SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

WELCOME
SMK4122

Offshore&OceanEngineering
Dr.Koh Kho King

Room:C25315|h/p:0167627788 koh@fkm.utm.my|http://www.fkm.utm.my/~koh

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Aims
Tointroduceoilandgasindustry activitiesingeneral Toencompassesvarious componentsintheoilandgas activities Introductiontosurvey,exploration, platformconstruction,installation, production,andmaintenanceinoil andgasindustry Introductiontovarioustypesof offshoreplatformsandtheir uniquenessandfunctionality

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Course Learning Outcome

Describetheoverallscenarioof globalandlocaloilandgasindustry Identifyanddescribethemain components&activitiesinthe offshoreoilandgasindustry. Describethemainprocessesinthe designandconstruction engineeringofOffshorestructure Explainthevariousrulesand regulationsintheOffshoreindustry

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Course Contents
1.Introduction BackgroundonOilandGasIndustry OilandGasoperationactivities.TypesofOffshorePlatforms. OilDrillingandOilfieldServices.Hightechnologyexploration andproductionmethods

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Background

Offshoreplatform>usefor underseabed explorationand processing FirstOffshoreplatform installed in1947offthecoastofLouisiana in6mdepthofwater Todayover7,000Offshore platformsaroundtheworldwith someinwaterdepthsover 2,000m

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Background
Platform size depends on facilities to be installed on top side eg. Oil rig, living quarters, Helipad etc. Classification of water depths: < 350m - Shallow water < 1500m - Deep water > 1500m - Ultra deep water US Mineral Management Service (MMS) classifies water depths greater than 1,300 ft as deepwater, and greater than 5,000 ft as ultra-deepwater.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil & Gas Industry

TheOil&GasIndustrycomprisestwoparts:
Upstream theexplorationandproduction sectoroftheindustry Downstream thesectorwhichdealswithrefining andprocessingofcrudeoilandgas products;theirdistributionandmarketing

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil & Gas Industry

Amongtheupstream activitieswouldbe: Exploration:Analysing andInterpretingseismicdatatodeterminethepotentialof
hydrocarbonreserves;drillingoftestwells.

Conceptualdevelopment:Screeningstudiestodeterminethemostefficientandcost
effectivemethodtoproducepotentialhydrocarbonsourcesi.e selectionoffacilities,transport ofhydrocarbonfromfieldtocustomer(pipeline,floatingstorageandoffloading(FSO)Vessels, corrosionmitigation strategiesandsafetyaspectsoftheoperations.

Development:projectmanagementofconstruction,detailedengineering,optimumwells
location,transportoffacilitiestolocationandcommissioningoffacilities

Production:maintenancestrategies,planing budges,Analysisofsupplyanddemand,and
retrofitworktomaintainormeetnewproductiontargets.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Malaysian O & G Industry(1)

PetroleumexplorationinMalaysiastartedatthebeginningofthe20th centuryinSarawak,whereoilwasfirstdiscoveredin1909andfirst producedin1910. Priorto1975,petroleumconcessionsweregrantedbystategovernments, whereoilcompanieshaveexclusiverightstoexploreandproduce resources.Thecompaniesthenpaidroyaltiesandtaxestothegovernment. ThisstateofaffairsceasedonApril1,1975asaresultofthePetroleum DevelopmentAct,wherebyPETRONASbecamethecustodianofpetroleum resourceswithrightstoexploreandproduceresources.Thenationaloil companyretainsownershipandmanagementcontrolinexploration, developmentandproductionofoilresources.Expenditureandprofitsare managedunderinstrumentscalledProductionSharingContracts(PSCs).

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Malaysian O & G Industry(2)

Malaysiahasthe25th largestoilreservesandthe14th largest gasreservesintheworld. Thetotalreservesisoftheorderof18.82billionbarrelsoil equivalent(boe)withacrudeproductionrateof600thousand barrelsperday. Theaveragenaturalgasproductionstandstoapprox.5.7 billionstandardcubicfeetperday.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Malaysian O & G Industry(3)

Malaysiahasthe494,183km2 ofacreageavailableforO&G exploration,with337,167km2 intheoffshorecontinentalshelf areaand63,968km2 indeepwater. Theacreageissplitinto54blocks,outofwhich28(atotalof 205,500km2)arecurrentlyoperatedbyPetronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd plussevenothermultinationaloilcompanies.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Malaysian O & G Industry(4)

HistoricalNaturalGasProduction

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Malaysian O & G Industry(5)

