Main Report

CO-EXISTENCE
OF
WLAN
AND
ZIGBEE-A
PERFORMANCE STUDY
A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by SANDEEPA SURESH KUMAR SANTHOSH KUMAR.G VIKNESH.G 080107129091 080107129093 080107129118
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, KOVAIPUDUR, COIMBATORE - 641 042 ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE APRIL 2012
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ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report CO-EXISTENCE OF WLAN AND ZIGBEEA PERFORMANCE STUDY is the bonafide work of SANDEEPA SURESH KUMAR,SANTHOSH KUMAR.G AND VIKNESH.G who carried out the project work under my supervision .
SIGNATURE Prof R.UDAIYA KUMAR, M.E., HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Department of ECE Sri Krishna College Of Technology Kovaipudur-641 042 Submitted for the university project
SIGNATURE Ms.G.ANITHA, M.E., SUPERVISOR Department of ECE Sri Krishna College Of Technology Kovaipudur-641 042 viva voce examination held
on____________at Sri Krishna College Of Technology, Coimbatore-641 042.
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our heartiest thanks to our beloved Principal
Dr. V. SOUNDARARAJAN, M.E., Ph.D., for granting us permission to take up this project and for offering all the encouragement facilities extended to us.
We extend our sincere thanks
to our Head of the Department
Prof.
R.UDAIYA KUMAR, M.E., for his valuable help in completing this project.
We
extend
our
whole
hearted
thanks
to
our
supervisor
Ms.G.ANITHA, M.E., for her valuable guidance which helped us in successfully completing this project work.
Our sincere thanks to all the Faculties of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and to all those who have directly and indirectly extended their hand to help us in completing this project work successfully.
LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT LISTOFFIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 WLAN 1.1 1.2 INTRODUCTION IEEE 802.11 TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 2 ZIGBEE PAGE NO
ABSTRACT
Wireless Local Area Networking standard (Wi-Fi) and the WPAN standard (Zigbee) products utilize the unlicensed 2.4GHz ISM band. Co-existence between such wireless technologies within the same frequency spectrum is crucial to ensure that each wireless technology maintains and provide its desired performance requirements. In this project, we investigate the co-existence of WLAN(IEEE 802.11g) with Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) standard. Our project focuses on quantifying potential intereferences between Zigbee and IEEE 802.11g by examining the impact on the throughput performance of IEEE 802.11g and Zigbee devices when co-existing within a particular environment.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. WPAN-Wireless Personal Area Network 2. WLAN-Wireless Local Area Network 3. ISM-Industrial Scientific and Medical band 4. CSMA/CA-Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance 5. MAC Layer-Medium Access Control Protocol Layer 6. CCKM-Complementary Code Keying Modulation 7. OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 8. DSSS-Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 9. FHSS-Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum 10. BPSK-Binary Phase Shift Keying 11. O-BPSK-Orthogonal-Binary Phase Shift Keying 12. O-QPSK-Orthogonal-Quadrature Phase shift keying 13. FFD-Full Function Device 14. RFD-Reduced Function Device 15. RTS-Request To Send 16. CTS-Clear To Send 17. AP-Access Point 18. AODV-Adhoc Oriented Distance Vector 19. PHY Layer-Physical layer 20.CBR-ConstantBitRate 21. IPV4-Internet Protocol Version 4 22. IPV6-Internet Protocol Version 23.Wi -Fi-Wireless Fidelity 24.HTTP-HyperTextTransferProtocol 25.DNS-DomainNameServer 26.DHCP-DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol
27.AR-AccessRouter 28.LR-WPAN-LowRate-WPAN 29.PPDU-PhysicalProtocolDataUnit 30.PSDU-PhysicalServiceDataUnit 31.DLL-DataLinkLayer 32.LLC-LogicalLinkControl 33.CAP-ContentionAccessPeriod 34.CFP-ContentionFreePeriod 35. GTS-Guaranteed Time Slot
CHAPTER 1 WLAN NETWORKS: An overview 1.1 Introduction:

