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The Feminization of Labour in Cognitive Capitalism Author(s): Cristina Morini Reviewed work(s): Source: Feminist Review, No.

87, Italian Feminisms (2007), pp. 40-59 Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30140799 . Accessed: 24/06/2012 10:14
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87

the feminization of labour in cognitive capitalism


Cristina Morini

abstract
The article starts witha definition the concept feminization labour. It aims to of of signal how, at both the Italian and the global level, precarity, togetherwithcertain qualitative characteristicshistorically presentin female work,have become decisive factors for currentproductiveprocesses, to the point of progressively transforming womeninto a strategicpool of labour. Since the early 1990s, Italyhas seen a massive increase in the employmentof women, withinthe wave of legislation that has introducedvarious flexiblecontracts- so-called atypical work.I show how cognitive capitalism tends to prioritize extracting value from relational and emotional elements, which are more likelyto be part of women's experientialbaggage. The resultsof a studyconducted in November 2006 amongfreelanceworkers the Rizzoli of Corriere della sera group,the largest publishing group in Italy, will be used to show howwomenare able to move moreeasily on the shifting sands of precarity, within the context of cognitivework.

keywords
feminizationof labour; cognitivecapitalism; relational values; knowledgeworkers; Italian case studies

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(40-59) 0 2007Feminist Review. 0141-7789/07 www.feminist-review.com $30

definitions of the concept


Forseveral the been yearsnow, concept feminization labourhas increasingly of intoanalysesconducted changesin the labourmarket on linked incorporated to newtrends the globaleconomy. conceptis used to define only in This not the objective increase the activefemalepopulain aspect of the quantitative around the world,but increasingly underlines the qualitativeand tion, constituent characterof this phenomenon. rather,it defines those Or characteristics thecurrent of as information-based economy, defined Manuel by Castells (2002), or even betterthat whichothersprefer call cognitive to capitalism (Vercellone,2006; Fumagalli,2007), withinnew contexts of In this not to the words, conceptis intended only emphasize production. other rolewomen within butalso to highlight paradigmatic the play today'seconomy, nature thisreference. of Saskia Sassen postulates idea of 'the existence a systemic the of relationship between globalization feminization paid work', thesensethat'the the and of in structures that cannotbe transferred offshore mustoperate and productive where demand can whereas structures the which exists, use a female workforce, lendthemselves beingtransferred to abroadcan use lower-paid workforces in less developed countries' (2002:126). Inneoliberalism, processes theefficient ofcapitalareextended an the for use on international Within complex the scale, withdifferent typesof development. domain the multidimensional inwhich of shifts women deeply are the involved, Italianpicture offers particularly a model.It has seen,from early the interesting in marked increase female boostedbythedemand for 1990s,a very immigration domestic but the exclusion migrants anyother of from work, with simultaneous benefit 2000: 63). In general, number women the of in (Andall, typeof welfare has risen.In the USAin 1950, 15per cent of women with paid employment children under age ofsixhad a job. Today, figure risen 65 percent the this has to 72 women havea job. and, overall, percentof American
Ifwomen theFirst for a in World makea career themselves devote greatdeal oftimeto and their and helpers, arrive a result the increasing of nannies who as demanding professions, has are a demand helpat homewhich becomea veritable for industry, experiencingsimilar

work is but bigger far situation. two That women to earn a idea,but money perhaps lovely is idea has that working two mothers devote themselves to entirelywork a lovely which gone
World all boththe First World the Third and too far.When is said and done,women from the rules economic are pawnsin a far wider-reaching theydidn'twrite game forwhich

2004: (Hochschild, 26).

Ina broader here of we with sense,thefeminizationthework process are dealing of is therefore on the one hand,of an exponential indicative, implementation it labour globalmarkets. theother on On hand,intheWest emphasizes low-paid towards progressive the insertion women theservice of into thetrend industries,
Morini feminist review 87 Cristina

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At of whichis assuming importance. the same time forms ever-increasing of in the are individual uniqueness the bargaining developing linewith cognitive countries havebeen from world's the Women service under-developed provided. of of from into the transformed salariedsubstitutes the reproduction women at developed countries, the expense of their own capacity or wish for towards in are women the developed countries driven production reproduction; a where is artificial life and/or sterile. significant The and indeed towards future of do relate ties suggested thesekinds links, not,simplistically, to cause and by intersections hold the new that effect.Theyare important multidimensional order 2000: 278).' (Haraway, imperial together of the In this article,it willnot be possibleto consider fullcomplexity work in is women globalmarkets. aimofthisarticle to focuson the The performed by within paradigm present the of ofthe capacities implementation use ofcognitive introduced cognitive accumulation. attention The by givento the dimension a does not mean inventing, abstractly, new centrality: cognitive capitalism of which labourrepresents of the new criticalforms domination one today the this of it thattheclose stimulate labour scene. From point view, is argued examination carried on the subjectmustnot be considered out antithetical to otheranalyseson economic relations and exploitative but can, relationships, enrichment integration a greater and for of rather, represent understandingthe workscene (cf. Federici,2003; Federiciand realityof the contemporary 2007). Caffentzis,

