Verbs

Interjections
sudden, interrupting words or phrases

show an action or a state of being

Nouns
person, place or object

Conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses

The 8 Parts of Speech

pronouns
take the place of a noun

Prepositions
show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Adjectives Adverbs
describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs describe a noun or pronoun

Lisa Wills Instructional Manual IT 570 Instructional Systems Design Submitted to: Dr. Blanche O'Bannon Fall 2006

Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech ......... 1-1 Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence........................ 2-1 Chapter 3: Its time to sentence classify ............................................................... 3-1 Appendix................................................................................................................A-1 References..............................................................................................................R-1 Evaluation .............................................................................................................. E-1

ii

Welcome to learning the parts of speech with me, Buddy the Bookworm. I am going to take you on a wonderful journey to learn about the parts of speech. Well discover what each part of speech does and how to find each in a sentence. By the time we finish, you will be able to find all the parts of speech in any sentence you read and write!! As we go along, be sure to notice Buddys Bookmarks- these are great tips that will help you along our journey. Are you ready to get started? Ill be with you every step of the way so turn the page and lets begin .

iii

Chapter 1

In this chapter, we will discover the definitions and functions of each part of speech.

Chapter 1: Learning the definitions and functions of each parts of speech.

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Chapter 1

What are the Parts of Speech?

There are thousands of words in the English language but not all words have the same job. For example, some words show "action", some express a "thing". Other words "join" one word to another word. In order to make sentences, you need many different types of words and each word has its own job. Think of words in a sentence like the parts of a house. In order to build a house, you need concrete to make the foundation; bricks to make the walls; window and door frames and cement to join it all together. Each part is necessary in order to make the house complete. Sentences work the same way. It takes different types of words to make a sentence complete. In the English language, all words fall into 1 of 8 basic groups. These groups are called "parts of speech". It is very important to learn the parts of speech because it will help you learn to read sentences and understand them. It also helps you to write your own sentences. So what are the 8 Parts of Speech? Lets take a look .

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Chapter 1

Definitions of the Parts of Speech:

Verbs
Interjections
sudden, interrupting words or phrases

show an action or a state of being

Nouns
person, place or object

Conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses

The 8 Parts of Speech

pronouns
take the place of a noun

Prepositions
show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Adjectives Adverbs
describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
Figure 1-1 Definitions of the Parts of Speech

describe a noun or pronoun

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Chapter 1

Verbs
show an action or a state of being
Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject. Being verbs can be alone or can be linking or helping verbs. They simply indicate existence. A helping verb must have a main verb after it. The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action. The type of verb (Action or Non-Action) determines what part of speech follows it. Action Verbs Verbs that show action are called action verbs and are either physical or mental. Physical: run, jump, play, work Mental: think, hope, believe, study
Figure 1-2 Action Verbs

Non-Action Verbs Verbs that show no action are called non action verbs and are either being, helping or linking. Being: is, are, am, was, were, be, being Helping: will be. Linking: seems, feels

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Chapter 1

Nouns
person, place or object

Definition: A noun is a person, place or object. Nouns are generally categorized as common or proper nouns. Common nouns refer to any person, place or object.

Figure 1-3 Common nouns

The girl holds a cat.

Proper nouns refer to a particular person, place or object.

Jill holds the cat.

Figure 1-4 Proper nouns

A noun is a part of speech that can have five different functions: 1. Subject- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 2. Direct Object- example: Jill ate the ice cream. 3. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave Sam the ice cream. 4. Predicate Nominative- example: The ice cream is chocolate. 5. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of the chocolate ice cream).

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Chapter 1

pronouns
take the place of a noun

Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Subject- example: She ate the ice cream. Direct Object- example: Jill ate it. Indirect Object- example: Jill gave him the ice cream. Predicate Nominative- example: You have it. Object of a prepositional phrase- example: Jill gave Sam some (of that).

Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone

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Chapter 1

Adjectives
describe a noun or pronoun

Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives specify things like size, color, number etc. They answer questions like:

What kind? pick up (truck)

Whose? my (truck)

Which one? red (truck)

How many? two (trucks)

Figure 1-5 Adjective examples

Adjective examples: shy, sleepy, cute, famous, historic, three, young, old, good, bad, green, blue, funny, loud, cold, sick, proud, warm, this, that.

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Chapter 1

Adverbs
describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much. They answer these questions:

How?- example- walked slowly When?- example- arrived early Where?- example- got home Why? Adverb phrases are often prepositional phrases that describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs and answer the same questions. Here are a few examples of adverbs: rarely, soon, very, too, never, practically, nearly, always, clearly, almost, honestly, slowly, closely.

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Chapter 1

Prepositions
show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

Preposition example: The dog jumped up to catch the frisbee.

