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PENGUIN JCLASSICS
DISPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Born in Trier in the Rhineland in 1 81 8, KARL MARX was the son
of a Jewish lawyer recently converted to Christianity. As a student
in Bonn and Berlin, Marx studied law and then philosophy. He
joined with the Young Hegelians, the most radical of Hegel's
followers, in denying that Hegel's philosophy could be reconciled
with Christianity or the existing State. Forced out of university by
his radicalism, he became a journalist and, soon after, a socialist.
He left Prussia for Paris and then Brussels, where he stayed until
1848. In 1844 he began his collaboration with Friedrich Engels
and developed a new theory of communism to be brought into
being by a proletarian revolution. This theory was brilliantly out
lined in The Communist Manifesto. Marx participated in the 1848
revolutions as a newspaper editor in Cologne. Exiled together
with his family to London, he tried to make a living writing for the
New York Tribune and other journals, but remained fnancially
dependent on Engels. His researches in the British Museum were
aimed at underpinning his conception of communism with a
theory of history that demonstrated that capitalism was a transient
economic form destined to break down and be superseded by a
society without classes, private property or state authority. This
study was never completed, but its frst part, which was published
as Capital in 1867, established him as the principal theorist of
revolutionary socialism. He died in London in 1883.
|AMES LEDBETTER is deputy manager editor of CNNMoney.com.
He is the author of Starving to Death on $200 Million: The Short,
Absurd Life of the Industry Standard and Made Possible by-:
The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States.
FRANCIS WHEEN is a journalist, author and broadcaster. He has
written for most British national newspapers and was named
Columnist of the Year in 1997 for his "Wheen's World" page in
the Guardian. His biography of Karl Marx, which won the Isaac
Deutscher Memorial Prize, has been translated into more than
twenty languages. His other books include Tom Driberg: His Life
and Indiscretions, Who Was Dr Charlotte Bach? and Hoo-Hahs
and Passing Frenzies, which won the George Orwell Prize in 2003.
His latest book is How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World: A
Short History of Modem Delusions. He is deputy editor of Private
Eye and a regular panelist on the BBC program The News Quiz.
OispatchcsIorthc
cwYork 1rihunc
Sclcc|cd]curnalismcfKarlMarx
Selected and with an Introduction by
JAMES LEDBETTER
Foreword by FRANCIS WHEEN
PENGUIN BOOKS
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www.penguin.com
This selection frst published 2007
Selection and editorial material copyright James Ledbener, 1007
Foreword copyright Francis Wheen, 2007
All rights reserved
The moral right of the editor has been asserted
Set in 10.15/11.15 pt PostScript Adobe Sabon
Typeset by Rowland Phototypesetting Ltd, Bury 5t Edmunds, Suffolk
Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives pic
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject
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te-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's
prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
Contents
foreword
Chrouology
lutroductiou
ANoteoutheText
CHlNA
Revolution in China and in Europe
[The Anglo-Chinese Confict]
[Russian Trade with China]
[English Atrocities in China]
History of the Opium Trade [I]
History of the Opium Trade ' ll]
[The Anglo-Chinese Treaty]
The British and Chinese Treaty
Trade with China
!X
xv
XV
XXIX
3
II
17
20
24
28
31
36
42
WAR, REVOLUTl ONANDCOUNTER-
REVOLUTl ONlNEUROPE
The Greek Insurrection 51
Declaration of War. -On the History of the
Eastern Question 54
[Revolution in Spain.-Bomarsund] 63
Prussia 67
[Revolution in Spain] [I] 72
[Revolution in Spain] [II] 78
[On Italian Unity] 84
YI CONTENTS
CONTENTS
NII
A Historic Parallel 90
l NDl AANDlMPERlALlSM
What Has Italy Gained? 93
The British Rule in India
21 2
RlTlSHPOLlTlCSANDSOClETY The Future Results of British Rule in India 219
The Elections in England.-Tories
The Revolt in the Indian Army
225
and Whigs 98
The Indian Question
229
The Indian Revolt
234
Corruption at Elections 1 04
[Investigation of Tortures in India]
237
[Case of Starvation] III
The Approaching Indian Loan
243
[Starvation] II3
The Indian Bill
246
The Duchess of Sutherland and Slavery II3
Great Trouble in Indian Finances
250
[Capital Punishment] II9
[Irish Tenant Right] 1 23
AMERlCAANDSLAVERY
[Chartism] 1 29
[Prince Albert] 131 The British Government and the Slave-Trade
261
The War Debate in Parliament 1 34 The American Question in England
266
[Clearing of Estates in Scotland] 139 The British Cotton Trade
276
The English Middle Class 142 The North American Civil War
280
Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry 1 45 The London Timeson the Orleans Princes
[The Increase of Lunacy in Great Britain] lSI in America
291
The News and Its Effect in London
295
ECONOMlCSANDflNANCE
Progress of Feeling in England
300
Pauperism and Free Trade.-The
English Public Opinion
305
Approaching Commercial Crisis 161
Notes
31 2
The Labor Question
163
The Commercial Crisis in Britain 166
The French Credit Mobilier [I] 1 71
The French Credit Mobilier 'll] 1 77
The French Credit Mobilier 'lll] 1 83
Condition of Factory Laborers 1 89
[The Bank Act of I844 and the Monetary
Crisis in England]
192
[The Crisis in Europe] 198
British Commerce and Finance 200
[Project for the Regulation of the Price of
Bread in France] 204
Foreword
Wheu my biography ofKarl Marxwaspublished, iu I999,
some academic critics complaiued that the book was rather
'i ourualistic"~oueofthemostdamuiugiusultsiutheuuiver-
sitylexicou,eveuiuauagewheumauydousarehappytodash
offathousaudwordsoutheculturalsiguincauceofMadouua' s
uew hairstyle. l had uo defeuse agaiust the charge: l am a
iourualist. lfthis is a crime, however, theuMarx himselfwas
guiltyofit.
forfreelauceiutellectualswhomightotherwisespeudallday
closeted away iu libraries, writiug for uewspapers is a useful
discipliue. ltforcesthemtoeugagewiththehereauduow,to
testtheirtheories agaiust reality, toapply theiruuderstaudiug
ofhistorytothespecinceveutsofthe day,audtowritewitha
clarity that will reach iuto the m|uds ofthegeueral public. lt
caualsoprovidethesatisfactiouofachieviugimmediateresults:
there arefewgreaterpleasures thaupublishiug auarticlethat
sparksoffacoutroversy,ori ufuriatesthehighaudmighty.
AllofwhichisaprettyfairsummaryofwhatdrewMarxto
i ourualismiuthenrst place,wheuasayouugmauiuthe early
:8aoshestartedwritiugfortheCermaupress.Asastudeuthe
had euvisaged some sort of academic career for himself, but
afterleaviugerliuUuiversityhisthoughts shifted from ideal-
ism to materialism, from the abstract to the actual. He had
cometodespisetheuebulous,seutimeutalargumeuts ofthose
Cermauliberalswhothoughtfreedomwasbesthouorediuthe
starry nrmameut of the imagiuatiou iustead of ou the solid
grouudofreality.'Siuceeverytruephilosophyistheiutellectual
quiutesseuceofitstime,"hewroteiu:8az,'thetimemustcome
7
FOREWORD
wheu philosophy
teruallythroughrtsform,comesiutocoutactaudiuteractiou
wtththerea
lworldofitsday."'Hisuewdirectiouwouldrequire
au exhaustmg, aud exhaustive, course of self-educatiou but
thatwasuodiscouragemeuttosuchauiusatiableautodidct.
Marxproducedhisnrstarticleiufebruary:8azaudseutit
to
ed by K
bsolu
dshrporsupportouemightueed.forproof,
lookathrs6rsta
rticlefortheRheinische Zeitung~publishediu
MayI8az~whrchreportedoutheRhiueProviucialAssembly's
debatesab
utreedomofthepress.NaturallyMarxcriticized
th
oppres
rverutolerauceofPrussiauabsolutismaudits lick-
sptttles:thrswasbraveeuough,ifuusurprisiug.uttheu with
au exasp
leasttheeuemiesofpressfreedomweredriveu
by
leteau+ful6lledliveseveuwhilethepresswasiufetters.
ertherdrdMarxexpect, eveuahertakiugovertheeditor-
shroftheCologuepaperiuOctober:8az,toofferauyspecial
F OREWORD 7
harbor to his left-wiug comrades. He had uo time for their
stuutsaudtricks,waruiughiscoutributorsthat 'lregarditas
iuappropriate, iudeed eveu immoral, to smuggle commuuist
aud socialistdoctriues,heucea uewworldoutlook, iuto iuci-
deutal theatre criticisms, etc. l demaud a quite differeut aud
more thorough discussiou of commuuism, if it should be
discussedatall."'
Marx'sowuabilitytodiscusscommuuismwasslightlyham-
pered bythefactthathe kuew uothiug aboutit. Hisyears of
studyhadtaughthimpleutyofphilosophy,theologyaudlaw,
but iu politics aud ecouomics he was a uovice. This is why
his uewspaper experieuce is so importaut to his iutellectual
developmeut,audwhyitdeservesfarmoreatteutiouthaumost
writers have allowed. There are couutless books about Karl
Marx as au historiau, au ecouomist, a philosopher, a revo-
lutiouist or a sociologist, aud eveu oue or two about him as
a mathematiciau, but hardly auy devoted specincally to his
iourualism.
Marx admitted mauy years later that 'as editor of the
Rheinische Zeitung, lexperieucedforthenrsttimethe embar-
rassmeut of haviug to take part iu a discussiou ou so-called
materialiuterests.''lkuowwhathemeaut.Wheulgraduated
from uuiversity at the age oftweuty-oue, l waugledmyselfa
iob as a reporter outhe New Statesman, whichwas the best
crash course imagiuable ou learuiug about 'material iuter-
ests"~auduotmerelybecausethepaywassobad.lrushedoff
tocoverstrikesaudlockouts,lvisitedAsiaufamiliesiutheEast
EudofLoudouwhoeuduredracistattacksalmostdaily,audl
headed offto Scotlaudtoiuterview1eudalgraudeeswhowere
persecutiug local poachers sothey could reut out their river-
baukstorichCermautouristsat:,oooaweek.
Marx'sowucrashcoursebegausimilarly,withalougarticle
about the uew law dealiug with thefts ofwood from private
forests.yaucieutcustom,peasautshadbeeuallowedtogather
falleu brauches for fuel, but uow auyoue who picked up the
meresttwigcouldexpectaprisouseuteuce.Eveumoreoutrage-
ously, the offeuder would have to pay the forest owuers the
valueofthewood,tobeassessedbytheowuersthemselves.
XII FOREWORD
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l.aacD-a:.c|-:,|..-lia.acc-..ial|ea:aal..: nwa:-a-..ei
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i,ea:aa|.:..1a|a.ce,a!!.aa-aaa-ac,:e:|-.:-w.1|-,a:-
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1|-:- ...e-:|.aa .a |aaa |..:e:, l.|- :-::.|a:iea, |-
71
FOREWORD
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is ,-|,s--e,.,:|-aa:.-.el!.-:..a:|-naalela!.aaa:,,
aa!.:..a:al-ei|..:e:.cal:-::.|a:.ea:|a:.:..a.::a-a:|-
ie:a-!ae:|,:|-eii-a!-!,|a:|,:|-eii-a!-:|..-li.1|-
i:.:|lew!-al::e:|-r:-ac|eaa:c|, -:ec--!-!i:e:|-
ae|.l.:,, ae:i:e:|- --a.aa:..1|- la!.aa :-el: !e-.ae:
ce-ac-w.:|:|-k,e:.,:e::a:-!,!..|eae:-!aa!.::.---!
aa|-!|,:|-r:.:..|,|a:w.:|:|- s--e,., cla!,i-!,--::-!,
ia::-! aa! -a--:-! |, :|-. O:, :e -a: .: aae:|-: wa,,
-el.:.calr:aa|-a.:-.a. a:- a.aall, !-.::e,-! |,ea.:-:. ei
:|-.:ewac:-a:.ea-a.::a-aewa..:wa.:|-a.
laal-c:a:-ai-w,-a:.aae,ai:-:ae:.aa:|a:aa,ei:e!a,.
celaa..:....a-|ee|l-aa:|cell-c:.ea.ei:|-.:we:|,lcea
cla!-!w.:|:|.. a---al. l. .::ee ac|:e |e--:|a: .e-
-al.a|:-a-!-a|l..|-:.a|:aew!e:|-.a-ie:ka:lHa:x:
r-caa.- ei :|- Communist Manifesto, Capital aa! e:|-:
a.:-:-.-c-.,:|-.-e::aac-ei|..a-w.-a--:we:||a. ie:
:ee leaa |--a aa!-:ala-!. ew, :|aa|. :e ]. t-!|-::-:,
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a.ea-ei:|-a:-a:a.a-:--a:|c-a:a:,|ea:aal..:..
I.
2.
3
4
5
6.
r:aac..v|--a
P15
Rheinische Zeitung, July 14, 1 842, translated in Karl Marx,
Frederick Engels, Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wish
art, hereafter MECW), vol. I ( 1975), D. 1 95
Rheinische Zeitung, May 19, 1842, translated in MECW, vol. I
( 1 975), D- 172.
Karl Marx to Arnold Ruge, November 30, 1842.
Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
( 1 85 9), translated in The Portable Karl Marx ( New York: Pen-
guin, 1983), D 1 5 8. ,
Rheinische Zeitung, October 25, 1842, translated MECW,
vol. I ( 1975), D-
225
Isaac Deutscher, Heretics and Renegades ( London: Hamish
Hamilton, 1 95 5), D
:
7
Chronology
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rs..La:e||-!a::|-ua.-:..:,e:reaa:e.:a!,|aw.
.s.e1:aa.:-::-!:er:.-!:.c|v.||-|ua.-:..:,.ar-:|.aaa!
.:a!.-!-|.|e.e-|,.
.s:r.:.:-a||.ca:.ea.a:|-Rheinische Zeitung. H-:r:.-!:.c|
Laa-|.|:.-i|,.a:|-a-w.-a--:.e:c-.
.s.Ha::.-!]-aa,eav-.:-|a|-a.L.a:a:-!:era:...ra|
|..|-!On the Jewish Question.
.sH-:Laa-|.aaa.a.ara:..,:|..:.-:e::-a!a,..Daaa|:-:
]-aa,|e:a.
.s.v:e:- a eaea:a-| ea -|.|e.e-|,|a:-: -a||..|-! a.
Theses on Feurbach. Daaa|:-:taa:a|e:a.
.s.-ev.:|Laa-|.,|-aaace||a|e:a:.eaea-|.|e.e-|.ca|aa!
-ceae.cw:.:.aa.w|.c|wea|!|a:-:|-ce||-c:-!aa!-a|
|..|-!a.The German Ideology.
.seseaL!aa:|e:a.
.s-ra||..|-!The Poverty of Philosophy, aaa::ac|ea:|-
r:-ac|.ec.a|..:r:ea!|ea.
rssn.:-e|a:.ea..w--:ac:e..La:e--,-a||..|-!Manifesto
of the Communist Party w.:|Laa-|..
rss~, He-! :e Ce|eaa- :e -!.: :|- Neue Rheinische
Zeitung. r:a...aa aa:|e:.:.-.a::-.:-!:|-a-w.-a--:..:a::
aa!:-ce-a!-!:|a:Ha:x|-!--e::-!.
.s.ev.:||..:a.|,,e-!:etea!ea,w|-:-:|-,:-a.a-!
:e::|-:-.:e:|..|.:-.lae-|-:,|...eau-.a:.c|Oa.!e
!.-!a::|-aa-e:ea-.
.s. r-aaa |.. ce||a|e:a:.ea w.:| :|- -wYe:| Tribune,
a.!-!|,Laa-|.,w|ew:e:-aa.a.:.a|.-:.-.e:a::.c|-.ea
xvi
CHRONOLOGY
:|-.:a:-eiO-:aa-el.:.c..ra|l.ca:.eaeiThe Eighteenth
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.
1853 Oa:|:-a|ei:|-C:.-aava:,w|.c|Ha:xaa!Laa-l.
ce-:-!:-aala:l,ie::|-Tribune.
1855 Daaa|:-:Ll-aae:|e:a.
I856-? 1|-Tribune i-llea|a:!:.-.aa!,ie:.e-ea:|.,
-a|l|.|-!i-weiHa:x.a::.cl-..1|-la!.aan:,:-|-ll.ea
|:e|-ea:, aa!:|- "Arrow lac.!-a: .-a:|-!:|-.-cea!
O-.a va:, --a:. w|.c| -:e.!-! Ha:x w.:| :-a-w-!
.a.-.:a:.ea.
1859 ra|l..|-! A Contribution to the Critique of Political
Economy.
1862 ra|l..|-!|..aala::.cl-ie::|--wYe:|Tribune.
1864 reaa!.aaei:|-la:-:aa:.eaalve:|.aa-a.n..ec.a:.ea
:|-r.:.:la:-:aa:.eaal.Ha:x-l-c:-!:e:|-|e!,.O-a-:a|
Ceaac.l.
1867 ra|l..|-!Capital.