1 For more in-depth commentary, see Mezzadra (2006) and Sacchetto (2001).

in Both thecase of migrants move from their of in who to country origin work the intheservice First and industries in World, thatoftheir ever-growing employment Western womenseem to represent model that contemporary a countries, looks at withgrowing bothin termsof the forms the of interest, capitalism administration labour (precariousness, of nature,low mobility, fragmentary of the focus salaries)and interms thecontents, given newanthropological that work claims assumethrough intensive to the ofquality, abilities and exploitation individual skills (capacities for relationships, emotionalaspects, linguistic for aspects,propensity care). has to for terms, appropriate itselfpolyvalence, Capitalism aimed,in general andthequality female of the labour, multi-activity exploiting thereby experience women which stemsfrom theirhistoric in function the realmof brought by and work.Following interpretation, Deleuzian this the reproduction domestic a natureof conceptof 'becoming womanof work'pointsto the biopolitical current labourrelations, taken as a whole.Foucaulthelpsus to clarify this - in its meaning one of further. shouldnote the performing We character of individualization and labour,its marked 'modelling reality' of contemporary divisionand its de-intellectualization. body ends up de-subjectified, The 'the of havean immediate effect it,they on take disciplined: relationships power it over, maketheir on train they torment they restrict it it, they stamp it,they it,
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to certaintypesof work, certainceremonies to and demandsignsfrom it' (Foucault,1976:29). Work an effective is for of in occasion theemancipation women theface of male albeitwithin limits bythe hierarchical the set of oppression, organization work. Thanks the levelof generalized to which beentransformed has precariousness, intoa structural element contemporary of 'work which becomesa capitalism, is to thatthefragmentationtheservice of woman', tantamount saying provided of which haveexperienced and thecomplexity thedependence/absorption women at various timesin the labourmarket, ends up becoming generalparadigm a of gender.In thissense, it can be maintained that the figure of irrespective social precariousness todayis woman:in cognitive capitalism precariousness, and becomeconstituent elements the work all of of mobility fragmentation ofgender. model The advanced pliable, is and persons irrespective hyper-flexible in thissense it drawson the baggageof femaleexperience. employing this By I am which seem terminology, awarethat I am usinga generalization might To makestatements valid 'forwomen' impossible, is unlessthrough the vague. endlesswork articulating partialworlds situatedknowledge of the of (Spivak, and 2004). To speakof 'women' their thus,does notmeanthinking 'experience', one is as that line,butrather intended a simplification remains alongonly single distant from theories that makereference a fixed to heterosexual conceptually and eurocentric nomenclature. thecontrary, is thevery On it of presence persons fromdifferent and different sexualitiesand the observation the of origins towards on all the differences all the and tendency absorption capitalizing by forms life of thathelpus to note,with evenmore how of force, a model thebody which is totally and traditionally subjected to the power of capitalist drawson a sexual and racial paradigm: 'the black person, the organization ina junior woman the and the position, migrant theexile,are all under spotlight' 2003: 13). (Puwar, The family, the city and relations betweenhumansare progressively being transformed an economic into features space. Ourdailywork pattern deeply embedded In linguistic-emotional components. thissense,carework by provided womenfits perfectly withina far wider mechanism that also includes and becomean economic asset. relationships these in turn Recourse madeto migrant is the of women who, through channels theglobalized are replacing in skills then workers their economy, cognitive reproductive which becomepartof a salarydynamic seemsto 2001). Moreover, (Morini, everything in of be tending more more thatdirection thesenseofan industrialization and in an issuethatcannot (Franklin, 1993), reproduction through genetic engineering be discussed herewith care and attention deserves. What involved the it is here of in freedom women, its various is, thus,the reproductive facets,as wellas which openedup to the into is reproduction beingtransformed merchandise, market Pateman, (cf. 2003). 1997;Ongaro,
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situations a thatis all the Theatomization current of working generates paradox since is of more to brought interesting profit based onthesummation thewealth the cooperative butthisextraction madepossible is multitude, solely capitalby downintoan infinite number individual of situations. Each byits beingbroken situation terms his/ in of individual individual todayhas a correspondingly single herwork. predominance individual The in of has contracting the labourmarket theeffect fostering denialofanysocialcorporeality ofanycorporeality of the or the that all thiswillbe 'of class'. Giorgio (1990: 47) highlights risk Agamben translated into an ordinary 'whose singularity, composed of individuals is notlinked anycondition belonging bythe simple of or absence by community of conditions cannot form societasbecausethey notpossess do (...). They any to of that The anyidentity putforward, link belonging can be recognised.' any condition precariousness stemsfrom of that individual on the one bargaining handheightens one's ownperception uniqueness, of favours and, on the other, fullavailability ratify of to models, consumption lifestyles, types speech,brand names. From therestemsthe victory the globalized of neo-liberal productive which tendsto establish dominion whatis defined one way over as paradigm, of the thinking, unirationalizationlife. of touches theindividual of on of Cognitive capitalism spheres theexperiences men and women, bothnativeand migrant, at the same timeseeksto impose but a for commandmechanism work:it is these very unique and homogenous differences the exploitation them and of thattranslate surplus into value. From thispoint view, simple binary of the and dichotomies production/reproduction, of worklose theirmeaning the pointof pushing to to us male work/female of of a hypothesize gradualprocess the degendering work. When speak of the feminization work cognitive we of in we capitalism, should therefore consider processin a broader the context thanjust the increasingly exclusive area of 'production'. When say 'work'in cognitive we we capitalism meanless and less a precise and circumscribed of ourlife,and more and part more comprehensive a action.