The wireless networks communication landscape is having more and more importance in the actual communications.its importance has also increased due to its capability to integrate with other cellular networks inorder to provide high access data transmission rates. Before developing an interworking architecture,it is important to understand how a wireless communication works.
Fig1.1:WLAN system architecture The core of this network is the IP backcone.there are number of services offered by servers attached to the backbone.Each of them has its own functionality.we can find a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) server to facilitate the configuration of the WLAN terminals IP stack,a DNS server for resolving Internet IP addresses,a Gateway to be in contact
with external IP networks such as internet,a HTTP server that offers local application service for accessing users a billing system to process accounting data,etc. The acces point(AP) is just a 2-layer bridge between IEEE 802.11 and Ethernet. The L2 distribution network is incharge of routing IP packets towards the access router(AR),whose basic function is also to route IP packets.
1.2 IEEE 802.11 TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW:

The IEEE 802.11 Working Group was formed in 1990 to define standard physical(PHY) and medium-access control(MAC) layers for WLANs. The first generation of WLANs operated in the 900MHz ISM band, with symbol rates of around 500Kbps, but they were exclusively approprietary non-standard systems, developed to provide wireless connectivity for specific niche markets. IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz). The goal of task b group was to increase the maximum bit rate in 2.4 GHz frequency range while maintaining interoperability with the original standard. The MAC layer was kept and PHY redefine to work only in DSSS(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) thus increasing spectral efficiency with bit rates upto 11Mbps. IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi 5.2 GHz). The goal of this group is to provide higher datarates and to port IEEE802.11to the newly available U-NII at 5.2 GHz. The original MAC layer was kept and PHY reworked to provide rates upto 54 Mbps.The spread spectrum technology was used in this OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). IEEE 802.11g. Task group g is working on an extension to IEEE802.11b at 2.4 GHz enabling transmission at symbol rates of 54Mbps. There are also other IEEE 802.11 Task Groups that focus on different aspects such as wireless security at Mac layer(802.11i), roaming between access points(802.11f) the quality of service(802.11e),etc.
There are fourteen channels defined in the Frequency Channel Standard.Each access point works in a different frequencies and there are only 3 different frequencies that do not overlap.
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CHAPTER 2 ZIGBEE: OVERVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION:

The IEEE 802.15.4 devices are proposed to operate in the 2.4GHz ISM band.These devices used to support a wireless sensor array within a home or industrial complex by favouring a low cost and low power IEEE 802.15.4 is enabling applications in the field of industrial, agricultural, vehicular, residential and medical sensors actuators.The intent of IEEE 802.15.4 is to address applications where existing WPAN solutions are too expensive and the performance of a technology such as Bluetooth is not required. It complements other WPAN technologies by providing very low power consumption capabilities at very low cost thus enabling applications that were previously impractical. IEEE 802.15.4 High Level Characteristics
A main consideration for LR-WPANs is low power consumption thereby maximizing battery life to achieve low average power consumption.IEEE 802.15.4 assumes that the amount of data transmitted is short and that is transmitted infrequently in order to keep a low duty cycle.
2.2 TOPOLOGIES SUPPORTED:

The standard allows the formation of two possible network topologies: the star topology or the peer-to-peer topology. In the star topology, the communication is performed betweeen network device and single central controller called the PAN coordinator. In the peer-
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to-peer topology every network device can communicate with any other within its range.This topology also contains PAN coordinator which act as root of the network.
IEEE 802.15.4 was designed to support two PHY options based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS);this characteristic allows the use of low-cost digital IC realizations.Both PHYs make use of the same basic packet structure for low-duty-cycle low power operation. The primary difference between the two PHYs is the frequency band. The 868/915 MHz PHY also called as low-band which uses a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). The 2.4GHz PHY also as high-band and offers 16 channels with channel spacing of 5MHz operating with raw data rate of 250Kbs using Offset Quadrature Phase shift key(O-QPSK) modulation.
2.3 ZIGBEE FRAME STRUCTURE:

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies a receiver sensitivity of -85 dBm for the 2.4 GHz band and -92dBm for the 868/915 MHz band.Both PHY layers use a common packet structure enabling the definition of a common MAC interface. Each packet or PHY protocol data unit(PPDU) contains a preamble a start of packet delimiter, a packet length and a payload field or PHY service data unit (PSDU). The 32-bit preamble is designed for acquisition of symbol and chip timing. The IEEE 802.15.4 payload length can vary from 2 to 127 bytes.
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802.15.4 packet structure The IEEE 802 project divides the data link layer (DLL) into two sublayers, the MAC and logical link control (LLC) sublayers. The LLC is standardized in IEEE 802.2 and common among the 802 standard. The IEEE 802.15.14 medium accesss control (MAC) sublayer controls the access to the radio channel employing the CSMA-CA mechanism. It performs the energy scan by the use of a clear channel assessment procedure. This can be performed by following either a simple in-band energy detection above a threshhold or an IEEE 802.15.4 carrier detection or a combination of both. The MAC layer controls the access to the communication channel. It provides flow control through acknowledgements and retransmissions. It is also responsible for data validation, synchronization and providing services to the upper layers. The Zigbee standard defines two types of devices a full function device (FFD) and a reduced funtion device (RFD). The FFD can operate in three different modes, a personal area network (PAN) coordinator, a coordinator or a device. The RFD is intented for very simple application that do not require the transfer of large amount of data and needs minimal resources. A WPAN is formed when atleast two devices are communicating with one device acting as an FFD assuming the role of coordinator.
2.4 DATA TRANSFER MECHANISMS:

There are three types of data transfer mechanisms between Zigbee devices from a coordinator to a device or from a device to coordinator and between two peer devices. The data transfer mechanism used depends on whether the network supports the transmission of beacons or not.
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In a non-beacon enabled network, a device simply transmits its data frames using un-slotted CSMA-CA to the coordinator. However in a beacon enabled network the device first listerns to the network beacon at the right time, it transmits its data frames using slotted CSMACA to the coordinator. In a peer to peer network, any device can communicate with any other device with in the range using one of the two options, by constantly listening to the channel and transmitting the data using un-slotted CSMA-CA or by synchronising with other nodes in order to save power. In a beacon enabled network, the super frame structure must be used. The super frame structure is defined by the coordinator. The super frame is bounded by two beacons and the time between these two beacons is divided into 16 times slots. It has an active and inactive portion. In the inactive portion, the coordinator enters a low power mode and does not interact with its PAN. The active portion is divided into two periods, a contention access period (CAP) and a contention free period (CFP). In the CAP, the device must compete with other devices using the slotted CSMACA mechanism. In the CFP, the PAN coordinator assignes guaranteed time slots (GTS) to a single device, which together forms the CFP. The Zigbee super frame structure
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CHAPTER 3 CO-EXISTENCE OF WLAN AND ZIGBEE: 3.1 INTRODUCTION:

The coexistence in Zigbee can be assessed at different levels of layers. The IEEE 802.15.4 specification provides support for coexistence at both PHY and MAC layers. This standard belongs to the class of spread-spectrum technologies. In contrast to a narrow band signal, a spread spectrum signal consist in using a band width is much larger than strictly required the information that is being sent. Because the signal is spread over a large band width, it can coexists with other narrow band signals, which generally incur a slight decrease in the signal to noise ratio over the spectrum being used. The signaling technique employed by IEEE 802.15.4 is direct sequence, which consists in using a pseudo-random code sequence to directly modulate the basic carrier signal and encode the data being transmitted. The resulting technology is called DSSS and is also found in the IEEE 802.11b/g standards.
3.2 OVERLAPPING CHANNELS:

The IEEE 802.15.4 specification augments the oppurtunities for smooth coexistence by dividing the 2.4GHz band into 16 non-overlapping channels which are 2.4MHz wide and 5MHz apart. IEEE 802.11 & 802.15.4 interference
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To minimize the risk of interference, we have to reduce the channel occupancy. This approach is followed by IEEE 802.15.4 standard, while many intended applications for Zigbee devices require a very low data rate, the underlying PHY layer communicates at 250Kbps. Compared to other RF Systems, targeting the same application range, this is high data rate that allows to minimize time spent on air and reduce oppurtunities for collisions.
3.3 INTERFERENCE REDUCTION IDEAS:

The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer provides the ability to sample a channel, measures the energy and report whether the channel is free from interference and thus clear to transmit. This information is then made available to higher layers, so that devices using IEEE 802.15.4 radios having the possibility to select the best available channel for operation. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard makes use of a simple listen before talk strategy also known as CSMA and implemented in other wireless technologies. In this approach, a device that discovers that the channel is busy will wait a while before checking the channel again and transmitting its data. The IEEE 802.15.4 specification includes by default the acknowledgements of received frames. On a receipt of a message, each device has a brief time window in which it is required to sent back a short message acknowledging receipt. This technique allows messages that are transmitted but not successfully received to be detected. If the transmitting device does
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not receive acknowledgement, it will assume that the message has not delivered and will try again. Retransmissions are carried out until the message and its acknowledgement are both received or until usually after a few tries the transmitter gives up and reports a failure.
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CHAPTER 4 QUALNET 4.1 INTRODUCTION:

QualNet is a network modeling software that predicts performance of networks through simulation and emulation. QualNet is the corner stone of virtual networking labs that enable the deployment of a mind-boggling plethora of applications in wireless, wired and mixed network platforms.
4.2 KEY CAPABILITIES OF QUALNET :

Speed Scalability Model Fidelity Portability Extensibility
4.2.1 SPEED :
QualNet can support real-time simulation speed, which enables software-in-theloop, network emulation, hardware-in-the-loop and human-in-the-loop exercises.
4.2.2 SCALABILITY :
Supports thousands of nodes. Speed and scalability are not mutually exclusive with QualNet. QualNet has achieved real-time simulation for models of 3500 nodes.
4.2.3 MODEL FIDELITY :

QualNet offers highly detailed models of all aspects of networking. This ensures accurate modeling results.
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4.2.4 PORTABILITY :
QualNet runs on a vast array of platforms like Linux, Solaris,Windows XP and Mac OS X operating systems, distributed and cluster parallel architectures and both 32 and 64bit computing environments.
4.2.5 EXTENSIBILITY :
QualNet connects to other hardware and software applications such as OTB, real networks and STK greatly enhancing the value of the network model.
4.2.6 REAL-TIME SIMULATION:

Models can speed up and scale on parallel computing environments. For instance, a cluster of 16 dual 2GHz Opteron systems connected by an Infiniband switch achieved real time speed for 3500 nodes.
4.3 COMPONENTS OF QUALNET DEVELOPER:

QualNet is a comprehensive set of tools with all the components for custom network modeling and simulation.The QualNet simulation engine is extremely scalable and can accommodate high fidelity models of networks of thousands of nodes.QualNet makes good use of computational resources and models large scale networks with heavy traffic and mobility in reasonable simulation times. Even on laptop and desktop computers,QualNet has unrivaled speed and
scalability. QualNet produces fast results for a thorough exploration of networking options. Realtime simulation is another powerful option with Qualnet.
4.4 QUALNET SCENARIO DESIGNER:

QualNet Scenario Designer is a model setup tool that allows users to setup geographical distribution, physical connections, and the functional parameters of the network nodes. Using intuitive click and drag operations, the user can also network layer protocols and traffic characteristics down to each node.
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4.5 QUALNET ANIMATOR:

QualNet animator offers in-depth visualization and analysis. As simulations are running, users can watch traffic flow through the network and view dynamic graphs of critical performance metrics. Users can also assign jobs to run in batch mode on a faster server and view the animated data later.
4.6 QUALNET ANALYZER:

QualNet analyzer is a statistical graphing tool that displays hundreds of metrics. Users can choose to see pre-designed reports or customize graphs with their own statistics. Realtime statistics are also options where users can view metrics as they are generated while simulation is running.
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4.7 QUALNET PACKET TRACER:

QualNet packet tracer is a packet-level visualization for viewing the contents of a packet as it goes up and down the network stack. This is a valuable debugging tool.
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TEST SCENARIO ALGORITHMS SCENARIO 1:(WLAN)
1. Open the QualNet developer tool and create a scenario. 2. To create a new scenario,go to Scenario properties icon in the toolbar, choose terrain tab and change the matrice value to 500*500. 3. Note that once any property is changed,click apply for that particular tab and then click ok at the end to confirm the properties changed. 4. Change the channel properties as 2 channels and specify the frequency range as 2.4 GHz and follow step 3. 5. Click on the subnet icon (which is diagrammatically a cloud) from the toolbar and place it on the workspace. 6. In this case, two subnets are needed. 7. Continue with step 5 for the second subnet. 8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has 3 nodes.
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10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set access point as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties and repeat step 16, 17& 18. 21. Right-click node 1 and select properties NODE PROPERTIES: 22. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 23. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 24. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 25. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node.
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26. Repeat step 25 for another pair of nodes. 27. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties. CBR PROPERTIES: 28. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 29. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 30. Repeat the steps 28 and 29 for CBR link 2 with start time and end time as 3ms and 25ms. 31. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 32. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
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WLAN OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:
GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

ITEM SIZE: 256 bytes/sec START TIME: 2secs END TIME : 25secs
CALCULATION :
Total bytes = 256 * 23 = 5888 bytes

CALCULATION :
25

START TIME: 2secs END TIME : 25secs
CALCULATION :
Total packets = 25 -- 2 = 23

CALCULATION :
Total packets = 25 3 = 22
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CALCULATION:
Throughput for node 1= 256*23=58888*8=47104/23=2048 Throughput for node 2= 256*22=5632*8=45056/22=2048
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PHYSICAL LAYER:
Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets
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SCENARIO 2:(ZigBee)
1. Open the QualNet developer tool and create a scenario. 2. To create a new scenario,go to Scenario properties icon in the toolbar, choose terrain tab and change the matrice value to 500*500. 3. Note that once any property is changed,click apply for that particular tab and then click ok at the end to confirm the properties changed. 4. Change the channel properties as 2 channels and specify the frequency range as 2.4 GHz and follow step 3. 5. Click on the subnet icon (which is diagrammatically a cloud) from the toolbar and place it on the workspace. 6. In this case, two subnets are needed. 7. Continue with step 5 for the second subnet. 8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has 3 nodes.
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10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties SUBNET PROPERTIES: 16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 18. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 19. Right-click subnet 2, select properties and repeat step 16, 17, 18. 20. Right-click node 1 and select properties
NODE PROPERTIES: 21. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 22. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 23. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets.
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24. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node. 25. Repeat step 24 for another pair of nodes. 26. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties. CBR PROPERTIES: 28. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 29. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 30. Repeat the steps 28 and 29 for CBR link 2 with start time and end time as 3ms and 25ms. 31. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 32. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
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ZIGBEE OUTPUT APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

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CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
Total packets = 25 --3 = 22

CALCULATION :
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CALCULATION:
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PHYSICAL LAYER:
Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets
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SCENARIO 3:(HYBRID WITHOUT INTERFERENCE)
1. Open the QualNet developer tool and create a scenario. 2. To create a new scenario,go to Scenario properties icon in the toolbar, choose terrain tab and change the matrice value to 500*500. 3. Note that once any property is changed,click apply for that particular tab and then click ok at the end to confirm the properties changed. 4. Change the channel properties as 2 channels and specify the frequency range as 2.4 GHz and follow step 3. 5. Click on the subnet icon (which is diagrammatically a cloud) from the toolbar and place it on the workspace. 6. In this case, two subnets are needed. 7. Continue with step 5 for the second subnet. 8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has three nodes.
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10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties SUBNET 1 PROPERTIES: 16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set accesspoint as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties SUBNET 2 PROPERTIES: 21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 24. Right-click node 1 and select properties
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NODE PROPERTIES: 25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and followstep3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node. 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties. CBR PROPERTIES: 32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33.Set the start time and end time of the simulation,as2ms and
25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as 2ms and 3ms. 35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
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HYBRID OUTPUT WITHOUT INTERFERENCE

APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

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CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
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CALCULATION:
Nodes that receive the packets with no error.
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PHYSICAL LAYER:
Nodes that act as destinations and receive the pack
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SCENARIO 4 (HYBRID WITH INTERFERENCE):
1. Open the QualNet developer tool and create a scenario. 2. To create a new scenario,go to Scenario properties icon in the toolbar, choose terrain tab and change the matrice value to 500*500. 3. Note that once any property is changed,click apply for that particular tab and then click ok at the end to confirm the properties changed. 4. Change the channel properties as 2 channels and specify the frequency range as 2.4 GHz and follow step 3. 5. Click on the subnet icon (which is diagrammatically a cloud) from the toolbar and place it on the workspace. 6. In this case, two subnets are needed. 7. Continue with step 5 for the second subnet. 8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has three nodes.
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10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties
SUBNET 1 PROPERTIES: 16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set accesspoint as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties SUBNET 2 PROPERTIES: 21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 24. Right-click node 1 and select properties
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NODE PROPERTIES: 25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and followstep3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination. 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties. CBR PROPERTIES: 32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2msand 25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as as 2ms and 3ms. 35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
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HYBRID OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
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CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
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CALCULATION:
Nodes which has chance of error occurences.
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PHYSICAL LAYER:
Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets.
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NETWORK LAYER:
Nodes that receives the packets with a time delay.
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SCENARIO 5 :(HYBRID WITHOUT INTERFERENCE)
1. Open the QualNet developer tool and create a scenario. 2. To create a new scenario,go to Scenario properties icon in the toolbar, choose terrain tab and change the matrice value to 500*500. 3. Note that once any property is changed,click apply for that particular tab and then click ok at the end to confirm the properties changed. 4. Change the channel properties as 2 channels and specify the frequency range as 2.4 GHz and follow step 3. 5. Click on the subnet icon (which is diagrammatically a cloud) from the toolbar and place it on the workspace. 6. In this case, two subnets are needed. 7. Continue with step 5 for the second subnet.
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8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has seven nodes. 10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties SUBNET PROPERTIES: 16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set access point as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties SUBNET PROPERTIES: 21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3.
52
24. Right-click node 1 and select properties NODE PROPERTIES: 25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node. 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties. CBR PROPERTIES: 32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as 4ms, 6ms, 8ms, 10ms and 25ms. 35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
53
HYBRID OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
54

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
Total bytes = 512 * 17 =8710 bytes

CALCULATION :
55

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

56
CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
57
CALCULATION:
Throughput for node 1= 512*23=11776*8=94208/23=4096 Throughput for node 2= 512*21=10752*8=86016/21=4096 Throughput for node 3= 512*19=9728*8=77824/19=4096 Throughput for node 4= 512*17=8704*8=69632/17=4096 Throughput for node 5= 512*15=7680*8=61440/15=4096
58
PHYSICAL LAYER:
59
SCENARIO 6 (HYBRID WITH INTERFERENCE)
60
8. Click on the node icon (which is diagrammatically a mobile) for each subnet, as per the requirement. 9. In this case, each subnet has seven nodes. 10. Click on the arrow icon from the toolbar to select the nodes and subnets which has to be connected. 11. In this scenario, keep the node 1 common for both subnets which acts as the access point. 12. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.0(which indicates subnet 1). 13. Repeat step 10 for subnet 2. 14. Now right-click on any one of the selected node and select the link selected nodes to190.0.0.1(which indicates subnet 2). 15. Right-click subnet 1 and select properties
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set access point as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3.
22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3.
61
23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 24. Right-click node 1 and select properties
NODE PROPERTIES:
25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node. 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties.
CBR PROPERTIES:
32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as 4ms, 6ms, 8ms, 10ms and 25ms. 35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
62
HYBRID OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

63
CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
64

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

65
CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
66
CALCULATION:
Throughput for node 1= 512*23=11776*8=94208/23=4096 Throughput for node 2= 512*21=10752*8=86016/21=4096 Throughput for node 3= 512*19=9728*8=77824/19=4096 Throughput for node 4= 512*17=8704*8=69632/17=4096 Throughput for node 5= 512*15=7680*8=61440/15=4096
67
Nodes that receive packets with error.
PHYSICAL LAYER
:
68
NETWORK LAYER:
Nodes that receive packets but with some amount of error.
69
SCENARIO 7 (HYBRID WITH INTERFERENCE)
70
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step3 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set access point as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3.
71
24. Right-click node 1 and select properties
NODE PROPERTIES:
25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination nodes 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties.
CBR PROPERTIES:
32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as 4ms, 6ms, 8ms, 10ms and 25ms.
35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon.
36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output.
72
HYBRID OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
73