HistoricalCrudeOilProduction

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil & Gas Activities

NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 OPERATION Survey Wild cat or exploratory drilling Pipe-laying Supply and Anchor Handling Towing Diving Production Heavy Lift Offshore Terminal Underwater Inspection TYPE OF STRUCTURE Survey ship, oceanagraphic platform/buoy Jackup, barge, drillship, semisubmersible Pipe-laying barge, ship, semisubmersible Supply vessel, platform supply vessel Ocean-going Tug Diving support vessel Fixed platform steel jacket, concrete gravity type, TLP, guyed tower Semisubmersible Crane Vessel, Crane Barge, Crane Ship Single Buoy Mooring (SBM), SPAR Buoy Submersible ROV, manned

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Cost Vs Water Depth

Initial Cost + Installation Fixed TLP Floating

Water Depth

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Seismic Survey(1)

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Seismic Survey(2)
Petroleum Petra(rock)+Oleum (Oil) SourceRock,ReservoirRock,CapRock WildCat,AppraisalandDevelopmentdrilling

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil & Gas Activities

Upstream

Downstream

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Types of Offshore Structure

Classification of Offshore Structures

Floating
Drillship Semisubmersible Crane barge

Fixed

Compliant

Jack up Jacket

Gravity

Guyed Tower Articulated columns

TLP

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Types of Offshore Structure

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Offshore Platform

Fixedstructuresthatextendto theSeabed.

SteelJacket Concretegravity Structure CompliantTower

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Offshore Platform
Structuresthatfloatnearthe watersurface Recent development

TensionLegplatforms SemiSubmersible Spar Shipshapedvessel (FPSO)

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Fixed Type Platforms

JACKET PLATFORM Space framed structure with tubular members supported on piled foundations. Used for moderate water depths up to 400m. Jackets provides protective layer around the pipes. Typical offshore structure will have a deck structure containing a Main Deck, a Cellar Deck, and a Helideck. The deck structure is supported by deck legs connected to the top of the piles. The piles extend from above the Mean Low Water through the seabed and into the soil.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Fixed Type Platforms

JACKETED PLATFORM (Cont.) Underwater, the piles are contained inside the legs of a jacket structure which serves as bracing for the piles against lateral loads. The jacket also serves as a template for the initial driving of the piles. (The piles are driven through the inside of the legs of the jacket structure). Natural period (usually 2.5 second) is kept below wave period (14 to 20 seconds) to avoid amplification of wave loads. 95% of offshore platforms around the world are Jacket supported.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Jack Up

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Jacket

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Fixed Type Platforms

COMPLIANT TOWER Narrow, flexible framed structures supported by piled foundations. Has no oil storage capacity. Production is through tensioned rigid risers and export by flexible or catenary steel pipe. Undergo large lateral deflections (up to 10 ft) under wave loading. Used for moderate water depths up to 600m. Natural period (usually 30 second) is kept above wave period (14 to 20 seconds) to avoid amplification of wave loads.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Fixed Type Platforms

CONCRETE GRAVITY STRUCTURES
Fixed-bottom structures made from concrete Heavy and remain in place on the seabed without the need for piles Used for moderate water depths up to 300 M. Part construction is made in a dry dock adjacent to the sea. The structure is built from bottom up, like onshore structure. At a certain point , dock is flooded and the partially built structure floats. It is towed to deeper sheltered water where remaining construction is completed. After towing to field, base is filled with water to sink it on the seabed. Advantage - Less maintenance

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Floater Type Platforms

Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) are floating facilities that are tied down to the seabed by vertical steel tubes called tethers. This characteristic makes the structure very rigid in the vertical direction and very flexible in the horizontal plane. The vertical rigidity helps to tie in wells for production, while, the horizontal compliance makes the platform insensitive to the primary effect of waves. Have large columns and Pontoons and a fairly deep draught.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Floater Type Platforms

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
TLP has excess buoyancy which keeps tethers in tension. Topside facilities , no. of risers etc. have to fixed at pre-design stage. Used for deep water up to 1200 M It has no integral storage. It is sensitive to topside load/draught variations as tether tensions are affected.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Floater Type Platforms

SEMISUB PLATFORM
Due to small water plane area , they are weight sensitive. Flood warning systems are required to be in-place. Topside facilities , no. of risers etc. have to fixed at pre-design stage. Used for Ultra deep water. Semi-submersibles are held in place by anchors connected to a catenary mooring system.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Semi-submersible

SEMISUB PLATFORM
Column pontoon junctions and bracing attract large loads. Due to possibility of fatigue cracking of braces , periodic inspection/ maintenance is prerequisite