characteristics and contents of contemporary cognitive labour


of In areas wherethere is a greaterdiffusion cognitive capitalismour action becomes, ever more glaringly, labour. A comprehensive productive characteristic to current is for peculiar production indeedthe use of ourability reaction and relationships. Theseare the linguistic cooperative and creation, the becomes of and exchanges: precarious person partofa network relationships in fact has no sense of consistency outsideof these. Personal, social and communicational identities with in circuit. identify each other a sortof short
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Atother timesin history, workplace the a role played fundamental inthewayit a composedand formed part of people's lives (Bravermann, 1978). Today, combines archaicand innovative forms work brings of and cognitive capitalism them together current all as of forms work. theone hand,weare witnessing On a of of intellectual and,ontheother, work the partial process there-Taylorization transformation ofsocial and human activities directly into work. is It productive notbychancethatthe workplace no longer sole centre training a is the of for butwork evergreater levelsof skills that are activatedbythe person requires entiresocial and territorial network within whicha personmoves.This is tantamount saying to thatittendsto encompass thevitalspheres society. all of Outof everything individually subjectively that and us nourishment,is it gives current work thatnourishes Thiscan no longer tracedbackto something us. be clearlydefinedwithin precisespaces. In workthereis an excess of sense, of our at is symbolic production which subjectivity work of coursea meaning, contributor theeconomy current since of translates desires, knowledge thoughts, and emotions into elements that can be quantified, measured and impulses in termsof monetary value. It aims to reduce lives and their expressed to asset' forthe company (Moulier 2007). complexity a 'strategic Boutang, Weare witnessing creation a blending thetwocategories 'creation' the of of of and 'production', the pointwhere wouldbecomenecessary work a to it in to detailedmanner, evensubjectively, thesetwoconcepts thelight the and on in of new processes.We now need to understand archaic and new forms where alienation and pathology apparent. are at the reification, And, exploitation, sametime, needto analyse placesandthetimes we the when creation invention, and actionare generated. has the between Computer technology completely changed connection conception and execution and thus the connection between intellectual content and its material execution As Gorz 'themostcommon 2001). (Berardi, says (2003: 137), activitiesbecome confusedliving in unpaid,routine productive activity an inhabitedenvironment become the object of the work itself', thus and a a 2005). It deals with mechanism establishingbioeconomic process (Fumagalli, of uninterrupted of information symbols and which intended is to production control and channelevery and human desiretowards work impulse, thought it does notmanage 2007). Livework, couldbe said, inthissituation (Fumagalli, to win over dead work. is what This the of of activates process mortificationwhat ab origine, livework. as appears, Whatis particularly is 'transformative' aspect that interesting the potentially with Thisis the in thiscontext, have in connection the person. has/can work, for to modification their of existing and and way capacity humans tendtowards theworld, which variation 2005).This (Marazzi, feeling triggers 'anthropological' tendential 'variation within species'generated contemporary the transformaby tionsinwork primarily is the mechanisms created produced through perceptive by
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of of from separation thecategories timeand space, the starting precariousness the and through newprocesses enhancing of capitaland social control cognitive 1997). (Bologna, timeand quality inthissense, and work takestodayincludes Theform subjective One attractive a and particularly women pool of workers. represent strategic between work the worker. and To fundamental aspect is less so: the separation thewhole one's lifeoutside of work well as intoplayemotions, sentiments, bring as territorial social networks and means,in fact, to makethe wholeperson is of examined therefore thisnewnature What to be thoroughly has productive. from the ofactiveliferather than'justwork', work, separated clearly being part sphere. biological-reproductive-emotive 'the thatall thismight It is possible Marazzi maintains, about,as Christian bring in not a of sense (2002). Butcertainly from end ofthe category work' thestrict work. to from Rifkin and evenless so inrelation theidea offreedom perspective claims takeeverything to for the reasons: work It couldhappen precisely opposite becomes work. aims It thussanctioning and forall thatexistence once foritself, work worker. problem nottheend of work work and without to blend and 'The is so The is anyend to it,' as Cohen(2001) wrote effectively. problem not'being flexible'. the is Today, problem inflexible flexibility. in we a in years, havewitnessed constant lengthening Objectively,thelasttwenty in the working Research the early1990sconducted Juliet Schor(1992) day. by and of over thattheworking (professional domestic) Americans the life showed to thatonly sixteen hours free of yearshad grown suchan extent previous twenty time a week were left. Certainly time whichis immediately today,working for materialproduction termsof actual manufacturing) has (in necessary diminished thanks automatedprocesses.But,at the same time,whathas to is expandedhugely the timespentin live linguistic-communicative-relational with to work, interacting other peopleand working together createvalue. Michel Foucault that afteran initial of overthe body, explains taking control which occurred the disciplinary of work, havea second we through technologies which linked massification the permeation the is to and of takingof control economic world a reflection thecentrality language as of the in factor, a broad sense, has assumed.
In contrast discipline, to which of assails the body,this newtechnique non-disciplinory of it a power, biopolicy the human species,is appliedto the lifeof men,or rather, assails notso much words a living We manas a bodybutmanwholives,in other as entity. could say that it assails manas a species. (Foucault,2005: 49)

