 11000 15509 0.40% 6600 6454 6454 9256 1.09% 6600 6454 6454 9256 1.09% 6600 6454 6454 9256 1.09% 6600 6453 6454 9256 1.09% 6600 6453 6454 9255 1.09% 6600 6451 6452 9252 1.09% 6600 6454 6454 9256 1.09% 415 397 398 557 4.90% 415 397 397 556 5.13% 415 397 397 556 5.12% 415 395 396 554 5.05% 415 397 397 557 5.16% 415 397 397 557 5.16% 415 395 396 562 5.84% 415 395 396 562 5.84%

81

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Distorted Waveform at 415V bus

%THD=5.13%

After Harmonic Filters

%THD=11.55%

Before Harmonic Filters

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41

Harmonics Analysis
Computer Simulation Results
Distorted Waveform at 6.6kV bus

%THD=1.09%

After Harmonic Filters

%THD=4.18%

Before Harmonic Filters

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