NAME:

AIMAN SYAHID BIN SUYUDDIN AKMAL

COURSE:

AS228 TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME

SUBJECT CODE:

TXL 588 TECHNICAL TEXTILES

NO MATRIC:

2010828436
TITLE:

ASSIGNMENT 1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITION (MODULUS)

LECTURE:

DR MOHD ROZI

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... SHEAR MODULUS....................................................................................................................... 2 BULK MODULUS ......................................................................................................................... 2 YOUNGS MODULUS .................................................................................................................. 3

FUNCTION AND APPLICATION ..................................................................................................... 4

TEST METHOD ................................................................................................................................... 4

FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS .............................................................................................................. 4 Stress-strain curve of polymer ............................................................................................................ 3 Figure 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 4

REFERENCE.....4

Modulus and Initial Modulus. In general, modulus is the ratio of change in stress to change in strain following the removal of crimp from the material being tested. For example, the ratio of the stress expressed in either force per unit linear density or force per unit area of the original specimen, and the strain expressed as either a fraction of the original length or percentage elongation. In textiles, there are several type of modulus identified such as shear modulus, bulk modulus, and initial modulus. Modulus of Rigidity or also known as Shear Modulus is the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain). Modulus of Rigidity can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. Modulus of Rigidity also can be defined as the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain). Bulk modulus is a measure of the incompressibility of a solid or liquid, or the ability of the substance to resist changes in volume when pressure is applied on all sides. The International System of Units unit of bulk modulus is Newton per square meter (N/m2) or Pascal (Pa). The imperial unit is pounds per square (lb/in2 or psi), where 1 psi = 6,894 Pa. In textile, bulk modulus tends to describe as the degree of the modulus of a bunch or group of fibres or polymers.

A textile product should retain its original appearance during wear and care. Some of the properties related to appearance retention are dimensional stability and the fabric modulus. The generalized stress-strain curve for polymer shown in figures serves to define useful quantities, including modulus or stiffness that can be gain by calculate the gradient of the graph, yield stress, strength and elongation at break. In this curve, stress exerted on the polymer is plotted against the strain. Typical stress-strain diagrams are provided for many polymers. A straight line on the curve may indicate that the polymer is truly elastic. This is however rarely achieved in practice. As the tension increase, the curves indicate how the polymers continue to deform up to the point at which it eventually breaks (elongation at break). 2

A measure of the fibre initial resistance to small extension gives the initial modulus also known as Youngs modulus of the polymer. A high initial modulus indicates that the polymer has good resistance to stretching (stiff) and a low modulus means that it requires little force to stretch it. The initial modulus also represent that is the ability of the polymer to carry a load without deformation. Flexibility and modulus are closely linked. A low modulus polymer tends to be flexible and in contrast, a high modulus one tends to be brittle. Work of rupture that measures the energy needed to break the polymer can be determined from the area below the curve. It also represents the toughness or resiliency. Youngs Modulus is a property of perfectly elastic materials, it is ratio of change in stress to change in strain within the elastic limits of material. The ratio is calculated from the stress expressed in force unit cross-sectional area, and the strain expressed as a fraction of original length. Modulus so calculated is equivalent to the force required to strain the sample 100% of its original length, at the rate prevailing below the elastic limit. 3

Material that gives steep slope pattern has high modulus and stiffer such as Kevlar is hard brittle, and resists stretching. It can be used as protection materials. The low modulus materials are not stiff and flexible such as spandex. Some of application material is as swimsuit. The modulus or stiffness can be calculated by using the SDL Stiffness Tester in the lab.

Figure 1 SDL Stiffness Tester

References: Introduction to Textile Fibres, Khadijah Omar, Textile Technology Programme, UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. A Manual on Textile Testing, Salmiah Mohd Nor, University Publication Centre (UPENA), UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. http://www.davytextiles.com/glossary_of_terms_and_definition.htm http://www.ehow.com/facts_7196880_bulk-modulus_.html http://www.teoma.com/ans/bulk-modulus-of-a-material http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1O83-bulkmodulus.html http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shear%20modulus