1871 ncla.||-:w--a::ee-.aa!:|-r:-ac|a:.eaalOaa:!
l-!:e:|-ieaa!.aaei:|-.ec.al..:ra:..Ceaa-,Ha:x
w:e:-aaa!!:-..:e:|-Ceaa-:|a:wa.-a|l..|-!a.The
Civil War in France. u-cla.|-!w.:|H.c|a-lra|aa.ae-:
l-a!-:.|.-aa!!.:-c:.eaei:|-la:-:aa:.eaal.
1872 ra|l..|-!The Fictitious Splits in the International. 1|-
la:-oa:.eaale:-!:e:-leca:-:|-O-a-:al Ceaac.l:e-w
Ye:|.Ha:x.!aaa|:-:;-aa,a::.-!.
1881 v.i-!.-!eaD-c-|-:2.
1883 Ha:x!.-!a:|..Lea!ea|e-eaHa:c|..
1893 ra|l.ca:.eaei.-cea!ela-eiCapital.
1894 ra|l.ca:.eaei:|.:!ela-eiCapital.
Introduction
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...:.aa Celeaa- ie::|- :.: :.-. Daaa |a!
eal, :-c-a
l,
je.a-!:|-.:aiiei:|--wYe:|Tribune, w|.c|!..-a:c|-!|.
a|:ea!ie:-.a|:ea:|.:ece-::|--ii-c:.ei:|-
:-ela:.ea.
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:w-a:,a.a-,-a:el! l.:-:a:, a:e-.a
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- i|a-a: O-
aa -:a :a!.cal-e-:aa-!r-:!aa!r:-.|a:a:|w|e
:a:a
He:-e-:,
w.:|:|--a|l.ca:.ea-a:l.-::|a:,-a:eiThe Mantfesto of the
Communist Party, Ha:x,aleaaw.:||..w:.:.a
a::a-:aa!
a:-a:i:.-a!r:.-!:.c|Laa-l.,|a!|-ce-:|--
c.-al-:e-a
aaa!..:ie:La:e--aa.ec.al...nl:|eaa|:|-:-.
ae:-c
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:|--a.--:.aa,.:.cl-a::|a:Ha:xa!-aa
-:-...eaea
Daaa|-caa.-:|:--,-a:.la:-:,Daaaw:e:-:e|.:ea.|:|a:
|--:e!ac-a.-:.-.eia::.cl-.ie::|-Tribune ea:|-c|aaa-.
:|a:|a!:a|-a-lac-.aO-:aa,..ac-:|-:aal:aea.--a
:.
eiis.s. 1|-Tribune |a!|--aieaa!-!|,ue:ac-O
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xiii
INTROD UCTION
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that .1 8 5 1 the New York Herald [sic1 Tribune under the spon
sorshIp and publishing of Horace Greeley, employed as its
London correspondent an obscure journalist by the name of Karl
Marx.
,
We are t?ld
,
that foreign correspondent Marx, stone broke,
and WIth a famIly III and undernourished, constantly appealed to
Gree
,
ley and managing editor Charles Dana for an increase in his
mumfcent salary of $ 5 per installment, a salary which he and
I NTRODUCTI ON
717
Engels ungratefully labeled a
s
the "lousiest petty bourgeois cheat
ing." But when all his fnancial appeals were refused, Marx
looked around for other means of livelihood and fame, eventually
terminating his relationship with the Tribune and devoting his
talents full time to the cause that would bequeath the world the
seeds of Leninism, Stalinism, revolution and the cold war. If
only this capitalistic New York newspaper had treated him more
kindly; if only Marx had remained a foreign correspondent,
history might have been different.
2
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77
INTRODUCTI ON
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I NTRODUCTI ON 71
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My collaboration, continued now for eight years, with the Ne
York Tribune, the leading Anglo-American newspaper, necessI
tated an excessive fragmentation of my studies . . . Since a con
siderable part of my contributions consisted of articles ealing
with important economic events in Britain and othe Cotmet, I
was compelled to become conversant with practical detail which,
strictly speaking, lie outside the sphere of political economy,6
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XXll INTRODUCTION
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XXIII
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P15
I . Cited in G. G. Van Deusen, Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century
Crusader (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1953),
P
51
2. "The President and the Press: Address Before the American
Newspaper Publishers Association," Speech delivered by Presi-
xxvii
I NTRODUCTI ON
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Murray Kempton, "K. Marx, Reporter, ew or
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Collected Works (London: Lawrence & WIS art, erea
MECW), vol. XXXIX (1983), p. 439
New York Tribune, April 7, 185..
. I E
5
Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of pol/tlCa c-omy,
6.
S W Ryazanskaya (Moscow: Progress, 1970), p. 3
:r t Egels, December 8, 1857, MECW, vol. XL (1983),
7
p.215
8 MECW vol XL (1983),
8. Marx to E ngels, January 20, I 57,
, .
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93
M h 8 1860 MECW vol. XVII (1981),
9. Dana to Marx arc ,
,
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tns. E den and Cedar Paul (London: J. M. Dent and
Sons, 1933), p. 8
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Roman Rosdolsky, T e a tng L
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REVOLUTI ON I N CHI NA AND IN EUROPE
Revolution in China and in Europe
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.a! ta.::.||.. t: :|- ..- :|- :|- .||-: .e|a ei :|- r-|:-,
4
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
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6 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK WJ
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|.a!, :|-
' '
7
carry
on their operations . . . At thiS perIod of the year It IS
usual to begin making arrangements for the new tea, whereas
at present nothing is talked of but the means of protectmg person
and property, all transactions being at a stand . . . If the means
are not applied to secure the leaves in April and May, the early
D Which includes all the fner descriptions, both of black and
cro ,
h
.
green teas, will be as much lost as unreaped wheat at C nstmas.
ew :|- -.a. ie: .-.a:.ae :|- :-. |-.-., w.|| .-::..a|,
ae: |- e.-a |, :|- rae|..|, t-:...a e: r:-a. .ea.!:e
.
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|.a! w.|| .. :|- o:.-a:.|. .:- a.-! :e !e .a :|- .:::-|-a..ea
ei e:.: .-.ae-., .-: :e |e.:!.ae, ae: :.|.ae a.| .a :-:a:
ie:
:|-.: :-. .a! ..||, -x.-:: |.:! ea-,. rae|.a! |
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.:e::.a: :|-: ie: |-: .e::ea .a! wee|-
eee!.. r
a The
Economist, :|.: e::...: .ea,a:e: ei .|| :.e
-a..e :|-
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:e
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|-. .:|
a!.ae .. -x:-a..- . .:|-: ie: ea: -x:e::.
:e c|. | . | i:
is e:- ::e|.||- :|.: ea: -x:e:: ::.!- :e c|. .|ea|! .aii-:,
8 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
aa!:|a::|-:-.|ea|!|-a!..a..|-!!-aa!ie::|--:e!ac-
eiHaac|-.:-:aa!O|a.aew.
l: a.: ae: |- ie:ae::-a :|a: :|- :..- .a :|- -:.c- ei.e
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|--a:-c-.-!ea:|-|ac|wa:!.:a:-eie.:ei:|-c:e-..The
Economist .a,.ea:|...a||-c:.
In the South of England not only will there be lef much land
unsown, until too late for a crop of any sort, but much of the
sown land will prove to be foul, or otherwise in a bad state for
corn-growing. On the wet or poor soils destined for wheat, signs
that mischief is going on are apparent. The time for planting
mangel-wurzel
4
may now be said to have passed away, and very
little has been planted, while the time for preparing land for the
turnip is rapidly going by, without any adequate preparation for
this important crop having been accomplished . . . Oat-sowing
has been much interfered with by the snow and rain. Few oats
were sown early, and late sown oats seldom produce a large crop
. . . In many districts losses among the breeding flocks have been
considerable.
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9
nON I N CHI NA AND I N EUROPE
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10 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
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|-: eii...| o.::.-., w.:| :|- w|e|- :.:- ..|.a-:, ei r:.a.-
::.a.ie:-! .a:e ea- .-a.- .w.a!|.ae .a! .:e.|,e||.ae
.ea.-:a, w.:| ta.::.. ea :|- -- ei |.a|:ao:.,, w.:| w:eae.
--:,w|-:- ...aa|.:-! :e |- :--ae-! |, :|- o-eo|-, w.:| :|-
.ea(|..:.ae .a:-:-.:. ei :|- :-..:.ea.:, oew-:. :|-.-|--., .a!
1 1
GLO- CHINESE
CONF LI CT1
[ TlI E
AN
|
:|- ka....a
!:-. ei .eaea-.: ea.- e:- :--.|-! :e :|-
V
\I
w
.:|!.
(The Anglo-
Chin
ese Conict1
ra||..|-! ].aa.:, z,,
1 8 57
w|..| :-..|-! a. ,-.:-:!., e:a.ae
1|-
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.-:ae
i
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.a! :|-
w.:|.|- eo-:.:.ea. 0
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|
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| | . ..:-ia| .:a!, ei :|-
|
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|
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= w .c
r
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.
|
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c
. .e
: c.a:ea, :e ce-:ae:
|:. x:. r.:|-., :|- ro:..
ea.a .
c---:.| Y-|, .. ie||ew..
"
h 8th inst
the
British lorcha Arrow,
when
On the mornmg of t e
h
'
d b f e the city
was boarded,
h h" "
anc
ore
e or
,
lying among t e s Ippmg
b
. de to the British Consul,
.
"
s reference
emg ma
WIthout any prevlOU
ff
d
ldiers in uniform, who,
f Ch"
se V
cers an so
by a large force O
me
1 2 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBU
in the face of the remonstrance of the m
seized bound and carried I
ster, an Englishman,
away twe ve Chmes f h
of fourteen and hauled d h i
e out V er crew
, own er co ors I d I
ticulars of this public insult to th B O O h fl
'
reporte a I the par-
f h O
e ntIs ag and g
0
I
0
o t e mnth article of th S I
, rave VIO atlOn
l
e upp ementary Treaty t
ency the same day and I d
q V your Excel
for the insult and .aus t
ppea e
o o
to you to afford satisfaction
case faithful.y observe B
e provIsIOn of the treaty to be in this
d
o
. ut your Excellenc
0
h
Isregard both to JO ustic d
y, Wit a strange
e an treaty engagement h ff d
reparation or apology fo th
+ =
1
as V ere no
you have seized
0
r e mlury, and, by. retaining the men
+
H your custody si
0
fy
vIOlation of the treaty and I h
'
gm
o
your approval of this
, eave er Majesty's G
out assurance that a simol h
overnment with-
I ar event s all not again occur.
t: .--. :|.: :|- c|.a-.- ea | ! |
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:.|.
-:- .-.:-! |,
.e- ei :|- .:-w |.! o.::...o : !
:-:
_
. |--a
e:-! :|.:
. c|.a-.- -:.|.a:.a |
-
ee,, .a ei :-:.
. |-::-: .!!:-..-! :e t!
0
I s
,
|- c|-.- ce--:ae:, .a
o
.:. -,ea: .ii | |
0
...-::.-! :|.: a.a- ei :|
, :. : .:, .-e
A
- ..o:.--. w-:- .aa | !
ea .:. :e, .a eii.-: :e : |
e.-a:, - .:-.:-!,
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a |e.:ei :|-.: --..-|
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:e
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w O |.! i:.a!a|-a:|, e|:
0
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0
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ei
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ei :|- .a.a|: :e :|- i|.e :|
c
-.- .aee|-:.. t. :e :|- ea-.:.e
, - e--:ae: :-.:|..
It has been the invariable rule with lor h
nation, to haul down th fl
c as of your Excellency'S
hoist it again when th
e ag w
d
hen they drop anchor, and to
b
ey get un er way Wh h I h
oarded in order that th
o
en t e orc a was
.
1
e pnsoners might b O d
0
h
satIsfactorily proved that n fl
e seize , It as been
o ag was flymg. How then could a
["IE A
NGLO- CHI NES E CONFLI CT]
1\
flag have been
hauled down?
Yet Consul Parkes, i n one dispatch
after another, pretends that satisfaction is required for the insult
offered to the flag.
r:e :|-.-
o:-..-. :|-
c|.a-.-
ce-
-:ae: .ea.|a!-. :|.:
a. |:-..| ei .a, ::-.:,
|..
|--a .e
.::-!. oa
o.:.
i :,
a---::|-|-.., :|- r:.:..| r|-a.oe:-a:..:, !-.a!-! ae: ea|, :|-
.a:
:-a!-: ei :|- w|e|- ei :|- .::-.:-!
.:-w, |a: .|.e .a .oe|ee,.
1|- ce
--:ae: :|a. :-o|.-..
Early in the morning of Oct. 22, I wrote to Consul Parkes, and
at the same time forwarded to him twelve men, namely, Leong
Mingtai and Leong Kee-foo, convicted on the inquiry I had insti
tuted, and the
witness,
Woo Ayu, together with nine previously
tendered. But
Consul Parkes
would neither receive the twelve
prisoners nor my letter.
r.:|-. .e|:, :|-:-ie:-, |.-- aew ee: |..i :|-
w|e|- ei |..
:-|--
-a, :ee-:|-:
w.:|
w|.: w.. e.: o:e|.||, .a .oe|ee,
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of :|- ..- !.,, ce--:ae:
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-:..ea-:. :-a!-:-! |, |.
w-:- ae: :-.-.--!, .a!
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.:-o,
|.: ea :|-
:.:|
i:- w.. eo-a-! ea :|-
ie::., .a! .---:.| ei
them
-:- :.|-a, .a! .: w.. ae:
aa:.|
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s-,ea: -xo|..a-! :|- .oo.:-a:|,
.a.e
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of cea.a|
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1|-
-a, |-
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to :|-.: --..-|, ae: |.! :|- :-ea.:-! .oe|ee,
|--a .!- ie: :|-
.e|.:.ea ei :|- cea.a|.:
,a:..!..:.ea. 1e :|..
ea.|||-, :|-a,
e| ae: :-.:e:.ae .a .:.:- . .-: ei -a
aa|-:.ae :|:-- .ea-..:-!
....a.|., :|-
w|e|- ...- .. :-!a.-!. 1e :|.. :|- ce--:ae: ei
c.a:ea .a.w-:., i:.:, :|.: :|- :w-|-- -a |.!
|--a ..:a.||,
|.a!-! e--: :e :|- cea.a|, .a! :|.: :|-:- |.! ae: |--a .a,
:-|a..| :e :-:a:a :|- :e :|-.: --..-|.
v|.:
w.. .:.|| :|- .::-:
with :|.. r:.:..| cea.a|, :|-
c|.a-.-
ce--:ae: ea|,
|-.:a-!
after the ..:, |.!
|--a |e|.:!-! ie: ..x !.,.. t. :e .a .oe|
e.,, ce--:ae: Y-| .a...:. :|.: aea- .ea|! |- e.--a, .. ae i.a|:
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
|.! |--a .e|::-!. v- eae:- ||. we:!.. e ie:-|ea i|.e w..
.--a |, , -x-.a:|- .: :|- :|- ei :|- ..o:a:-, .a! .., |a
.!!|:|ea :e :||., |: w.. ...-::.|a-! ea -x.|a.:|ca ei :|- o:|.
ea-:. |, :|- eii.-: !-oa:-! :e .ca!a.: |:, :|.: :|- |e:.|. w..
|a ae :-.o-.: . ie:-|ea -..-|, i .|a:.|a :|.: :|-:- w.. ae
|.:.|- .e|::-!.
ia!--!, :|- ie:.- ei :||. c||a..a. !|.|-.:|.. !|.oc.-. .e
-ii-.:a.||, ei :|- w|e|- ea-.:|ea-.a! :|-:- |. ae e:|-: .oo.:
ta: ...--:|.: t!|:.| -,ea: .: |..: |.. ae :-.ca:.- |-i:
|| |a: . !-.|.:.:|ea |||- :|- ic||ew|ae. i a.: oe.|:|-|,
!-.||a- .a, ia::|-: .:ea-a: ea :|- -:|:. ei :|- ...- ei :|-
|c:.|. Arrow. i . o-:i-.:|, ..:|.i-! ei :|- i..:. .. :-o:-.-a:-!
:c ,ea: rx.-||-a., |, x: cca.a| r.:|-..
ra: .i:-: |.|ae :.|-a :|- ie::., |:-..|-! :|- w.||. ei :|-
.|:,, .a! |e|.:!-! c.a:ea ie: .|x !.,., :|- t!|:.| .a!!-a|,
!|..e-:. ea|:- . a-w e||-.: ie: ||. -..a:-., .. w- ia! ||
w:|:|ae :e :|- c||a-.- ce-:ae: ea o.:. ,o: i: |. acw ic: ,ca:
rx.-||-a.,, |, |-!|.:- .ca.a|:.:|ca w|:| -, :e :-:|a.:- .
.ea!|:|ea ei :||ae. ei w||.| :|- o:-.-a: -|| |. ac: .||e|:, |a:
w||.|, |i ae: .-a!-!, ..a ...:.-|, i.|| :e |- o:e!a.:|- ci :|-
c.: .-:|ea. ..|.|:|-..
1|- c||a-.- ce-:ae: .a.w-:., :|.: ...e:!|ae :e :|- cea
-a:|ea ei : ao, |- |.! ae :|e|: :e ..| ic: .a.| . .ea.a|:.:|ea.
u- ia::|-: ..,.