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
74

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
Total packets =30 1 = 29
75

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
CALCULATION:
Throughput for node 1= 512*25=12800*8=102400/25=4096 Throughput for node 2= 512*27=13824*8=2985984/512=5832 Throughput for node 3= 512*29=14848*8*29=3444736/512=6728 Throughput for node 4= 512*22=11264*8*22=1982464/512=3872 Throughput for node 5= 512*24=12288*8*24=2359296/512=4608
76
77
PHYSICAL LAYER:
NETWORK LAYER:
78
SCENARIO 8: (HYBRID WITH INTERFERENCE)
79
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
16. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.11a/g and follow step 3. 17. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.11 and follow step 3. 18. Set the Station association type as dynamic and set access point as yes. 19. In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3. 20. Right-click subnet 2, select properties
SUBNET PROPERTIES:
21. In the physical layer tab, change the radio type to 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 22. In Mac layer tab, set Mac protocol as 802.15.4 and follow step 3. 23.In Routing protocol tab, set routing protocol as AODV and follow step 3.
80
24. Right-click node 1 and select properties
NODE PROPERTIES:
25. In the general tab, set the 2D icon as access point and follow step 3. 26. In the node configuration tab, set routing protocol as AODV. 27. In the interfaces tab, checkout the property changes made in subnets. 28. Repeat step 26 and 27 for all other nodes. 29. Click the CBR icon on the toolbar, and click the source node and drag it to the destination node. 30. Repeat step 29 for another pair of nodes. 31. Right-click on the CBR link 1 and select properties.
CBR PROPERTIES:
32. Enter the required values for items to send and item size. 33. Set the start time and end time of the simulation, as 2ms and 25ms respectively. 34. Repeat the steps 32 and 33 for other CBR links with start time and end time as 4ms, 6ms, 8ms, 10ms and 25ms. 35. Save the scenario and run the simulation by clicking the run simulation icon. 36. Click the play button and click the graph-generation icon to view the output
81
HYBRID OUTPUT
APPLICATION LAYER:

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
82

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
83

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
Total packets =30 5 = 25
84

CALCULATION :

CALCULATION :
CALCULATION:
Throughput for node 3= 512*27=13824*8*27=2985984/512=5832 Throughput for node 4= 512*29=14848*8*29=3444736/512=6728 Throughput for node 5= 512*25=12800*8*25=2560000/512=5000 Throughput for node 6= 512*23=11776*8*23=2543616/512=4968 Throughput for node 7= 512*21=10752*8*21=1806336/512=3528
85
86
PHYSICAL LAYER:
NETWORK LAYER:

87
ANALYSIS
S.NO
SCENARIO
NODES
CBR LINKS
INTERFERENCE
THROUGH PUT
WLAN
NO
2048
ZIGBEE
NO
2048
3 4
HYBRID HYBRID
6 15
2 5
NO YES
2048 1846
HYBRID
15
NO
4096
6 7 8
HYBRID HYBRID HYBRID
15 15 15
5 5 5
YES YES YES
3957 3836 3762
88
CONCLUSION:
In this paper an extensive campaign of experiments and measurements was done to quantify the throughput performance of the IEEE 802.11g on Zigbee and viceversa. The results show that the Zigbee interference has more effect on the IEEE 802.11g uplink rather than the downlink. Furthermore, the results show how IEEE 802.11g affects the performance of Zigbee when the spectrum of the chosen channels of operation co-inside.
89
FUTURE WORK:
Our intended future work will be to conduct more test scenarios under different conditions to further characterize the interference effect of Zigbee/WLAN on each other using different scheduling algorithms and to provide a performance model for an environment where the technologies can co-exist.
90
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE standard 802.11 Wireless Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications 1999. [2].Bluetooth SIG, Specifications of the Bluetooth System Version 1.2, Nov. 2003 [3] IEEE P802.15.4/ D18, Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks draft std, February 2003 [4] N. Golmie, D. Cypher, O. Rebala, "Performance Evaluation of Low Rate WPANs for Sensors and Medical Applications," Proceeding of MILCOM 2004, Monterey, CA, USA October 31-November 3, 2004. [5] Matthew B. Shoemake, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b) and Bluetooth Coexistence Issues and Solutions for the 2.4 GHz ISM Band, Texas Instrument white paper, 2001. [6] L. Har, R. Kofman, A. Segall, and G. Zussaman, Load- Adabtive Inter-Piconet Scheduling in Small-Scale Bluetooth Scatternets. PP 136- 142, IEEE Communication Magazine, July 2004. [7] Howitt, I. and Gutierrez, J.A. IEEE 802.15.4 low rate - wireless personal area network coexistence issues, Wireless Communications and Networking, 2003. WCNC 2003. IEEE, Volume: 3, 16-20 March 2003 [8] Broadcom white paper, IEEE 802.11g: The New Mainstream Wireless LAN Standard, 2003. [9] Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Specifications of the Bluetooth System, vol. 1, v.1.0B Core and vol.2.Ob Profiles, Dec. 1999. [10] www.maxstream.net [11] J. A. Gutierrez, M. Naeve, E. Callaway, M. Bourgeois, V. Mitter and B. Heile, IEEE 802.115.4; A Developing Standard for Low Power, Low Cost Wireless Personal Area Networks, IEEE Network, vol. 15, no. 5, Sept/Oct 2001, pp 12-19. [12] WWW.Wikipedia.com [13] Experimental Study of the Impact of WLAN Interference on IEEE 802.15.4 Body Area Networks ? Jan-Hinrich Hauer, Vlado Handziski, and Adam Wolisz Telecommunication Networks Group Technische Universit at Berlin, Germany
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fhauer,handzisk,woliszg@tkn.tu-berlin.de
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CO-EXISTENCE

on____________at Sri Krishna College Of Technology, Coimbatore-641 042.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our heartiest thanks to our beloved Principal

We extend our sincere thanks

to our Head of the Department

CHAPTER 1 WLAN NETWORKS: An overview 1.1 Introduction:

1.2 IEEE 802.11 TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW:

CHAPTER 2 ZIGBEE: OVERVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION:

2.2 TOPOLOGIES SUPPORTED:

2.3 ZIGBEE FRAME STRUCTURE:

2.4 DATA TRANSFER MECHANISMS:

CHAPTER 3 CO-EXISTENCE OF WLAN AND ZIGBEE: 3.1 INTRODUCTION:

3.2 OVERLAPPING CHANNELS:

3.3 INTERFERENCE REDUCTION IDEAS:

CHAPTER 4 QUALNET 4.1 INTRODUCTION:

4.2 KEY CAPABILITIES OF QUALNET :

4.2.3 MODEL FIDELITY :

4.2.6 REAL-TIME SIMULATION:

4.3 COMPONENTS OF QUALNET DEVELOPER:

4.4 QUALNET SCENARIO DESIGNER:

4.5 QUALNET ANIMATOR:

4.6 QUALNET ANALYZER:

4.7 QUALNET PACKET TRACER:

TEST SCENARIO ALGORITHMS SCENARIO 1:(WLAN)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets

ZIGBEE OUTPUT APPLICATION LAYER:

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets

SCENARIO 3:(HYBRID WITHOUT INTERFERENCE)

HYBRID OUTPUT WITHOUT INTERFERENCE

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

Nodes that receive the packets with no error.

Nodes that act as destinations and receive the pack

SCENARIO 4 (HYBRID WITH INTERFERENCE):

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

Nodes which has chance of error occurences.

Nodes that act as destinations and receive the packets.

Nodes that receives the packets with a time delay.

SCENARIO 5 :(HYBRID WITHOUT INTERFERENCE)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 3)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 4)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 5)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 1)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 2)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 3)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 4)

GIVEN DATA: (NODE 5)

Nodes that act as destinations and receive the pack