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of Twomacro-environments howthe characteristics work show todayare closely of with linked whathas beenarguedand drawon the femaleexperience space and time. which of The or (1) Spatialreorganization: homeoffice the domestication work life life the newhomelandscapeof work. Private and working are delineates are combinedinside domesticspaces and the two environments mutually into hybrids. Does the house expand to encompassworking transformed and does workinvadean intimate themselves conversely, or, arrangements area? Onecan also see the totally aspect of the aesthetic symbolic protected of the culture of workspaces whichhas taken its cue from reorganization of Weare onthepoint as and diversity, notesEleonora difference Fiorani (2003). and location and 'work itsphysical nomads theoffice theworkplace: of becoming andthis and in are are expressed smallareas which decentralised linked virtually in 2003: the endsup byconfiguring newchanges living'(Fiorani, 246). nature work it captures of and and It is an example thetransitory changeable of of of a picture the encompassing otherspheres existing of relaxing, (thinking, within work The houseand the the exercise, space. socializing) doingphysical area becomepartof the productive space. Theybecomean explicitly private economic subjectscan be found(people whouse space, where money-related and also cleaners, theirownhouseas an office carers). In this babysitters, and the decline of the separationbetweenreproduction production sense, obvious. becomes evenmore the which eliminates hours (2) Thereorganization time:Working are changing, of and freetime,even to the pointof time spentat work between difference to the up waking and going sleep. Onecouldtalk of the altering timebetween and the socialtimes, to theintroduction between different endofanyseparation no thereis practically end. of of a perception the day where pushesahead because doubleand tripleworkroles are capitalism Cognitive which and the takenon and it introduces idea of infinite adaptability flexibility, to a infact,exist female There well to are realities known women. does, tendency of inthe context of care work, and transfer modalities logistics the particularly and does themother-child which, of practically, nothavelimits time relationship Theseare work. and to makethempartof the person's professional dedication, as that modalities can also be configured a strategy, by experienced subjectively theirseparation and the variousenvironments govern to women, reconcile attitude' 'cultural of it 1978:63). Inother words, is a question women's (Prokop, to functional the needsof contemporary that becomes corporations. absolutely and needsevery thatconstantly Work claimto be a living can care,word body arena (bioeconomic action. If life itselfentersthe economic accumulation), towards and words attention all to divert their are women encouraged care, time, the 'company-living body'.
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of in the and particularly Italy(where averagenumber hours Throughout Europe in increase is worked person 1,804,Ocse 2007data), thereis a progressive per in the also in a generalized of hours(quantifiable the number working drop and othercauses of absence number publicholidays, of days offforsickness from work).2

2 According to a study by Lionello to and commitmentwork Americans thetendency Tronti from Istat, Attherootoftheincreasing by the number of hours to emulatethem, thereis, above all, the fact that we are worked by employees amongEuropeans in the private sector the and aboutthe waywe livebeyond frighteningis, in Italy, 'equal on uncertain insecure becoming at salariesare tending average to 1,694 drive increase to and pressing consumption a timewhen hours a year: 153 In to lose their cycle'of contemporaryhours more than power. the 'work-and-spend purchasing identified early as as their opposite Galbraith Western we societies, can see thetrend which numbers in France, 225 hours more 1967- to desiremore consumer goodsand less freetime.Butwe can also note the Germans, 73than behind impetus thespectre precariousness, the of of and stress how, peoplebend more than the British and which a cultural is feature in than the 60 more towards adaptable/sacrificial/oblative an position Spanish. the history femaleexperience. of Moreover, the number of hours worked across the year in Italy is 143 more than the average of the 15 countries that used at in What conclusions wedraw can of aboutthefeminizationwork thispoint the to make up the European Union and, discussion? if compared with the larger of the modelof current - insecure, work (1) Theorganizational adaptable,spasmodic, countries which have work thenomadic in or nomadic of from homebut just joined, it is office the provision services shown to be significantly lower withnew machines(computers), the autocratsof the contemporary era than only Poland in as of femalework. and Romania' itself, its salientfeatures, a historical presents modality (www.lavoce.info, 9 At the same time,it is this condition overall/intensive of of exploitation the January 2006). thatcan serveas a metaphor thenew for of forms pressure violence Italians are the only and subject workers within the to which large a of seemsto be condemned EU to be on a par partofhumanity, irrespectivegender, with the hours to in relation work. to worked in the USA with 1,810 hours per this work terms timeand meaning), year in 2003 (1,817 of (2) To illuminate aspect of incessant (in hours for of nomadic work and domestic work meansunderstanding essenceof the and thus Americans) the or an feminization work, rather women of why represent extraordinary paradigm significantly above France, Germany and forthe aimsof current capitalism. the United Kingdom (on average, 1,498 on We (3) Wecan consider being thecuspofan inflexible flexibility. are awareof hours).

conclusions

the factthatpartof workers' in demands the 1970s,particularly Italy, in were also based on the 'refusal work', of aimedat greater meant (which flexibility back timespenton living rather thantimespenton machines). Postwinning Fordist functioned social and cultural as criticism the Fordist of production modelofthe 1970s(Boltanski Chiapello, and the with 1999).Today, reality which we arefaced,forall thereasons as of above,is notconfigured a form true given butpresents itself rather a form a growing between as of link existence flexibility and intelligence work. at
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feminist

a an The structure work present of at displays extreme rigidity, prescriptive wantsmore'time', more vocation,and, at the same time,greed (everyone which reverberate thelifeofthe will on 'attention'), 'sense',more 'space', more flexible modelforthe because it is partof an extremely individual precisely company. the (4) Rampant precariousness implies, apparently forwomen, riskof a only wider an crystallization social figures, idea suggested the fact thatthe of by of informalizationthe working also relationship operatesat the levelof social it is possible to maintainthat precariousness organization. Conversely, down the line, to the de/reconstruction identity of and the contributes, ofwork. thisrespect, can be notedthatprecariousness, the In it for degendering of the newprocesses flexible of and matches accumulation, purposes triggers theprocess thefeminizationwork, of of a transformative ofthe dominating aspect and to into person leading a gradual man/woman, giving the Fordist production/ more thanever, differences all the are reproduction dichotomy. Today, obviously theobjectof the extraction valuein capitalist of terms. becoming

