BASICS OF SURVEYING

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 SUBJECT TITLE SUBJECT CODE PAPER CODE SEMESTER : BASICS OF SURVEYING : 203 : : SECOND SEMESTER

5.0 RATIONALE : Surveying is one of the basic and essential element of knowledge for any engineer/supervisor dealing with development, modification, alteration related to construction such as roads, buildings, tunnels; or extraction such as open cast mining, underground mining, placer mining or ocean mining. Without the knowledge of basic surveying one can not think of acquiring skills related to chaining, plotting, surveying and other related higher level of skills. Surveying has advanced with induction of modern technology. GPS and GIS have completely changed the face of surveying in any field data computations. Highest level of accuracy can be maintained with these equipment and techniques. This subject is designed with a purpose to understand fundamental knowledge of surveying and acquire basic skills of using surveying equipment, keeping in mind the important job functions of a mine surveyor. The essential activities of a mine surveyor include chaining, leveling, detailed surveying, plotting of survey data and setting out works. It is therefore essential to give emphasis on the development of skills on using various basic survey tools and their application in surveying and data collection for preparation of mine plans & sections of workings. Hence experiments and projects have been identified for understanding basic principles of surveying and leveling. 6.0 TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME : Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme Practical Lab Theory Hrs Theory Marks/ Practical Term-work Hrs per work per week paper duration marks marks week marks 02 04 100/03 50 30 ENABLING OBJECTIVES :

Progressiv e Ass. marks 20

7.0

The students after completing the course will be able to 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Understanding the principle of chain surveying. Using prismatic compass for calculation of bearing of given land profile. Understanding the importance and use of plane table surveying. Comprehending levelling and its use in mining operations. Using levels for a given situation and compute data for different mining operations. Understanding contours and their importance in mining. Calculate areas, volumes using formulae.

8.0 UNIT 1.

DETAILED COURSE CONTENTS : CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 1.1 Definition of surveying, objects of surveying, Plane and Geodetic surveying. Classification & Basic principles of surveying. Chain Surveying : 1.2 Principle of chain surveying. Equipments in chain surveying, cross staff , optical square its principle and use. 1.3 Different operations in chain surveying, Ranging: direct & reciprocal ranging. Line ranger structure, principle of working and its use. Chaining: Chaining on flat & slopping ground, obstacle in chaining, Chain Triangulation Survey Station and their Selections, factors affecting selection of survey station. Survey lines, Check lines, Tie lines, base line. Errors in changing. Offsetting. 1.4 Conventional signs related to survey. COMPASS SURVEYING 2.1 The Prismatic & Surveyors compass, their Comparison. 2.2. Bearing of a line: Definitions: True & Magnetic Meridian; True and Magnetic bearings, Fore & back bearings, Declination. Whole circle bearing system & Quadrantal bearing system. Conversion of bearings from one system to other. Calculation of angles from bearings. Calculation of bearings from angles. 2.3. Local attraction: Sources, detection & its elimination. Magnetic dip & magnetic declination. Calculation of True bearings. 2.4. Traversing with compass: Closed and open traverse; Plotting a compass traverse; Checks for open & closed traverse; Closing error, Graphical adjustment of closing error. Mark s 12 Hr s 05 PRACTICAL CONTENT 1. Demonstration of measuring chain, tape, ranging road, peg, arrow, optical square, line ranger. 2. Laying and ranging a chain line and taking offsets by tape on either side. 3. Using chain and cross-staff survey for calculating area of a given field.

2.

20

15 4. Perform temporary adjustment of prismatic compass and observing fore & back bearing and calculation of included angles from observed bearings. 5. Measure fore & back bearing of five sided closed traverse, identify stations affected by local attraction and calculate corrected bearings

UNIT 3.