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Semi-submersible

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

SPAR
SPAR: Concept of a large diameter single vertical cylinder supporting deck. These are a very new and emerging concept: the first spar platform, Neptune, was installed off the USA coast in 1997. Spar platforms have taut catenary moorings and deep draught, hence heave natural period is about 30 seconds. Used for Ultra deep water depth of 2300m. The center of buoyancy is considerably above center of gravity, making Spar quite stable. Due to space restrictions in the core, number of risers has to be predetermined.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

SPAR

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

FPSO
SHIP SHAPED VESSEL (FPSO)
Ship-shape platforms are called Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) facilities. FPSOs have integral oil storage capability inside their hull. This avoids a long and expensive pipeline to shore. Can explore in remote and deep water and also in marginal wells, where building fixed platform and piping is technically and economically not feasible FPSOs are held in position over the reservoir at a Single Point Mooring (SPM). The vessel is able to weathervane around the mooring point so that it always faces into the prevailing weather.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

OSV

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Parts of Platform
TOPSIDE:
Facilities are tailored to achieve weight and space saving Incorporates process and utility equipment
Drilling Rig Injection Compressors Gas Compressors Gas Turbine Generators Piping HVAC Instrumentation

Accommodation for operating personnel. Crane for equipment handling Helipad

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Parts of Platform (cont.)

MOORINGS & ANCHORS:
Used to tie platform in place Material Steel chain Steel wire rope
Catenary shape due to heavy weight. Length of rope is more

Synthetic fiber rope

Taut shape due to substantial less weight than steel ropes. Less rope length required Corrosion free

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Parts of Platform (cont.)

RISER:
Pipes used for production, drilling, and export of Oil and Gas from Seabed. Riser system is a key component for offshore drilling or floating production projects. The cost and technical challenges of the riser system increase significantly with water depth. Design of riser system depends on filed layout, vessel interfaces, fluid properties and environmental condition.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Platform Installation
BARGE LOADOUT:
Various methods are deployed based on availability of resources and size of structure Barge Crane Flat over - Top side is installed on jackets. Ballasting of barge Smaller jackets can be installed by lifting them off barge using a floating vessel with cranes. Large 400 x 100 deck barges capable of carrying up to 12,000 tons are available

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil Drilling(1)
Drillingrigs: Explorationofoilandgas Stayinaplaceforafewmonths(Mobileormovable) Jackupdrillingrig MODU(MobileOffshoreDrillingUnit) Productionplatforms:Productionofoilandgas Stayinaplaceforatleastafewyears (usually2030years) Groundbasestructure(<500~800m) FloatingStructures (>800m)

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Oil Drilling(2)
OffshoreDrillingEquipment Thedrillstringisloweredthroughaconduit(riser). Consistsofadrillbit,drillcollaranddrillpipe.Drill pipesectionsareaddedatthesurfaceasthewell deepens.Thedrillpassesthroughasystemofsafety valvescalledaBlowoutPreventer(BOP)stackwhich containsthepressuresinthewelltopreventa blowout(escapeofpressureintotheannularcasing betweenthecasingandthedrillpipeorintothe hole). Drillingfluid(mud)ispumpedintothedrillpipe fromthesurfaceandflowsthroughsmallholesin thedrillbit.Themudcollectsrockcuttingsand flowsuptheannulusbetweenthedrillpipeandthe casingwheretherockisstrainedoutandthemudis recirculated.Theweightofthemudexertsa pressureontherockandkeepsthewellunder control.

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Accident

ModelofOceanRanger,whichcapsizedin1982,during survivaltesting P - 36 accident in 2001

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Accident

Piper Alpha fire and explosion in 1988 Severedamagecausedonajacketplatform intheGulfofMexicobyHurricaneLilli

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Accident

GulfofMexicoOilSpills

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Accident

GulfofMexicoOilSpills

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

Accident

GulfofMexicoOilSpills

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

OffshorePracticeCodes
Offshore Standards (OS) Provides technical requirements and acceptance criteria for general application by the offshore industry eg. DNV-OS-C101 Recommended Practices(RP) Provides proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level publications eg. API-RP-WSD BS 6235: Code of practice for fixed offshore structures British Standards Institution 1982 Mainly for the British offshore sector

SMK4122Offshore&OceanEngineering|Copyright2012Koh Kho King

References
W.J.Graff:Introductiontooffshorestructures. GulfPublishingCompany,Houston1981. Goodgeneralintroductiontooffshorestructures. B.C.Gerwick:Constructionofoffshorestructures. JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork1986. Uptodatepresentationofoffshoredesignand construction. PatelMH:Dynamicsofoffshorestructures Butterworth&Co.,London. GoogleImages Wikipedia