In reference to the admission into the city, I must observe that,
in April, 1 849, his Excellency the Plenipotentiary Bonham issued
a public notice at the factories here, to the effect that he thereby
prohibited foreigners from entering the city. The notice was
inserted in the newspapers of the time, and will, I presume, have
been read by your Excellency. Add to this that the exclusion of
foreigners from the city is by the unanimous vote of the whole
population of Kwang-Tung. It may be supposed how little to
their liking has been this storming of the forts and this destruction
of their dwellings; and, apprehensive as I am of the evil that
may hence befall the offcials and citizens of your Excellency'S
nation, I can suggest nothing better than a continued adherence
to the policy of the Plenipotentiary Bonham, as to the correct
LO-CHINESE CONFLI CTl
[ TfE
jNG
d As to the consultation proposed by your
course to be pursue .
d
days
ago
deputed
Tseang,
Excellency,
I have alrea y, some
,
Prefect of Luy-chow-foo.
1 5
.i-. . .|-.a |:-..: ei |:, !-.|.:.ae
\!.:.|
-,ea: ac
i x: rea|..
:|.: a-
|c-. ae: ..:- ie: :|- .ea-a:.ea O
.
,
refers me to the notifcation of the British
Your Excellncy s reply
rohibiting foreigners from entering
Plenipotentiary of 1 849,
"
P
d
h t although we have indeed
N
I must remm you t a ,
f
Canton.
ow,
" " the
Chinese Government or
"
t of complamt agamst
"
sen
oUS mat er
" " 8
to admit foreigners mto
h f h
romise given H 1 47
"
"
breac
O
t e p
demand noW
made IS m no
Canton at the end of tw
f
O years, m
ations on the same subject,
ted
with
ormer nego
f
" I way
connec
d "
" f any but the foreign O cia s,
" h
I demanding a miSSIOn O
" d nelt er am
" I and suffcient reason above asslgne .
and this only for the simp e
II
with your Excellency, you
On my proposal to treat prsn.
y.u sent a Prefect some days
do me the honor to remar t a
l l ' whole
ago. I am compelled therefor
h
e to regard YO
n
u
d
r E
`e `.
S
to add
" f
y in t e extreme a
letter as unsatls actor
.
I" "
urance of your
I "
d" tely receive an exp IClt ass
that, unless Imme la
d I h 11 at once resume offensive
assent to what I have propose , s a
operations.
:
:a- |-:..|. ei
cc-:ae: Y-| :-:e::. |, .e..a
-a:-oae .a O
:a- cca-a:|ea ei ao:
I
controversial correspondence on the
In 1 848 there was a ong
S
d the British Plenipoten-
" b
predecessor eu an
subJect etween my
h
b "
satisfed that an inter-
"
h
d Mr Bon
am, emg
nary, Me. Bon a, an
.
I
f the question, addressed a
view within the city was utter y ut
h
"
h h
" d "At the present
"
A
" I f 8 9 m w IC e sal ,
letter to Seu Hthe pn O
" " h
r Excellency on this
e diSCUSSIOn Wit
you
time I can have no mor
" f
the factories to the effect
subject." He further issued a not
h
lce
.
rom
h" h was inserted in the
.
t enter t e City, w IC
that no foreigner was O
d this to the British Govern
ment.
papers, and he commumcat-
.
of any nation who did not
There was not a Chinese or orelgner
"
d
ain
know that the question was never to be dlscusse ag .
1 6 DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE ,
lmpatientofargument, theritishAdmiral hereupon forces
his way into the City ofCanton to the residenceofthe Cov-
ernor,atthesametimedestroyingthelmperialf|eetintheriver.
Thustherearetwodistinctactsinthisdiplomaticandmilitary
dramathenrstintroducingthe bombardmentofCantonon
thepretextofabreachoftheTreatyof: azcommittedbythe
Chinese Covernor, andthe second, continuingthatbombard-
ment on an enlarged scale, onthe pretext thatthe Covernor
clung stubbornly to the Conventionof : ao. first Canton is
bombardedforbreakingatreaty,andnextitisbombardedfor
observingatreaty.esides,itisnotevenpretendedthatredress
wasnotgiveninthenrstinstance,butonlythatredresswasnot
givenintheorthodoxmanner.
TheviewofthecaseputforthbyThe London Times would
donodiscreditevento CeneralWilliamWalkerofNicaragua.
'ythisoutbreakofhostilities,saysthati ournal,
existing treaties are annulled, and we are left free to change
our relations with the Chinese Empire as we please. The recent
proceedings at Canton warn us that we ought to enforce that
right of free entrance into the country and into the ports open to
us, which was stipulated for in the Treaty of 1 842. We must not
again be told that our representatives must be excluded from
the presence of the Chinese Governor-General, because we have
waived the performance of the article which enabled foreigners
to penetrate beyond the precincts of our factories.
lnotherwords, 'wehavecommencedhostilitiesinorderto
break an existing treaty and to enforce a claim which 'we
havewaivedby an expressconvention! Wearehappyto say,
however, that another prominent organ of ritish opinion
expressesitselfina morehumaneandbecomingtone. 'ltis,
saysThe Daily News,
a monstrous fact, that in order to avenge the irritated pride of a
British offcial, and punish the folly of an Asiatic governor, we
prostitute our strength to the wicked work of carrying fre and
sword, and desolation and death, into the peaceful homes of
N
TRADE
WI TH
CHI NA)
( RUS S I A
,
,
on whose shores we were origi
nally
mtru
ders.
unoffendmg men,
,
f h'
Canton bombardm
ent, the
Wh
atever may
be the Issue O
t IS
eckless and
wanton waste
,
b d d a base one-a r
deed itself I a a an
,
f
false etiqu
ette and a mistaken
of human hfe at the shnne O a
policy.
t
onwhetherthe
civi|ized
nationsofthe
It is,
perhaps,aque
!
d
f
adinga peacefu| cou
ntry,
wor|d
wi||
approvethism
'
eo
f
uv
r for an a|leged
infringe-
with
out
previous
+e
|
ca.i
ipatic
etiquette. lf th
nrst
ment of the fancru
f
s pretext
was patrent|y
of its u
amou
,
Chinese
war, u
spite
b
auseithe|doutthe
prospect
|ooked
uponbyotherp
o
'
ec
a
d
r
h
s
r te
period? lts
hrst result
h
t ade
for an u e n
to
obstruct t at r
f
thetea-gro
wing
drst
ncts,
h
ffofCanton rom
mustbet ecuttugO
the handsof the imp
enahsts
a
as yet, for the
mostpart, u
h
body but the Russian
circumstance
which cannot
pro t any
o\er|andteatraders.
[R
ussian Trade
ith
Chinal
Pub|ished
Apn|7, 1 8 57
course with
China, of which
In the matter of trade and uter
1
have undertaken the
Lord Pa|merston and Louis
a
|
poeo
s evident|y
fe|t of the
b f
no |itt|e jea
ousy !
h
ext
sron y
rce,
lndeed it is
quite possib|e t at
pos:t:on occupiedby Russia.
ertionofmi|itary
force
withoutanyexpenditureofmoney
d
orex
consequ
ence
of the
e in the en
as a
Russta may gau
or
tsaneitherofthebe||igerent
pendingquarrelwiththeChuese,
nations.
Ch
Empire
are
altogether
There|ationsofRussiatothe ues
|
e
for in the
matter
h | h E
|ish
and
ourseves~
pecubar. W 1 e t e
n
F
ch are
but
|itt|e more than
of
the pending hosnhtres the fren
d
th China
are
not
amateurs, as they rea||y have
no tra e wr
nication even
with
a||owed the privi|ege of a drrec
com
u
the
adva
ntage of
the Viceroy of Canton, the Russtans enioy
1 8
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW
YORK TRIBUN
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.:.
.--
--::ela-
a:.:.-::a|- :l- k
ie::l..-xc|a..eai:e
:l-
,
a...aa. -a,e,
' I |
::a|---ca|.a::e:l-.-|-.
aa|
a
aa aa| e-:|aa|
ie::l-:ela-aa,:.a|
1l
.c .:.--..-e...||-
a|-.a : ;sk |
l
.
..::a
c,:-aa
|a:-||,a::-a:,
, aoaa : - :-.aa eiC l
-:.ac.-a|, .iae:
.a|--| .: I
: -oa-
:a:.ea.,
k.a|l:a,
1
.ea:
-:a 51 -oaaa|
i Cl ::a:,,eaa::.|a
:a:,ei:l-ta|-ra.| I
e -.-
||-..ea:lei:l-
C.:,eil:|ee:.|.1l
,aa|a|ea:alaa|:-|
.e::
eiaaaaa|ia.:,..aaa -||
..::a|-,cea|ac:-|a:a
a:-ka...aa.aa| ..xCl
a
,
l
:w-|-iac:e:.,eiwle..x
l
-.-, w e--:a:k |l
| : -
:a:-.-
..ac-:l-::a|
.a :a, aa ax
-..-a:.:-l, |,| :
l -:cl
aa|..-.a--|.-||,-.:l
l
a:-:-a:w .cl:l-
-:.a
c.-a|a::.c|-.ei::a|-a
-:-a,. a|||--xclaae-|. 1l-
aa| ea:l-
-a::ei:l k
:-,ea: --a::ei:l-
Cl.a-.-,:-a,
1l..::a|-,ei|a:-
,-a:.
-
.-
a...aa. ce::ea
a|
wee|-a
c|e:l..
.ac:-a.-.1l-eaa
a:.:,i:
-.:
|
la-
l
a::a-
acea..|-:a||-
|.|ae: :-a e::w-|-
-a.e
:e: -ka...aa.a:k.a|l:a
:lea.a|cl-.:.
|a:.a
,-
:.a
e,-xc--|aa
a-:aa-
eiie::,
.--a:,-:le.aa|cl.:`
2 .a
ea:-|:ealaa|:-|aa|
:la:
.a--:.e:eaa|.:,
w-|||
e
.c :
-|a:a-:-a::wa.ei
ca:aaa :-a
.a cea: |
cea:-a:a|cea.a-:.a.
,
:a ..:c:.ea i:e
:l .-e::-||,.-a 1l-e:l
1
- -oe: a::.c|-
.
-:a::.c-..e|| | :l Cl .e-
.a||eaaa:.:.-.ei.
,
-
-.-w-:-
aaa:,ce::ea,:aw..||aa|..||aee|.,
[ RUS S I AN TRADE WI TH CHI NA] 19
-a:
.|| :e -:, |..:-| aeaa:.. 1l- ka...aa. -a.| a|ea:
-
|a.||,.ace::eaa
|wee|-aaee|.,w.:l:l-a!!.:.eaei.a||
|a.a:.:.-.eika...aa|-a:l-:,w:eaal:-:a|.,ia:.aa|--a
-.a. 1|-w|e
-aeaa:eiaee|.|eaal:aa!.e||-w|.cl
.--.a:|--a||..l-|acceaa:.:e|-.:a:-|a:-:,e|-:a:-
-...-.-
.-ac|-|:l-|a:a-.aeia-wa:|ei(i:--a.||.ea.ei
|e||....Ia : s ,, ew.aa:e:l-.a:-:aa|::ea||-.eiCl.aaaa!
:|-
e..a-a:.eaei:l-:ea!i:e:l-:-a-:e.ac-.|,|aa|.ei
...a|.aa:-|-|.,:|-eaaa:.:,ei:-a.-a::ek.a||:ai-||eii:e
-:,:|ea.aa!cl-.:.,aa|:l-w|e|-a|a-ei:|-::a|-ei:la:
,-....|a:a|ea:..x.||.ea.ei|e||a:..ia:l-:weie||ew.aa
,-... |ew--:, :l.. ce-:c- :-.-|, aa| :l- :-a .-a: :e
i..||:aie::|-ia.:eiIs s |.|ae:ia||.le::eialaa!:-|aa!
:-|-:|ea.aa!cl-.:..
In .ea.-ea-ac-ei:l-.ac:-a.-ei:l..::a!-,k.a|l:a,wl.cl
....:a.:-!w.:l.a:l-ka...aai:ea:.-:, i:ea-:-ie::aa|
.....eaa!,|a.a:ewaa-.a:eacea..|-:a||-c.:,.l:la.|--a
.-|-.:-|a.:l-ca-.:a|ei:la:-a::ei:l-i:ea:.-::-a.ea,aa|..
:e |-!..a.-||,la.aaa.|.:a:,ceaa!aa:aa|ac..|
.e-.ae:.n::l-.a-:.-a!.:-c:aa!:-aa|a:-e.:a|ce
aaa..a:.eaie::l-::aa.....eaeiei(c.a||..-a:cl-.la.|a:-|,
---a-.:a||..|-||-:w--ak.a|l:aaa|r-|.a,w|.cl..!..:aa:
e.:a|ea:a.a-laa|:-|.|-..
It ..-.|-a::la:,.lea||:|---a!.aale.:.|.:.-.:-.a|:.aa
.a--.-...ea ei:l- a:.:.- ::a|-, La:e-- .al: :-c-.- .:.
-a:.:-.a--|,ei:-a|,:l..:ea:-.la!--|, .:...aaa-.:-|:la:
--a.:l:|-a:.:.-::a|-e--a,ka...aa,,a-ea:l-ce
-|-:.eaeil-:.,.:-ei:a.|:ea|.,|-ce-a-ew-:ia|ce--:.
:e
w.:l :l- a:.:.- aa:.ea. ie: .a--|,.aa :l- La:e--aa
a.:|-:.w.:l:-a.1|-.-:a.|:ea!.w.||.a--|,a|.:-c:ceaa.
..:.ea |-:w--a :l- -e::. ei C:ea.:a|: aa| t.|aa aa| :l-
.a..-a:c.:,ei.|a.eae:e!.a:l-.a:-:.o:eika...a,:|-
-..|-ac-ei:|- -:c|aa:.|, w|e :|-::a!-a:k.a|l:a ..
..:.-! ea. 1|- .a--|,ei La:e-- w.:l:-a |, :|..e-:|aa!
.ca:-..c-::a.a|,e:--:e|a||-:laa:|---|e,-a:eiea:
-
e,-.:-|rac.(cka.|:ea|ie::la:-a:-e.-.s.||,:ee,:l-e:l-:
.a.-i-x-e::eiCl.aa,..aaa::.c|-ei.acl.a|||a||.ace
-
..
.ea:e.:.ce.:,a.:ea|-.:.::aa.-e::a:.ea|,|aa||,ae
20
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
-a
..-e...||-,wl.|-:l..Cl.a-.-::aiace--a.
I i ..~
,
aa
|
aiac:a:-
l
.,.acla.:l-,caaae:-|.-wl`a.
e:
e .-:-, ew--: :la::l ii
i
ae-aa.|..:-|:e:l-|--ie -a:
-- e
:.
e ka...aa:-|,
.--:a|,-a:...ac-.l-:ee|
-
e
:l.|aa|::a|-.l:..
nea: :l-aa:.-
-e..-...eaO :l-|aa|.ei:l-k.-:
-:-
::..a:l..
'
.
a
e
'
-
'
-
aa
ac-
|
.
Cl.aa.
a:-::a-
-a.l-|w.l
,
w ea : -.. |-:-.-| aa|
:l-a-.al|:.
.
a..
a
l-ka:.|-.|
a|
aa| .
a--:.a:le.-.-a. aa|w.||| |
1 : -a|,.l-a:a.a
:la:a,eii-::e
e|:a.a
ea
-..
.-
:e-aa,e--e::aa.:,
w.:lCl.aa.1l..,lew--
.::.
:.ea:l-a:.:.-::a|-
-a:-|
w.:l
:l--.:-a..ea
i:
a:
.
ea
-ea
ac-:el
:ce
.
-e..-..-.:l-eae-e|,.
aa ::a -eiwl.cl.l-
[Eng'is Atrocities in China]
ra||i.l-|n-:.|IC. : ks ;
ni-w,-a:...ac-,wl-a:l-i:. li |
wa.-.-e.-|.ara:|.a-a:s.:;.--
,.:-ei:e::a:-
aa|.a
ei:l-:e.:ueae:a||-L : l | C
eaa,ea-ei:l-D.:-c:e:.
:la::l-.:a:--a:. |
a. a .
i
a e-aa,,|e|||,a..-::-|
a -w-:-aaeaa|-| sa|
aa:.ea,lew--:,-:e-| :l-:e | |
.-ea-a:-
:.
.lea||la-|--aw-r|
-
.-|a-ea iac:.wl.cl
la||-i:l.:ea|.:-.
w
i
l-.:-c:e:.,aa|s.:;a-.
|aew|-|a-ei:l-le::.||-
w.
I
.aae:aac-e:c:..aa|
te:|ra|-:.:ea :l--:-.-:
:a-
. a::l-Ce-aa,.|ee:..
eiC|a:-a|ea :l:. a :
i
:
r
-.
:eiLaa|aa|,aa|:l-La:|
,
..-:O e:-.aan:(
:e|--|ac-|.aa...|a:aa-a.a||
a.:.,.--, a.:aew
:a,e:. |aaea-: :l-r
-r
..:.ea.n::l-|a:-te:|
,
:-.-: .a.| U l..
l l :--:a:e;a.:.i,:l- :
.
.
.---c , w .|- a:
a:ec.:.-.ce.::-|a-ea:l-Cl.a-.-.
If the Government had in th'
proceedings they
h d
'
d
.case, approved of unjustifable
deserved to ,
ncur th
`
ce
u
of
t
.
followed a COurse
which
ar lament and of the country.
