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Page 1 of 6
Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Monoterpenes.........................................................................................................................77
Sesquiterpenes.......................................................................................................................78
Terpenoids..............................................................................................................................79
Terpenes in conifers .......................................................................................................................79
Biosynthesis of terpenes ........................................................................................................79
Monoterpene content in conifer wood and the yield of turpentine .........................................80
Composition of monoterpenes in conifers ..............................................................................80
Monoterpenes in Norway spruce and Scots pine...................................................................80
Sesquiterpenes in conifers .....................................................................................................81
Biogenic terpenes in ambient air ....................................................................................................82
Terpenes from conifers ..........................................................................................................82
Terpenes for defense and in response to air pollutants .........................................................83
Ecological aspects of conifer terpenes...................................................................................83
Photooxidants from terpene emissions ..........................................................................................83
Formation of photooxidants....................................................................................................83
Phytotoxic photooxidants from terpenes ................................................................................84
Reactivity of terpenes in air ....................................................................................................85
Analytical methods for terpenes in air ............................................................................................86
Overview of man-made terpene emissions ....................................................................................87
Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from forestry...............................................87
Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from pulp mills............................................88
Terpenes from forestry ...................................................................................................................88
Prevention of photooxidant problems.....................................................................................89
Terpenes emitted to air from pulp mills ..........................................................................................89
Terpene emissions from industrial barking ............................................................................89
Storage of roundwood and chips............................................................................................90
Terpenes from the kraft pulp process.....................................................................................90
Terpenes from the sulfite process ..........................................................................................92
Terpenes from mechanical pulp mills.....................................................................................93
Chapter 4: Resin in tropical hardwoods ..................................................................................101
by Ernst Black
General features ...........................................................................................................................101
The Dipterocarpaceae - A family with resin canals ......................................................................104
The exudate damar ..............................................................................................................105
Parenchyma resinand heartwood phenols...........................................................................110
Total resin in wood and pulp ................................................................................................112
Other pulpwoods with resin canals...............................................................................................115
Pulpwoods with oil cells................................................................................................................116
Pulpwoods with polyisoprenes and lacticifers ..............................................................................117
Reactive phenols ..........................................................................................................................121
Resin content in wood and pulps..................................................................................................128
Pulping, deresination, and pitch control .......................................................................................129
Some planted species ..................................................................................................................131
Chapter 5: Physico-chemical properties and surfactant behavior........................................139
by Gran Strm
Physical properties of resin components......................................................................................139
Solubilities of fatty and resin acid soaps ......................................................................................140
Hydrophodicity ..............................................................................................................................141
Amphiphiles and self-association .................................................................................................141
Micelles and liquid crystals ...........................................................................................................141
Precipitation of liquid crystals and metal soaps............................................................................145
Solubilization.................................................................................................................................146
Page 2 of 6
Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Chapter 6: Resin in suspensions and mechanisms of its deposition ..................................151
by Ernst L. Black
Formation of colloidal resin dispersions .......................................................................................152
Aqueous solubility of resin components .......................................................................................153
Stability of colloidal resin dispersions ...........................................................................................156
Chemical environment..................................................................................................................161
Reactivity with solid surfaces........................................................................................................165
Deposition from pulp suspensions................................................................................................170
Deposition from white water .........................................................................................................175
Deposition from paper webs.........................................................................................................175
Evaluation of the deposition tendency..........................................................................................177
PART 2: RESIN IN PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION
Chapter 7: Resin during storage and in biological treatment................................................185
by Rainer Ekman
Softwood resin and its changes during wood storage..................................................................186
Spruce wood resin................................................................................................................186
Pine wood resin ....................................................................................................................191
Hardwood resin and its changes during wood storage ................................................................195
Aspen wood resin .................................................................................................................196
Birch wood resin ...................................................................................................................191
Resin during biological treatment of wood and pulp.....................................................................198
Treatment of chips with fungi ...............................................................................................198
Treatment of pulp with enzymes ..........................................................................................200
Chapter 8: Deresination in pulping and washing....................................................................205
by Ernst L. Black
Debarking .....................................................................................................................................205
Chip handling................................................................................................................................206
Kraft pulping..................................................................................................................................207
Reactions of resin components ............................................................................................207
Tall oil and other additives....................................................................................................211
Kraft pulp washing ........................................................................................................................212
Displacement of the black liquor and early washing ............................................................212
Final washing, calcium ions and pH .....................................................................................216
Composition of residual resin ...............................................................................................218
Washing with bleach plant filtrates (white waters) ...............................................................220
Washing equipment..............................................................................................................221
Sulfite pulping and washing..........................................................................................................222
Mechanical deresination of pulp ...................................................................................................224
Deresination of filtrates and white waters.....................................................................................225
Chapter 9: Resin reactions and deresination in bleaching....................................................231
by Bjarne Holmbom
Reactions of resin components in various bleaching stages .......................................................231
Oxygen .................................................................................................................................232
Chlorine ................................................................................................................................232
Chlorine dioxide....................................................................................................................233
Peroxide ...............................................................................................................................234
Ozone ...................................................................................................................................235
Alkaline extraction ................................................................................................................235
Enzymes and miscellaneous chemicals...............................................................................236
Deresination and pitch control in bleaching of chemical pulps.....................................................236
Deresination of mechanical pulps.................................................................................................240
Page 3 of 6
Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Deresination of chemimechanical pulps.......................................................................................241
Chapter 10: Resinous compounds in effluents from pulp mills............................................245
by Roland Mrck, Marianne Bjrklund Jansson and Olof Dahlman
Bleached kraft mill effluents..........................................................................................................245
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................245
Effects of process modifications...........................................................................................249