Figure 1-6 Preposition example

They can also be used as adverbs. Adverb example: The dog jumped up. Here are more examples of prepositions: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, despite, down, during, except, excepting, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without

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Chapter 1

Conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses
Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses. There are 2 types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect elements of the same value. Example: Take the cookie and eat it.

Figure 1-7 Conjunction Examples

Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions join a main clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause. Example: The cookie burned because the timer was slow. Conjunction Examples: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or, neithernor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while

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Chapter 1

Interjections
sudden, interrupting words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark. Here are some examples:

Figure 1-8 Interjection Examples

Articles Although articles are not considered one of the parts of speech, these words have a special function in completing sentences. An article is a word that introduces a noun or a noun phrase, and also limits or clarifies it. There are three articles in the English language and they fall into two types: Indefinite articles: a and an Definite article: the

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Chapter 1

Subject Complements Complements complete meanings for a sentence. There are several types: Direct Objects and Indirect Objects: These only come after Action Verbs Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives: These only come after Non-Action Verbs Direct Objects subject + action verb what? = Direct Object Example: She gave a speech. She is the subject; gave is the action verb; so ask the question what?. The answer is speech, so speech is the Direct Object. Indirect Objects subject + action verb + direct object to or for whom? = Indirect Object Example: She gave the class a speech. She gave the speech to whom? The answer is class, so class is the Indirect Object. Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives subject + non-action verb what? = Predicate Nominatives or Predicate Adjectives Example: He is a boy. The question is: He is what? The answer is boy. Since boy is a noun, it is a Predicate Nominative Example: She is smart. The question is: She is what? The answer is smart. Since smart is an adjective, it is a Predicate Adjective.

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Chapter 1

Buddys Checkpoint
Instructions: Match the part of speech by writing the letter beside correct definition. Be careful!! There is one definition that is not correct.
a. Nouns b. Verbs c. Conjunctions d. Pronouns e. Adverbs f. Prepositions g. Adjectives h. Interjections _____ join words, phrases, or clauses _____ sudden, interrupting words or phrases _____ show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence _____ describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs _____ defines what a sentence means _____ takes the place of a noun _____ person, place or object _____ word or group of words that show an action or a state of being _____ describes a noun or pronoun

Bonus Question: What are the 3 articles in the English language? 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. ___________ -Check your answers on Page A-1 in the Appendix-

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Chapter 1

Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions in a sentence, its time for us to find them in a sentence. Are you ready? Our quest begins on the next page.

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Chapter 2

In this chapter, we will discover how to find the parts of speech in a sentence.

Chapter 2: Learning to identify the parts of speech in a sentence.

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Chapter 2

Verbs
show an action or a state of being
Definition A verb is a word or group of words that show an action or a state of being, helps another verb, or links a word in the predicate to the subject.

Remember, verbs are either action or non-action. If a word ends in -ing, there's a good chance it's a verb. The last verb in a phrase determines if it is action or nonaction. Not is NOT a verb; it is an adverb.

Let's identify the verbs in the following sentences: 1. The woman ran the marathon. (Figure 2-1) (ran shows action. It tells you what the woman did.)

Figure 2-1

2. The kangaroo hopped quickly toward the fence. (Figure 2-2) (hopped shows action. What was the kangaroo doing?)

Figure 2-2

3. We are hungry. (Figure 2-3) ("are" shows action. It wouldn't make much sense to just say "We hungry", so the verb "are" needs to be added to help the sentence make more sense)

Figure 2-3

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Chapter 2

Nouns
person, place or object

Definition: A noun is a person, place or object.

The words a, an, and the signal that a noun is coming. Nouns can be made into plural nouns by adding s A noun can have five different functions. There can be more than one noun in a sentence.

Let's identify the nouns in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam made a cake. (Figure 2-4) ("Jill" and "Sam" are people, and "cake" is a thing.)
Figure 2-4

2. The moon is far away from the earth. (Figure 2-5) ("moon" and "earth" are places)
Figure 2-5

3. His kindness was appreciated. (Figure 2-6) ("kindness" is an idea, therefore, it's a noun)
Figure 2-6

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Chapter 2

pronouns
take the place of a noun

Definition: A pronoun takes the place of a noun, so a pronoun can have the same five different functions.

Here are some commonly used pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, ours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, we, us, our, they, them, their, this, these, who, whom, whose, which, that, one, ones, everybody, anyone

Let's identify the pronouns in the following sentences: 1. They went to the store. (Figure 2-7) (Who went to the store?)

Figure 2-7

2. Sam gave the dog to her. (Figure 2-8) (Who did Sam give the dog to?)
Figure 2-8

3. That cat is mine. (Figure 2-9) (Who's cat is it?)

Figure 2-9

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Chapter 2

Adjectives
describe a noun or pronoun

Definition: An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives usually appear immediately before the word they describe. Adjectives answer the questions like "Which one?", "What kind?", and "How many?"

