Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Channel using Directional Antennas

MS (Electronic Engineering)
Thesis Submitted by:
Mr. Bilal Hasan Qureshi MT 081008

Thesis submitted to the Department of Electronic Engineering in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree MS (Electronic Engineering)

December 2009

Department of Electronic Engineering Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad

i

Thesis Declaration

December 2009

Certified that the work contained in this thesis entitled

Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Channel using Directional Antennas

is totally my own work and no portion of the work referred in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other institute of learning.

Bilal Hasan Qureshi

2009 by Mr. Bilal Hasan Qureshi. All rights reserved.

ii

Certificate of Approval
Thesis Submitted by:
Mr. Bilal Hasan Qureshi MT 081008
Certified that the work contained in this thesis entitled

December 2009

Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Channel using Directional Antennas

was carried out under my supervision and that in my opinion, it is fully Adequate, in scope and quality, for the degree of MS (Electronic Engineering)

Thesis Supervisor:

_________________________________
Dr. Noor M Khan
Associate Professor Department of Electronic Engineering Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

Examiner 1:

___________________________________
Dr. Syed Isamil Shah
Professor and Associate Dean Department of Computing and Technology Iqra University, Islamabad Campus

Examiner 2:

___________________________________
Dr. Muhammad Mansoor Ahmed
Professor and Executive Vice President (EVP) Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

Dean of Faculty:

__________________________________
Dr. Muhammad Abdul Qadir
Professor and Dean Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

iii

Acknowledgments

All Thanks to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most gracious and the beneficent, who always loves and cares us the most. May ALLAH Bestows Hazart Muhammad (PBUH) with all His Blessings Who are ideal for all of us. First of all, I am thankful to my supervisor Dr Noor M Khan Associate Professor (Department of Electronic Engineering, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad) who help and guide me in completing this Thesis. He supervises and took keen interest in all the matters related to my MS Thesis. I am grateful to another person Mr Syed Junaid Nawaz Assistant Professor (Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology Islamabad) for immediate help and support in completing my Thesis. I am also thankful to my all Family members including my Parents, my Brother and my Sister for their timely help and moral support. Here I would like to mention the name of the person to which i always remember in my life. He is my colleague Mr Saeed Iqbal Wattoo Lecturer (Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus). I am very thankful to him for providing me good company and encouragement during my MS degree. Last but not least, I would like to recall my all previous teachers who encourage me during my academics. There is no way, no words, to express my love and gratitude for them.

Bilal Hasan Qureshi

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List of Publications

[1] Bilal Hasan Qureshi, Saeed Iqbal and Noor M. Khan Effect of Directional Antennas at Both Ends of theLink on Spatial Characteristics of Cellular and Mobile Channel 5th International IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies, ICET, pp. 89-95, October 2009. [2] Saeed Iqbal, Bilal Hasan Qureshi and Noor M. Khan Effect of Directional Antennas at Both Ends of the Link on Doppler Power Spectrum 13th International IEEE Multitopic Conference, INMIC, pp. 388-391, December 2009. [3] Syed Junaid Nawaz, Bilal Hasan Qureshi and Noor M. Khan Angle of Arrival Statistics for 3-D Macrocell Environment using Directional Antenna at BS 13th International IEEE Multitopic Conference, INMIC, pp. 210-214, December 2009. [4] Syed Junaid Nawaz, Bilal Hasan Qureshi and Noor M. Khan A Generalized 3D Scattering Model for Macrocell Environment with Directional Antenna at BS Submitted to IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol., Paper ID, VT-2009-01414. [5] Syed Junaid Nawaz, Bilal Hasan Qureshi and Noor M. Khan 3D Spatial Characteristics of Macrocell Mobile Environment using Directional Antenna at BS Submitted to 2nd International IEEE Conference on Future Computer and Communication (ICFCC-2010). [6] Syed Junaid Nawaz, Bilal Hasan Qureshi and Noor M. Khan Time of Arrival Statistics for 3D Macrocell Environment with Directional Antenna at Base Station Submitted to 2nd International IEEE Conference on Future Computer and Communication (ICFCC- 2010).

Abstract

This thesis presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of cellular mobile channel for macrocell mobile environment using directional antennas. The directional antennas are used at both ends of the link in 2D scattering model. Closed form expressions for the PDF of angle of arrival (AoA) of multipath waves seen at BS and MS are found analytically with the assumption of uniform and Gaussian scatterers around MS respectively. The behavior of the PDF of AoA seen at BS and MS is observed and plotted by changing the separation between BS and MS and in the case of Gaussian scatter density, the effect of varying the standard deviation is shown on the PDF of AoA at BS and MS. A 3D scattering model is also presented for the macrocell environment with MS located at the center of a 3D scattering hemispheroid and a BS employing directional antenna located outside the semispheroid. Closed form expressions for the joint and marginal PDF of AoA seen at MS and BS both in azimuth and elevation planes are derived. Furthermore, closed form expressions for propagation path delays and joint and marginal PDFs of Time of Arrival in correspondence with azimuth and elevation angles are derived. The proposed 3D model is shown to deduce all previous models that assume uniform distributions of scatterers around MS found in literature for macrocell environment. It is shown that when the beamwidth of the directional antenna at BS is set to include the whole scattering region of semispheroid, the spatial statistics are found to be the same as those found in 3D model by Janaswamy. In a similar way, all 2D models that assume uniform distributions of scatterers, whether directional or omnidirectional found in literature for macrocell environment can be deduced from proposed 3D model by substituting elevation angle equal to zero. Finally, theoretical results are compared with some notable 2D and 3D scattering model found in literature to validate the generalization of the proposed 3D model. The derived spatial characteristics can be used to find the second order statistics like level crossing rates (LCR), average fade durations (AFD) and spatial correlations as well as the Doppler power spectrum of the mobile channel. These statistics help in the design of high performance communication systems to achieve high data rates over fast fading time varying channels.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................. iv List of Publications ................................................................................................................................. v Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ ix List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... x List of Notations ................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter No. 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Spatial Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Channel ....................................................... 1
1.1 Overview.....................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Capacity Demands in wireless Communications Systems .........................................................................1 . 1.3 Multipath Propagation................................................................................................................................3 1.3.1 Two Dimensional Scattering Model........................................................................................................3 1.3.2 Three Dimensional Scattering Model......................................................................................................4 1.4 Problem Formulation..................................................................................................................................4 1.5 Methodology...............................................................................................................................................5 1.6 Organization of the Thesis..........................................................................................................................5

Chapter No. 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Spatial Characteristics using Directional Antennas in 2D Scattering Model ......................................... 6
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................6 2.2 System Model for Directional Antennas at Both Ends of the Link............................................................6 2.3 PDF of AoA using Uniform Scatter Density..............................................................................................7 2.3.1 PDF at MS ...........................................................................................................................................7 . 2.3.2 PDF at BS............................................................................................................................................8 2.4 PDF of AoA using Gaussian Scatter Density.............................................................................................9 2.4.1 PDF at MS ...........................................................................................................................................9 . 2.4.1 PDF at BS..........................................................................................................................................11 2.5 Results and Descriptions...........................................................................................................................12 2.6 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................15

Chapter No. 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 16 vii

Spatial Characteristics using Directional Antenna in 3D Scattering Model ......................................... 16

3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................16 3.2 Directional Antenna in 3D Scattering Environment.................................................................................17 3.3 Angle of Arrival Statistics at MS..............................................................................................................23 3.3.1 Analytical Results of PDF at MS.......................................................................................................24 3.4 Angle of Arrival Statistics at BS...............................................................................................................27 3.4.1 Analytical Results of PDF at BS........................................................................................................30 3.5 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................32

Chapter No. 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Time of Arrival for 3D Scattering Model ............................................................................................. 33

4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................33 4.2 System Model for Time of Arrival Characteristics...................................................................................34 4.3 PDF of Time of Arrival using Directional Antenna .................................................................................36 . 4.4 Analytical Results.....................................................................................................................................38 4.5 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................................41

Chapter No. 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 42 Conclusions and Future Work .............................................................................................................. 42

5.1 Summary of the Thesis.............................................................................................................................42 5.2 Future Work..............................................................................................................................................43 5.2.1 Research Plan 1..................................................................................................................................44 5.2.2 Research Plan 2..................................................................................................................................44 5.2.3 Research Plan 3..................................................................................................................................44