CONTENTS PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 3.1 Introduction, Plane table and its accessories, Temporary adjustments of Plane table, centering, levelling, orienting the plane table by method of back sighting by method of magnetic needle. 3.2 Methods of plane tabling Radiation, Intersection, Traversing, Resection method. 3.3 Advantages & disadvantages of plane table survey, Errors in plane table survey. LEVELLING-I 4.1 Definitions of the terms used in Levelling. Concept of datum, Back sight, Foresight stations, change point, height of instrument. Dumpy and tilling level Construction and temporary adjustments. Levelling staff, their types. Balancing of back sight and fore sight distances. Holding and Reading the staff, simple and differential levelling, and booking of readings. 4.2 Reduction of levels by collimation system and by Rise & fall system. Arithmetic check, computation of missing readings. LEVELLING-II 4.3 Classification of levelling: Differential, Reciprocal, and Fly levelling, Profile levelling, cross sectioning. Plotting of a profile and cross section. 4.4 Difficulties in levelling, common errors in levelling. Permanent adjustments of Dumpy & Tilling level. Automatic level (General idea only) 4.5 Transferring levels underground: Measurement of depth of vertical shaft. Establishing u/g bench mark in relation to surface bench mark. 4.6 Marking center & grade line of drift. 4.7 Marking Highest flood level. 4.8 Study and use of Abney level Auto set level, Temporary adjustments.

Mark s 12

Hr s 08

4.

20

16

PRACTICAL CONTENT 6. Demonstration of plane table and accessories, temporary adjustment, locating points by radiation. 7. Methods of plane Tabling- orientation of plane table by back sighting and locating details by intersection method. 8. Demonstration of Dumpy level and tilting level. 9. Carrying out, Temporary adjustments of dumpy level and conduct simple levelling, recording readings in levelling book and apply arithmetic check.

20

12

10. Differential levelling with Dumpy levelrecording in level book, reduction of levels by both methods, apply arithmetic check. 11. Fly levelling for carrying benchmark at a station at least 300 m away by tilting level. 12. Demonstration of auto level.

UNIT 5.

CONTENTS CONTOURING 5.1 Introduction and concept, definitions, purpose, Characteristic of Contour line, contour interval, factors affecting contour interval, Horizontal equivalent. Methods of Locating contours Direct method, Indirect method. Interpolation of contours by estimation, arithmetical and by graphical method. Plotting of contour maps. Uses of contour map. 5.2 Measurement of areas & volumes by Simpsons and Trapezoidal, prizmoidal rule, measurement of stock of coal, overburden mines.

Mark s 16

Hr s 08

PRACTICAL CONTENT 13. Use concept of contouring in finding out area of a given block. 14. Using arithmetical and graphical method for estimation. 15. Block contouring
block of 200 m X 200 m. with spot level at 10 m X 10 m. plotting contours with contours interval 0.5 to 1.0 m. by interpolation .

SUGGESTED SPECIFICATION TABLE (THEORY) : UNITS TENTATIVE S. No. Total DISTRIBUTION OF Hours MARKS K C A TOTAL MARKS 1. Introduction to surveying 05 05 04 03 12 2. Compass Surveying 15 05 08 07 20 3. Plane table surveying 08 04 04 04 12 4. Levelling I 16 04 06 10 20 5. Levelling II 12 06 10 04 20 6. Contouring 08 06 06 04 16 TOTAL 64 30 38 32 100 Abbreviations: K=Knowledge level, C = Comprehension Level, A = Application level 10.0 SUGGESTED IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES: 10.1 Class room teaching 10.2 Field work and practical exercises 10.3 Library and Home assignments 10.4 Field visits 10.5 Industrial Training 11.0 SUGGESTED LIST OF TUTORIALS : 11.1 Chain & cross staff Survey for finding area of a field (Numerical problems) Errors in chain Surveying & applying Corrections for chain & Tape numerical problems). 11.2 Calculation of bearings from angles (solving numerical). 11.2 Calculation of True bearings (solving numerical). 11.3 Plotting of a profile and cross section. 11.4 Permanent adjustments of Dumpy & Tilling level. 11.5 Marking center & grade line of drift. 11.7 Marking of highest flood level. 11.6 Using graphical method of contouring. 12.0 SUGGESTED LEARNING RESOURCES :

9.0

S.No.

TITLE

1.

Surveying and levelling Volume I & II

AUTHOR, PUBLISHER, EDITION AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION T. P. Kanetkar & S. V. Kulkarni, Pune Vidyapith Griha Prakashan Pune; 1995 B.C. Punmia Amarjit Aggarwal, H.Tata International Publication, 1992

ISBN NUMBER

2. 3.

Surveying & Levelling Surveying & Levelling

13.0 1. 2. 3. 4.

LIST OF EXPERTS AND TEACHERS WHO CONTRIBUTED FOR THIS CURRICULUM:

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