[ ENGLI S H ATROCI TI ES IN CHI NA) 21
We were persuaded, however, on the contrary, that these pro
ceedings were necessary and vital. We felt that a great wrong had
been inflicted on our country. We felt that our fellow-countrymen
in a distant part of the globe had been exposed to a series of
insults, outrages and atrocities which could not be passed over
in silence [Cheers] . We felt that the treaty rights of this country
had been broken, and that those locally charged with the defense
of our interests in that quarter of the world were not only j usti
fed, but obliged to resent those outrages, so far as the power in
their hands would enable them to do so. We felt that we should
be betraying the trust which the citizens of the country had
reposed i us if we had not approved of the proceedings which
we thought to be right, and which we, if placed in the same
circumstances, should have deemed it our duty to have pursued
[Cheers].
ew,lew--:acl:l---e-|-eiLaa|aa|aa|:l-we:||a:
|.:a-a,|-|-c-.-||,.acl-|aa..||-.:a:--a:.,l..te:|
.l.-l..-|ic-::a.a|,|e-.ae:|-|.--:l-:e|-::a-,e:.il-
ae-.,l-la.|-::.,-|aw.||ia|.aae:aac-a|e.:a.aa| a.:.a||-
:.c:..aa||aew|-|a-. L-:..ac-:l-a:.::--e:::-acl-|a.
of iaa|..l le.:.|.:.-. .a Cl.aa, :l- Oe-:a-a: |ea:aa|. ei
iaa|aa|aa|a-e::.eaei:l-n-:.caar:-..la-|--al-a-.aa
le|-.a|-|-aaac.a:.ea.a-ea:l-Cl.a-.--.w---.aacla:a-.
of ..e|a:.eaei::-a:,e||.aa:.ea.-.a.a|:.:e:l-Laa|..li|.a-
a-a:a|a:.eaeiie:-.aa-:. :-..|.aaea:l-.:.e.|,aa|:l-|.|-,
,-:ae:ea-..aa|-|..:.ac:cla:a-la.|--aa|-e:a..aa|-i.c:
.-.:aac-|.a .a--e::ei:l-.- |-aaac.a:.ea.,.a-:l-ca.- ei
:l-|e:cla Arrow, aa|, w.:l:-.--c::e :l.. ca.-, :l-c.:ca
.:.ac-.la-|--a.e..:--:-.-a:-|aa|a|e..-|e-:|,ra:|.a
-a:a:,:l-:e:.ca.a::-:|,:e..|-a|:le.-wle:-a||,|-..:-
to
aa|-:.:aa|:l--:.:.ei:l-ea-.:.ea.
1l-|e:claArrow wa.a .a||Cl.a-.--..-|, aaa-||,
cl.a-.-,|a:--|e,-||,.e-Laa|..l-a.n|.c-a.-:eca::,
:l- Laa|..l1aa la| |--a:--e:a:.|,a:aa:-| :el-:, wl.cl
|.
c-a.-la|-x-.:-|-:.e::e:l-a||-a-|.a.a|:.sl-...a.|:e
a.-|--aa.-|:e.aaa|-.a|:,aa|la|ea|ea:|eil-:.e-
.-:,|a|cla:ac:-:.-Cl.a-.--.:a:-.aa|.aaa|-:.-wle,
2 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
being oldo|fenders againstthe laws the
0
beentryingtoarrest.While| i
uthontres had long
with sai|s furled and
f yngtanchoru|ronto|Canton
becameawareo(thepen`
w tever displayed~the police
arrestedthem~preciselys h
on oardoftheseoffenders,and
here,hadthepolicea|ongo
uc a
h
nactas
k
wouldhavetakenplace
d
urw arves nownth
0
h
an smugglers weresecreted
tnver-t reves
b h
u a native orforeign I
y. ut,a
t rsarrestinterferedwithth b
vesse near
thecaptauwentto theEnglishC
e
l
usressofth
owners,
Consul, a young man recent|
on
u
d
an complaued.The
f d
y appoute and as
orme , a personofaquickandirrit bl d
?
we are u-
board in propria person
a e rsposrtron,rusheson
the police who have O l
a,
d
ets
h
uto an excited parley with
, ny rsc arg d h
0
consequently fails inobtaining t
t
sa
rsaction.Thencehe rushes
+
q n esan rmperati d df
tutronandapologytoth C
ve eman orresti-
Province,andanotetoSr1
eror-eneraloftheQuangtung
atHong-Kong,representin th.t
wruga
ndAdmiralSeymour
beeninsu|tedbeyondendurnc
ea
hrs
ou
try'sflaghave
termsthatnowisthetime|ora
endutrm
tugu
rettybroad
suchashadlongbeenwaited|o
monstratronagaustCanton,
Cov. Yehpolitely and calml re d
mandsoftheexcitedyoungrit`h
on .to the arrogant de-
ofthearres
,andregretsthattheresh
ns
Hestatesthereas
n
understanduginthe matter atthe
ou
0
have beenanymrs-
deniestheslightest intentio f
0
s.
etimeheunquali6edly
sends back the men whom
O .utugtheEnglishfIag,and
desirednotto detain
atth
, a t oug
f
h law|ully arrested, he
e expense O so
0
standing.utthisisnotsatis|actor t H
senousamrsunder-
musthaveanof6cial apol `
O r.ConsulParkeshe
orCov.Yehmustabidethe
o
c
gy, an a more formal restitution,
S
onsequences Ne t
0
d
0
eymour with the t
h 1
. x arnvesA mrraI
n rs eet and th
correspondence, dogmatic and
threa
e
commence
another
Admiral
.
cool unim 0
0
tenug, on the srde o|the
ofncial.
\
dmi
,
alSey
"
o
ed,po
tte,onthesideoftheChinese
the walls o| Canton C
r em
\
an
h
sapersonalinterviewwithin
. ov. e says th
0
precedent and that S C
rs rs contrary to all
, rr eorge onha h d
should notberequired.He |d d
|
m a agreed that it
wou rea I V consentto aninter-
[ ENGLI S H ATROCI TI ES IN CHI NA1
v|ew
, as usual, outside the walledtowni|necessary,ormeet
th
eAdmiral's
wishesinanyotherway
not
contrarytoChinese
usageandhereditaryetiqu
ette.utthisdidnotsuitthebellicose
tepresent
ativeo|ritishpowerinthe
East.
(pon
the
grounds thus brieBy
statedand the
ofhcial
accountsnowbeforethe
peopleofEnglandfullybearoutthe
statementthis most unrighteous
war has been waged.
The
uno||ending
citizens and
peaceful tradesmenof Canton have
beenslaughtered,theirhabitationsbatteredtotheground,and
the
clai
ms of hum
anity violated, on the
fIimsy pret
ense
that
En
glish
li|e and property are endangered by
the aggressive
acts o|the Chinese! TheritishCovern
ment and theritish
pe
ople-atleast,thosewho
havechosentoexaminetheques-
tion-knowhow|alseandhollowaresuch
charges.Anatte
mpt
hasbeenmadetodivertinvestigation|romthe
main
issue, and
to impress the public mind with
the idea that a long series
o| injuries, preceding the
case of the lorcha
Arrow, form
of
themselvesa
su|hcientcasus belli. utthesesweepingassertions
arebaseless.The
Chinesehave atleast ninety nine
injuriesto
complainoftooneonthepartoftheEnglish.
How silent is the press of
England
upon the
outrageous
v|olationsofthe
treaty
daily practiced by |oreigners living in
Chinaunderritishprotection!
Wehear nothingofthe
illicit
op|um trade, which yearly |eeds the ritish
treasury
at the
expense o| human li|e and morality. We hear nothingof the
constantbriberyofsub-o|hcials,bymeansofwhichtheChinese
Covernment isdefraudedof its right|ul revenueonincoming
and outgoing merchandise. We hear nothing of the wrongs
inflicted 'evenuntodeath uponmisguidedandbonddemi-
arantssoldtoworsethanSlaveryonthecoasto|Peruandinto
Cuban bondage.Wehearnothingof thebullyingspirito|ten
xercisedagainstthetimidnatureoftheChinese,oro|thevice
.ntroduced by |oreigners atthe ports opentotheir trade. We
hear nothing of allthis and o| much more, hrst, because the
maj orityofpeopleouto|Chinacarelittleaboutthesocialand
moralconditionofthatcountry:andsecondly,becauseitisthe
part of policy and prudence not to agitate topics where no
pecuniaryadvantagewouldresult.Thus,theEnglishpeopleat
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
ho
news
he
'
ew t
mp
se
war.
dtom
oresplendidresultsthanthewarof: a:~z?So
much
rscertautha
rcan a
esid
ndthearmedopiumpropagandatoChina.Weforbeardwe|l-
109 o
th
ual
thO t e atterrsucom-
pat|ble with the deve|opment o||egrtrmate commercethese
ptopositionswere
pretty genera||y
admittedtwoyears ago. A
Committee o|theHouseo|Commons,appointed in
I a; to
take |nto consideration the state o|ritish commerc.a| rnter-
COUI5C w|thChina,reportedthus:
We regret that the trade with that country has been for some
time in a very unsatisfactory condition, and that the result of our
extended intercourse has by no means realized the just expec
tations which had naturally been founded in a free access to so
magnifcent a market. We fnd that the diffculties of the t.ade do
not arise from any want of demand in China for articles of
British manufactures, or from the increasing competition of other
nations; the payment for opium absorbs the silver to the great
inconvenience of the general traffc of the Chinese, and tea and
silk must in fact pay the rest.
The Friend of China, o|]u|yz, : ao,genera|izingthesame
ptoposition, says in set terms: 'The opium trad
pr
gresses
steadily.Theincreasedconsumptiono|teasand
srlk r
"
Creat
btitainandtheUnitedStateswou|dmere|yresultrntherncrease
o|theopiumtrade;thecaseo|themanu|a
ture
sishope|ess
Oneo|the|eadingAmericanmerchantsrnChuareduced,rn
anatticleinsertedinHunt'sMerchant's Magazine, |or]anuary,
: s o,thewho|equestiono|thetradewithChinatothispoint:
26
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
'Which branch ofcommerce is to be su
tradeortheexport trade f A
ppressed, the
opium
The Ch
h
O mencanorEnglishproduce?
tr:ese t emselves took
I h
.
case.Mont omer M
exacty t e sameview of the
atShangha`whic-wl
i
.r.e:'Iinquiredo:theTaoutai''
commercewith China dh
6
est means ofrt:creasingour
f
,an
rs rstanswe t
o Capt.alfour HerMajest ' C I
r o me,U
presence
,
ys onsu was' C
sonuch opium and we will b
.
easetosendus
factures. ' ''
e able to take your manu-
Thehistoryofgeneralcommerced
unng
thelasteightyears
but,beforeanalyzingth
i
er.
r,rIl
f
stratedthe
positions;
merceoftheopiumtrade we ro
use
sonlegrtrmatecom-
theriseandprogressofth
,
t
p psegrvtngashortreviewof
weregard thetragical co
a
l l
s
upe ou
traf6c,which,whether
rsions ormii:g s t
h roundwhichitturns orth f
, O O say, t e axis
relationsoftheEastrna
e
W
ectsproducedbyitonthegeneral
recordintheannalsof
n
k
e
d
sternworlds,stands
solitaryon
man U ,
Previousto: ;s;
thequantit of
portedfromIndia
Opium was
legally admit.ed in C
weighirigabout : , , lbs.
dutyofabout$,perchest as
on thepayment of a
brought it from Turk
b
, a
medicir:e;thePortuguesewho
ey eirig rts almost I ' , rritotheCelestialEm
excusive tmporters
i
pire.
n : ;;,, ColonelWatsonand Vice-P d
sonsdeservingtotake
I
resi entWheelerper-
apaceamongtheH
andotherpoisonersofwo ld
d f
ermentiers,Palmers
i d
r -wr e ame-sug
d h n iaCompanytheidea f
geste tot eEast
Ch
O entennguponth
rr:a. Consequently th
eoprumtraf6cwith
, erewasestablrsh d d
U vessels anchored ina b
h
e a epotforopium
speculationproved a fail
ayo t e southwest ofMacao. The
sentanarmedvessel lad
ure.
h
n :
k: the
engal Covernment
h
,
enwrt optum toCh
d t eCom
pany
stationedaI
t de
a
h
\ tr:eseCovernmentfound it
opium to bebeatenwith
w c reatens Chinese smugglersof
a am OO andexposedinthestreets
HI S TORY OF THE OPI UM TRADE [ I ] 27
wit|
woodencollarsaroundtheirnecks.About : ;ok, theEast
In
dia Companyceasedtobedirectexportersofopium,butthey
became its producers. The opium monopoly was established
in lndia; while the Company's own shipswerehypocritically
forbidden from traf6ckinginthe drug, thelicenses itgranted
for
privateshipstradingtoChinacontainedaprovisionwhich
attac|ed a penalty to them if freighted with opium ofother
t|ant|eCompany'sownmake.
In : oo,theimportintoChinahadreachedthenumberof
2.OOO chests.Having,duringtheeighteenthcentury,bornethe
aspectcommonto all feuds betweenthe foreign merchantand
t|enationalcustom-house,thestrugglebetweentheEastlndia
Companyand the Celestial Empire assumed, since the begin-
ningofthenineteenthcentury,featuresquitedistinctandexcep-
tional;whiletheChineseEmperor,inordertocheckthesuicide
ofhis people, prohibited at oncethe importofthepoison by
t|efoteigner,anditsconsumptionbythenatives,theEastIndia
Companywas rapidly converting thecultivation of opium in
Ind|a, and itscontraband saleto China, intointegralpartsof
its own 6nancial system. Whilethesemi-barbarian stood on
t|eprincipleofmorality,thecivilizedopposedtheprincipleof
pe|f.Thata giantempire, containing almost one-third of the
human race, vegetating to the teeth oftime, insulated by the
forcedexclusionofgeneralintercourse,andthuscontrivingto
dupeitselfwithdelusionsofCelestialperfectionthatsuchan
empireshouldatlastbeovertakenbythefate onoccasionofa
deadlyduel,inwhichtherepresentativeoftheantiquatedworld
appearsprompted by ethical motives, whiletherepresentative
'
foverwhelmingmodernsocietyhghtsfortheprivilegeofbuy-
irig in the cheapest and selling in the dearest markets~this,
indeed, is a sort of tragical couplet, stranger than any poet
wouldeverhavedaredtofancy.
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
History of the Opium Trade [ I I ]
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DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
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1842 969,000
1843 1,456,000
1844 2,305,000
1 845
2, 395,000
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In 1843, 1 844 and 1845, when the northern ports had just
been opened, the people at home were wild with excitement. An
eminent frm at Sheffeld sent out a large consignment of knives
and forks, and declared themselves prepared to supply all China
with cutlery . . . They were sold at prices which scarcely realized
their freight. A London house, of famous name, sent out a tre
mendous consignment of pianofortes, which shared the same
fate. What happened in the case of cutlery and pianos occurred
also, in a less noticeable manner, in the case of worsted and
cotton manufactures. Manchester made a great blind effort when
the ports were opened, and that effort failed. Since then she has
fallen into an apathy, and trusts to the chapter of accidents.
a_ CHI NES E TREATy1
33
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.:|-:|.....a-!..a.-.:.e--a.aa.a : s..,..:|-
c
|.-
-.-:-e|a:.ea,''|a:ae:w.:|.:.a!.aa:|.::-e|a:.ea,:|-
x:e::.:eC|.a.:-|.:.-|,.|.:-!,.a : s , : -, .,.a:|-a-a-:.|
.
:-..- ei::.!-,.a!,!a:.aa:|-w|e|-ei:|-:-e|a:.ea.:,
--
c.|,:|-e-.a::.a-,.a.:-.!eii.||.aaeu,:.-.!|,e|:..a-!
.c|c...|a.-a..ea..uew--::|.:.,|-:|..a.|w.|||-
.
a
.::-!,:|.:.||:|-e|.:..|-.:eie:-.aa.-e::.e:.a.a.:.aa
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUN
inthedisorderedstateoftheempiremustbeincreased instead
ofbeingdiminished, bythe latepiraticalwar, '`and .he fresh
humiliationsheapedontherulingdynasty.
i appears to us, after a careful survey of the history of
Chmese
anufacturesasitspivots,anylargeimportofforeignproduce
tsoutofthequestion.Still,totheamountofLk oooooo asum
^
hichmayberoughlycalculatedtoformtheagreate-alance
m favor ofChina, as against England and the United States
it mi
sarilyarrivedatontheanalysisofthesimple
fa
of6ci
omprise,infact,thepointsinthetreatyofexclusively
Englrshmterest. y
ng
P H g Kong and the 6ve Chinese ports opened to ntrsh
ar
on
,
h
. .
f h
nyEnglishvesselsshouldanvewrthmtherangeO t err
casea
I h b lar J
'
urisdictronwrth optum on board. A forma pro t -
consu
s
ition
wasthus laiduponEngltshmerchantstotmportthecon-
traband drug, and the English Covernment, to some degree,
constituted itself one of the Custom
-House of6cers of te
Celestial Empire. That the second opru
war sho
ld end m
ovingthefettersbywhichthe6rstoptumwarstrll affected
re
I I I d
tochecktheopiumtraf6c,appearsaresutqutte ogrca ,a
a
consummation devoutly called for by that part ofthe ursh
ercantile public which chanted most lusty applause
to
la|erston's Canton 6reworks. We are, however, much mts-
taken ifthisof6cialabandonmentonthepartofEngland of
herhpocriticoppositionto the opium tradeisnotto lead
to
consequences quitethereverseofthose expected. y
engagmg
the ritish Covernmenttocooperate inthe suppresstonofthe
opium traf6c, the Chinese Covernment had recognizedits in-
abilitytodosoonitsown account. Thesupplementarytre
ty
ofNankinwasasupremeand ratherdesperateeffort
atgetmg
rid oftheopiumtradebyforeignaid.Thiseff
rthavmgfatl
d,
and being now proclaimed a failure, the optum traf6c bemg
now,sofarasEnglandisconcerned
legalized,littledoubtan
reuainthatthe Chinese Covernmentwilltrya method alike
tecommended by political and6nancialconsiderations~vi
. :
|eaalize the cultivationofthe poppy i nChina, and ay d
ttes
ontheforeignopiumimported.Whatevermayethemtentro
s
ofthepresent Chinese Covernment,thevery
ctrcu
stancesm
whichit 6ndsitselfplaced by thetreatyofTien-tsm, showall
thatway.
ofthe'provincialwar'
upon the tea trade is not qutte gratutto
s. from McCregors
Commercial Tariffs itmaybeseen thatmthe last year ofthe
torer Chinese war, Russia received : zo,ooochestsof
tea at
Kiakhta.TheyearaftertheconclusionofpeacewithChmathe
Russiandemandfelloff75 percent,amountingto,o,oooonly.