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................... 47

viii

List of Figures
Figure1.1 : A Typical Macrocell Mobile Environment .......................................................................................2 . Figure1.2 : Circular Scattering Environment.......................................................................................................3 Figure1.3 : A typical 3D Scattering Model..........................................................................................................4 Figure 2.1 : System Model for uniform scatter density using directional antennas.............................................7 Figure 2.2 : Gaussian scatter density using directional antennas.......................................................................10 Figure 2.3 : PDF of AoA at MS assuming uniform scatter density...................................................................13 Figure 2.4 : PDF of AoA at BS assuming uniform scatters density..................................................................14 Figure 2.5 : PDF of AoA at MS assuming Gaussian scatters density................................................................14 Figure 2.6 : PDF of AoA at BS assuming Gaussian scatters density.................................................................15 Figure 3.1 : A typical 3D Scattering Model.......................................................................................................17 Figure 3.2 : Geometry for volume of the illuminated region.............................................................................18 Figure 3.3 : Azimuth and elevation views of System Model............................................................................19 Figure 3.4 : The threshold angle thresh 1 and thresh 2 as a function of elevation angles......................................20 Figure 3.5 : Geometry for distance A of the scatterer form mobile station and the angle thresh........................21 Figure 3.6 : The threshold angle thresh as a function of azimuth angles ............................................................22 . Figure 3.7 : The Distance A of the scatter from MS..........................................................................................22 Figure 3.8 : Different elevation views of the Distance A of the scatter from MS..............................................23 Figure 3.9 : The joint PDF of AoA at MS .........................................................................................................25 . Figure 3.10 : The PDF of AoA in elevation plane for different azimuth angles................................................25 Figure 3.11 : The PDF of AoA in azimuth plane for different elevation angles................................................26 Figure 3.12 : 3D PDF of AoA for zero elevation plane is compared with 2D [Petrus et al].............................26 Figure 3.13 : 3D proposed model with & without directional antenna..............................................................26 Figure 3.14 : System Model for PDF of AoA at BS..........................................................................................28 Figure 3.15 : Elavation view of system model...................................................................................................29 Figure 3.16 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Azimuth plane seen at BS ...................................................................31 . Figure 3.17 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Elevation Plane....................................................................................31 Figure 3.18 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Elevation plane seen at BS (Ht = b).....................................................32 Figure 4.1 : System Model for Time of Arrival.................................................................................................34 Figure 4.2 : The joint PDF of ToA in azimuth plane for > max (Numerically integrated).............................38 Figure 4.3 : The joint PDF of ToA in azimuth plane = 2o (Numerically integrated)......................................39 Figure4.4:The joint PDF of ToA in elevation plane for = 2o........................................................................39 Figure4.5:The marginal PDF of ToA for max............................................................................................39 Figure4.6:The joint propagation path delay in azimuth and elevation angle for max................................40 Figure4.7:The joint propagation path delay in azimuth and elevation angle for = 4o...................................40 Figure4.8:The effect of directional antenna on propagation path delay in azimuth plane...............................40 Figure4.9:The effect of directional antenna on marginal function of path delay in elevation plane................41

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List of Acronyms

1G 2G 3G 2D 3D AFD AoA AMPS BLAST BS CDF CDMA DoA DoD GBSBM GSM ISI LCR LOS MS

First Generation of Land Mobile Systems Second Generation of Land Mobile Systems Third Generation of Land Mobile Systems Two Dimensional (Scattering Model) Three Dimensional (Scattering Model) Average Fade Duration Angle of Arrival Advanced Mobile Phone Services Bell Laboratories Layered Space Time Base Station Commutative Density Function Code Division Multiple access Direction of Arrival Direction of Departure Geometrical-based Single Bounce Macrocell Model Global System for Mobile Communication Inter Symbol Interference Level Crossing Rate Line of Sight Mobile Station
x

OFDM PDF TDMA ToA UMTS V-BLAST WCDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Probability Density Function Time Division Multiple Access Time of Arrival Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space Time Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

xi

List of Notations

thresh 1 & thresh 2

Beamwidth of directional antenna used at base station in 2D & 3D scattering model Beamwidth of directional antenna used at mobile station in 2D scattering model The angles in azimuth plane as a function of beamwidth of directional antenna used at BS The elevation angle at BS in 3D scattering model The elevation angle at MS in 3D scattering model The threshold angle in elevation plane in 3D scattering model The azimuth angle at BS in 3D scattering model The azimuth angle at MS in 3D scattering model The angle that separate the region of spheroid having no effect of directional antenna The minimum angle in elevation plane in 3D scattering model The maximum angle in elevation plane in 3D scattering model Area of the illuminated scatterers at BS for uniform scatter density Distance between BS and MS Area of the illuminated scatterers at MS for Gaussian scatter density Area of the illuminated scatterers at BS for Gaussian scatter density Standard Deviation of the Gaussian scatter density
xii

b m thresh

b m
lim min max Ab_uniform D Am_Gaussian Ab_Gaussian

F ( )

CDF of Angle of Arrival PDF of Angle of Arrival The effective strength of the radius of the scattering circle in Gaussian scatters density Volume of the Spheroid The boundary angle which separate the clipped portion form the spheroid in 3D scattering model The maximum angle in azimuth as a function of elevation in 3D scattering model The limits of integration in azimuth plane in 3D scattering model Height of the BS in 3D scattering model Time of Arrival along LOS Maximum Time of Arrival in 3D scattering model

f ( )
r VSpheroid

c max
L

ht 0 max

xiii

Chapter No. 1 Introduction to Spatial Characteristics of Cellular Mobile Channel

1.1 Overview

It is the need of hour to increase the capacity in cellular and mobile communication systems. To achieve this objective, the resources of power and frequency have been utilized efficiently with spectral signal processing techniques in the past years. However less attention have been given to spatial aspects of the mobile channel [1]. The spatial aspects of the mobile channel are Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Time of Arrival (ToA) characteristics. To exploit the spatial domain parameters efficiently it is essential to have reliable understanding of radio propagation characteristics of transmission path between BS and MS that leads to the design of effective signal processing techniques [2]. Moreover, in the past years, it has been shown in theory and practice that with the use of directional antennas the performance of the wireless communication systems can be improved.

1.2 Capacity Demands in wireless Communications Systems

In wireless communication systems the increasing demand of capacity has always been an important issue [18]. The concept of reuse of frequency was proposed by AT&T in 196870 to achieve high capacity in analog cellular telephone system called the Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS). AMPS was the first U.S cellular telephone system relying on reuse of FDMA to maximize the capacity. The analog cellular mobile systems of that age altogether are known as the First Generation (1G) wireless technologies. Mobile systems have evolved rapidly since then, incorporating digital communication technology and transformed to the
1

Figure1.1 : A Typical Macrocell Mobile Environment

new era of the Second Generation (2G) wireless technologies. The 2G wireless technologies include Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), IS 136 and IS 95. The GSM evolved in 1990 using TDMA to accommodate a large number of users while IS 136 and IS 95 uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The increasing demands of higher spectral efficiency and data rates have led to the development of the Third Generation (3G) wireless technologies. The 3G offers Universal Mobile telecommunication Systems (UMTS). Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and CDMA 2000 are primary standards of 3G wireless technologies. The use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver in wireless systems, popularly known as MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology, has rapidly gained in popularity over the past decade due to its powerful performance-enhancing capabilities. MIMO technology constitutes a breakthrough in wireless communication system design [21]. In addition to the time and frequency dimensions that are exploited in conventional single-antenna (single-input single-output) wireless systems, the leverages of MIMO are realized by exploiting the spatial dimension (provided by the multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver) [21].

Figure1.2 : Circular Scattering Environment

1.3 Multipath Propagation

In cellular mobile channel the signal is reflected and refracted from different obstacles like trees, high rise buildings and mountains etc. which are called scatterers as shown in Figure1.1 and the phenomenon is called 'Multipath Propagation'. In order to observe the spatial characteristics of the mobile channel in multipath propagation the understanding of Physical channel is required essentially. To achieve this goal different 2D and 3D Geometric models have been presented in literature for macrocell mobile environment. In macrocells the multipath coming from distant scatterers are less important than form those scatterers which are closer to MS. Furthermore, the single bounce scattering is assumed monotonously in almost all 2D and 3D scattering model proposed in literature because multiple bounce mitigate the signal power rapidly.

1.3.1 Two Dimensional Scattering Model

In 2D scattering model MS is assumed to be located at the center of the scattering region which may be a circle or an ellipse in azimuth plane, while the BS is usually located above the ground. The BS antenna is assumed to be surrounded by scattering free region while MS is assumed to be surrounded by scattering objects. The circular scattering model [3] and the elliptical scattering model [5,6] are the most popular 2D scattering models proposed in literature which are shown in Figure1.2.

Figure1.3 : A typical 3D Scattering Model

1.3.2 Three Dimensional Scattering Model

A typical 3D scattering environment allows the angular statistics to be distributed in both azimuth and elevation plane. In almost in all the 3D propagation models found in literature the macrocell environment has been visualized rigorously with low MS antenna which is assumed to be located at the center of the semispheroid above the ground and BS is located in scattering free region at some height Ht above the ground. It can be observed that 3D scattering model has a close resemblance with realistic sub urban mobile environment.

1.4 Problem Formulation

In order to meet the increasing demand of capacity, the resources of frequency and power has been used extensively. The spectral signal processing techniques alone cannot meet the increasing demand of capacity [1]. The spatial characteristics of the mobile channel are proven to be helpful in order to cater to such needs. Therefore, an understanding of the physical channel is required to exploit these spatial characteristics [2]. It has been observed that PDF of AoA at BS and MS is found rigorously in 2D and 3D scattering model. Some authors use the directional antennas at BS in 2D scattering model. However to the best of our
4

knowledge the use of directional antennas at both ends of the link is never seen in the literature in 2D scattering model to investigate the spatial characteristics of cellular mobile channel. Moreover in 3D scattering model the PDF of AoA in closed form simultaneously in azimuth and elevation plane is never observed using directional antenna. The problem can be formulated in three parts: 1) 2) 3) To investigate Effect of Directional Antennas used at Both Ends of the Link on the spatial characteristics of cellular mobile channel in 2D scattering model. To investigate the spatial characteristics in closed form simultaneously in azimuth and elevation plane using directional antenna at BS in 3D scattering model. To investigate the temporal characteristics of cellular mobile channel using Directional Antenna at BS in 3D scattering model.