Let's identify the adjectives in the following sentences: 1. The brown dog lives in the dog house. (Figure 2-10) (Which dog lives in the dog house?)

Figure 2-10

2. The cold and wet snow was falling on the ground. (Figure 2-11) (What kind of snow was falling?)

Figure 2-11

3. Three people went to the church. (Figure 2-12) (How many people?)
Figure 2-12

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Chapter 2

Adverbs
describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
Definition: An adverb describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and specify in what manner, when, where, and how much.

Almost all words that end in -ly are adverbs Adverbs answer the questions, how, when, why and where.

Let's identify the adverbs in the following sentences: 1. Sam wrote his name clearly on his test. (Figure 2-13) (Clearly describes the verb wrote. How did Sam write his name?)
Figure 2-13

2. The girl quickly ate all of the cake. (Figure 2-14) (Quickly describes the verb ate. How did the girl eat?)
Figure 2-14

3. Jill never finished the painting. (Figure 2-15) (Never describes the verb finished. When did Jill finish the painting?)

Figure 2-15

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Chapter 2

Prepositions
show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word

Definition: Prepositions show how a noun or pronoun is related to another word in a sentence.

Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. They tell how, where, when, and how something happens.

Let's identify the prepositions in the following sentences: 1. The man went into the house. (Figure 2-16) ("into" connects "went" and "house". Where did the man go?)
Figure 2-16

2. Before bed, Sam ate a cookie. (Figure 2-17) ("before" connects "ate" and "before". When did Sam eat the cookie?)
Figure 2-17

3. Since Christmas, Jill has been happy. (Figure 2-18) ("since" connects "Christmas" and "has been". When has Jill been happy?)
Figure 2-18

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Chapter 2

Conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses
Definition: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.

Some examples of conjunctions: are: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, whether-or, because, if, since, until, when, where, while

Let's identify the conjunctions in the following sentences: 1. Jill and Sam went to the store. (Figure 2-19) ("and" connects Jill with Sam)
Figure 2-19

2. It isnt raining, so Sam is going fishing. (Figure 2-20) ("so" connects the sentence "It isnt raining", and the sentence "Sam is going fishing")
Figure 2-20

3. Both Jill and Sam are watching a movie. (Figure 2-21) ("both-and" tells you that Jill and Sam are each watching a movie)

Figure 2-21

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Chapter 2

Interjections
sudden, interrupting words or phrases

Definition: Interjections are sudden, interrupting words or phrases (exclamations). They are often signaled by an exclamation mark.

Interjections are exclamations--attention getters. Interjections are usually followed by and exclamation point (!) or sometimes a comma. They are almost always at the beginning of the sentence.

Let's identify the interjections in the following sentences:

1. Ouch! Stop hitting me. (Figure 2-22)

Figure 2-22

Figure 2-23

2. Yes, he did win the game. (Figure 2-23)

3. Oh, you're going too? (Figure 2-24)

Figure 2-24

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Chapter 2

Buddys Checkpoint
Instructions: Circle the letter of the sentence that has the part of speech underlined correctly.
1. Verb a. b. c. d. 2. Noun a. b. c. d. She waited in the car. She waited in the car. She waited in the car. She waited in the car. 5. Adverb a. Jake slowly rode his bicycle. b. She almost won the race. c. Jane arrived today. d. Roberts juggles often. 6. Prepositions a. The man went into the store. b. John and Suzie went shopping. c. Alice hid behind the tree. d. Before the game, Max was nervous. 7. Conjunctions a. Both Nancy and Amy are going on the trip. b. Alex is tired so he is going to sleep. c. Trey and Abby went to the playground. d. Do you like black or red licorice? 8. Interjections a. Ouch! Stop pinching me. b. Yes, she did win the game. c. Wow! That's a surprise. d. Oh no, did you hurt your arm?

Jane ate the ice cream. The plane is big. Dogs bark. He likes to eat fish.

3. Pronoun a. Jill gave him a pencil. b. He likes oranges. c. They are going to the store. d. Mark went home. 4. Adjective a. The teacher read a long book. b. They ate a large pizza. c. I like her purple coat. d. She held the heavy books.

-Check your answers on Page A-1 in the Appendix-

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Chapter 2

Our journey is almost complete! Now that you know what the parts of speech are, their definitions and functions and can identify them in sentences, youre ready to Sentence Classify!! Turn the page and lets begin.

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Chapter 3

In this chapter, we will end our journey by classifying sentences.

Chapter 3: Its time to Sentence Classify!!