knowledge workers
The percentage working of in women Italyis amongthe lowestin Europeat 45.2percent.Work is in main of sectors performed women concentrated three by the service industries this assistance).Within overall health, (training, picture, Milanis ahead of othercities and represents anomaly. an to According the on the labour in 2004the percentage women of province's Observatory market,3 in area was almosttwelve thanthe working the Milan percentage points higher national thanthefigure for (56.9 percent) and almosttwopoints figure higher the wholeof Lombardy withconstant overthe last (55.0per cent), growth of in decade. Theincidence female to participation relation overall participation in work has highlighted significant a trendin the past ten years,rising from 38percentin 1993to 43 percentin 2004.Ifsuchprogress in continued the next to that in 2020 halfthe labourforcein decade, it wouldbe possible estimate Milanwould be women.4 in Total figures Milaneseworking the service for of the industries make up the majority total jobs and during courseof 2004 for never reached. these Of accounted 68percentofthetotal,a figure previously of it can be estimatedthat half (34 per cent of the total number people on and theirnumber are employed) carrying an intangible cognitive activity The in on seemsdestined grow. number peopleemployed industry, theother to of in fellto 31.6per cent. In greater detail, manufacturing activities, the hand, at an incidence 25.7percentofthetotal.Milan of shows strict sense,registered the highest levelwhatis nowdescribed severalbodiesas thetransformation by work carried is the industries one where and of labour intoone involving service for the to outbywomen: greatest opportunities women geta job (employability)5 are availablemainly within sectorof cognitive the production.
CristinaMorini feminist review 87 2007 49

3 Cf. Province of Milan, II lavoro difficile, Rapporto 2004 sul mercato del lavoro e le politiche del lavoro in Provincia di Milano, F.Angeli, Milan, March 2006.

4 Cf. Province of Milan, II lavoro difficile., op. cit., p.53 et seq.

5 If the data are broken down by age,

for It is inthiscontext all thatthenewprocesses accumulating capitalsubsume of sentiments, the intangibility/tangibility and bodies,experiences knowledge, service in liferesources. per Thirty-four centof peopleemployed the intangible of vesselinthe development the principal area makeup in industries the Milan of which the work'. thiswemeaneverything todayevokes extraction By 'cognitive of - in other and activities relationships human the valuefrom cognitive beings of and the words from apparatus experiences each training, symbolic knowledge, of and theircreativity the waytheyact in a natural individual spirit person, of the era of the tangible If Fordism production goods represents cooperation. embodies of capitalism and, to thatend,uses the strength the body, cognitive use of the of the era of the production knowledge proper making through and to faculties form effectively. relationships communicate cognitive

levels of employment and unemployment, it is seen to be even more split than the national data for the age range between 25 and 40. After the age of 40, there is a sudden drop particularly in the levels of female employment.

6 Among the many sources available, we could cite the towards studies carried out these facultiesare always more subject to a tendency However, Alfred Tomatis, in is Its and standardization control. primary which, order by protagonist knowledge according to whom into an object,to be reducedto the need for is to use it properly, codifiedand turned communication in otherwordsintoa simpleobject of 'stems more than transmittable, immediately something anything factor the desireelse from into aims This knowledge an alienable consumption. tendency to transform not to it. break off (or the that haveproduced thatcan be separatedfrom elements possibly to renew) the sonic the relationship with the to are and Someareas,suchas research, training information, helping spread Thereare around mother in the The that then becomestructural. of conditions precariousness prenatal period. human being wants with in on contracts Italycompared 17,000editors to 50,000 journalists precarious keep or find a withan open-endedemployment contract,whilethere are around45,000 world to link it to We on at researchers universities precarious contracts.7 feel thatthisdepends the outside world and towards the in the serviceindustries on the characteristics ambiguously other one from implicit precisely when still in and creativecapacitiesand ever- which, use the straddling individual of cognitive the embryonic state, The it drew the greatest information training. and in of standardization forms knowledge, growing levels of in satisfaction' in an for frame thatincludes sets theparameters all thisdescribes increase and the timeand Tomatis (1977: 248).

at to tout courtand evenattempts measuring attention profits On the otherhand,the individual of aspect productivity the people involved. of of in is implicit these services offset the tendency the individualization by and leading relations which endsup becoming existential precariousness working of conditions to the progressive apparently and worsening working unstoppable of the of through systematic dismantling anyform guarantee.

The processwhereby work affects the substanceof these becomesprecarious own the the his/her where individual the professions, being, person, player with and experiences has a skills,capacities,knowledge quite personal cognitive This the role of determining and is the rootof forms self-exploitation. includes of links and relations to conflictual (e.g. in relation claims difficulty managing In made by trade unions, in connection or withhierarchical structures). this in immanent the social field mechanisms truly are sense,the control becoming and we findthemspread aroundpeople's bodies and brains.We are being
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7 As the data involved have not been properly confirmed (in Italy, there is no relevant accurate census information on these various categories), we cannot give a definitive percentage for the female content of the data. From a series of individual statistics compiled in newspapers and universities, it can be deduced that women are, still, the relative majority within these professions.