1.5 Methodology
To derive the expression for PDF of AoA for macrocell mobile environment while directional antennas are used at both ends of the Radio Link, the mathematical derivations found in [2] are used. The 2D geometrical models [3,4] are also used for modeling and characterization of mobile radio channels. However in case of 3D scattering model the direction antenna is employed at BS in the semi-spheroid model proposed by Janaswamy [11] for the derivation of PDF of AoA in closed form in azimuth and elevation plane.

1.6 Organization of the Thesis

The rest of the thesis is organized as follows: The derivations of PDFs of AoA at MS and BS are presented in Chapter No. 2 using directional antennas in 2D scattering model. In Chapter No. 3 the PDF of AoA at MS and BS is presented using directional antenna at BS for 3D scattering model. The PDF of ToA for macrocell mobile environment using directional antenna in 3D scattering model is illustrated in Chapter No. 4. Finally, conclusions are given in Chapter No. 5 which accompanied with three research plans for the extension of this thesis.

Chapter No. 2 Spatial Characteristics using Directional Antennas in 2D Scattering Model

2.1 Introduction
The angle of arrival statistics have been observed extensively in azimuth plane for macrocell mobile environment. To reduce the effect of interference between multipaths adaptive antennas with phase shift mechanism are proposed in literature. However to achieve this goal fixed beam directional antennas are also equally capable. The PDF of AoA at BS and MS have been found in [3] using directional antenna at the BS with the assumption that uniform distributed scatterers are confined in a circle around MS in azimuth plane. Similarly PDF for AoA & ToA is found in [4] using 2D elliptical model, where marginal PDF in angle and time is found from joint distribution of angle and time. A similar kind of work is done in [8,9] by using Gaussian scatter density around MS where PDF of AoA is found at BS and MS respectively while directional antenna is used at BS. In this Chapter, the directional antennas are proposed at both ends of the radio link in 2D scattering model. The rest of the Chapter is arranged as follows: System model for directional antennas at both ends of the link is described in section 2.1. The derivation of PDF of AoA of multipath at MS and BS using uniform and Gaussian scatter densities are given in section 2.3 and section 2.4 respectively. Results and descriptions are shown in section 2.5 and conclusions are made in section 2.6.

2.2 System Model for Directional Antennas at Both Ends of the Link
In this section, a macrocell environment is modeled using directional antennas at both ends of the link in 2D scattering model. The distance between BS and MS is d as shown in Figure 2.1. The radius of the circle in which scatterers are confined in azimuth plane is R.
6

Figure 2.1 : System Model for uniform scatter density using directional antennas

When a directional antenna of beamwidth is used only at BS the scatterers present in the region JKEFGO would be illuminated. The length LM is r and the angles and are the same angles in azimuth plane as obtained in [3].
R d tan r= sin + cos tan R ; 0 < 1 ;1 < 2 ; 2 <

(2.1)

1 = cos 1 sin 2 + cos 1 sin 2

2 d d R R 2 d d 2 = cos 1 sin 2 cos 1 sin 2 R R

(2.2) (2.3)

In addition to directional antenna used at BS if another directional antenna of beamwidth is used at MS the scatterers in the region JKLMNO would illuminated as shown in Figure 2.1.

2.3 PDF of AoA using Uniform Scatter Density

The work in this section is presented in two parts. The PDF of AoA at MS is found in section 2.3.1 while section 2.3.2 presents the PDF of AoA at BS.

2.3.1 PDF at MS
In this section we derive the PDF of AoA at MS with assumption of uniform scatter density around MS using directional antennas are used at both ends of the link. The CDF of AoA at MS using uniform scatter density is given in (2.4).
7

F ( ) =

1 2 Am_unifrom

r 2 d

; < <

(2.4)

Where r is the radius of the circle in which scatterers are confined which can be computed by (2.1) under the limit - < < . The area of the region JKLMNO is Am_unifrom in uniform distribution of scatterers. This area is actually twice the areas of the sector JKM and the triangle KLM as shown in the Figure 2.1.
1 1 A = 2 R 21 + R r sin( 1 ) m_unifrom 2 2

(2.5)

In the above equation r and are computed using (2.1) & (2.2) with = because the beamwidth is such that < < . By substituting the values Am_unifrom can be simplified as
2 d d tan d A = R 2 cos 1 sin 2 + cos 1 sin 2 + R m_unifrom R sin + cos tan R 2 d 1 d 2 sin cos sin + cos 1 sin 2 R R

(2.6)

The PDF of AoA at MS is obtained by differentiating (2.4) over . The parameter used in (2.7) below is a normalizing factor such that the area under the curve is unity.
R2 2 Am_uniform f ( ) = 2 d tan sin + cos tan 2 Am_uniform

; - 1 < 1

(2.7)
; | 1 | < | |

2.3.2 PDF at BS
The PDF of AoA at BS assuming uniform scatter density around MS is found by computing the area of the strip of length KL and width , whose scatters are illuminated by the beamwidth of directional antenna used at BS with truncation according to the directional antenna used at MS. The width is infinitely small such that the length LL' and KK' are more like a straight lines. The length of strip KL is the difference of x and x as shown in the Figure2.1. Where x is taken form [3] and x2canbesolvedformtriangleBML.
8

x1 = d cos d 2 cos 2 d 2 + R 2
Ab_uniform =

(2.8)

[d

x2 = d 2 + r 2 2dr cos
2

+ r 2 2 dr cos dcos + d 2 cos 2 d 2 + R 2 d

(2.9) (2.10)

The Area of the strip KK'LL' with length ( x - x ) and width can be found in (2.10) where the parameter r is computed using (2.1). The CDF of the AoA at BS using uniform scatter density is found as under.

F ( ) =

Ab_uniform 2R 2

; < <

(2.11)

Where R is the area of the circle in which scatterers are confined uniformly around the MS. Finally PDF of AoA at BS if directional antennas are used at both ends of the link is found by differentiating (2.11) over .

f ( ) =

Ab_uniform 2R 2

; < <

(2.12)

Combining (2.10) and (2.12) the PDF of AoA at BS is simplified in (2.13). The parameter used in (2.13) below is a normalizing factor such that the area under the curve is unity.
f ( ) = 2R 2
1/ 2 2 d tan d tan 2 D + sin + cos tan 2 d sin + cos tan cos 2 2 2 2

d cos + d cos d + R

(2.13)

2.4 PDF of AoA using Gaussian Scatter Density

The work in this section is presented in two parts. The closed form expression for PDF of AoA at MS is found in section 2.4.1 while section 2.4.2 presents the PDF of AoA at BS.

2.4.1 PDF at MS
The PDF of AoA at MS assuming Gaussian distribution of scatterers can be found using similar kind of derivation as section 2.3.1 with a difference that the length r depends on Gaussian scatter density. Hence PDF of AoA using Gaussian scatter density can be found by replacing r with r which is the effective strength of the length LM using Gaussian scatters
9

Figure 2.2 : Gaussian scatter density using directional antennas

1 x 2 r ' = 4 exp dx (2.14) 0 2 2 In Figure 2.2 a circle with virtual boundary of radius R is shown around the Gaussian
r

scatterers for simplifications in derivation. The term 4 is the radius of the virtual circular region in which scatters are present. The significance of 4 is that 99.9% of the scatterers are present within the circle of radius 4. In rest of the equations of this section we use 4 as radius of the circle. Substituting the value of r in (2.14), r can be simplified as
2 erf 2 2 ; 1 < 1 r' = (2.15) d csc( + ) sin 2 erf ; | 1 | < | | 2 1 1 2 Am_Gaussian = 2 1 (4 ) + ( 4 ) r ' sin ( 1 ) (2.16) 2 2 The effective area of the region JKLMNO in Gaussian distributed scatterers can be found

( )

using r. Substituting the values of r and , Am_Gaussian can be simplified as shown below.
2 d (sin )2 d 2 (sin ) Am_Gaussian = 16 2 cos 1 cos 1 R R2

d csc( + )sin 2 + 8 erf 2 2 d (sin )2 d 2 (sin ) cos 1 sin cos 1 2 R R

(2.17)

The PDF of AoA of at MS assuming Gaussian scatter density around MS is found in (2.18)
10

(2.18) 2 Am_Gaussain Finally, the PDF of AoA can be found in closed form is shown below. The parameter used in (2.18) and (2.19) is a normalizing factor such that the area under the curve is unity.
2 erf 2 2 2 d (sin )2 2 2 d (sin )2 R d csc( + ) sin ( ) d (sin ) 1 8 2 cos 1 + 4 2 erf cos 1 sin cos 2 2 2 R R 2 d (sin ) cos 1 R2 ; 1 < 1 2 f ( ) = d csc( + ) sin ( ) 2 erf 2 d (sin )2 2 2 2 d (sin ) 2 R d csc( + ) sin ( ) d (sin ) 1 1 + 4 2 erf cos 1 8 cos sin cos 2 2 2 R R 2 d (sin ) cos 1 R2 ; | 1 | < | |

f ( ) =

(r ' ) 2 ; < <

( (

))

(2.19)

2.4.1 PDF at BS
The PDF of AoA at BS with assumption of Gaussian scatter density around MS is found by follow the similar kind of derivation as section 2.3.2 with a difference that the area of the strip KK'LL' dependents on Gaussian scatter density. We define r as under (2.20) In above equation substituting the values of x and x from (2.8) and (2.9), r can be simplified in (2.21). Similarly the effective strength of the strip KL which is r shown in (2.22).
r = 4 + d cos R 2 d 2 + d 2 cos 2 d tan d + sin + cos tan
2

r = 4 ( x2 x1 )

d tan 2d sin + cos tan

cos ; < <

(2.21)

1 x 2 r 1 r ' ' = 1 exp dx 4 0 2 2

11

(2.22)

Where the value of r is taken from (2.21) r is simplified in closed form as shown below.