At all events the costs still to be incurred by the ritish in
distrainingKang-tungaresuresotoswellthewrongsideof
the ba|ance that this second China war will hardly be self-
paying,thegreatestfaultwhich,asMrEmersoniustlyremarks,
anythingcanbeguiltyofinritishestimation.
AnothergreatsuccessoftheEnglishinvasio
is
ontamedm
Att s : , according to which 'thetermbar-
rtanr
not
to be
appliedtotheritishCovernmentnortor
ttshsubject
nay
Chineseof6cialdocumentissuedbytheChmeseauthortttes.
The Chinese authorities styling themselves Celestial, how
hubletotheirunderstandingmustnotappear1ohnull,who,
insteadofinsistingonbeingcalleddivineorOlympian,contents
hiselfwithweedingthecharacterrepresentingthewordbar-
barianoutoftheof6cialdocuments.
ThecommercialarticlesofthetreatygiveEnglandnoadvan-
tage not to be enioyed by her rivals, and, for the present,
disso|veintoshadowypromises,forthegreaterpartnotworth
theparchmenttheyarewritten on. Art. tostipulates:
British merchant ships are to be allowed to trade up the great
river (Y ang-tse) , but in the present disturbed state of the Upper
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUN
and Lower Valley, no port is to be opened for trade with the
exception of Chin-kiang, which is to be opened in a year from
the signature of the treaty. When peace is restored, British vessels
are to be admitted to trade at such ports, as far as Hankow,
not exceeding three in number, as the British Minister, after
consulting with the Chinese Secretary of State, shall determine.
r :|.. .::..|-, :|- r:.:..| .:- .a i..: -x.|a!-! i:e :|- e:-.:
.e-:...| .::-:, ei :|- w|e|- -o.:-, i:e :|- ea|, |.a-,
.. The Moring Star ,a.:|, :-.:|., |, w|..| :|-, ..a oa.|
:|-.: .aai..:a:-. .a:e :|- .a:-:.e:. ii :|-, w.|| |- eee! |e,.,
.a! |-|o :|- io-:..| ce-:a-a: .a !..|e!e.ae :|- :-|-|. i:e
:|- :-e.ea. aew e..ao.-! |, :|-, :|-a :|-, ., --a:a.||,
a..e.:- :|- e:-.: :.-:, |a: ea|, :e o.::..a|.: |.:|e:.. t.
:e :|- a-w .-.oe::. eo-a-!, i:e .|| :|- oe::., .. .: i:.:
.!-::..-!, :|-, |.- !w.a!|-! !ewa :e i- oe::., .!!-! :e
:|- i- oe::. ei :|- ::-.:, ei .a|.a, .a!, .. . tea!ea o.o-:
:-.:|., :|-, .:- e-a-:.||, :-e:- e: .a.a|.:. r-..!-., .: :|..
:.- ei :|- !.,, :|- !-|a..- ae:.ea ei :|- e:ew:| ei ::.!- |-.ae
o:eoe::.ea.:- :e :|- aa|-: ei oe::. eo-a-!, .|ea|! |.- |--a
-xo|e!-!. cea..!-: :|- |.:|e:. ea :|- .e..:. ei c:-.: r:.:..a,
e: r:.a.-, e: :|- ua.:-! :.:-., |ew i-w ei :|- |.- !--|eo-!
:|-.-|-. .a:e :-.| -oe:.a. ei .e-:.- r-ie:- :|- i:.:
c|.a-.- w.:, :|- rae|..| ::.!-! -x.|a..-|, :e c.a:ea. 1|-
.ea.-...ea ei i- a-w oe::., .a.:-.! ei .:-.:.ae i- a-w
-oe:.a. ei .e-:.-, |.. e:.!a.||, ::.a.i-::-! ::.!- i:e
c.a:ea :e |.ae|.., .. ., |- .--a i:e :|- ie||ew.ae iea:-.,
-x::..:-! i:e :|- r.:|..-a:.:, r|a-ree| ea :|- ::.!- ei
.:.ea. o|..-. ie: : s , s-5 7. t: :|- ..- :.-, .: .|ea|! |-
:-.e||-.:-! :|.: :|- c.a:ea .oe::. .a.|a!- :|- .oe::. :e
te, .a! ra.|ew, w|..| .:- ::.a.|.oo-! .: c.a:ea.
1|- .e-:...| .|.a.-. ei :|- ::-.:, .:- aa..:..i..:e:,, ..
. .ea.|a..ea .::.-! .: |, The Daily Telegraph, r.|-:.:ea.
e.: .|| -.: .,.eo|.a:, |a: .: .|a.||-. .: :|- |:.e|:-.: oe.a: .a
:|- o:ee:.-, .:.. :|.: :|- r:.:..| x.a..:-: ., -.:.||..|
|..-|i .: r-|.a, w|.|- . x.a!.:.a w.|| .a.:.|| |..-|i .a
tea!ea, .a! oe...||, .a.:- :|- oa--a :. . |.|| .: t||-:: c.:-.
uew--: e|a ra|| ., .a!a|e- :|.. iaa, :|-:- ..a |- ae !ea|:
H AND CHi NES E
TREATY
(I1E
bBI TI S
.
e|.:...| .a(|a-a.- ., |- -x-:...-! .: r-| .||
that w|.:---:
P
i k . w|..| |, !.a: ei :|- |..: ::-.:,, |e|!.
h o.:: O
U55 .
.
|.|| :. :
-
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.
a--
:
o:e
`
.|-. ea|, !..:.a: i:e r-|.a. i: .. |, ae -..
its
|:.a:.-:, s
| f ie: ]e|a ra|| :|.: |- |..-||, |, |..
|
:.|
- :- -.:.ea
|
.
..
:
: :e.a:-! ka... . ::-.:, ,.-|!e |-: : - a.v.
frst .o.e-
w
,
P
! i:-- ::.!- ea :|- |.a! i:ea:.-:, w|.|-
..:..a
.| :|-
e: .a
|- |.. |-|o-! |-: :e :|- .a.|a.||-
h'
.ea! eo.e-w.:
| 1
|,
.. .
-
w--a :|- ca|i ei 1.::.:, .a! t.|- r.. . ,
::..:
|,e
|-:
| ! | ka.... :|.: i:e c:.: t|-x-.
.
O a. .e-:- ,
! :-
...a
| ! a :e ..|e|.. .|- |.. .|w.,. .::-o:- :e
v...- ew
`
1
e
,
i :|- : r-:-:.|a:e a-w., w|..| e:-.:|,
: oa .c.:ea e
.
! H . .
!
a |, c:-.: ro:., eee ..:-
-
.
.ee-:.:-! :|- . .a:.
-
:
`.`..:.`|,::-.:, ei :|- .||-, ei :|- tee:.
British import trade to
British export trade from
Shanghai,
Canton,
Shanghai,
Canton,
$2,500,000
$17,900,000
$ 2,300,000
1844 $15, 500,000
6,000,000
10,700,000
5, 100,000
27,700,000
1 845
6,400,000
3,800,000
1 5 ,300,000
1 846
9,900,000
6,700,000
1 847 9,600,000
4,300,000
1 5,700,000
2,500,000
8,600,000
5,000,000
1848 6,500,000
6,500,000
4,400,000
1 1,400,000
1849 7,900,000
8,000,000
3,900,000
9,900,000
1 850 6,800,000
1 1, 500,000
4,500,000
13, 200,000
I 8 S ! 10,000,000
1 1,400,000
4,600,000
6,500,000
1 85 2 9,900,000
13, 300,000
3 ,900,000
6,500,000
1 853 4,000,000
1 1,700,000
6,000,000
1 854 3. 300,000
1, 100, 100
3,400,000
2,900,000
19,900,000
1 85 5 3,600,000
25,800,000
6,100,000
8, 200,000
1 856 9, 100,000
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
Trade with China
PublishedDecember3 , t k so
Ata
ime when
foreign
ommercesincethecommencementofthiscentury,that
those hrg
-own anticipations had no solid ground to stand
upon.
Qurte
apartfromtheopium-trade,whichweprovedto
grow manmverseratiotothe sale ofWestern manufactures
ciety,depe
ninguponthecombinationofminuteagriculture
wrthdomestrcmdustry.Wemaynow,incorroborationofour
formerstate
ments,refertothelueookentitled,'Correspon-
denceRelatrve to Lord Elgin's Special Missions to China and
1apan.
Wherever the real demand for commodities imported into
Asi
tic
countri
'
s does not answer the supposed demand~
whtch,mmostmstances,iscalculatedonsuchsuper6cia|data
as
rger a
sta
ce,intotherecklesssupporterofeveryMinister,who
by prratrcal aggressions, promises to extort a treaty of com-
mercefromthe barbarian.Thusthearti6cia|obstac|esforeign
comm
ewassupposedtoencounteronthepartoftheChinese
authontres,for
ed,infact,thegreatpretextwhich,intheeyes
ofthe mercantrlewor|d,i usti6ed everyoutragecommittedon
the Celestial Empire. The valuable information contained in
43
DE
W\ 1H
CHI NA
1BA
Lord
E|gin'slueook,will,with
veryunpreiudicedmind,go
dispe|suchdangerousdelusrons.
far to
d d k f M
the
|ue ook contains a report, ate
m t sz, O r.
. h 11 a ritish agent at Canton, to Sir Ceorge onham,
MltC
e ,
from
whichwequotethefo||owmgpassage.
Our commercial treaty with this country (China) has ow ( 8 5 2)
been nearly ten years in full work, every presumed ImpedIment
has been removed, one thousand miles of new coast have been
opened up to us, and new marts established at te very hreshold
of the producing districts, and at the best pOSSible pomts uon
the seaboard. And yet, what is the result as far as the promised
.
f
'
d-
increase i n the consumption of our manu actures IS concerne .
Why, plainly this: that at the end of ten years the tables of the
Board of Trade show us that Sir Henry pottinger found a larger
trade in existence when he signed the supplementary treaty in
1843 than his treaty itself shows us at the end of 1 8 50!-that is
to sa, as far as our home manufactures are concerned, which is
the sole question we are now considering.
Mt.Mitche||admitsthatthetradebetweenIndiaandChina,
cons:stinga|mostexc|usive|yinanexchangeofsilverforopium,
hasbeengreat|ydeve|opedsincethetreatyof kaz,but,even
inregardtothistrade,headds:
It developed itself in as fast a ratio, from 1 834 to 1 844, as it has
done from the latter date to the present, which latter period may
be taken as its working under the supposed protection of the
treaty- while on the other hand, we have the great fact staring
us in
'
the fae, in the tables of the Board of Trade, that the
export of our manufacturing stuffs to China was less by nearly
three-quarters of a million sterling at the close of 1 8 50, than it
was at the close of 1844
That the treatyoft kazhadnoinI|uenceata||infosterng
thebtitishexporttradetoChinawi||beseenfromthefo||owmg
tab
u|arstatement:
44 D I S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
DECLARED VALUE.
1 849. 1 85. 1 851 .
1 852.
1853.
Cotton Goods
1,001,283 1 ,020,91 5
1, 598,829
1,95,321
Woolen do
370,878 404,797
3 73,399 434,616
Other articles 164,948 148,433 1 89,04 1 63,662
Total
1,53 7, 109 1 ,574, 145 2,161,268
2,503, 599
1 854. 1 85 5. 1 85 6.
1 857.
Cotton Goods 640,820 883,985 1,544,235 1,73 1 ,909
Woolen Goods 1 56,959 1 34,70
268,642
286,852
Other articles 202,937 259,889 43,246
43 1, 221
Total
1,000,716 1,277,944 2,216,123
2,449,982
Now, comparingthese6gureswiththe Chinese demandfor
ritish manufactures in t a,, stated by Mr Mitchell to have
amountedtoL:, ;so,ooo,itwill beseenthatin6veoutofthe
last nine years the ritish exports fell far below the level of
: a,, andin t sawereonly to~t ;ofwhattheyhadbeenin
t a, MrMitchell,inthe6rstinstance,explainsthisstartling
factbysomereasonswhich appear toogeneral to proveany-
thinginparticularHesays:
The habits of the Chinese are so thrifty, and so hereditary, that
they wear just what their fathers wore before them; that is to say,
just enough and no more of anything, no matter how cheap it
may be offered them |. & . ]No working Chinaman can aford to
put on a new coat which shall not last him at least three years,
and stand the wear and tear of the roughest drudgery during that
period. Now, a garment of that description must contain at least
three times the weight of raw cotton which we put into the
heaviest goods we import to China: that is to say, it must be
three times as heavy as the heaviest drills and domestics we can
afford to send out here.
Absenceofwants, andpredilectionforhereditary modes of
dress,areobstacleswhichcivilizedcommercehastoencounter
DE WITH CHI NA
(V
45
l|
new markets.Astothe thickness and strength ofdrills,
a
d h
bt
ritish and Amencan manufacturers not a apt t err
..estotbepeculiarrequirementsoftheChinese?utherewe
to the real point at issue ln : aa, Mr Mttchell sent
coe
h
p|es of the native cloth ofevery qualtty to Englan , wtt
s
woven
b
|and in the most primitive looms? The combmatton we
bve already pointed to, of minute agriculture with domestic
industry, solvestheriddleWequoteagainfromMrMitchell:
When the harvest is gathered, all hands in the farm-houses, young
and old together, turn to carding, spinning, and weaving this
cotton; and out of this homespun stuff a heavy and durable
material, adapted to the rough handling it has to go through for
two or three years, they clothe themselves, and the surplus they
carry to the nearest town, where the shopkeeper buys it for the
use of the population of the towns, and the boat people on the
rivers. With this homespun stuff, nine out of every ten human
beings in this country are clothed, the manufacture varying in
quality from the coarsest dungaree to the fnest nanking, all
produced in the farm-houses, and costing the producer literally
nothing beyond the value of the raw material, or rather of the
sugar which he exchanged for it, the produce of his own hus
bandry. Our manufacturers have only to contemplate for a
moment the admirable economy of this system, and, so to speak,
its exquisite dove-tailing with the other pursuits of the farmer,
to be satisfed, at a glance, that they have no chance whatever in
the competition, as far as the coarser fabrics are concerned. It is,
perhaps, characteristic of China alone, of all countries in the
world that the loom is to be found in every well-conditioned
hometead. The people of all other countries content themselves
with carding and spinning, and at that point stop short, sending
the yarn to the professional weaver to be made into cloth. It
Was reserved for the thrifty Chinaman to carry the thing out to
perfection. He not only cards and spins his cotton, but he weaves
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIBU
it himself, with the help of his wives and daughters, and farm
servants, and hardly ever confnes himself to producing for the
mere wants of his family, but makes it an essential part of his
season's operations to produce a certain quantity of cloth for the
supply of the neighboring towns and rivers.
The Fukien farmer is thus not merely a farmer, but an agricul-
. . turist and a manufacturer in one. He produces his cloth literally
for nothing, beyond the cost of the raw material; he produces it,
as shown, under his own roof-tree, by the hands of his women
and farm servants; it costs neither extra labor not extra time. He
keeps his domestics spinning and weaving while his crops are
growing, and after they are harvested, during rainy weather,
when out-of-door labor cannot be pursued. In short, at every
available interval throughout the year does this model of dom
estic industry pursue his calling, and engage himself upon some
thing useful.
Asa complementofMr. Mitcbell 'sstatement,may be con-
sidered tbefollowing description lord Elgingives oftberural
population be met witb during bis voyage up tbe Yang-tse-
kiang:
What I have seen leads me to think that the rural population of
China is, generally speaking, well-doing and contented. I worked
very hard, though with only indifferent success, to obtain from
them accurate information respecting the extent of their holdings,
the nature of their tenure, the taxation which they have to pay,
and other kindred matters. I arrived at the conclusion that, for
the most part, they hold their lands, which are of very limited
extent, in full property from the Crown, subject to certain annual
charges of no very exorbitant amount, and that these advantages,
improved by assiduous industry, supply abundantly their simple
wants, whether in respect of food or clothing.
ltistbissamecombinationofbusbandrywitbmanufacturing
industry, wbicb, for a long time, witbstood, and still cbecks,
tbeexportofritisbwarestoEastlndia;buttberetbatcombi-
D
E WI TH CHI NA
JVD
47
was based upon a peculiar constitution oftbe landed
natIOn
b
b
ty wbicb tbe ritisb in t err posttton as t e supreme
Proper
J
d
doo se -sus
ar
mg
unitiesintomerefarms,producmgoptum,cotton,mdrgo,
comm
f b ff
dotberrawmateria|s inexcbange or ntts stu s.
hemp, an
'
.
