Lecture 2

Processes and Process variables

Dr. A. Alim

Processes and Process variables:

Density and Specific gravity Mass and Volumetric Flow Rate Moles and Molecular Weight Concentration Pressure Temperature

Process Variables Density and Specific Gravity

Summary: Density () = Mass / Volume Specific gravity (solids and liquids) = Density / Density of water Specific gravity (gases) = Density / Density of air Question: what are examples of units for density and for specific gravity?

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Process Variables Mass and Volumetric Flow Rate Measurements

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Process Variables Moles and Molecular Weight

A more accurate definition of atomic weight : A dimensionless ratio of the average atomic mass (average of all present isotopes) to 1/12 the atomic mass of carbon -12 Note that weight here does not mean the usual definition of weight as the force exerted by gravity we discussed earlier.
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Process Variables Moles and Molecular Weight

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 What is the average molecular weight :

From equation 3.3-7: Av mol weight = (0.15)(32) + (0.044)(28) + (0.12)(44) + (0.69)(28) = 30.5

From equation 3.3-8: Av mol weight = 1/[0.16/32 + 0.04/28 + 0.17/44 + 0.63/28] = 30.5 Or simply: Av mol weight = total mass / total moles = 100 / 3.279 = 30.5
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Mole fraction-Mass fraction- Volume fraction:

The process for converting mass fraction to mole fraction and vice versa can Also be extended to include conversions to and from volume fractions.
Key equation for each material is : volume = mass/density Example: A mixture of A and B has 30% by mass of A (sp.gravity 0.6) and the rest is B (sp. Gravity 0.7). What are the volume fractions of A and B in the mixture?

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Mole fraction-Mass fraction- Volume fraction:

The process for converting mass fraction to mole fraction and vice versa can Also be extended to include conversions to and from volume fractions.
Key equation for each material is : volume = mass/density Example: A mixture of A and B has 30% by mass of A (sp.gravity 0.6) and the rest is B (sp. Gravity 0.7). What are the volume fractions of A and B in the mixture?

Basis 100 grams of mixture: Material Mass (g) density(g/cm3) A 30 0.6 B 70 0.7 Total 100
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volume(cm3) 50 100 150

Volume fraction 50/100 = 0.33 100/150 = 0.67

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Process Variables Concentration

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Process Variables Pressure

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Pressure as Fluid head

In addition to being expressed as force per unit area, a pressure may also be expressed as head of a particular fluid. This is the equivalent height of a hypothetical column of this fluid that would exert the given pressure at its base if the pressure at the top were zero. With P0 = 0 , we can write P = . h . (g/gc)

Therefore Ph = h = (P. gc) / ( . g)

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The Barometer
An instrument to measure atmospheric (barometric) pressure

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Pressure - is the ratio of force to the area on which the force acts; has dimensions of (Force/length2) Units in SI system = N/m2 or Pascal (Pa) Units in CGS system = dynes/cm2 Units in British system = Ibf/ft2 (psf), or more commonly Ibf/in2 (psi)

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The Bar: The Bar is a widely used metric unit of measurement for pressure and 1 bar equals precisely 100,000 Pascals. Even though Bar is not an SI unit it has been adopted as one of the most popular pressure units particularly in European countries where most pressure measurement instruments are specified with pressure ranges in bar. The value of 1 bar is a close approximation to atmospheric pressure and is often used to represent atmospheric pressure rather than standard atmosphere (101325 Pascals) which is the correct value used by the scientific and engineering community.

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IMPORTANT : Only absolute pressure is used in thermodynamic calculations !

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Gage +ve

Gage ve Or Vac. Abs.

IMPORTANT : Only absolute pressure is used in thermodynamic calculations !

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Fluid Pressure Measurements

Elastic elements methods - Bourdon gauge Liquid column methods Manometers Electrical methods strain gauges, transducers

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3.

1.
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2. Resistance Transducer

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Resistance Transducer

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The Manometer

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The Manometer

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DO NOT FORGET gC !!!

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Manometers: Special Cases

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Manometers: Special Cases

Note: For gases, you may assume the gas density is zero
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IMPORTANT : Pressure difference does not depend on manometer shape diameter, inclination,etc.
The ONLY important factor is the vertical distance between fluid surfaces.

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Process Variables Temperature

Is a measure of the average molecular kinetic energy. Measurements:
Thermometers (Liquid expansion) Thermocouples (Resistance) Pyrometers (Radiation)

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Pyrometer

Industrial thermometer

Thermocouples
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Temperature conversion

Temperature Interval conversion

Example: The gas constant R is 1.987 cal/g mole K. Convert into Btu/lb mole oR.

Example: Water freezes at 0 oC which is the same as 1.8X0 + 32 = 32 oF

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R = (1.987 cal/g mole K).(1Btu/252 cal) .(454 g mole/1 lb mole).(1 K/1.8 oR) = 1.987 Btu/lb mole oR.

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Home Work # 1

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Home Work # 1 Thursday, June 7, 2012

Problems:

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.25 Example 2.5-2 2.18 2.31 2.45 3.6 3.16 3.25 3.36 3.41 3.42 3.48 3.46

page 31 page 31 page 31 page 31 page 32 page 32 page 32 page 32 page 35 page 19 page 33 page 36 page 41 (parts a, b, and c only) page 65 page 68 page 69 page 73 page 74 page 74 page 77 page 76

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Solutions

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