1 r r ' ' = 4 1 erf ; < < 2 2

region of length and width can be found as under.

(2.23)

The effective area of the strip kk'LL' is Ab_Gaussian which is actually area of the rectangular
+

Ab_Gaussian =
antennas at both ends of the link can be found as

r ' ' d

(2.24)

Finally the PDF of AoA at BS assuming Gaussian scatter density around MS using directional

f ( ) =

Ab_Gaussian 2 (4 ) 2

; - < <

(2.25)

Where (4) is area of the circle with virtual boundary 4. Combining (2.24) and (2.25) the PDF of AoA at BS is simplified in (2.26) below. The parameter used in (2.26) is a normalizing factor such that the area under the curve is unity.
R 2 d 2 + (d cos ) d cos f ( ) = erf 2 2 + 8 16 2 2 1 2
2

1/ 2 2 2 d tan dtan d + sin + cos tan 2 D sin + cos tan cos

(2.26)

2.5 Results and Descriptions

This section presents the results of the derivations in section 2.3 and section 2.4. The PDF of AoA at MS assuming uniform and Gaussian scatter densities are given in (2.7) and (2.19) respectively. Their results are shown in Figure 2.3 and Figure 2.5 respectively. In Figure 2.3 = 5o, = 80o, R = 400m, d = 2000m, d = 2500m, d = 3000m, d = 3500m, while in Figure 2.5 = 5o, = 80o, R = 400m, d = 2000m, = 100m, = 200m, = 300m, = 400m are used. The results show that in case of uniform scatter density the PDF of AoA at MS becomes flat as distance between MS and BS increases as shown in Figure 2.3 which means that the fact of directional antennas is reducing with an increase in the distance between BS and MS thus tending towards Clark's model [10] with the truncation according to
12

12 PDF of AoA at MS using Uniform Scatter Density 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

x 10

-3

d= d= d= d=

2000m 2500m 3000m 3500m

2 -80

-60

-40

-20 0 20 Angle (Degrees)

40

60

80

Figure 2.3 : PDF of AoA at MS assuming uniform scatter density

the beamwidth of directional antenna at MS. The same behavior can also be seen in case of Gaussian scatter density where PDF of AoA at MS becomes more and more flat as of Gaussian scatter distribution decreases. It is due to the fact that with decrease in of the distribution the scatterers tends towards compactness and hence the effect of directional antenna is negligible. Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.6 show the plots of PDF of AoA at BS assuming uniform and Gaussian scatter densities as derived in (2.13) and (2.26) respectively. In Figure 2.4 =10o, = 90o, R = 400m, d = 1000m, d = 1500m, d = 2000m while in Figure 2.6, = 10 o, = 90o, R = 400m, d = 2000m, = 100m, = 120m, = 140m are used. The result show that the behavior of the PDF of AoA at BS can also be explained in the same manner as explained in the case at MS. The PDF of AoA at BS using uniform scatter density becomes flat as the distance between the MS and BS decreases with a truncation according to as shown in Figure 2.4. A reverse behavior is seen with an increase in the distance between MS and BS where the hump of the PDF curve rises. In case of Gaussian scatter density the PDF of AoA at BS becomes more and more flat as of the scatterers distribution increases with the truncation as shown in Figure 2.6.
13

7 PDF of AoA at BS using Uniform Scatter Density

x 10

-3

6.5

d =1000m d =1500m d =2000m

5.5

4.5

4 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2 0 2 Angle (Degrees)

10

Figure 2.4 : PDF of AoA at BS assuming uniform scatters density

0.016 PDF of AoA at MS using Gaussian Scatter Density 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 -80

= 100m = 200m = 300m = 400m

-60

-40

-20 0 20 Angle (Degrees)

40

60

80

Figure 2.5 : PDF of AoA at MS assuming Gaussian scatters density

14

0.06 PDF Of AoA at BS using Gaussian Scatter Density

0.055

= 100m = 120m = 140m

0.05

0.045

0.04

0.035

0.03 -10

-8

-6

-4

-2 0 2 Angle (Degrees)

10

Figure 2.6 : PDF of AoA at BS assuming Gaussian scatters density

2.6 Conclusions

In this Chapter we have derived the closed form expression for PDF of AoA of multipath at BS and MS while directional antennas are used at both ends of the link. We modeled the environment by assuming uniform and Gaussian distribution of scatterers around MS. Four scenarios of the PDF of AoA seen at BS and MS using uniform and Gaussian scatter densities have been explained. The results have been shown by changing the distance between BS and MS in the case of uniform scatter density, while in case of Gaussian scatter density the effect of changing the has shown in the plot.

15

Chapter No. 3 Spatial Characteristics using Directional Antenna in 3D Scattering Model

3.1 Introduction

It has been observed that the cellular mobile channel of the suburban macrocell mobile environment can be completely visualized, rigorously using 3D scattering model, which offers more precise spatial and temporal statistics. A 3D Geometric model is proposed in [11] to derive the PDF of AoA of multipath components as seen from BS and MS simultaneously in azimuth and elevation planes. A similar kind of model for 3D scattering environment is presented in [15] using ellipsoidal model for the derivation of direction of arrival (DoA) and direction of departure (DoD) in azimuth and elevation planes. Another 3D Geometric channel model is illustrated in [12], which is derived from a 2D Geometrical based single bounce macrocell (GBSBM) model, where the comparisons of 2D and 3D models published in literature have been shown in comparison with the experimental data. In [13] uplink/downlink PDF of DoA and Time of Arrival (ToA) statistics are derived analytically with the assumption that scatterers are uniformly distributed in a 3D semispheroid with a flat circular base centered at MS. The power spectral density and PDF of AoA with non zero elevation plane is derived theoretically in [14] using 3D scattering model, where theoretical results are compared with the field measurement. To achieve the objective of higher performance in terms of capacity in wireless systems we propose the use of directional antenna at BS in 3D scattering model for spatial characteristics of mobile channel. The rest of the Chapter is organized as follows: Proposed 3D scattering model with directional antenna used at BS is described in section 3.2.

16

Figure 3.1 : A typical 3D Scattering Model

The section 3.3 shows the joint and marginal PDFs of AoA at MS in azimuth and elevation planes. Similarly, the joint and marginal PDFs of AoA at BS in azimuth and elevation planes are shown in section 3.4. Finally conclusions are shown at the end of the Chapter on the basis of analytical results in section 3.5.

3.2 Directional Antenna in 3D Scattering Environment

In this section, we describe the proposed 3D scattering model for macrocell environment which assumes uniform distributions of scattering objects around MS that are confined in a semispheroid and the BS is equipped with a directional antenna. The proposed 3D scattering model is shown in Figure 3.1, where major and minor dimensions of the semispheriod are a and b respectively and the BS is employed with a directional antenna of beamwidth at height ht above the ground. The angles made by the direction of signal arrival in azimuth and elevation planes at MS are symbolized by m and m and at BS are symbolized by b and b respectively. The scatterers present in whole spheroid would not be illuminated when BS equipped with directional antenna, which means that the semispheroid is partial
17

Figure 3.2 : Geometry for volume of the illuminated region

illuminated. The volume of the region, whose scatterers are illuminated, is represented as V and the volume of the region, whose scatterers are not illuminated by the beamwidth of the directional antenna, is V. The geometry of the illuminated and clipped region is shown in Figure 3.2. The following derivations are used for the volume of the illuminated region.
Vellip = volume of ellipsoid = 4 a1 b1 c1 3

In the above equation, VSpheroid is the volume of the whole spheroid. The volume V can be rewritten in the closed form expression as
V= 2 b d sin

1 a1 b1 c1 V1 = Vellip = 4 3 b 2 (3.2) a1 = a 2 d 2 sin 2 ; b1 = a d 2 sin 2 ; c1 = a d sin a b 2 (3.3) V1 = a 2 d 2 sin 2 a d 2 sin 2 ( a d sin ) 3 a Vspheriod 4 (3.4) V= 2 V1 , Vspheriod = a 2 b 2 3

(3.1)

(a

+ d sin ( a d sin ) 3a

(3.5)