confronted independently with forms alienation, chosen of which stem,precisely and incredibly, the desireforcreativity the peoplethemselves. from by This type of processends up also influencing, a veryexplicit in way,the distribution genderwithin cognitive of the in the sense professions, exactly women more above. Inother are becauseof words, argued appreciated precisely the qualitative/adaptive characteristics they are assumed to guarantee. to carriedout by Francesca Gambarotto Giorgio and According the research Brunello the precariousness in researchers their (2005), experienced by working conditions endup influencing distributiongender university can the in of teaching the at posts, and strengthen processof feminization the intake stage of careers.Thissituationis alreadyapparentin the case of Italian university universities where percentofresearchers women 39.3 are with compared 19.1per centof professors. it is the trend But that is particularly interesting:
The processof segregation sex usuallygoes arm in arm withlow salaries and less by conditions. is notclear,however, whether willbe the lowsalaries it favourable It working will which makethe roleofthe researcher rather undesirable and socially thusmakeplaces it Or of at availableforwomen. whether, conversely, willbe thestrong presence women the will which reducethe financial lowestlevelof university value because of social teaching the for prejudice(...). Low reward the workof a researcher, apart fromhighlighting to thisprofession, reducesits prestige, modestsocial value ourcountry above all assigns of forhighly talented thatthesocial prestige young people.(...) Wecan therefore imagine the of academia willbe recreated path: a flexible through formation a dual professional to and predominantly femalebase of researchers, rewards prepared accept lowfinancial with trainedabroad and poorcareeropportunities the top posts occupiedby men,often in and relationalskillsneeded to participate and able to acquire those professional from networks to benefit international and research grants. 2005: 1) and (Gambarotto Brunello,

8 The research was carried out by sending out 300 questionnairesthere were 80 noncompleted replies and 50 completed. The statistics were produced fromthe completed forms. There are 600 approximately freelance workers for working the Rcs Periodi group (while there are 270 on regularcontracts). But the

Research I carried out (in September-November 2006) among freelance the is partof RcsMediaGroup, mainItalian at Rcs Periodici (which journalists to Thefirst results.8 somevery thing noteis interesting publishing group)shows 58 that womenrepresent per cent of the sample, a piece of data that the trend shows feminization within profession. the per Thirty-one unequivocally 25 cent of themare aged between and 35 (against 38per cent for males), the whereas 31 another percentare between ages of 35 and 45 (38 percentfor affected the mostclosely males). Thesedata are notsurprising: age bracket by 30s is of thephenomenon precariousnessthatofpeopleintheir and 40s (it drops thoseover 45 thosebetween and 55 and to 10.3percentfor to 20.6percentfor 55). Sixty-two cent are graduatesand 20.6per cent have post-graduate per that dropdramatically men: 47 per cent and for qualifications (percentages level of the 14per cent, respectively), confirming fact that thereis a higher we to a women education analysis, compared men.From quickdescriptive among
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albeit see that womenmoreoftenhave an employee contract, employment atypical(30 percentagainst17percentformales). while In all, 42.8per cent of womeninterviewed already have children, 57.1per cent do not. To the question to thosewhodid not have children put to whether labourcondition some extent theyfeltthat their'non-structured' 12.5per cent replied'very',31.2per cent influenced this type of situation, tell Thesetwo pieces of data combined us that 43.7per cent of the 'fairly'. link their ownworking in women the samplesee a systemic between freelance and of autonomous choicesina sphere life that situation thedifficultyexercising a from psychological has extremely pointof implications, including important workers have to adopt glaringly that precarious view.The survival strategies even moredifficult to women's it, existence, complicate making objectively, we this and publicselves. From perspective can see boththeir manage private other and work endsup hugely much, contaminating planesofexistence just how both of and rolein a person's a thinking interms the present assuming central the outlook the future. for Ofthe women the sample,10.3per cent earn less than 600 eurosgrossa in 24.1 600 month, percent between and 1,200,20.6percent between 1,200and of the 1,800eurosgrossa month. Analysing male sample,the percentage men less than600 eurosrisesto 28percent.This is probably due discrepancy earning to the higher incidence women of with which contracts, employment employee a albeitina limited flow income thanthatof guarantee, way, higher of monthly or It more freelance. is, however, that peoplewhoare self-employed work likely the relatively incomeforwomen due mainly the processof deis to higher for in as of gendering journalists working themagazine/journal industry, a result a greater femalepresence: in women, thiscase, end up byactually counting. Another of and channels important aspectis thenature relationships thevarious forcreating femalejournalists probably are moreadept at weaving loyalty: networks with their male counterparts. compared the of thatcertainly not do However, majority the samplecan counton figures makeit possible govern to one's ownexistence an independent Theissue in way. ofthe inadequacy the direct of how, salary apartfrom demonstrating in Italy, thereis still a glaring overthe proper evaluation the so-called of problem intellectual in of for far professions terms salaries- becomes more pressing this sectorifset alongside policies privatization the public the of in sectorbegun at least a decade ago, in Italyas in the restof Europe, which end up reducing income it forms insurance. of This further, forcibly channelling towards private factor evenmore becomes for as can who, a ruleinItaly, be sure pressing women lower thanthoseof men.9 theywillhavesalariesrelatively the who to it yet,for 39.5percentofthewomen responded thequestionnaire,is that appears as the prime reasonforsatisfaction withone's own 'autonomy'
52 feminist review 87 2007 the feminization labour in cognitivecapitalism of

questionnaire was sent to only 300 of them, in other words to those who had (and could prove they had) a structured collaborative relationship of at least a year with a publication. The full text of the survey carried out can be seen at http:// www.lsdi.it/dossier/ precariato/ index. html.

