Coordination and Ellipsis -Coordinative pairsboth..and.. either..or.. neither..nor.. not only..but also.. e.g.

[David loves Jane] and [wants to marry her.] coordinator e.g. [David doesn`t love Jane] and [doesn`t want to marry her.] e.g. [David neither loves Jane] [nor wants to marry her.] Two affirmative clauses in coordination can be negated wither by means of negator not attached to the auxiliary or the modal verb, or by means of the correlative pair neither..nor. e.g. Mary was neither happy, nor was she sad. The conjunction neither is mobile; it can appear between the Su. and the lexical verb, between the copulative and the predicative, between the auxiliary and the lexical verb. The conjunction nor is usually followed by inversion of the Su. with the auxiliary or the modal. e.g. [Peter didn`t want the responsibility] and [his wife didn`t want the responsibility.] Neither Peter nor his wife wanted the responsibility. Neither Peter wanted the responsibility, nor his wife. e.g. [Mary washed the dishes] and [she dried them.] co-referent Mary both washed the dishes and dried them. e.g. Mary washed the dishes and John washed the dishes too. Both Mary and John washed the dishes. The correlative pair both..and is used in clause coordination when the subjects or the predicates are identical. e.g. [They broke into his office,] [stole his books] and [tore up his manuscripts.] They not only broke into his office and stole his books but they also tore up his manuscripts.

The correlative pair not only..but also is used when the meaning conveyed by the classes in coordination is failed to be surprising, amazing, unpleasant. -Ellipsise.g. [We can go for a walk] or [we can watch TV.] When two or more clauses are coordinated, indentical constituents are often omitted/ellipted. The synctactic rules that allow the deletion of identical constituents are called ellipsis rules. English has several important ellipsis rules: gapping, long distance ellipsis, sluicing, right note raising/extraction, and NP ellipsis. 1) Gapping e.g. [Ken likes dancing] and [Annie likes athletics.] Ken likes dancing and Annie athletics. Gapping has the effect of removing the identical constituent from the middle part of the 2 nd coordinate clause (the verb). e.g. [Pete must eat meat] and [Fred must eat bread.] Pete must eat meat and Fred bread. e.g. X [Sam encouraged Pam] because [Willis encouraged Jane.] Gapping, that is omission of the verb in the 2nd clause can only be used with coordinate clauses and not with subordinate ones. (X) 2) Long distance ellipsis rules e.g. [John appears to be[fond of sweets]] but [I`m not more that he really is [fond of sweets.]] AP cop.be AP e.g. [We thought that Fred would be [working hard on the project,]] but [it turns out that VP he hasn`t been [working hard on the project.]] aux.vb VP We thought that fred would be working hard on the project, but it turns out that he hasn`t. e.g. [Whenever Mary has [drunk beer,]] [Fred has [drunk beer] too.] aux.vb

Whenever Mary has drunk a beer, Fred has too. LDE involves omission of identical constituents at the far end of the 2nd coordinate clause. e.g. Mary thought that George would soon be [the richest man in Texas], but now it is NP doubtful that he will ever be [the richest man in Texas.] aux. cop. NP vb. vb. The omitted constituents in this type of ellipsis can be AP, NP, VP. PP. The constituents preserved in final position are auxiliaries, modals, copulative be. e.g. Mary [speaks French] and Jerry [speaks French] too. Mary speaks French and Jerry does too. When the deleted material is a verb in the present or past simple, the auxiliary do (does, did) is inserted in the 2nd coordinate clause where it appears as a final constituent. e.g. I don`t dance much now, but I used to dance a lot. I don`t dance much now, but I used to. e.g. He will never [live home,] he hasn`t got the courage to [leave home.] VP VP He will never live home, he has`nt got the courage (to). e.g. You can`t force him [to leave home,] he`s not ready [to leave home.] You can`t force him to leave home, he`s not ready (to). e.g. Can you [start the engine?] I`ll try to [start the engine.] Can you start the engine? I`ll try (to). When the 2nd coordinate clause contains a verb in the infinitive, the verb is always omitted while the particle of the infinitive is optionally preserved after nouns, adjectives or verbs. e.g. John is [clever], but Billy is not [clever.] AP AP e.g. Jane will [read your reports], but Henry will not [read your reports.] VP VP

To conclude on LDE we notice that the constituent occurring in final position can only be an auxiliary, a modal, colulative be, particle to and the negator not. -So-Neither Constructione.g. [David knows [how much money was taken]] and [Bill knows [how much money was taken too.]] pres part David knows how much money was taken and Bill does too. Davind knows how much money was taken and so does Bill. After LDE in the 2nd coordinate clause, if the 2nd contains a Su. + an auxiliary +too, then the insertion of the word so triggers inversion between the auxiliary and the Su. e.g. John didn`t clean [clean the blackboard] and Bod didn`t [clean the blackboard] either. John didn`t clean the blackboard and Bob didn`t either John didn`t clean the blackboard and neither did Bob. The insertion of neither triggers inversion between the Su. and the auxiliary if the coordinate clauses are in the negative. 3) Sluicing e.g. [Someone has been stealing our flowers] but [I don`t know [who has been stealing them.]] indirect wh. question Someone has been stealing our flowers, but I don`t know who. Sluicing is ellipsis used in indirect wh. questions. The whole question can be omitted exept the interrogative pronoun or adverb. e.g. John [cooked] smth but Betty didn`t know [what John cooked.] indirect question John cooked smth but Betty didn`t eat [what John cooked.] relative clause This ellipsis rule cannot be used with other types of sentences, only indirect questions. 4) Right Note raising/Extraction e.g. John will speak Japanese and Mary might speak Japanese. John will, and Mary might, speak Japanese.

This type of ellipsis involves extraction and movement of this constituent of the identical constituent from both coordinate clauses. 5) NP ellipsis spec adj head e.g. [The pretty [girls]] NP the determiner some indefinite determiner many indefinite quantifier your possessive determiner mother`s noun in the genitive case head head e.g. These are [Helen`s gloves] / and [these gloves] are mine./ NP NP These are Helen`s gloves and these are mine. e.g. [Many animals] were saved / but [many animals] were lost./ NP NP Many animals were saved but many were lost. e.g. [Some people] say a thing / but [some people] say another thing./ NP NP Some people say a thing but some say another thing. e.g. Jane fed [her dog] / and then fed [your dog]. / NP NP Jane fed her dog and then fed yours. your possessive adjective yours possessive pronoun e.g. You can take [Peter`s car] / and I can take [Susie`s car.] / You can take Peter`s car and I can take Susie`s. noun in the genitive case e.g. We haven`t got [any bog apples], only [small apples.] We haven`t got any big apples, only small ones. Another kind of LDE involves the deletion of the head in a NP (whick occupied the final position in a NP). After the head is deleted, the constituents preserved from the NP are: -demonstratives these, those, this, that -indefinite quantifiers many, much

-indefinite determiners some, any, none, no -possessive pronouns your -noun in the genitive Peter`s -adjuncts expressed by an adjective small -indefinite pronoun - once