When the beam width of the directional antenna is set equal or greater than max all the scatterers inside semispheroid get illuminated. If we substitute = max in (3.5) the volume deduces to V = 2/3 a2 b which is the volume of the semispheroid.
max = sin 1
a d

(3.6)

18

Figure 3.3 : Azimuth and elevation views of System Model

The portions R1, R2 and R3 of the illuminated region can further be grouped into two partitions, i.e. R2 alone and the union of R1 and R3 as shown in Figure 3.1. In azimuth plane, the threeshold angles thresh 1 and thresh 2 , seperates these two different portions of illuminated region. These angles can be found as a function of elevation angle and beamwidth.
1 d cos sin 2 + cos a cos m a cos thresh 1 = 2 1 d cos sin 2 cos a cos m a cos thresh 2 = 2

(a cos m )2 (d sin )2

d sin m ; cos 1 a 2

; 0 m < cos 1

d sin a

(3.7)

(a cos m )2 (d sin )2

d sin mm ; cos 1 a 2

; 0 m < cos 1

d sin a

(3.8)

The angles 1 and 2 , which are shown in Figure 3.3 are the above thereshold angles computed for m = 0o i.e for zero elevation angle. The threeshold angles thresh 1 and thresh 2 are ploted in Figure 3.4 with parameters ht = 100m, d = 800m, a = 100m, b = 50m and = 2o as a function of elevation angles. Similarly, in elevation plane, thresh is the threshold angle which separates two illuminated region in elevation plane are shown in Figure 3.3. The threshold elevation angle thresh can be found with the help of the geometry illustrated in Figure 3.5.

19

Figure 3.4 : The threshold angle

thresh 1 and thresh 2 as a function of elevation angles

d tan Pet = sin + cos tan m m

(3.9) (3.10) (3.11) (3.12)

x2 = x2 =

(Pet )2 (d sin )2
d csc ( + m )sin (d sin )
2 2 2 2

y2 =

b 2 b 2 2 a d 2 csc 2 ( + m )sin 2 a1 x2 = a a
thresh = tan 1
y2 Pet

The threshold elevation angle thresh can be found in closed form after doing tedious simplifications, as a function of azimuth angle and beamwidth of the directional antenna.
a d csc( + m ) sin cot 1 ; 1 | m | 2 | 2 2 2 2 b a d csc ( + m ) sin = 0 ; otherwise

thresh

(3.13)

The threeshold angle thresh is ploted in Figure 3.6 as a function of azimuth angles with parameters ht = 100m, d = 800m, a = 100m, b = 50m and = 2o. The rest of the equations of this section are simplified under the following assumptions. These assumptions are valid for a realistic 3D scattering environment using directional antenna at base station, 0 thresh /2,
a a | 1 | | 1 |, 0 | 1 | cos 1 and cos 1 | 2 | . d d

20

The limits for illuminated region (R1, R2 and R3) are defined in correspondence with azimuth and elevation angles. As discussed earlier, the region R1 and R3 are grouped as P1
0 m thresh p1 R1 & R3 or m thresh 2 thresh 1

Figure 3.5 : Geometry for solving thresh and rm2

Similarly the limits for the region R2 can be written as P2

p 2 R2 or thresh 1 m thresh 1 thresh 2 m - thresh 2

thresh m 2

The distance from the scattering boundary to the MS is rm, which is further symbolized as rm1 and rm2 for the regions P1 and P2 respectively. The distance rm1 has been found in [11] and the distance rm2 can be found by solving the geometry as shown in Figure 3.5.
rm1 = a 2b 2 b 2 cos 2 m + a 2 sin 2 m Pet rm 2 = cos m

(3.14) (3.15)

Finally the distance rm, form MS can be found in closed form in (3.16). The distance rm is ploted in Figure 3.7 in azimuth and elecation angles with parameters ht = 100m, d = 800m, a = 100m, b = 50m and = 2o. It can be observed in Figure 3.7 that for any particular azimuth angle there is a threshold angle in elevation plane plane thresh , as derived earlier in
21

Figure 3.6 : The threshold angle thresh as a function of azimuth angles

Figure 3.7 : The Distance rm of the scatter from MS

a 2b 2 2 2 2 2 b cos m + a sin m rm = d csc( + m ) sec m sin

p1

(3.16)
; p2

(3.13). The distance rm, is seen to be uniform in Figure 3.7 for whole azimth plane, for m > thresh , which follows the result as derived in [11]. In other words for the elevation angle m > thresh all the scatterers would illuminated in azimuth plane and the distance form
22

Figure 3.8 : Different elevation views of the Distance rm of the scatter from MS

the MS to the boundry of semispheriod is same for whole azimuth plane. In order to elaborate this effect, the same distance rm is reploted in Figure 3.8, in azimuth plane for some particular elavation angles for example, m = 0o, 30o, 45 o and 55 o.

3.3 Angle of Arrival Statistics at MS

The Joint density function in angles seen at MS and radius rm can be written in (3.17). The Jacobean transformation J (x,y,z) is given in Appendix A.
p (rm , m , m ) =
cos m cos m J ( x, y , z ) = cos m sin m sin m

f ( x, y , z ) J ( x, y , z )

x = rm cos m cos m y = rm cos m sin m z = rm sin m

1

(3.17)

rm cos m sin m rm cos m cos m 0

rm sin m cos m rm sin m sin m rm cos m

1 rm cos m
2

(3.18)

When scatterers are uniformly distributed, the scatter density function can be written as
1 f ( x, y, z ) = V 0 ;

( x, y & z )

I Region

(3.19)

; otherwise

Combing the above equations the joint density function can be written as 2 rm cos m p (rm , m , m ) = V
23

(3.20)

The joint PDF of AoA in azimuth and elevation planes is found by integrating above equation over rm, which is presented in (3.21) in closed form. Similarly, marginal PDF of AoA seen at MS can be found by integrating (3.21) with appropriate limits as shown in (3.22) and (3.23).
a 2b 2 a cos m csc 2 b cos 2 + a 2 sin 2 m m 2 b d a 2 + d sin (a d sin ) p( m , m ) = ; p2 2 3 2 2 a d csc ( + m ) sec m sin 2 b a 2 + d sin (a d sin ) ; p1
32

(3.21)

p (m ) =
p( m ) =
+thresh 1 thresh 1

thresh

p(m , m )d m
+ 2
+thresh 2

thresh

p (m , m )d m ; 0 m 2
+thresh 2

(3.22)

p(m , m )dm

+thresh1

p(m , m )dm +

thresh 2

p(m , m )dm ; 0 m

(3.23)

The above equations for marginal PDF of AoA at MS in azimuth and elevation planes can be simplified in closed form expressions as shown below.
1 2 sin thresh ad 3 csc 3 ( + m ) sin 2 tan thresh + a 4b csc 2 2 2 2 a a + b + (b a ) cos(2 thresh ) (3.24) p (m ) = 2bd (a 2 + d sin (a d sin )) ; 0 m 2
p( m ) = ad 3 sec 2 sin 2 1 m 2 bd ( a + d sin (a d sin )) 8 2 2 cos( + thresh 2 ) 1 1 + cos( + thresh 1 )

+ thresh 1 + thresh 2 + thresh 2 + thresh 1 tan + 4 ln cot + sec 2 + csc 2 2 2 2 2 a 2b 2 + a cos m csc 2 b cos 2 + a 2 sin 2 m m
3 2

(3.25)

+ thresh 2 ) thresh 1

0 m

3.3.1 Analytical Results of PDF at MS

In this section, the results of the marginal and the joint statistics of angle of arrival simultaneously in elevation and azimuth plane are shown. The parameters used in all the plots shown in this section are d = 800m, a = 100m, b = 50m and = 2o. The joint PDF of AoA at MS is shown in Figure 3.9. The marginal PDF of AoA in elevation and azimuth planes are
24

Figure 3.9 : The joint PDF of AoA at MS

Figure 3.10 : The PDF of AoA in elevation plane for different azimuth angles

shown in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11 respectively. In Figure 3.10 the marginal PDF of AoA at MS is shown in elevation plane for different azimuth angle like m = 0o, 16o, 22o, 40o similarly in Figure 3.11 the marginal PDF of AoA at MS in azimuth plane is shown for m = 0o, 25o, 40o and m thresh. The results obtained for m = 0o are shown with the PDF results of 2D scattering model [3] as shown Figure 3.12. Similarly, when the beam width of the directional antenna is taken equal or greater than max there is no clipping and result follows [11] as shown in Figure 3.13.
25

Figure 3.11 : The PDF of AoA in azimuth plane for different elevation angles

Figure 3.12 : 3D PDF of AoA for zero elevation plane is compared with 2D [Petrus et. al]