9 In 2004, families resident in Italy in conditions of relative poverty come to 2,674,000,

equal to 11.7 per cent of resident families, for a total of 7,588,000 individuals, 13.2 per cent of the entire population. In the 2001 report, the following appears: 'The incidence of poverty is greatest families where the head of the household is a woman, especially in northern Italy where the incidence for women is 7 per cent compared with 5.1 per cent for males' cf. 'La povert& in Italia nel 2000. Note Rapide', Istat, Rome, 21 July 2001, p. 3.

current condition. is followed 18.7percentwhoemphasize This 'lack working by of monotony' 18.7percent whochoose'dynamicity'. is not difficult and It to from infer theseassessments, existence stillthere, spiteof everything the in of a desire, an outlookthat encourageswomento choose autonomous What were headings the as employment. werein no wayconsidered worth ticking which notobtainanyconsensus couldbe easily did (as 'salary','consideration', for precisely what has been said above), whileeven the topic of imagined, for 4.1 obtained longimportant women, only percent,a significant 'relations', of the reflection theworsening relations of within working bound environment, up in and individualization per cent indicate with a growth competition (30 with other relations competitive precarious colleaguesand 30percentindicate the in and thatof possible indifference). Conversely, themeof autonomy itself which the and hidesbehind theme, for is, variation, mobility, experience pleasure If all that, valued and recognized. we compare these data againstthe male to difference relates sample,it is interesting notethatthe mostmacroscopic from activities percent). to that 'relational' (12 precisely thesatisfaction stems in To the question'whatdoes not giveyou satisfaction yourcurrent working and transient relations'. Thisis 22.8percentreplied condition?', 'poor working as of butrather notto be understood a contradiction whatis maintained above, is and it: as something reinforce if the horizon still one of autonomy to and for of it is truethatthe absenceof anyform network support dynamicity, It in Italy, make livingall the more uncertain. is thus work, precarious and that to difficult actuallyexpressthat potentialautonomy particularly had the choice,37percentwould It dynamicity.is no chancefactthat,ifthey I becauseI think and notlikeopen-ended 'only employment 18.5percentwould aboutit'. said had never 7.4 percentsimply 'they earnmore' and would thought a stressthat above all, theyhavewitnessed interviewed Over time,the women in thena worsening the qualityof work of worsening salaries (17 per cent), with company the (12.2 percent) and an increasein (14.6 percent), relations (12.2 percent). competition 16.1 was In all, 61.2percentfeltthat beinga journalist 'interesting', percent involves in 19 that'it's a job likeanyother', percentthatworking thisprofession More than60percentofthesampleare notina trades sacrifices. making many could after it. Ifthey are interests notlooked and union 75 percentfeeltheir by the interviewed would,in 36.6percent of cases, like choose,however, women and ofthework", 43.3percentto always "income enjoy irrespective guarantees a for different like,as an outlook thefuture, Only experiences. 20 percentwould in difference a contract. There however, significant an is, job with open-ended would where half the male opinion, (45 virtually of thoseinterviewed percent) 20 relations only percenthaveas their and stableworking objective prime optfor on focused the this of women of From point view, appearmore continuity income.
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on thatare more tied and future less dependent visions traditionally to a work ethicbased on Fordist principles.