.
loCbinatbeEnglisbbave notyetwteldedtbts power,norare
tbeylikelyevertodoso.
WAR, REVOLUTI ON AND
COUNTER- REVOLUTI ON
I N EUROPE
lt isnoexaggerationto saythatthehistoricaleventthatmost
intluencedMarx'swritingand analysiswasthe revolutionary
uptisingthatexplodedinmanyWesternEuropeancountriesin
ia Duringafewheadymonthsthatyear,itseemedplausible
tbat kings andlandedaristocracies could be swept away and
replacedbya surging coalitionofworkers,peasantsandpro-
gtessiveelementsofthebourgeoisie. Continent-widesocialism
waspetbapstoomuchtohopefor, butcertainlyanincreasein
deuoctacy and a rationalization of how nation-states were
govetnedseemed verymuchathand.
Fotthemostpart,however, those revolutionsfailedwithin
alew months,andtheenergybehindthemevaporated,falling
victimtobtutalcrackdownsonsomeofMarx'swould-beallies,
tbe betrayal of the middle classes and the rise ofautocratic
nationalists such as france's Louis Napoleon; indeed, the
uannet in which france purged itself of revolutionary spirit
alter : aledMarxtowritewhatmanyconsiderhisgreatest
rbetoticalwork,The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.
Ior
Marxthispost-revolutionaryperiodwas characterized by
two
intellectual imperatives. 6rst, a need to understand what
bad
gone wrong in : a~where the balance of forces had
been
off, where the masses were unprepared, what kind of
eda
cation and agitation would be necessary to succeedand
seCond, aconstantvigilforanyhintofnewrevolutionaryfever
tbat
mightspreadacrossEurope
ofFrance,Cermanyorritain | inthelattercaseitdid,though
hardlytorevolutionaryeffect . Theseanalysesreliedheavilyon
historic understanding oflocal culture and politics, far more
thanmostofhisAmericanreaderswerelikelytopossess.They
also brought out Marx's remarkable autodidactic spirit; in
ordertoproduce his signi6cantvolume ofwork on successive
uprisings in Spain, for example, he taught himself Spanish,|
apparentlybecomingpro6cientinamatterofweeks.
ltcouldbearguedthatthroughhisinsistenceonseeingEuro-
pe
onthepartoftheCreeks;proclaimedatthismomentincor:se-
quenceofRussianintrigues, asisprovedbythelately
conspiracy of the priest Athanasius, and proclaimed too
the
ryoftheonewithoutwritingthehistoryoftheother.
lnRusstathesameidentityprevails,althoughthere,incontra-
nlE GREEK I NS URRECTI ON 5 3
dis
tin
ctiontotheyzantineEmpire,theChurchhasbeentrans-
tor
ed
into the mere tool of the State, the instrument of
subiu
gationathomeandofaggressionabroad.lntheOttoman
l
pir
ein conformitywiththe Orientalnotions oftheTurks,
the yzantine theocracy has been allowed to develop itself
to such a degree, that the parson of a parish is at the same
tie the i udge, themayor,the teacher, theexecutoroftesta-
ents, the assessor oftaxes, the ubiquitous factotum ofcivil
|||e, not the servant, but the master of all work. The main
reproach to be castupontheTurks in thisregardis notthat
theyhavecrippledtheprivilegesoftheChristianpriesthood,but,
onthecontrary,thatundertheirrulethisall-embracingoppres-
sivetutelage,control,andinterferenceofthe Churchhasbeen
permitted to absorb thewhole sphere ofsocial existence. Mr.
Fa|lmerayerveryamusinglytellsus,inhisOrientalische Briefe,25
howaCreekpriestwasquiteastonishedwhenhe informedhim
thattheLatinclergy enioyed no civilauthority at all,andhad
toperformnoprofane business. 'How,exclaimedthepriest,
'doourLatinbrethrencontrivetokilltime?
ltisplainthenthattointroduce anewcivilcodeinTurkey,
a code altogether abstracted from religion, and based on a
completeseparationofStateandChurch,wouldbenotonlyto
abol|sh Mahometanism, but also to break down the Creek
Church as now established in that Empire. Can any one be
credalousenoughto believeingoodearnestthatthetimidand
teactionaryvaletudinariansofthepresentritishCovernment
have ever conceived the idea of undertaking such a gigantic
task, involving a perfect social revolution, in a country like
Turkey? Thenotion is absurd. They can only entertain itfor
thepurposeofthrowingdustinthe eyesoftheEnglishpeople
and otEurope.
54 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
Declaration of War. -On the History of the
Eastern Question
PublishedApril: s, :ksa
Warhasatlengthbeendeclared.'TheRoyalMessagewas
yesterdayinbothHousesofParliament;byLordAberdeen
theLords,andbyLord;.Russellinthe Commons.lt
ltisacuriousfactthatthesameeveningonwhichtheRoyal
Message wasdeliveredin the Commons,theCovernment suf-
leredtheirnrstdefeat inthepresentsession;thesecondreading
ott|ePoor-SettlementandRemovalbillhaving,notwithstand-
ina
theeffortsoftheCovernment,been adj ournedto the zkth
otApril,byadivisionofzooto: k,. Thepersontowhomthe
Covernment is indebted for this defeat, is no other than my
LordPalmerston. 'Hislordship,says The Times ofthisday,
|asmanaged toputhimselfandhiscolleagues between two
nres |theToriesandthelrishparty without muchprospect of
leavingthemtosettleitbetweenthemselves.
We are informed that on the :zth inst. a treaty of triple
alliancewas signed between france, EnglandandTurkey, but
t|at,notwithstandingthepersonalapplicationofthe Sultanto
the Crand Mufti, the latter supported by the corps of the
I|euas,
refusedtoissuehisfetva30 sanctioningthestipulation
aboutthechangesinthesituationoftheChristiansinTurkey,
as being incontradictionwiththepreceptsoftheKoran. This
inte|ligencemustbe lookeduponasbeingthemoreimportant,
asitcausedLordDerbytomakethefollowingobservation:
I will only express my earnest anxiety that the Government will
state whether there is any truth in the report that has been
circulated during the last few days that in this convention entered
into between England, France and Turkey, there are articles
which will be of a nature to establish a protectorate on our part
as
objectionable at least, as that which, on the part of Russia, we
have protested against.
The Times ofto-day, whiledeclaringthatthe policy ofthe
Cov
ernment is directly opposed to that of Lord Derby adds:
`We
should deeply regret ifthe bigotry oftheMufti or the
Uleuas succeeded in opposing any serious resistance to this
policy.
In
order to understand both the nature of the relations
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
betweentheTurkish
Covernmentandthespiritual
fTurkey,
ndthedtf6cultiesinwhichtheformeris
t
n
mvolve,
thegeographya
dethnographyofthevarious
g
tothestmpeandconvententdistinctionoftwonationsand
two c
es.
f h
r y, t.e.t eenemy.lslamrsmproscribesthe
o t e ln6dels, constituting a state of permanent
betw
oftheerberStates`'weretheholyNeetof
H
b
ow,then,tsteetstenceofChristiansubiectsofthePorte
ereconciledwtththeKoran?'lfatow
h
I
.
I
n, sayst e+wUUU8I egtsatton,
surrnders by capitulation, and its habitants consent to become
..
s, tha
.
t is, subjects of a Mussulman prince without aban
ta
h
eprs. a town is conquered by force, the inhabitants retain
elr
.
c
.
urc es, but only as places of abode or refuge, without
permiSSIOn to worship.
ma
.tntinoplehavingsu
renderedbycapitulation,asinlike
.
asth
greaterporttonofEuropeanTurkey theCh
trans there e
h
ns
njoyt e prrvtege ofliving as rayahs, under the
CLA
RATl ON OF WAR
D
5 7
1url
isb
Covernment. This privilege they have exclusively by
itt
ue
oftheiragreeingtoaccepttheMussulmanprotection.lt
s
tberefore,owingtothiscircumstancealone,thattheChris-
..
-
submit to begoverned by the Mussulmans accordingto
Mussu|man law, that the patriarch of Constantinople, their
sp
iritualchief, isatthesametimetheirpoliticalrepresentative
aod
tbeirChief1ustice. Wherever,inthe OttomanEmpire,we
--+an agglomeration ofCreek rayahs, the Archbishops and
isbopsarebylawmembers oftheMunicipalCouncils, and,
uodertbedirectionofthepatriarch,'watch]overtherepartition
oftbetaxesimposedupontheCreeks.Thepatriarchisrespon-
sib|etothePorteastotheconductofhisco-religionists.lnvested
witbtherightofiudgingtherayahsofhisChurch,hedelegates
tbis rigbt to the metropolitans and bishops, in tbe limits of
tbeitdioceses,theirsentencesbeingobligatoryfortheexecutive
ofhcers,kadis,`etc. ,oftbePortetocarryout.Thepunishments
wbichtheyhavetherighttopronounceare6nes,imprisonment,
tbe bastinade,and exile. esides, theirownchurchgivesthem
tbe power of excommunication. lndependent of the produce
ofthe6nes,theyreceivevariabletaxesonthecivilandcommer-
cial law-suits. Everyhierarchic scale among theclergyhas its
uoneyedprice.ThepatriarchpaystotheDivanaheavytribute
in orderto obtainhis investiture, buthe sells, inhis turn,the
atcbbishopricsandbishopricstotheclergyofhisworship.The
latter indemnify themselves by the sale of subaltern dignities
and the tribute exactedfrom the popes. These, again, sell by
retail tbe power they have bought from their superiors, and
traf6cinall actsoftheirministry,suchasbaptisms,marriages,
divorces,andtestaments.
lt is evident from this expose that this fabric oftheocracy
ovetthe CreekChristians ofTurkey, andthewhole structure
oftbeir society, has itskeystoneinthe subi ectionoftherayah
undertbe Koran, which, in itsturn, bytreatingthem asin6-
delsi.e.,asanationonlyinareligioussense~sanctionedthe
combinedspiritualandtemporalpoweroftheirpriests.Then,
ifyouabolishtheirsubi ectionundertbeKoranbyacivileman-
cipation, you cancel at the same time their subi ection to the
c|ergy, and provoke a revolution intheir social, political and
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB
religiousrelations,which,inthe6rstinstance,mustinevitably
handthemovertoRussia.lfyousupplanttheKoranbyacode
civil, you mustoccidentalize the entirestructure ofyzantine
society.
HavingdescribedtherelationsbetweentheMussulman and
hisChristiansubj ect,thequestionarises,whataretherelations
betweentheMussulmanandtheunbelievingforeigner?
Asthe Koran treats allforeignersasfoes, nobody willdare
to present himself in a Mussulman country without having
takenhisprecautions.The6rstEuropeanmerchants,therefore,
whoriskedthechancesofcommerce with suchapeople,con-
trivedtosecurethemselvesanexceptionaltreatmentandprivi-
legesoriginallypersonal,butafterwardextendedtotheirwhole
nation. Hence the origin of capitulations. Capitulations are
imperialdiplomas,lettersofprivilege,octroyedbythePorteto
different European nations, and authorizing their subjects to
freely enterMohammedan countries, and there to pursue in
tranquillitytheir affairs, and to practice theirworship. They
differ from treaties in this essential point that they are not
reciprocalactscontradictorilydebatedbetweenthecontracting
parties, and accepted by them on the condition of mutual
advantagesandconcessions.Onthecontrary,thecapitulations
areone-sidedconcessionsonthepartoftheCovernmentgrant-
ingthem, inconsequenceofwhichtheymay berevokedatits
pleasure The Porte has, indeed, atseveraltimesnulli6edthe
privilegesgrantedtoone nation, byextendingthemto others,
orrepealedthemaltogetherbyrefusingtocontinuetheirappli-
cation. This precarious character of the capitulations made
themaneternal source ofdisputes, ofcomplaints on thepart
ofEmbassadors,andofaprodigiousexchangeofcontradictory
notesand6rmans``revivedatthecommencementofeverynew
retgn.
lt was from these capitulations that arose the right of a
protectorate offoreignpowers,notovertheChristiansubj ects
ofthePorte~therayahs~butovertheirco-religionistsvisiting
Turkey or residing there as foreigners. The 6rst power that
obtained such a protectorate was france. The capitulations
between franceandthe Ottoman Porte made in t s, s, under
DECLARATI ON OF WAR
59
Solimanthe Creatand francis l; in t 6oa underAhmedl and
Henry lV; and in t 6;, under Mohammed lV andlouis XlV,
wererenewed, con6rmed, recapitulated,and augmented inthe
compilation of t;ao, called'ancientand recent capitulations
and treaties between the Court of france and the Ottoman
lorte, renewed and augmented in the year t ;ao, A.D., and
I I s , of the Hegira,` translated |the 6rst of6cial translation
sanctionedbythePorteatConstantinoplebyM.Deval,Secre-
taty lnterpreter of the King, and his 6rst Dragoman at the
OttomanPorte.Art., z ofthisagreementconstitutestheright
offrancetoaprotectorate overall monasteriesprofessing the
Frankreligionto whatevernationtheymay belong, andofthe
FrankvisitorsoftheHolyPlaces.
Russiawasthe6rstpowerthat,in t ;;a,insertedthecapitu-
|ation,imitatedaftertheexampleoffrance,intoatreaty-the
treaty of Kainardj i . Thus, in t oz, Napoleon thought 6t to
make the existence and maintenance of the capitulation the
subiect of an article oftreaty, and to give itthe character of
synallagmaticcontract.``
In what relation then does the question ofthe Holy Places
standwiththeprotectorate?
ThequestionoftheHolyShrinesisthequestionofaprotec-
totate over the religious Creek Christian communities settled
at 1erusalem, and over the buildings possessed by them on
tbe holy ground, and especially over the Church ofthe Holy
Sepulcher.ltistobeunderstoodthatpossessionheredoesnot
mean proprietorship, whichis deniedtothe Christians by the
Koran, but only the right of usufruct. This right of usufruct
excludesbynomeanstheothercommunitiesfromworshipping
in the same place; the possessors having no other privilege
besidesthatofkeepingthe keys, ofrepairingandenteringthe
edi6ces, ofkindlingtheholy lamp, ofcleaningtheroomswith
the
broom, andofspreading thecarpets, whichisanOriental
sy
mbol of possession. ln the same manner now, in which
Christianity culminates atthe Holy Place, the question ofthe
protectorateistherefoundtohaveitshighestascension.
lartsoftheHolyPlacesandoftheChurchoftheHolySepul-
cherarepossessedbythelatins,theCreeks,theArmenians,the
60 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
Abyssinians,theSyrians,andtheCopts.etweenallthesediverse
pretendentstb
ereoriginatedaconflict.ThesovereignsofEurope
whosaw,intbisreligiousquarrel,aquestionoftheirrespective
influences in the Orient, addressed themselves in the 6rst-
instance to th
e masters of the soil, to fanatic and greedy
Pashas,'' wbo abused their position. The OttomanPorte and
its agents ado
pting a most troublesome systeme de bascule37
gave iudgment in turns favorable to the Latins, Creeks, and
Armenians, aking and receiving gold from all hands, and
laughing at each of them. Hardly had the Turks granted a
6rman,acknovledgingtherightoftheLatinstothepossession
ofacontestedplace,whentheArmenianspresentedthemselves
with a heavier purse, and instantly obtained a contradictory
6rman. Same tactics with respect to the Creeks, who knew,
besides, asofnciallyrecordedindifferent6rmansofthe Porte
and "hudjets" | i udgments ofits agents, howto procure false
and apocrypb titles. On other occasions the decisions ofthe
Sultan`sCovernmentwerefrustratedbythecupidityandill-will
of the Pashas and subaltern agents in Syria. Then it became
necessary to resume negotiations, to appoint fresh commis-
saries, andto make newsacri6ces of money. WhatthePorte
formerlydidfrompecuniaryconsiderations,inour daysithas
done from fear, with a view to obtain protection and favor.
Having done iustice to the reclamations of france and the
Latins, ithastenedtomake thesame conditionsto Russiaand
theCreeks, thus attempting toescapefrom a storm which it
feltpowerlesstoencounter.There isnosanctuary, nochapel,
no stone oftheChurchoftheHolySepulcher,thathad been
leftunturnedforthepurposeofconstitutingaquarrelbetween
thedifferentChristiancommunities.
AroundtheHolySepulcherwe6ndanassemblageofallthe
various sects
ofChristianity, behind the religious pretensions
ofwhomareconcealedasmanypoliticalandnationalrivalries.