Figure 3.13 : 3D proposed model with & without directional antenna

26

3.4 Angle of Arrival Statistics at BS

In this section, we present the PDF of AoA at seen at BS using directional antenna in 3D scattering model. The system model is shown in Figure 3.14. The distance b is the projection of rb on azimuth plane which can be defined as b = rb cos b . The distance from the BS to intersection points of simispheriod are rb1 and rb2 for a particluar direction defined by b and b. The plane developed by the longitudial crossection of conical beam for different values of b is varied. If the varing geomatry containing the illuminated plane of scatterers is analyzed, we see that before it touches the ground, the geomatry forms spherical segments of varying dimensions as shown in Figure 3.14. If the process of varying b continued after the illuminated scattereing plane touches the ground, the shape of the plane becomes some area bounded by the arcs NQN ' , NO , OO ' and O ' N ' , as shown in Figure 3.14. Arc OO ' increases form its initial value of zero, to its maximum at the far edge of the scattering semispheriod and then reduces gradually to zero at point Q. The angle c is the angle subtended by the arc OO ' , which can be written in simplified form [11] as
ht2 + (d 2 a 2 ) tan 2 b c = cos 2ht d tan b
1

(3.26)

The angle c takes the value from zero to max , where max is the maximum azimuth angle for some particular angle b.
a2 2 ht tan b + b 1 = cos 2 a 2 a 2 d a 2 + 2 ht2 1 + 2 tan 2 b b b d

max

(3.27)

The distances b1and b2 are the projection of rb1and rb2 on the azimuth plane respectively. The distance b1 follow the arc NQN ' . Similarly, the distance b2 follow three different arcs
NO , OO ' and O ' N ' depending upon the limits of the b .
Q Q PR P
2

b1 =

b2

Q + Q 2 PR ; c b max P = ht ht ; 0 < b < c || tan b > tan b d 2 a2

(3.28)

27

Figure 3.14 : System Model for PDF of AoA at BS

Parameters P, Q and R are the same as by Janaswamy in [11]. These distances can formulate in closed form expression after doing substitution and simplification.
P = 1+ a2 tan 2 b b2 ; Q = d cos b + a 2 ht tan b b2
+ b 2 d cos b
2 2 2 2 2

; R = d 2 a2 +

a 2 ht b2

(3.29)

b1 =

1 b + a tan 2 b
2 2 2 2 2

( a h tan
2

(3.30)

b (a d ) (b + a tan b ) + a (2 d ht cos b tan b ht ) + b d cos b )

2 2

1 a 2 ht tan b + b 2 d cos b b 2 + a 2 tan 2 b 2 2 + b (a d 2 ) (b 2 + a 2 tan 2 b ) + a 2 (2 d ht cos b tan b ht ) + b 2 d 2 cos 2 b ) b2 = ; c b max ht ht ; 0 < b < c || tan b > 2 tan b d a2

(3.31)

If the azimuth angle b is taken equal to max , the distances b1and b2 becomes equal. The angles min and max defines the limits for the arrival of multipath in elevation plane, which can be expressed as
min =
h d h 2a 2 + b2 d 2 a 2 t t d 2 a2

max = tan 1

ht d a

(3.32)

The angle lim is the function of azimuth beamwidth , which operates as a threshold angle to exert the effect of directional antenna on the geometry explained in Figure 3.15.
28

Figure 3.15 : Elavation view of system model

lim =

a 2 (b 2 d 2 + a 2 (ht b 2 ) ) (2 a 2 d 2 + d 2 cos( 2 ) ) a 2d ht cos

2

a 2 a2 d 2

(3.33)

The elevation angle for LOS path is denoted by LOS and the angle 1 corresponds to the elevation angle for the longest propagation from BS to MS as shown below.
LOS = tan 1
ht 1 h , 1 = tan t d d +a

(3.34)

The angles 2, 3 and 4 are seen when b is set as as shown in Figure 3.15. These angles represents the rotated beam in azimuth plane to touches the boundary of the illuminated scattering region clipped by , and can be expressed as
2 = tan 1
ht ht 1 3 = tan d +a, d cos
d cos a d sin ht
2 2 2

(3.35) (3.36)

4 = tan 1

The maximum angle seen in azimuth plane for a fixed elevation angle, b, when clips the boundary of illuminated scattering region, is other then max , shown by L as
; min b < lim L = max (3.37) ; lim b max The joint density in correspondence with the angles seen at BS and as a function of distance

rb is given below.

rb cos b b 2 p(rb ,b , b ) = , (3.38) V cos b V The above equation integrated over rb under the limit rb1 & rb2 has the following solution. p(rb ,b , b ) =
2

29

r cos b p (b , b ) = b 3V
3

rb 2

rb1

3 b1 p(b , b ) = 3 V cos2 b 3 b2

(3.39)

The volume of illuminated scattering region, V is derived earlier, when substituted in above equation the solution of joint PDF of AoA can be simplified as follows.
3 3 a csc sec 2 b b2 b1 2 b d a 2 + d sin (a d sin ) p(b , b ) = 0 ; otherwise

; b

& min b max

(3.40)

Marginal PDF of AoA in azimuth plane seen at BS can be obtained by integrating above equation over b for appropriates limits. However, the closed-form solution can also be obtained in a similar way as in [11].
d cos b 1 b d b dzb ; p (b ) = Ae ,b (3.41) V V is the area of scattering ellipse seen for a fixed angle b . Finally, the closed-form p (b ) =
Ellipse b

Where Ae ,

expression for the marginal PDF of azimuth angle of arrival seen at BS can be expressd as
3 cos b csc a 2 d 2 sin b 2 4 a + d sin (a d sin ) p (b ) = 0 ; otherwise

) )

; b

(3.42)

Similarly, the marginal PDF of AoA in elevation seen at base station [11] can be written as
p( b ) = 1 3 V cos 2 b

(
L

3 b2

3 b1 db

(3.43)

Substituting the value of V, the above equation can be written as

a csc sec 2 b p( b ) = 2 b d a 2 + d sin (a d sin )

) (
L

3 b2

3 b1 db

(3.44)

3.4.1 Analytical Results of PDF at BS

In this section, we describe the results of marginal PDF of AoA at BS both in azimuth and elevation planes. The parameters used in all the plots shown in this section are d = 800m, a = 100m, b = 50m and ht = 100m. Figure 3.16 shows the PDF of AoA in azimuth plane seen
30

Figure 3.16 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Azimuth plane seen at BS

Figure 3.17 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Elevation Plane

at BS for different values of beamwidth i.e. = 3o, 4o, 5o and max. In Figure 3.17 the PDF of AoA at BS in elevation plane is shown for = 2oand max. Similarly in Figure 3.18 the result for PDF of AoA in elevation plane are shown when the antenna height ht of BS antenna is set equal to the elevation axis, b of scattering region, i.e. ht = b = 100m. It has been observed that when the beamwidth is set equal or greater than maximum beamwidth i.e. max there is no clipping of scattering region and the PDF is found to be same as in [11], which proves the generalization and validity of proposed model.
31

Figure 3.18 : Marginal PDF of AoA in Elevation plane seen at BS (ht = b)

3.5 Conclusions
The closed form expression of angle of arrival statistics at MS and BS has been presented for 3D macrocell mobile environment with directional antenna mounted at elevated base station. The result has been shown for the joint and marginal PDF of AoA at MS and BS respectively with different azimuth and elevation angles. Finally in order to prove the validity and generality of proposed model, comparison has been made with some notable 2D and 3D scattering models which are proposed in literature. The results have been compared by taking beamwidth of the direction antenna max which illuminates the whole scattering region, the PDF of AoA both in azimuth and elevation planes have been found to be same as by Janaswamy [11].

32

Chapter No. 4 Time of Arrival for 3D Scattering Model

4.1 Introduction
To meet the challenges of present and future in wireless communication systems the spatial and temporal characteristics are proven to be useful in literature. The geometrically based models for macrocell mobile environment illustrated in Chapter No. 2 and Chapter No. 3 are some typical and adequate solutions in this regard. In [19] the temporal statistics of cellular mobile channel are observed for picocell, microcell, and macrocell environments using 2D scattering model. The results shown in [19] help in the design of efficient equalizers to combat inter symbol interference (ISI) for wideband systems. In [4] the joint and marginal PDF of AoA and ToA are derived for the 2D elliptical and circular models. A Geometrical model is considered in [13] with hollow-disc centered at the MS, uplink/downlink PDF of ToA/AoA are shown by varying the thickness of hollow discs which degenerates to the well known uniform-ring or uniform-disc densities. In [7] Gaussian scatter density around MS is assumed for AoA and ToA using 2D circular and elliptical scattering model where the results are compared with experimental measurements. A 3D Geometric model is considered in [11] for angular arrival of multipath waves in the azimuth and elevation planes, where the closed form expressions are derived for the PDF of AoA with first and second order statistics. In [13] the uplink/downlink trivariate distributions of ToA and AoA has been found using a 3D model similar to [11] but could not be taken for macrocell mobile environment because of the fact that the BS and MS could not assumed to be at same height, moreover the scatterers around the MS are assumed to be confined in a spherical region with same radius R along azimuth and elevation plane. The actual scenario is described completely by taking the scattering spheroid with different lengths of major and minor axis ( minor axis along elevation plane ) and elevated BS to better
33

Figure 4.1 : System Model for Time of Arrival

model the macrocell environment. The geometrically based single bounce macrocell (GBSBM) channel model using directional antenna at BS is presented in [3] which illustrate the power of the multipath components in addition to PDF of AoA and ToA of multipath components. It has been shown in [3] that the level crossing rate of the fading envelope reduces and the envelope correlation increases significantly if a directional antenna is employed at BS. In this Chapter, we illustrate the temporal for proposed 3D scattering model with directional antenna to be employed at elevated BS. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows: System model for temporal characteristics using directional antenna at BS is described in section 4.2. The derivation of PDF of ToA is presented in section 4.3. The analytical results with descriptions are given in section 4.4. Finally conclusions are made in section 4.5 on the basis of analytical results.