conclusions
we and Based on the definitions analysesconducted, can tryto drawsome partialconclusions. makes it necessary to natureof the post-Fordist (1) The linguistic regime resources: and mental The to redefine social productivity. ability use language in assessment cognitive on the theseare theinstruments which current capitalist of is is capitalism based. Whatalreadyseems evident the non-existence any and instrument: thanks between intention whatsoever a distinction of possibility in materials is to new incorporated machines, knowledge no longer technologies, allow Codesand languages work itself. orfinished butinthe cognitive products And ofthefixed on to capital. already irrespective knowledge circulate itsown, to hours it is possible without working taking again the themeof longer up with be in that deducea typeof circularity production can potentially combined are and the lifeintoone singleunit,where activeingredients words, language of as emotions. Moreover, precariousness conditions, has beensaid, makeswork in of its over morepowerful respect the individual, reverberating orthodoxy life in and reproduction, otherwordsgeneralizing choices, blending production to and sentiment, perception transience thewholeof existence. workcan bringwith it a traditionally of (2) The feminization cognitive workers Rcs at Researchcarriedout amongfreelance aspect. segregational this Periodici does not contradict trend.Indeed,it showsthat the worldof is inhabited women thiscouldbe readas a and periodicals todayvery by largely lesserinterest the partof mento be at thetop of thetreein certain on areas, as in of and regarded less attractive terms remuneration social consideration. The responses from the femalesample at Rcs, however, sing an interesting 'different tune': the requestforautonomy, value which attributed is to the variationand experience, and therefore understood as mobility infidelity as an infinite tension within person. a demonstrate perennial dynamicity, They reduced interest a job with open-ended in an to with contract, preference given theidea ofincome of All in to irrespective thework. ofthesethings, addition the newand significant of increased fact allow (albeit relative) particularly earning us to see thatwomen have a greater on shifting sand, as for capacity moving Bauman it (2005: 131). They to to couldbe assumed havea greater put capacity about bytheir in of which, turn, adapt, brought greater powers determination makesthemmore resistant more and reactive. Men- because of the historical - find and socialconditions place,includingsex-basedsocialconstruction in a it harder adapt to the newpolyvalent qualitative to and dimensions required by
54 feminist review 87 2007
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newenterprises thenewworld. is thesevery in It that characteristics, therefore, make womenattractive the current for their labourmarket;it is precisely in of intothe wider capacityto adapt that can be transformed, terms power, the labourmarket in area haveto confront the nearfuture. might the (3) The forceof contemporary cognitive capital is in combining various individual essencesof experience meetthe needsof production. attempt to The to carryout a completemakeover the individual of within the productive is flawed from start, the becauseit cannot processes provide comprehensive fully standardization. knowledge individuals noteverin fact transmittable The of is outsidethe circuit experience. this precisepoint,the surplus of At can take and this can becomethe centre,or the root,of new strategies for shape in downthe line, adapting,surviving, wagingconflict, otherwords,further subtraction. is where other This the semantic fieldis now triggered, diametrically of whichhintsat mutation, opposed to the first, the termprecariousness, and Givencertainconditions, thereis a questioning, possibility the future. of at from work. problem, capitalism, The prospect liberation, least partial, for would thenbecomenot thatof successfully but encompassing, rather avoiding, the differences. and can more the (4) A gendered perspective women's perspective reveal clearly internal in contradictionstheprocess thattendtowards overall the reification of inaccordance with complete a remake thehuman of dint an of humans, being, by experiencelong embedded in the past. What has not been sufficiently in is havealways worked nearly and emphasized, especially Europe, thatwomen conditions. alwaysin the worst possible these days, is that of politically the (5) The real problem, highlighting link betweenpaid and unpaid work. Focusingtherefore redefining on social as to thatwe should productivity,was stated in point1, is tantamount saying in examine detailthe biopolitical nature current of work We relationships. are to face a particular of thinking about merchandise, forced of having way entry intoa market or valueand economy a mercantile economy based on exchange commercial value- in a wholerangeof areas, which, until were very recently, less affected suchprocesses. overall, The individual different and intimate, by and and are capacitiesof humans evenemotional sexualrelationships beginning to become oftheframeworkbusinesses economic of and both part relationships, and individually collectively. In this picture, is vital that we forceourselves changeour outlook, it to newconceptsof interrelations, new and imposing value introducing inventing newmechanisms assess social wealth(and the real questions to to indicators, ask would is there whatis a fair be: and value?What valuecan possibly given be orcalculated a payment would vaguely as that be commensuratesomething to as hugeas theessenceof theperson?).
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of It thenbecomesunavoidable to ask a serious not of question redistribution, which woulddefinitely have as its centrethe the welfare updating system, in to minimum form we theminimal ofeconomic rebalancing relation what wage, Basedon thereplies from are askedto spenddailyinthecurrent labour market. the journalists it of is interviewed, could be arguedthat the question income as useful urgent and frontiers social of identified, away, one ofthemost straight intervention increasingly of by larger segments society. and The genderparadigm can providean instructive point of observation reification humankind. of at abouttheseattempts thecomplete Today knowledge role morethanever,unpaidsocial reproduction in fact,a primary in the has, for of resources today'saccumulation capital which of accumulation primary the whole. claimsto encompass living actually Citiesin 1961 The JaneJacobspublished Death and Lifeof GreatAmerican morethanforty 2000). Today, (Jacobs, yearslater,it is stilla bookthat says in attributed to resides the significance new. probably something Its usefulness functional mechanisms of informal with structural the and relations compared Theseare now, within contexts. economic and social systems highly organized the thoseof largecitieswithin knowledge economy. plainly, in can of and Today'scategories networking production common be extremely of usefulto womenfor a re-reading Jacobs's book in times of cognitive The attention the complex to and seemsto devotespecific capitalism. author of articulate ofthe relationship thesubject the physical to space and dynamics to of whichhe/sheis a part. She makes reference territorial local, society within and informal societies essential,interpersonal especially relationships, that are complex, and technologically advancedwherethe highly organized in of networks the extraction surplus valueis donethrough use of knowledge the broadsense. Onewouldneedto assess whether, the down line,it wouldnotbe to of for on possible putleverage thenetworks informal participation thepurpose of opening areas to construct economic alternatives othertypesof and up action.Sassen (2002) calls them webs'becauseof howthey are political 'sticky interconnected each other.David Lyonmaintains with that 'the new social not the all movements, although able to overthrow existing organizations ontheir owncan, however, showwhich of road to take forthe redefinition alternative forms social organization' of (2002: 108).

I am grateful the Sconvegno to in Italyfordiscussing group Milan, partsof this textwith me. I am also indebted the suggestions Judith to Universith Revel, by Nomadeand the staffof the journal Posse. I wouldlike to thankAndrea Carlo and Lucarelli helpful for on Vercellone Stefano comments a first Fumagalli,
56 feminist
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the feminization labour in cognitivecapitalism of

referee from anonymous an of and draft thispaper.Thesuggestions comments her.Theusual caveats apply. the improved paper.I thank greatly

from in Doctrine and Cristina a Morini, journalist essayist, graduated Political of the University Milan.She is a journalist the Rcs Periodici at group,the She has worked issues relatedto women, on Italianeditorial group. largest of of and conditions the processes the transformationwork, carrying working in She is active in Italian social and engaging social research. out surveys Her and migration. publications movements aroundthe issue of precarity e include 'Lavoro autonomo settore la editoriale: paraboladi una professione' 11 di in Aa.Vv, lavoroautonomo II generazione, Milano, 1997,'Alla Feltrinelli, in TuteBianche. di ricerca liberti:donnee reddito cittadinanza', Aa.Vv, della DeriveApprodi, di Roma, Disoccupazione massa e redditodi cittadinanza, e il 1999, '11 lavoro di Peneolope.L'inchiesta, lavoro cognitivo la lezione in Nociones comunes. del Experienciasenayos y biopolitica femminismo' Aa.Vv. entre investigacion militancia,Utiles,Madrid,2004. Her books include, y Derive Le redazioni and Roma,2000 (ChiaraForti), La serva Approdi, pericolose, 2001. Roma, serve,DeriveApprodi,

author biography

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