1erusalemandtheHolyPlacesareinhabitedbynationspro-
fessing religions: the Latins, the Creeks, Armenians, Copts,
Abyssinians,andSyrians.Therearez,oooCreeks,I.OOOLatins,
, soArmeniau
s, IOO Copts, zoSyrians,andzoAbyssinians~
,,aoo.
n the Ottoman Empire we 6nd : , , ;,o,ooo Creeks,
DECLARATI ON OF WAR 6r
z,aoo,ooo Armenians, andooo,ooo Latins. Each ofthese is
againsubdivided.TheCreekChurch,ofwhichltreatedabove,
theoneacknowledgingthePatriarchofConstantinople,essen-
tially differs from the Creco-Russian, whose chief spiritual
authorityistheCzar;andfromtheHellens,ofwhomtheKing
andtheSynodofAthensarethechiefauthorities.Similarly,the
LatinsaresubdividedintotheRomanCatholics,UnitedCreeks,
andMaronites; and the Armenians into Cregorian and Latin
Armenians~thesamedistinctionsholdinggoodwiththeCopts
andAbyssinians.Thethreeprevailingreligiousnationalitiesat
theHolyPlacesaretheCreeks,theLatins, andtheArmenians.
The Latin Churchmay be said torepresentprincipallyLatin
races,theCreekChurch,Slav,Turko-Slav,andHellenicraces;
andtheotherchurches,AsiaticandAfricanraces.
lmagine alltheseconicting peoples beleaguering the Holy
Sepulcher,the battleconductedbythemonks, andtheosten-
sible obiect of their rivalry being a star from the grotto of
ethlehem,atapestry, akeyofa sanctuary, an altar,a shrine,
achair,acushion~anyridiculousprecedence!
lnorderto understand sucha monasticalcrusade itisindis-
pensable to consider 6rstly the manner of their living, and
secondly, the mode of their habitation. 'All the religious
rubbishofthedifferentnations,saysarecenttraveler,
live at Jerusalem separated from each other, hostile and jealous,
a nomade population, incessantly recruited by pilgrimage or deci
mated by the plague and oppressions. The European dies or
returns to Europe after some years; the pashas and their guards
go to Damascus or Constantinople; and the Arabs fy to the
desert. Jerusalem is but a place where every one arrives to pitch
his tent and where nobody remains. Everybody in the holy city
gets his livelihood from his religion-the Greeks or Armenians
from the 1 2,000 or I3,000 pilgrims who yearly visit Jerusalem,
and the Latins from the subsidies and alms of their co-religionists
of France, Italy, etc.
esides their monasteries and sanctuaries, the Christian
nationspossessat1erusalemsmallhabitationsorcells,annexed
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, and occupied by the
monks,who have towatchday and nightthatholyabode.At
certain periodsthese monksarerelieved intheir dutybytheir
brethren. These cells have butone door, opening into the in-
terior of the Temple, while the monk guardians receive their
food from without, through some wicket. The doors of the
Church are closed, and guarded by Turks, who don't open
themexceptformoney, andclose itaccordingto theircaprice
orcupidity.
The quarrels between churchmen are the most venomous,
saidMazarin.Nowfancythesechurchmen,whonotonlyhave
toliveupon,butlivein,thesesanctuariestogether!
To 6nish the picture, be it remembered that the fathers of
the Latin Church, almost exclusively composed of Romans,
Sardinians, Neapolitans, Spaniards and Austrians, are all of
them iealous of the french protectorate, and would like to
substitutethatofAustria,SardiniaorNaples,theKingsofthe
twolattercountriesboth assumingthetitle ofKingof1erusa-
lem; andthatthesedentarypopulationof1erusalemnumbers
aboutt s, soosouls,ofwhoma,oooareMussulmansand,ooo
1ews. The Mussulmans, forming about a fourth part of the
whole, and consisting of Turks, Arabs and Moors, are, of
course, the masters in every respect, as they are in no way
affectedwiththeweakness of their Covernment atConstanti-
nople.Nothingequalsthemiseryandthesufferingsofthe1ews
at1erusalem, inhabiting the most 6lthy quarter ofthe town,
calledhareth-el-yahoud, thequarterofdirt,betweentheZion
and the Moriah, where their synagogues are situatedthe
constant obi ects of Mussulman oppression and intolerance,
insulted by the Creeks, persecuted by the Latins, and living
onlyuponthescantyalmstransmittedbytheirEuropeanbreth-
ren.The1ews,however,arenotnatives,butfromdiherentand
distant countries, and are only attracted to 1erusalem by the
desireofinhabitingtheValleyof1ehosaphat, andto dieinthe
veryplaceswheretheredemptoristobeexpected. 'Attending
theirdeath,saysafrenchauthor,'theysufferandpray.Their
regards turnedto thatmountain ofMoriah, where once rose
thetempleofSolomon,andwhichtheydarenotapproach,they
[ REVOLUTI ON I N SPAI N. -BOMARSUND)
shedtearsonthemisfortunesofZion,andtheirdispersionover
theworld.
To make these 1ews more miserable, England andPrussia
appointed, in :ao, an Anglican bishop at1erusalem, whose
avowedobi ectistheirconversion.Hewasdreadfullythrashed
in : as, and sneered at alike by1ews, Christians andTurks.
Hemay,infact,bestatedtohavebeenthe6rstandonlycause
ofaunionbetweenallthereligionsat1erusalem.
ltwillnowbeunderstoodwhythecommonworshipofthe
ChristiansattheHolyPlacesresolvesitselfinto acontinuance
of desperate lrish rows between the diverse sections of the
faithful;butthat,ontheotherhand, thesesacredrowsmerely
conceal a profane battle, not only of nations but of races;
and that the Protectorate of the Holy Places which appears
ridiculoustothe OccidentbutallimportanttotheOrientalsis
one ofthe phases ofthe Oriental question incessantly repro-
duced,constantlystifled,butneversolved.
[Revolution in Spain. -Bomarsund]
PublishedSeptembera, t sa
The 'leadersoftheAssemblee Nationale, Times, andJournal
des Debats prove thatneitherthepure Russianparty, northe
Russo-Coburgparty, northeConstitutionalpartyaresatis6ed
withthecourse ofthe Spanishrevolution. fromthis itwould
appear that there is some chance for Spain, notwithstanding
thecontradictionofappearances.
Onthe th 'ofAugust]adeputationfromtheUnionClub`
waited on Espartero`' to present an address calling for the
adoptionofuniversa|suffrage.Numerouspetitionstothesame
effect were pouring in. Consequently, a long and animated
debatetookplaceattheCouncilofMinisters.utthepartisans
ofuniversalsuffrage,aswellasthepartisansoftheelectionlaw
of t as, have been beaten. The Madrid Gaceta publishes a
decreefortheconvocationoftheCortes"onthethofNovem-
ber preceded by an expose addressed to the Queen. At the
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
elections,the lawof: ,;willbefollowed,with slightmodi6-
cations. The Cortes are to be one Constituent Assembly, the
legislativefunctionsoftheSenatebeingsuppressed.Twopara-
graphsofthelawof: ashavebeenpreserved,viz.:themode
offormingtheelectoralmesas | boardsreceivingthevotesand
publishingthereturns,andthenumberofdeputies;onedeputy
tobeelectedforevery s,ooo souls.The Assemblywill thusbe
composedoffromazotoa,omembers.Accordingtoacircular
ofSantaCruz,theMinisterofthelnterior,theelectorsmustbe
registeredbythe6thofSeptember.Aftertheveri6cationofthe
lists by the provincial deputations, the electoral lists will be
closedonthe : zthofSeptember.Theelectionswilltakeplace
on the , dof October, at the chief localities ofthe Electoral
Districts. The scrutiny will be proceeded to on the : 6th of
October,inthecapitalofeachprovince. lncaseofconf|icting
elections, the new proceedings which will thereby benecessi-
tated,mustbeterminatedbythe,othofOctober.Theexpose
states expressly that 'the Cortes of: sa, like those of : ,;,
will savethemonarchy; they will be a newbond between the
throne andthenation, obi ects which cannotbe questionedor
disputed.
lnotherwords,theCovernmentforbidsthediscussionofthe
dynastic question; hence, The Times concludes the contrary,
supposing that the question willnow be between the present
dynastyornodynastyatall~aneventualitywhich,itisscarcely
necessary to remark, in6nitely displeases and disappoints the
calculationsofThe Times.
TheElectoral lawof : , ;limits thefranchise by the con-
ditions of having a household, the payment of the mayores
cuotas |theshiptaxesleviedbytheState , andtheageoftwenty-
6veyears.Therearefurtherentitledtoavote:themembersof
the Spanish Academies of History and of the Artes Nobles,
doctors,licentiatesinthefacultiesofDivinity,law,ofmedicine,
membersofecclesiasticalchapters,parochialcuratesandtheir
assistantclergy,magistratesandadvocatesoftwoyears'stand-
ing;of6cersofthearmyofacertainstanding,whetheronservice
or the retired list; physicians, surgeons, apothecaries of two
years' standing; architects, painters and sculptors, honoured
[ REVOLUTI ON I N SPAI N. -BOMARSUND]
withthemembershipofanacademy;professorsandmastersin
anyeducationalestablishment,supported bythepublicfunds.
Disquali6ed forthevotebythesamelawaredefaulterstothe
commonpueblo-fund,ortolocaltaxation,bankrupts,persons
interdictedbythecourtsoflawformoral orcivilincapacity;
lastly,allpersonsundersentence.
ltistruethatthisdecreedoesnotproclaimuniversalsuffrage,
and that it removes the dynastic question from the forum of
the Cortes. Still itis doubtfulthateven thisAssemblywill do.
If theSpanishCortesforborefrominterferingwiththeCrown
in : : z, itwas because the Crown was only nominally rep-
resented~the KinghaxingbeenabsentforyearsfromSpanish
soil.lftheyforbore in : , ;, itwasbecausetheyhadto settle
with absolute monarchy before they could think of settling
withthe constitutional monarchy. Withregardto the general
situation, The Times has truly good reasons to deplore the
absenceoffrenchcentralizationinSpain,andthatconsequently
even a victory over revolution in the capital decides nothing
withrespecttotheprovinces,solongasthatstateof'anarchy
survivestherewithoutwhichnorevolutioncansucceed.
Thereare,ofcourse,someincidentsintheSpanishrevolution
peculiarlybelongingtothem.forinstance,thecombinationof
robberywithrevolutionarytransactionsaconnectionwhich
sprungupintheguerrillawarsagainstthefrenchinvasions,'
andwhichwascontinuedbythe 'royalists in : z,, andthe
Carlists since : , s . No surprisewilltherefore befeltatthe
informationthatgreatdisordershaveoccurred at Tortosa, in
Lower Catalonia. TheJunta Popular of that city says, in its
proclamation of , : st 1uly: 'A band of miserable assassins,
availingthemselvesforpretextoftheabolitionoftheindirect
taxes, have seized the town, and trampled upon all laws of
society.Plunder,assassination,incendiarismhavemarkedtheir
steps.
Order,however,wassoonrestoredbythe1unta~thecitizens
armingthemselvesandcomingtotherescueofthefeeblegarri-
sonoftheplace.Amilitarycommissionissitting,chargedwith
the pursuit and punishment ofthe authors ofthecatastrophe
of1uly, o.Thiscircumstanceshas,ofcourse,givenanoccasion
66 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
tothereactionaryiournalsforvirtuousdeclamation.Howlittle
theyarewarrantedinthisproceedingmaybeinferredfromthe
remark of the Messager de Bayonne, that the Carlists have
raisedtheir bannerintheprovincesofCatalonia, Aragonand
Valencia, and precisely in the same contiguous mountains
where they had their chief nest in the old Carlist wars. lt
was the Carlists who gave origin to the ladrones facciosos,
that
enterthepalacetheyweredrivenback bythetroopsof
the lme, whonred upon them and theirescort. This incident
gavethesignalfortheinsurrection.Theordertocommencethe
building of barricades was given at 7 in the evening by the
Cortes,whosemeetingwasdispersedimmediatelyafterwardby
thetroopsofO'onnell.Thebattlecommencedthesamenight,
only one battalion ofthe National Militia ioining the Royal
troops.Itshould benoted thatasearlyasthemorning ofthe
I 3 th,SenorEscosura,theEsparteristMinister ofthelnterior
hadtelegraphedtoarcelonaandSaragossathatacoupd'eta
wasathand,andthattheymustpreparetoresistit.Atthehead
oftheMadridinsurgentswereSenorMadozandCen.Valdez,
thebrotherofEscosura.lnshort,therecanbenodoubtthatthe
r
istancetoth
ecoupd'etatoriginatedwiththeEsparterists,the
crtrzens and Lrberals in general. While they, with the militia
engagedthelineacrossMadridfromeasttowest,theworkme
underPucheta occupiedthesouthandpartofthenorthsideof
thetown.
Onthemorning ofthe : sth, O'Donnell tookthe initiative.
Even by the partial testimony of the Debats, O'Donnell ob-
tained no marked advantage duringthe nrst halfofthe day.
Suddenly,atabout I o`clock, withoutanyperceptiblereason,
theransoftheN
tionalMilitiawerebroken;at2 o'clockthey
fthe
llawararefrom
the
mountainsofSpainintothestreetsofMadnd.Themsurrectron,
dispersed, faced about undersome arch ofa church, in some
narrowlane, onthe staircase ofa house, and there defended
itselftothedeath.
At arcelonathe6ghtingwasstillmoreintense,therebeing
no leadership at all. Militarily, this insurrection, like all pre-
vious risingsinarcelona,perished bythefactofthe citad
el,
fortMonti uick,remaininginthehandsofthearmy.TheVO~
lence of the struggle is characterized by the burning of
: so soldiers in their barracks at Cracia, a sub
rb which the
insurgentshotlycontested,after being already drslodgedfrom
arcelona.lt deserves mentionthat, while atMadrid '. . . ] the
proletarianswerebetrayedanddesertedbythebourgeoisie,the
weavers of arcelona declared at the very outset that they
would have nothing to do with a movement set on foot by
Esparterists, and insisted on the declaration ofthe Republic.
Thisbeingrefused,they,withtheexceptionofsomewhocould
notresistthesmellofpowder,remainedpassivespectators of
thebattle,whichwasthuslostallinsurrectionsatarcelona
beingdecidedbyits zo,oooweavers.
r
premature and had against it the massesto whose support rt
appealed,those masses beingboundaltogethertothe Church
andtheCrown.SodeeplyrootedwasroyaltyinSpain,thatthe
struggle between old and modern society, to b
come s
rious,
needed a testament offerdinand Vll, and the mcarnatron of
theantagonisticprinciplesintwodynasticbranches,
th
Carlist
and Cristina ones. Even to combat for a new prmcrple the
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Spaniardwantedatime-honoredstandard.Underthesebanners
the strugg|e was fought out, from t , , to t a,. Then there
wasanendofrevolution,andthenewdynastywasallowedits
trialfromt a,to t sa. lntherevo|utionof1uly, t sa, there
wasthusnecessari|yimpliedanattackonthenewdynasty;but
innocentlsabe|wascoveredbythehatredconcentratedonher
mother,andthepeoplereve|ednotonlyintheirownemanci-
pation but also in that of lsabel from her mother and the
camarilla.
ln t s 6the cloak had fallen and lsabel herself confronted
the peop|e by the coup d'etat that fomented the revo|ution.
She proved theworthy,coo||y cruel, and cowardly hypocrite
daughter offerdinand Vll, who was so much given to lying
thatnotwithstandinghisbigotryhecouldneverconvincehim-
self,evenwiththeaidoftheHolylnquisition,thatsuchexalted
personagesas1esusChristandhisApost|eshadspokentruth.
Even Murat's massacre of the Madrilenos in t o dwindles
intoaninsignincantriotbythesideofthebutcheriesofthet a
t6th 1uly, smiled upon by the innocent lsabel. Those days
sounded the death-knell of royalty in Spain. There are only
theimbeci|e|egitimistsofEuropeimaginingthatlsabelhaving
fallen, Don Carlos may rise. They are forever thinking that
whenthelastmanifestationofaprinciplediesaway,itisonly
togiveitsprimitivemanifestationanotherturn.
lnt s6,theSpanishrevolutionhaslostnotonlyitsdynastic,
but also its military character. Why the army played such a
prominent partin Spanishrevolutions, may betold in a very
few words. The o|d institution of the Captain-Ceneralships,
whichmadethecaptains thepashas oftheir respective prov-
inces;thewarofindependenceagainstfrance,whichnoton|y
made the army theprincipa| instrument of national defense,
butalso the nrstrevolutionaryorganizationandthecenter of
revolutionary action in Spain; the conspiracies of t ta~to,
all emanating from the army; the dynastic war oft , , ~ao,
depending on the armies of both sides; the isolation of the
liberalbourgeoisieforcingthemto employthe bayonetsofthe
armyagainstc|ergyandpeasantryinthecountry;thenecessity
forCristina andthecamarillato employbayonetsagainstthe
[ REVOLUTI ON I N SPAI N] [ I I ]
Liberals, as the Liberals had employed bayonets against the
peasants; the tradition growing out of a|l these precedents;
thesewerethe causeswhichimpressed onrevolutionin Spain
a military, and onthe army a pretorian character. Ti|l t sa,
revo|ution always originated with the army, and its different
manifestationsuptothattimeofferednoexternalsignofdiffer-
ence beyond the grade in the army whence they originated.
