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SMK4122
Offshore&OceanEngineering
Dr.Koh Kho King
Room:C25315|h/p:0167627788 koh@fkm.utm.my|http://www.fkm.utm.my/~koh
Aims
Tointroduceoilandgasindustry activitiesingeneral Toencompassesvarious componentsintheoilandgas activities Introductiontosurvey,exploration, platformconstruction,installation, production,andmaintenanceinoil andgasindustry Introductiontovarioustypesof offshoreplatformsandtheir uniquenessandfunctionality
Course Contents
1.Introduction BackgroundonOilandGasIndustry OilandGasoperationactivities.TypesofOffshorePlatforms. OilDrillingandOilfieldServices.Hightechnologyexploration andproductionmethods
Background
Offshoreplatform>usefor underseabed explorationand processing FirstOffshoreplatform installed in1947offthecoastofLouisiana in6mdepthofwater Todayover7,000Offshore platformsaroundtheworldwith someinwaterdepthsover 2,000m
Background
Platform size depends on facilities to be installed on top side eg. Oil rig, living quarters, Helipad etc. Classification of water depths: < 350m - Shallow water < 1500m - Deep water > 1500m - Ultra deep water US Mineral Management Service (MMS) classifies water depths greater than 1,300 ft as deepwater, and greater than 5,000 ft as ultra-deepwater.
Conceptualdevelopment:Screeningstudiestodeterminethemostefficientandcost
effectivemethodtoproducepotentialhydrocarbonsourcesi.e selectionoffacilities,transport ofhydrocarbonfromfieldtocustomer(pipeline,floatingstorageandoffloading(FSO)Vessels, corrosionmitigation strategiesandsafetyaspectsoftheoperations.
Development:projectmanagementofconstruction,detailedengineering,optimumwells
location,transportoffacilitiestolocationandcommissioningoffacilities
Production:maintenancestrategies,planing budges,Analysisofsupplyanddemand,and
retrofitworktomaintainormeetnewproductiontargets.
HistoricalNaturalGasProduction
HistoricalCrudeOilProduction
Water Depth
Seismic Survey(1)
Seismic Survey(2)
Petroleum Petra(rock)+Oleum (Oil) SourceRock,ReservoirRock,CapRock WildCat,AppraisalandDevelopmentdrilling
Upstream
Downstream
Floating
Drillship Semisubmersible Crane barge
Fixed
Compliant
Jack up Jacket
Gravity
TLP
Offshore Platform
Fixedstructuresthatextendto theSeabed.
Offshore Platform
Structuresthatfloatnearthe watersurface Recent development
Jack Up
Jacket
Semi-submersible
SEMISUB PLATFORM
Column pontoon junctions and bracing attract large loads. Due to possibility of fatigue cracking of braces , periodic inspection/ maintenance is prerequisite
Semi-submersible
SPAR
SPAR: Concept of a large diameter single vertical cylinder supporting deck. These are a very new and emerging concept: the first spar platform, Neptune, was installed off the USA coast in 1997. Spar platforms have taut catenary moorings and deep draught, hence heave natural period is about 30 seconds. Used for Ultra deep water depth of 2300m. The center of buoyancy is considerably above center of gravity, making Spar quite stable. Due to space restrictions in the core, number of risers has to be predetermined.
SPAR
FPSO
SHIP SHAPED VESSEL (FPSO)
Ship-shape platforms are called Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) facilities. FPSOs have integral oil storage capability inside their hull. This avoids a long and expensive pipeline to shore. Can explore in remote and deep water and also in marginal wells, where building fixed platform and piping is technically and economically not feasible FPSOs are held in position over the reservoir at a Single Point Mooring (SPM). The vessel is able to weathervane around the mooring point so that it always faces into the prevailing weather.
OSV
Parts of Platform
TOPSIDE:
Facilities are tailored to achieve weight and space saving Incorporates process and utility equipment
Drilling Rig Injection Compressors Gas Compressors Gas Turbine Generators Piping HVAC Instrumentation
Platform Installation
BARGE LOADOUT:
Various methods are deployed based on availability of resources and size of structure Barge Crane Flat over - Top side is installed on jackets. Ballasting of barge Smaller jackets can be installed by lifting them off barge using a floating vessel with cranes. Large 400 x 100 deck barges capable of carrying up to 12,000 tons are available
Oil Drilling(1)
Drillingrigs: Explorationofoilandgas Stayinaplaceforafewmonths(Mobileormovable) Jackupdrillingrig MODU(MobileOffshoreDrillingUnit) Productionplatforms:Productionofoilandgas Stayinaplaceforatleastafewyears (usually2030years) Groundbasestructure(<500~800m) FloatingStructures (>800m)
Oil Drilling(2)
OffshoreDrillingEquipment Thedrillstringisloweredthroughaconduit(riser). Consistsofadrillbit,drillcollaranddrillpipe.Drill pipesectionsareaddedatthesurfaceasthewell deepens.Thedrillpassesthroughasystemofsafety valvescalledaBlowoutPreventer(BOP)stackwhich containsthepressuresinthewelltopreventa blowout(escapeofpressureintotheannularcasing betweenthecasingandthedrillpipeorintothe hole). Drillingfluid(mud)ispumpedintothedrillpipe fromthesurfaceandflowsthroughsmallholesin thedrillbit.Themudcollectsrockcuttingsand flowsuptheannulusbetweenthedrillpipeandthe casingwheretherockisstrainedoutandthemudis recirculated.Theweightofthemudexertsa pressureontherockandkeepsthewellunder control.
Accident
Accident
Accident
GulfofMexicoOilSpills
Accident
GulfofMexicoOilSpills
Accident
GulfofMexicoOilSpills
OffshorePracticeCodes
Offshore Standards (OS) Provides technical requirements and acceptance criteria for general application by the offshore industry eg. DNV-OS-C101 Recommended Practices(RP) Provides proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level publications eg. API-RP-WSD BS 6235: Code of practice for fixed offshore structures British Standards Institution 1982 Mainly for the British offshore sector
References
W.J.Graff:Introductiontooffshorestructures. GulfPublishingCompany,Houston1981. Goodgeneralintroductiontooffshorestructures. B.C.Gerwick:Constructionofoffshorestructures. JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork1986. Uptodatepresentationofoffshoredesignand construction. PatelMH:Dynamicsofoffshorestructures Butterworth&Co.,London. GoogleImages Wikipedia