Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2009-June
Cell Planning
1 2 3 4 WHAT IS CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS................................................................................................................2 CELL PLANNING PRELIMINARIES...........................................................................................................................3 2.1 CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (CCI) .............................................................................................................................4 CELL PLANNING CRITERIA .......................................................................................................................................5 NETWORK CAPACITY ..................................................................................................................................................6 4.1 FREQUENCY REUSE FACTOR AND TRUNKING GAIN ......................................................................................................6
Disclaimer: This document is a draft and intended for the authors consumption only. It is by no means complete and error free.
Cell Planning.doc
Page 1 of 6
2009-June
Allows long-haul mobility. To manage the mobility the network has mobility management capability which performs handover a mobile station from one-cell to another in order to continue a call. This is another important advantage of a cellular system. Allows roaming from one network to another (including international roaming). The user database of different networks can share information as needed basis to let a mobile station of one network use another network for call connection.
Cell Planning.doc
Page 2 of 6
2009-June
A cell-cluster is a group of adjacent cells, which are allocated all the frequency channels without duplication. Cluster-size (number of cells in a cluster), Ncluster = i2 + ij + j2, where i = 0, 1, 2 and j = 0, 1, 2 j=0 1 2 3 4 5 i= 0 x 1 4 9 16 1 1 3 7 13 21 2 4 7 12 19 28 3 9 13 19 27 37 4 16 21 28 37
The cell size (in radius) can be tens of meters (pico cell), hundreds of meters (microcell) and tens of kilometers (macro cell) depending on the design criteria (discussed later)
Cell Planning.doc
Page 3 of 6
2009-June
2.1
Smaller cell means higher reuse factor, low power but higher handover (that processing) and higher co-channel interference. The co-channel interference is the interference due to neighboring cells which are operating on the same carrier frequency. The co-channel interference is presented as Carrier-to-Cochannel Interference (C/I) ratio, which is the ratio of the signal power to the total interference power.
C/I =
PC = Total _ PI
PC PI ,k
k =1
Consider A fully developed cellular system (that is, NCluster 7) Only the interference from the first tier All the first tier co-channels are active (maximum interference) => K = 6
Consider all the cells are equal in size and shape and transmitting identical power
Total _ CCI =
K k =1
PI ,k = K .PI ,
Radio signal gets attenuated proportional to square of the distance (d) in free space (that is P multipath factor into account this can be as high as P
d 2 ). Taking
The lowest signal power (that is, signal power at the cell boundary),
Interference power (average) PI DFRD (Note: the mobile station can be at any point in the cell. One of them is the closest and another is the furthest from the interfering base-station. The average of them is the distance between two base stations => DFRD) Considering the above facts the maximum co-channel interference (C/I)Max is:
(C / I )Max
The ratio
PC , Min Max
K k =1
Ik
D FRD = 3 N Cluster is called Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor (q). When the value of q increases Rcell
Cell Planning.doc
Page 4 of 6
2009-June
Cell Planning.doc
Page 5 of 6
2009-June
4 Network Capacity
Let us calculate capacity and channels per cell A Teletraffic engineer estimates calls/hour (Q) for a cell, estimates average call-duration (T in minutes) and calculates Erlangs
A=
QT 60
=> Erlang (A) is total call-hours per hour (since it is hour/hour Erlang does not have unit)
Erlang B Formula
When Erlang value and the Grade-of-Service (or blocking probability) is known the number of required channel (N) can be calculated using Erlang formula calculator. Example: A GSM network cell s have arrival rate = 2000 calls/hour/cell, average call duration = 1.8 minutes and blocking probability = 1%. Assume cluster size = 7 cells. Calculate the number of frequencies required for the network. => A = 2000*1.8/60 = 60 Using the online calculator with A = 60 and Blocking Probability = 1% , Number of traffic Channel, NTraffic = 75 In Time-Division-Multiplexed (TDM) system a frequency-channel is divided into a number of TDM time-slots (for example, GSM divides a frequency-channel into 8 time-slots) each of which is equivalent to a voice-traffic-channel. Traffic-channels-per- frequency-channel (Nslot) specifies how many voice-grade-traffic-channels a frequency channel can simultaneously accommodate. Number of Frequency Channel per cell, Ncell-f = NTraffic/NSlot Here, NTraffic = 75, NSlot = 8 => Ncell-f = ceiling(75/8) = 10 If total number of frequency channel per cluster is Ncluster-f, = NCluster NCell-f Here, NCell-f = 10, NCluster = number of cells per cluster = 7 => Ncluster-f = 10 7 = 70
4.1
Freuse =
The traffic-channels, which carry actual voice (or subscribers data), are not dedicated to but shared by subscribers. They are dynamically allocated to subscribers on demand. Usually, number of subscriber is many-times larger than total number of traffic channel. The ratio,
Gtrunking =
Cell Planning.doc