4.2 System Model for Time of Arrival Characteristics

This section illustrates the system model for ToA characteristics using directional antenna at BS in 3D semispheroid model. The system model is shown in Figure 4.1 which is similar to the model used in Chapter No. 3 for AoA statistics at BS and MS. The azimuth and elevation angles seen at BS and MS are the same as described in Chapter No. 3. Furthermore
34

the relation for max, thresh and the volume V of the illuminated area are the same as found earlier, these relations are rewritten in the following equations which would be used in the derivation of PDF of ToA.
max = sin 1
a d csc( + m ) sin cot 1 ; | 1 | m | 2 | 2 2 2 2 b a d csc ( + m ) sin thresh = 0 ; otherwise 2 b d sin a 2 + d sin ( a d sin ) V= 3a
a d

(4.1)

(4.2)

(4.3) (4.4)

The LOS distance d los from MS to BS can be found as under.

d los = d 2 + ht
2

The distance of the scatterer form MS and BS respectively can be expressed in closed form using the angles at MS side.
a 2b 2 2 2 2 2 b cos m + a sin m rm (m , m ) = ; thresh m 2 d csc ( + m ) sec m sin ; 0 m < thresh

(4.5)

rb ( rm , m , m ) = rm + dlos 2rm (d cos m cosm + ht sin m )

2 2

(4.6)

Substituting the value of rm form (4.5) in (4.6) the distance rb can be simplified as
a2 b2 a2 b2 d los 2 + 2 2 (d cos m cos m + ht sin m ) 2 2 2 2 2 a sin m + b cos m a sin m + b 2 cos 2 m rb ( m , m ) = ; thresh m 2 2 2 d los + (d csc ( + m ) sec m sin ) 2 (d cos m cos m + ht sin m ) (d csc ( + m ) sec m sin ) ; 0 m < thresh

(4.7)

The propagation path delay for d los is o, and the maximum propagation path delay for longest distance is max, can be found using the velocity of propagation as

35

0 =

Dlos c

, max =

H t + ( D + a) 2 c

(4.28)

Moreover, the propagation path delay of waves reflected form the scatterers located at the boundary of scattering region for a particular azimuth and elevation angle is symbolized by lim.
lim (m , m ) =
rm (m , m ) + rb (m , m ) c

(4.8)

4.3 PDF of Time of Arrival using Directional Antenna

This section presents, the PDF of ToA of macrocell mobile environment using directional antenna in 3D scattering model. Substituting (4.6) in (4.8) and solving for the distance rm as function of and angles on MS side, gives the following solution.
rm ( , m , m ) = c 2 2 d los 2 c 2 (d cos m cos m + ht sin m )
2

(4.9)

Similarly, the distance rb can be expressed as a function of and angles of BS.

rb ( , b , b ) = c 2 2 d los 2 c 2 (d cos b cos b + ht sin b )
2

(4.10)

The joint ToA/AoA PDF can be written using [4] and [7].
p( , m , m ) = p (rm , m , m ) J rm , m , m

(4.11) (4.12) (4.13) (4.14)

rm 2 ( d cos m cos m c + ht sin m ) 2 J (rm , m , m ) = 2 c ( d 2 + ht + c 2 2 2 c (d cos m cos m + ht sin m ) ) J rm , m , m =

p (rm , m , m ) =
cos m cos m J ( x, y , z ) = cos m sin m sin m

f ( x, y , z ) J ( x, y , z )

x = rm cos m cos m y = rm sin m cos m z = rm sin m

rm cos m sin m rm cos m cos m 0

rm sin m cos m rm sin m sin m rm cos m

(4.15)

J ( x, y , z ) =

rm

When scatterers are uniformly distributed in illuminated region (IRegion) of volume V, then the scatter density function can be written as
36

1 (4.16) cos m

1 ( x, y & z ) I Region f ( x, y, z ) = V 0 ; otherwise

(4.17)

The joint PDF of AoA can be written as

p ( rm , m , m ) = rm cos m V
2

(4.18)

After simplification, the joint function of ToA in correspondence with AoA can be written as
p ( , m , m ) = c ( d los c 2 2 ) 2 d los + c 2 2 2 c ( d cos m cos m + ht sin m ) cos m 8 V ( d cos m cos m c + ht sin m ) 4
2 2

(4.19)

Similarly, joint function found in correspondence with angles seen at BS can be expressed as
p ( , b , b ) = c ( d los c 2 2 ) 2 d los + c 2 2 2 c ( d cos b cos b + ht sin b ) cos b 8 V ( d cos b cos b c + ht sin b ) 4
2 2

(4.20)

The joint PDF of ToA in azimuth and elevation plane can be found by integrating above equation over elevation and azimuth angles respectively.
p ( , m ) = p ( , m ) =
2

p ( , m , m ) d m p ( , m , m ) dm ;

0 < < max 0 < < max

&

&

- < m < 0 < m <

(4.21) (4.22) (4.23) (4.24)

p ( , b ) =
p ( , b ) =

max min
max
max

p ( , b , b ) d b
p ( , b , b ) db

0 < < max & - max < b < max

& min < b < max

; 0 < < max

Where the limits min, max and m are the same as found in last Chapter. If we substitute ht = 0 and a = b, the proposed model deduces to the model in [13], Olenko et.al., and the temporal statistics are found similar. Moreover, if we substitute zero for b the proposed model deduces to the 2D model given in [4] and the joint function of ToA/AoA is found same as
p ( , m ) = c ( d los c 2 2 ) 2 d los + c 2 2 2 c d cos m 8 Ac ( d cos m c ) 4
2 2

(4.25)

If we integrate (4.25) over azimuth angle for appropriate limits, the expression can be obtained in closed-form for the marginal PDF of ToA for the case of 2D scattering model [4]. Where Ac, is the area of illuminated scattering plane centered at MS in the base of the scattering semispheroid, which can be expressed as function of azimuth beamwidth , as
Ac = a 2 ( + 1 2 ) + 2d sin a 2 d 2 sin 2
37

(4.26)

Figure 4.2 : The joint PDF of ToA in azimuth plane for > max (Numerically integrated)

If we substitute > max, the angles 1 and 2 becomes equal and the equation reduces to
Ac = a 2 (i.e. the area of circle with radius a).

4.4 Analytical Results

The analytical results of time of arrival statistics are shown in detail in this section. The joint statistics of ToA with azimuth plane is show in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 for > max and = 2o. It can be observed in Figure 4.2 that for time o (for LOS) the statistics are symmetrically distributed around zero azimuth angle, moreover as the time runs form o to max the hump of the PDF decreases. The sharp transition in PDF of ToA around o is more visible as shown in Figure 4.3 for = 2o. The PDF of ToA with elevation angles is shown in Figure 4.4 and the marginal PDF of ToA is shown in Figure 4.5, which describes that the probability of the multipath signals decreases as the time increases, which means that multipath signals are more probable to arrive earlier near time 0 of LOS and signals are less probable to arrive with longer delays. The propagation path delays are shown in Figure 4.6 to Figure 4.9. The propagation path delays in azimuth and elevation angles seen at MS for > max and > 2o are shown in Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 respectively, which describes as elevation angle increase, the hump of the curve decreases. Similarly, the marginal propagation path delay in azimuth and elevation angles are shown in Figure 4.8 and Figure 4.9 respectively, which clearly demonstrate the effect of directional antenna on propagation path delay which further leads to affect the PDF of ToA.
38

Figure 4.3 : The joint PDF of ToA in azimuth plane = 2o (Numerically integrated)

Figure4.4:The joint PDF of ToA in elevation plane for = 2o

Figure4.5:The marginal PDF of ToA for max

39

Figure4.6:The joint propagation path delay in azimuth and elevation angle for max

Figure4.7:The joint propagation path delay in azimuth and elevation angle for = 4o

Figure4.8:The effect of directional antenna on propagation path delay in azimuth plane

40

Figure4.9:The effect of directional antenna on marginal function of path delay in elevation plane

4.5 Conclusions
In this chapter, closed form expressions have been derived for joint PDF of ToA in correspondence with azimuth and elevation angles seen at MS and BS. Macrocell environment has been modeled using directional antenna at elevated BS in 3D semispheroid model with MS located at its center. The closed form expression for propagation path delay as function of azimuth and elevation angles seen at MS has been derived. Finally, theoretical results have been shown to illustrate the effect of directional antenna on temporal characteristics of proposed model.

41

Chapter No. 5 Conclusions and Future Work

This Chapter presents a summary of the thesis with some directives for the extension of the proposed results given at the end of this Chapter.