Effects of secondary effluent treatment................................................................................250
Unbleached kraft mill effluents .....................................................................................................252
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................252
Sulfite mill effluents.......................................................................................................................252
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................253
Effluents from mechanical pulping................................................................................................253
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................254
Effects of peroxide bleaching ...............................................................................................255
Effects of biological effluent treatment .................................................................................255
Chapter 11: Pitch control in pulp mills.....................................................................................265
by Lawrence H. Allen
Kraft pulp mills ..............................................................................................................................266
Seasoning of wood ...............................................................................................................268
Bark removal ........................................................................................................................268
Cooking ................................................................................................................................269
Foam control.........................................................................................................................271
Brownstock washing.............................................................................................................272
Unbleached screening and cleaning ....................................................................................274
Bleaching..............................................................................................................................277
Pulp machine........................................................................................................................279
Sulfite pulp mills............................................................................................................................280
Mechanical pulp mills ...................................................................................................................281
Pitch control with alum in newsprint and specialty mills using mechanical pulps ................282
Pitch control with retention aids............................................................................................284
Chapter 12: Analysis of resin deposits ....................................................................................289
by Bruce Sithol
Sampling and procurement of deposit samples ...........................................................................289
Spot tests......................................................................................................................................291
Qualitative analysis.......................................................................................................................294
Microscopy ...........................................................................................................................294
Infrared spectroscopy ...........................................................................................................294
Solubility ...............................................................................................................................295
Thin layer chromatography...................................................................................................295
Pyrolysis gas chromatography .............................................................................................296
Quantitative analysis ....................................................................................................................296
Gravimetry ............................................................................................................................296
Solvent extraction .................................................................................................................297
Molecular spectroscopy........................................................................................................298
Column chromatography and solid phase extraction ...........................................................299
Gas chromatography and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry...............................300
Size-exclusion chromatography ...........................................................................................301
Pyrolysis gas chromatography .............................................................................................301
Other analytical techniques ..................................................................................................302
Examples of analysis of mill pitch deposits ..................................................................................302
Deposits from a fine paper mill.............................................................................................302
Page 4 of 6
Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Deposits from a fine paper converting grade mill.................................................................302
Spots and holes on newsprint ..............................................................................................302
Flakes on a dryer roll in a paper mill ....................................................................................303
White pitch deposits .............................................................................................................303
Specks in paperboard ..........................................................................................................303
Cratering in "blown vinyl" wallpaper .....................................................................................304
Chapter 13: Pitch control in paper mills ..................................................................................307
by Lawrence H. Allen
Key factors for pitch control ..........................................................................................................308
Analysis of pitch problems............................................................................................................310
Methods of pitch control ...............................................................................................................313
A. Process conditions ...................................................................................................................313
Entire system........................................................................................................................313
Stock preparation .................................................................................................................318
Screening and cleaning of paper machine stock .................................................................319
Forming fabrics.....................................................................................................................319
Press section ........................................................................................................................319
Recycling of coated broke ....................................................................................................319
B. Additives...................................................................................................................................320
Dispersants...........................................................................................................................320
Retention aids.......................................................................................................................322
Alum .....................................................................................................................................323
Fabric treatments..................................................................................................................323
Talc .......................................................................................................................................324
Felt cleaning formulations ....................................................................................................324
Chapter 14: Contaminants depositing from recycled papers................................................329
by Bruce Sithol
Problems attributed to the use of recovered fibers.......................................................................329
Characterization and classification of contaminants ....................................................................331
Contaminants due to microbiological organisms..........................................................................332
Contaminants caused by metal ions ............................................................................................332
Impact of system closure on contaminants ..................................................................................333
Analysis of deposits and contaminants ........................................................................................333
Solutions .......................................................................................................................................334
Use of good quality furnish...................................................................................................334
Removal of contaminants in the recycled pulp or mill system .............................................335
Control of microbiological growths and slime deposits ................................................................339
PART 3: RESIN IN PRODUCTS
Chapter 15: Effect of wood resin on paper properties ...........................................................343
by Ernst L. Black, Marianne Bjrklund Jansson, Ann-Therese Karlberg, and Nils-Olof Nilvebrant
Strength properties .......................................................................................................................343
Redistribution of resin components during storage ......................................................................346
Wettability, surface inactivation, and printability...........................................................................348
Paper-to-paper and paper-to-metal friction ..................................................................................350
Estimation and identification of specks in paper ..........................................................................352
Color and brightness reversion due to extractives .......................................................................353
Influence on pulp and paper odor.................................................................................................354
Resin acids as contact allergens ..................................................................................................355
Chapter 16: Effect of wood resin on timber and building boards .........................................363
by Ernst L. Black, Ingvar Johansson, Ralph Nussbaum, and Brigit stman
Page 5 of 6
Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Resin exudates from knots and resin pockets..............................................................................363
Surface inactivation-glueability and paintability............................................................................364
Inactivation mechanisms ......................................................................................................364
Effects on glueability and paintability, time dependence......................................................366
Methods for surface activation .............................................................................................367
Mold and fungal resistance...........................................................................................................368
Dimensional stability and creep....................................................................................................372
Ignitability and other fire properties ..............................................................................................375
Emissions of volatile components ................................................................................................376
Volatile wood resin components...........................................................................................376
Indoor environment...............................................................................................................378
Emission from processing ....................................................................................................379
Treatments available for process gases ..............................................................................381
Wet and dry process building boards ...........................................................................................382
Page 6 of 6