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Chapter 3

Sentence Classification Sentence Classification is a way to visually show the parts of speech in a sentence. As you follow the steps, identify the parts of speech that are contained within the sentence. Lets go through an example together.

The strong man ate a lot of his spinach.

Steps to Sentence Classification Step 1: Identify the verb and label it Action or Non-Action.
Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking. The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

Answer: ate is the action verb Step 2: Identify the noun and/or pronoun and label the function.
Determine if the subject is a noun (common or proper) or a pronoun (takes the place of a noun). Ask the question, Who or What verb? The answer will be the Subject. Ask the question, Subject + Verb, What? The Answer will be Direct Object (DO) or Predicate Nominative (PN). Ask the question, Subject + Verb + Direct Object to or for Whom? The Answer will be Indirect Object (IO).

Answer: man is the noun/subject; lot is the Direct Object

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Chapter 3

Step 3: Identify the Adjective.

Ask the question, Which one?, What kind?, How Many?, Whose?

Answer: strong and his are the adjectives. Step 4: Identify the Prepositions
Prepositions link and relate a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. They tell how, where, when, and how something happens.

Answer: of is the preposition; spinach is the object of the preposition. Step 5: Identify the Articles
Action verbs are physical and mental. Non-Action verbs are being, helping and linking. The last verb in a verb phrase determines if it is Action or Non-Action.

Answer: the and a are the articles

Completed Classification
Article Adjective Subject Verb Article Direct Object Preposition Adjective Object of the Preposition

The

strong

man

ate

lot

of

his

spinach

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Chapter 3

Buddys Checkpoint
Instructions: Classify the following 10 sentences by labeling the part of speech above each word in the sentence. Example: Cats sat quietly.
Noun Verb Adverb

Cats Labels: Verb Noun Pronoun Adjective Interjection Article Direct Object Predicate Adjectives 1. Black dogs run fast.

sat

quietly.

Adverb Preposition Conjunction Indirect Object Predicate Nominatives

Black

dogs

run

fast.

2. The white rabbits ran away.

The

white

rabbits ran

away.

3. The little brown monkeys played happily.

The

little

brown

monkeys played happily.

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Chapter 3

4. A small boat floats on the water.

small

boat

floats

on

the

water.

5. The green frog hopped away.

The

green

frog

hopped away.

6. Billy walked carefully.

Billy

walked carefully.

7. The hungry robin chirped loudly.

The

hungry

robin

chirped loudly.

8. The dog ran to the house.

The

dog

ran

to

the

house

9. After I ran a mile, I was hot and tired.

After

ran

mile,

was

hot

and

tired.

10. Jan is a mom.

Jan

is

mom

-Check your answers on Page A-2 in the Appendix-

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Appendix

Appendix Checkpoint Answers

Chapter 1 1. C 2. H 3. F 4. E 5. distractor 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. G Bonus: A, An, The Chapter 2 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. c

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Appendix

Chapter 3: 1.
Adjective Black Noun dogs Verb run Adverb fast.

2.
Article The Adjective white Noun rabbits Verb ran Adverb away.

3.
Article The Adjective little Adjective brown Noun monkeys Verb played Adverb happily.

4.
Article A Adjective small Noun boat Verb floats Preposition on Article the Object of the preposition water.

5.
Article The Adjective green Noun frog Verb hopped Adverb away.

6.
Noun Billy Verb walked Adverb carefully.

7.
Article The Adjective hungry Noun robin Verb chirped Adverb loudly.

8.
Article The Noun dog Verb ran Preposition to Article the Object of the Preposition house

9.
Preposition After Noun I Verb ran Article a Direct object mile Noun I Verb was Predicate Adjective hot Conjunction and Predicate Adjective tired.

10.
Noun Jan verb is article a Predicate Nominative mom

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References

References Enchanted Learning, LLC. Parts of Speech definitions and activities. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/partsofspeech Shurley, Brenda and Ruth Wetsell. (1996) The Shurley Method- English Made Easy. Shurely Instructional Materials, Inc. Usher, Connie. Learning the Parts of Speech online module. http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/CS255/cusher/English.html

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Evaluation

Unit Evaluation Please take a moment to answer the following questions. Circle the number that best describes your answer.
Question After receiving instruction, can the student master the concepts presented? Did the manual meet the specified objectives? Was the student able to progress through the manual with and/or without the direction of the tutor? Was the tutor able to adapt the manual for the specific needs of the student? Did the manual have adequate practice exercises for the student? Was the tutor able to determine whether or not the student mastered the concept presented? Did the pictures and hints provide appropriate support for the concepts? Was the manual well organized and easy to follow? Strongly Disagree 1 1 Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 5 5

2 2

3 3

4 4

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

What did you like the most about this manual?

What did you like the least about this manual?

Thank you for your time.

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