5.1 Summary of the Thesis

The spatial and temporal characteristics for cellular mobile channel have been presented in this thesis using directional antenna. The 2D scattering model is used to investigate the effect of directional antennas employed at both ends of the radio link on the PDF of AoA seen at BS and MS respectively, with assumption of uniform and Gaussian distributions of scatterers around MS. However in case of 3D scattering model directional antenna is employed only at BS to observe the spatial and temporal characteristics of mobile channel. In Chapter No. 1, we have addressed the issue of physical channel modeling for the cellular mobile communication systems. We have described the 2D and 3D Geometric models proposed in literature for multipath propagations in macrocell environments. We have extensively studied the previous approaches used for modeling cellular mobile channel in macrocell environments. In Chapter No. 2, we have proposed the directional antennas used at both ends of the radio link to observe spatial characteristics for mobile channel. A 2D scattering model is used to investigate the effect of directional antennas on the spatial characteristics of cellular mobile channel. The closed form expressions for the PDF of AoA of multipath at BS and MS have been derived using directional antennas at both ends of the link. We have thoroughly discussed the macrocell environments with the assumption that uniform and Gaussian scatterers have been distributed around mobile station. Four scenarios of the PDF of AoA at
42

BS and MS have been illustrated using uniform and Gaussian scatter density. The results have been shown by changing the distance between BS and MS for uniform scatter density, while in case of Gaussian scatter density the effect of changing the has been shown. In Chapter No. 3, a macrocell environment is modeled using 3D hemispheroid model with MS is located at the center and BS is equipped with a directional antenna. The angle of arrival statistics of multipath waves, seen at MS and BS have been presented in closed form for macrocell mobile environments. The theoretical results of the joint and marginal PDF of AoA, seen at MS and BS have been plotted for different azimuth and elevation angles. We have compared the proposed theoretical results of the PDF of AoA, with some previous models found in literature to elaborate the effect of directional antenna. The proposed theoretical results, with azimuth beamwidth of the direction antenna, max are seen similar to Janaswamy [11], which illuminates the whole scattering region. Moreover, the theoretical results obtained with zero elevation angle, is seen similar to Petrus [3], where a 2D scattering model is used to derive PDF of AoA of multipath signals. In Chapter No. 4, the closed form density function of joint ToA for proposed 3D scattering model in correspondence with azimuth and elevation angles seen at MS and BS respectively have been derived. Finally, the proposed theoretical results for PDF of ToA have been shown, with azimuth beamwidth of the direction antenna, max to illustrate the effect of directional antenna on temporal characteristics.

5.2 Future Work

Future directives, for further research, to extend the work presented in this thesis, may involve the investigation of the effect of directional antennas on Doppler power spectrum, Angular spread, spatial correlations and second order statistics like LCR (level crossing rate) and AFD (average fade duration). To pursue this concept three research plans are proposed as under:

43

5.2.1 Research Plan 1 Doppler Spectrum:

The angle of arrival statistics found in Chapter No. 2 and Chapter No. 3 using directional antennas may be used for characterization and tracking of time varying fading channels. The effect of directional antenna may be seen on the Doppler power spectrum [3], using 2D and 3D scattering model for high speed communication channels.

5.2.2 Research Plan 2

Angular Spread:
The AoA statistics obtained using the proposed model, employing directional antenna may be used to find the angular energy distribution in azimuth and elevation plane. The Angular Spread parameters [16], like Shape factor, Angular Constriction and Orientation Parameter may be found from the theoretical angular energy distribution which can be compared with those using the real time data, acquired by the measurement campaigns. Moreover the effect of directional antenna can be observed on second order statistics like LCR and ADF.

5.2.3 Research Plan 3 Spatial Correlations:

The effect of multipath interference can be reduced using directional antennas. The closed form expressions for the AoA statistics, described in Chapter No. 2 and Chapter No. 3 may be used to investigate the spatial correlations between multipath components of the received signal for the design of high performance MIMO communication links, in order to enhance data rates.

44

Bibliography

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A. J. Paulraj, D. A. Gore, R. U. Nabar and H. Blcskei "An overview of MIMO communications: A key to Gigabit wireless," Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 198-218, February 2004.

[2]

N. M. Khan, M. T. Simsim and P. B. Rapajic "A Generalized model for the spatial characteristics of cellular mobile channel," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, January 2008. no, 1.

[3]

P. Petrus, J. H. Reed and T. S. Rappaport "Geometrical-based statistical macrocell channel model for mobile environments," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 495-502, March 2002.

[4]

R. B Ertel and J. H Reed "Angle and time of arrival statistics for circular and elliptical scattering models," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1829-1840, November 1999.

[5]

R. J. Piechocki, G. V. Tsoulos, and J. P. McGeehan, "Simple general formula for pdf of angle of arrival in large cell operational environments," IEE Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1784-1785, September 1998.

[6] [7] [8] [9]

J. C. Liberti, T. S. Rappaport "A Geometrically based model for line of sight multipath radio channels," in Proc. 46th IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf, pp. 844-848, April/May 1996. R. Janaswamy "Angle and time of arrival statistics for the Gaussian scatter density model," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 488-497, July 2002. M. P. Lotter and P. V. Rooyen "Modeling Spatial Aspects of Cellular CDMA / SDMA Systems," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 3, no. 5, pp.128-131, May 1999. C. A. Lopez, D. H. Covarrubias, D. Munoz and M. A. Panduro "Statistical cellular Gaussian scatter density channel model employing a directional antenna for mobile environments," AEUInt. J. Electronics and Commun, vol. 59, Issue. no. 3, pp. 195-199, June 2005.

[10] R. H. Clarke "A statistical theory of mobile-radio reception," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 957-1000, July-August 1968. [11] R. Janaswamy "Angle of arrival statistics for a 3-D Spheroid Model," IEEE Trnas, veh. technol., vol. 51, no.5, pp. 1242-1247, September 2002. 45

[12] K. B. Baltics and J. N. Saholas "A simple 3-D geometric channel model for macrocell mobile communication," Springer Wireless Personal Communication, DOI 10.1007/s 11277-008-94643, November 2008. [13] A. Y. Olenko, k. T. Wong, S. A. Qasmi and J. A. Shokouh "Analytically derived Uplink/downlink ToA and 2-D DoA distributions with scatterers in a 3-D hemispheroid surrounding the mobile," IEEE Trnas, Antennas and Propagation., vol. 54, no.9, pp. 2446-2454, September 2006. [14] S. Qu and T. Yeap "A three dimensional scattering model for fading channels in land mobile environment," IEEE Trnas, veh. technol., vol. 48, no.5, pp. 765-781, May 1999. [15] M. Alsehaili, A. R. Sebak and S. Noghanian "A 3-D geomatterically based ellipsoidal wireless channel model," ANTEM 12th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetic., pp. 407-410, July 2006. [16] G.D. Durgin, T.S. Rappaport. Effects of multipath angular spread on the spatialcrosscorrelation of received voltage envelopes, IEEE 49th Vehicular Technol. Conf,. vol. 2, pp. 996-1000, July 1999. [17] G.D. Durgin, T.S. Rappaport. Theory of Multipath Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 28, no 5, pp. 682-693, April 2000. [18] Noor. M. Khan Modeling and Characterization of Multipath Fading Channels in Cellular Mobile Communication Systems , PhD Thesis UNSW, Australia , 2006. [19] M. T. Simsim, Noor M. Khan, R. Ramer, and P. B. Rapajic Time of Arrival Statistics in Cellular Environments 63rd IEEE Vehicular Technol. Conf. (VTC).,vol. no. 6, pp 2666-2670, 2006. [20] I. Jaafar, H. Boujem and M.Siala Angle and time of arrival statistics for hollow-disc and elliptical scattering models 2nd Int. Signal, Circuit and Systems (CCS)., pp-1-4, Nov. 2008. [21] E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constantinides, A. Goldsmith and A. Paulraj MIMO Wireless Communications Cambridge University Press, ISBN-13 978-0-521-87328-4, 2007. [22] A. Goldsmith, S. A. Jafar, N. Jindal and S. Vishwanath Capacity Limits of MIMO Channels IEEE J. Selected Areas on Commun.,vol. 21. no. 5, pp. 684-702, June 2005.

46

Appendix A
Proof of the Jacobin transformations
xm rm y J (rm , m , m ) = m rm zm rm xm m ym m zm m xm m xm = rm cos m cos m ym ym = rm cos m sin m m zm = rm sin m zm m
rm cos m sin m rm cos m cos m 0 rm sin m cos m rm sin m sin m rm cos m

J (rm , m , m ) = cos m sin m sin m

cos m cos m

2 J (rm , m , m ) = cos m cosm rm cos2 m cosm + rm cos m sin m rm cos2 m sin m + rm sin 2 m sin m

- rm sin m cosm ( 0 - rm cos m cosm sin m )

2 2 2 J (rm , m ,m ) = rm cos3 m cos 2 m + rm cos3 m sin 2 m + rm cos m sin 2 m sin 2 m 2 + rm cos m cos 2 m sin 2 m

2 2 J (rm , m , m ) = rm cos3 m cos2 m + sin 2 m + rm cos m sin 2 m sin 2 m + cos2 m

2 2 J (rm , m , m ) = rm cos3 m + rm cos m sin 2 m 2 J (rm , m , m ) = rm cos m cos 2 m + sin 2 m

J (rm , m , m ) = r cos m
2 m

47