Evenin t sa the nrst impulse stillproceededfromthe army,
butthereisthe Manzanares manifestoofO' Donnel|to attest
how slender the base ol the military preponderance in the
Spanish revolution had become. Under what conditions was
O'Donnellnna|lyallowedtostayhisscarcelyequivoca|prom-
enadefromVicalvarotothePortuguesefrontiers,andtobring
backthearmytoMadrid?Onlyonthepromisetoimmediately
reduceit,toreplaceitbytheNationalCuard,andnottoallow
thefruitsoftherevolution,tobesharedbythegenerals.lfthe
revolutionoft sa connned itselfthustotheexpressionofits
distrust,onlytwoyearslater,itnndsitselfopenlyanddirectly
attackedbythatarmyanarmythathasnowworthilyentered
thelists bythesideofthe Croats ofRadetzky,theAfricansof
onaparte, and the Pomeranians of Wrangel. How far the
gloriesofitsnewpositionareappreciatedbytheSpanisharmy,
isprovedbytherebellionofaregimentatMadrid,onthezothof
1uly,which,notbeingsatisnedwiththemerecigarros oflsabe|,
struckforthenvefrancpieces,andsausagesofonaparte,and
gotthem,too.
Thistime,then,thearmyhas been all againstthe people,
or indeed, it has onlyfoughtagainstthem, andtheNational
,
a + +
Cuards. lnshort,there is anendofthe revolutronarymrssron
ofthe Spanisharmy.ThemaninwhomcenteredthemiIitary,
thedynastic,andthebourgeoisliberalcharacteroftheSpanish
revolution~Esparterohas now sunk even lower than the
common law of fate would have enabled his most intimate
connoisseurs to anticipate. lf, as is generally rumored, and is
veryprobable,theEsparteristsareabouttorallyunderO'Don-
nell,theywillhaveconnrmedtheirsuicidebyanofncialactof
theirown.Theywil|notsavehim.
The next European revolution will nnd Spainmatured for
DI S PATC HES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
cooperation with it. The years : sa and :s6 were phasesof
transitionshehadtopassthroughtoarriveatthatmaturity.
[On Italian Unity]
Published1anuaryza,: s o
Liketheboyandhiswolfalarm,theltalianshavesorepeatedly
af6rmed that'ltalyisrifewithagitation, and ontheeveofa
revolution,thecrownedheadsofEuropehavesooftenprated
abouta 'settlement ofthe ltalian Question, thatitwill not
be surprising ifthe actual appearance of the wolf should be
unheeded, andifarealrevolutionandageneralEuropeanwar
shouldbreakoutandtakeusunawares!TheEuropeanaspectof
: so isdecidedlywarlike,and,shouldthe hostilebearing,the
apparent preparations of france and Piedmont for war with
Austria,endinsmoke,itisnotimprobablethattheburninghate
oftheltalianstowardtheiroppressors,combinedwiththeirever-
increasingsuffering, will 6ndventinageneralrevolution.We
limit ourselves to a not improbable-for, if hope deferred
makeththeheartsick,fulnllmentofprophecydeferredmaketh
themindskeptical.Still,ifwearetocreditthereportsofEnglish,
ltalianandfrenchiournals,themoralconditionofNaplesisa
facsimile ofherphysicalstructure,andatorrentofrevolutionary
lavawouldoccasionnomoresurprisethanwouldafresherup-
tionofoldVesuvius.WritersfromthePapalStatesdwellindetail
ontheincreasing abusesofclericalgovernment,andthedeep-
rootedbeliefoftheRomanpopulationthatreformorameliora-
tionisimpossible~thatatotaloverthrowofsaidgovernmentis
thesoleremedy~thatthisremedywouldhavebeenadminis-
teredlongsince,butforthepresenceofSwiss,frenchandAus-
triantroops~andthat,inspiteofthesematerialobstacles,such
anattemptmaybemadeatanydayoratanyhour.
fromVeniceand Lombardy,thetidingsaremorede6nite
andremind usforciblyofthesymptomsthatmarkedtheclose
of : a;and the commencement of :a in these provinces.
AbstinencefromtheuseofAustriantobaccoandmanufactures
[ ON I TALI AN UNI TY]
isuniversal,alsoproclamationstothepopulacetorefrainfrom
placesofpublicamusement~studiedproofs ofhate offeredto
theArchduke`andtoallAustrianof6cialsarecarriedtosuch
apointthatPrinceAlfonsoParcia,anltaliannoblemandevoted
to the House of Hapsburg, dared not, in the public streets,
removehishatastheArchduchesspassed,thepunishmentfor
whichmisdemeanor,administeredintheformofanorderfrom
theArchdukeforthePrince'simmediatedeparturefromMilan,
actsasanincentivetohisclasstoiointhepopularcryoffuori
i Tedeschi. 58 lfweaddtothesemutedemonstrationsofpopular
feelingthedailyquarrelsbetweenthepeopleandthesoldiery,
invariablyprovoked by the former, therevoltofthestudents
of Pavia, and the consequent closing of the Universities, we
havebefore our eyesareenactmentofthe prologueto the 6ve
daysofMilanin : a.
utwhilewebelievethatltalycannotremainforeveri nher
presentcondition,sincethelongestlanemusthaveaturning~
whileweknowthatactiveorganizationisgoingonthroughout
thepeninsula,wearenotpreparedto saywhetherthesemani-
festationsareentirelythespontaneousebullitionsofthepopu-
larwill,orwhethertheyarestimulated bytheagentsofLouis
Napoleonand ofhis ally, Count Cavour.`'1udgingfrom ap-
pearances,Piedmont,backedbyfrance,andperhapsbyRussia,
meditates an attack on Austria in the Spring. from the
Emperor's reception of the Austrian Embassador at Paris, it
would seem that he harbors no friendly designs toward the
Covernment represented by M. Htibner;'" from the concen-
trationofsopowerfulaforceatAlgiers, itisnotunnaturalto
suppose that hostilities to Austria would commence with an
attack on her ltalian provinces; the warlike preparations of
Piedmont, the all butdeclarationsofwartoAustriathatema-
nate daily from the ofncial and semi-ofncial portion of the
Piedmontese press,givecolortothesurmise thattheKingwill
availhimselfofthe6rstpretexttocrosstheTicino.''Moreover,
the report that Caribaldi,' the hero of Montevideo and of
Rome, has been summoned to Turin, is con6rmed from pri-
vate and reliable sources. Cavour has had an interview with
Caribaldi,informedhimoftheprospectsofaspeedywar, and
86 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
has suggested to him the wisdom ofcollecting and organizing
volunteers. Austria, one ofthe chief parties concerned, gives
evidentproofthatshelendscredencetotherumors.lnaddition
toher 1 20,000 men,concentratedinherltalianprovinces,she
isaugmenting herforcesbyeveryconceivablemeans; andhas
iust pushed forward a reinforcement of 30,000. Thedefenses
ofVenice,Trieste, &c., are beingincreasedand strengthened;
and in all her other provinces land-owners and trainers are
called on to bring forward their studs, as saddle-horses are
required forthe cavalry and pioneers. And while, on the one
hand, she omits no preparations forresistance in a 'prudent
Austrian way, she is also providing for a possible defeat.
from Prussia, the Piedmont of Cermany, whose interestsare
diametrical|y opposed to her own, she can, atbest, hope but
forneutrality.ThemissionofherEmbassador,aronSeebach,
toStPetersburg,seemstohavefailedutterlytowinaprospect
ofsuccessinthecase ofattack.Theschemesofthe Czar,` in
morewaysthanone, and nottheleastonthequestionofthe
Mediterranean, where he, too, has cast anchor, coincide too
nearlywiththoseofhisex-opponent,nowfastally,inParis,to
permithimto defend 'thegratefulAustria. Thewell-known
sympathyoftheEnglishpeople withtheltaliansintheirhatred
ofthe giogo tedesco64 renders it very doubtful whether any
ritishMinistrywoulddaretosupportAustria,anxiousasone
andallwouldbetodoso.Moreover,Austria,incommonwith
manyothers,hasshrewdsuspicionsthatthewould-be'avenger
ofWaterloo'` has by no means lost sight of his anxiety for
thehumiliationof'perndiousAlbion~that, notchoosingto
beard the lion in his den, he will not shrink from hurling
denance at him in the East, attacking, in coniunction with
Russia,theTurkishEmpire|despitehisoathsto maintainthat
empire inviolate , thus bringing half the ritish forces into
action on the Eastern battle-neld, while from Cherbourg he
keeps the other half in forced inaction, guarding the ritish
coasts. Therefore, in the case of actual war, Austria has the
uncomfortable feelingthatshemustrelyonherselfalone; and
oneofhermanyexpedientsforsufferingtheleastpossibleloss,
incaseofdefeat, isworthyofnoticeforitsimpudentsagacity.
[ ON I TALI AN UNI TY]
The barracks, palaces, arsenals and other ofncial buildings
throughoutVenetianLombardy,theerectionandmaintenance
ofwhichhavetaxedtheltaliansexorbitantly,are,nevertheless,
considered the property of the Empire. At this moment the
Covernmentis compelling the differentmunicipalitiesto pur-
chase all these buildings at a fabulous price, alleging as its
motive that it intendsto rent insteadofowning them forthe
future.Whether the municipalities will ever see a farthingof
therent, evenifAustriaretainshersway, is doubtful atbest;
but, should she be driven from all, or from any part of her
ltalian territory, she will congratulate herself on her cunning
schemeforconvertinga largeportionofherforfeitedtreasure
intoportablecash.ltisasserted,moreover,thatsheisusingher
utmosteffortstoinspirethePope,theKingofNaples,theDukes
ofTuscany, Parma and Modena, withher ownresolutionto
resisttotheuttermostallattemptsonthepartofthepeopleor
the crowned heads to change the existing order ofthings in
ltaly. ut none knows better than Austria herself how bad
would be the best efforts of these poor tools to make head
againstthetideofpopularinsurrectionorforeigninterference.
And, while war on Austria is the fervent aspiration ofevery
true ltalian heart, we cannot doubt that a large mai ority of
ltalianslookupontheprospectsofawar,begunbyfranceand
Piedmont, as doubtful, to say the least, in its results. While
noneconscientiously believethatthemurderer ofRome''can
byanyhumanprocessbetransformedintotheSaviorofLom-
bardy,asmallfactionfavorLouisNapoleon'sdesignsofplacing
MuratonthethroneofNaples,professtobelieveinhisinten-
tiontoremovethePopefromltalyortoconnnehimtotheCity
andCampagnaofRome,andofassistingPiedmonttoaddthe
wholeofNorthernltalytoherdominions.Thenthereisaparty,
smallbuthonest,whoimaginethattheideaofanltaliancrown
dazzles Victor Emmanuel, as it was supposed to dazzle his
father;who believethathe anxiously awaitsthenrstopportu-
nity to unsheathe his sword for its attainment, and that it is
withthis sole end in view thatthe King will avail himself of
help from france, or any other help, to achieve this coveted
treasure.Amuchlargerclass,numberingadherentsthtoughout
88 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
the oppressed provinces oflta|y, especia||y in Lombardy and
amongtheLombardemigration,havingnoparticularfaithin
the PiedmonteseKingorPiedmontesemonarchy,yetsay. 'e
theiraimswhattheymay,Piedmonthas anarmyofIOO.OOO
men, a navy, arsenals, andtreasure; let her throwdown the
gauntlettoAustria;wewillfollowhertothebatt|e-neld.ifshe
is faithful, she sha|l have her reward; ifshefal|sshortofher
mission,thenationwil|bestrongenoughtocontinuethebattle
oncebegunandfo|lowituptovictory."
TheltalianNationalparty,'onthecontrary,denounceasa
nationa| calamity the inaugurationofanltalianWaroflnde-
pendenceundertheauspicesoffranceandPiedmont.Thepoint
at issue with them is not, as is often erroneously supposed,
whether ltaly, once free from the foreigners, shall be united
under a republican or monarchical form of government, but
thatthemeansproposedmustfailtowinltalyfortheltalians,
and can at best on|y exchange one foreign yoke foranother
equally oppressive. They believe that the man of the zd of
Decemberwi|lnevermakewaratall, unlesscompelledbythe
growing impatience ofhis army, or bythe threatening aspect
ofthefrenchpeople;that,thuscompelled, hischoiceofltaly
asthetheaterofwarwouldhaveforits obiectthe fu|nllment
of his uncle's scheme~the making of the Mediterranean a
'french |ake~whichendwould beaccomp|ishedbyseating
Murat on the throne of Nap|es; that, in dictating terms to
Austria,heseeksthecompletionofhisrevenge,commencedin
theCrimea,forthetreatiesofI:5, whenAustriawasoneof
the parties who dictated to france terms humi|iating in the
extreme for the onaparte family. They |ook upon Piedmont
asthemerecat's-pawoffrance~convincedthat,hisownends
achieved,notdaringto assistltalytoattainthatlibertywhich
he denies to france, Napoleon lll wi|| conclude a peace with
Austriaandstiflealleffortsoftheltalianstocarry onthewar.
lfAustria sha|| have at a|l maintained her ground, Piedmont
mustcontentherselfwiththeadditionoftheDuchiesofParma
and Modena to her presentterritory; but, should Austria be
worstedinthenght,thatpeacewi|lbeconcludedontheAdige,
whichwillleavethewholeofVeniceandpartofLombardyin
[ ON I TALI AN UNITY]
the handsofthehatedAustrians.Thispeace upon the Adige,
theyafnrm, isalreadytacitlyagreedonbetweenPiedmontand
france.Conndentasthispartyfeelsofthetriumphofthenation
inthe eventofa nationa| war againstAustria, they maintain
that, should that war be commenced with Napo|eon for
lnspirer,andtheKingofSardiniaforDictator,the ltalianswill
haveputitoutoftheirownpowertomoveastepinopposition
totheir acceptedheads,toimpedeinanymannerthewilesof
diplomacy,thecapitulations,treatiesandthererivetingoftheir
chains which must resu|t therefrom; and they point to the
conductofPiedmonttowardVeniceandMi|anin: a, andat
Novara in : ao, andurgetheir countrymen to pront by that
bitterexperienceoftheirfataltrustinprinces. Alltheirefforts
aredirectedto complete the organizationofthepeninsula, to
induce the people to unite in one supreme effort, and not to
commence the struggle until they feel themselves capable of
initiatingthegreatnationalinsurrectionwhich,whiledeposing
thePope,omba & Co., wouldrenderthe armies,naviesand
warmaterialoftherespectiveprovincesavailablefortheexter-
mination oftheforeignfoe. Regarding the Piedmontese army
andpeop|easardentchampionsoflta|ianliberty,theyfeelthat
theKingofPiedmontwi|lthushaveamplescopeforaidingthe
freedom and independence of lta|y, ifhe chooses; should he
prove reactionary, they know that the army and people will
sidewiththenation.Shouldhei ustifythefaithreposedinhim
byhispartisans,theltalians willnotbebackwardintestifying
theirgratitudeina tangible form. lnany case, the nation will
beinasituationtodecideonitsowndestinies,andfee|ing, as
theydo,thata successfulrevolutioninltalywillbethesignal
forageneralstruggleonthepartofalltheoppressednationali-
ties toridthemselvesoftheiroppressors,theyhavenofearof
interferenceonthepartoffrance, sinceNapoleonlllwillhave
toomuchhomebusinessonhishandstomeddlewiththeaffairs
ofothernations,evenforthefurtheranceofhisownambitious
aims.A chi tocca-tocca?68 astheltalianssay.Wewil|notven-
turetopredictwhethertherevolutionistsortheregulararmies
will appear nrst on the neld. What seems pretty certain is,
thatawarbeguninany partofEuropewil| notendwhere it
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
commences; and if, indeed, that war is inevitable, our sincere
andheartfeltdesire is,thatitmaybringabouta trueandiust
settlement of the ltalian question and of various other ques-
tions, which, until settled, will continue from time to time
to disturb the peace ofEurope, and consequently impede the
progressandprosperityofthewholecivilizedworld.
A Historic Parallel
PublishedMarch , : , : so
WhenLouisNapoleon,emulatingthelessluckyMarinofaliero
ofVenice,'' vaulted to a throne by periury and treason, by
midnight conspiracy and the seizure of the incorruptible
members of the Assembly in their beds, backed by an over-
whelming display of military force in the streetsofParis, the
sovereignprinces and aristocracies ofEurope, the greatland-
owners, manufacturers, rentiers and stockiobbers, almost to
a man, exulted in his success as their own. 'The crimes are
his, was their general chuckle, 'but their fruits are ours.
Louis Napoleon reigns in theTuileries;while we reign even
moresecurelyanddespoticallyonourdomains,inourfactories,
on the ourse, and in our counting-houses. Down with all
Socialism! Vive rEmpereur!"
AndnexttotheMilitary,thefortunateusurperpliedallhis
artstoattachtherichandpowerful,thethriftyandspeculating,
tohisstandard.'TheEmpireispeace,heexclaimed,andthe
millionaires almost deined him. 'Our very dear son in 1esus
Christ, thePope affectionately termed him; and the Roman
Catholicpriesthoodsalutedhim (pro ter. ) witheveryexpres-
sion ofconndence and devotion. Stocksrose; anks ofCredit
Mobilier sprang up and flourished; millions were made at a
dash ofthe peninnew railroads, a new slave-trade, and new
speculationsofeverysort.TheritishAristocracy,turningtheir
back onthe past, doffedtheir caps andpulledtheirforelocks
tothenewonaparte;hepaidafamilyvisitto QueenVictoria
andwasfeastedbytheCityofLondon;theExchangetouched
A HI STORI C PARALLEL 91
glasseswith the ourse;therewas general congratulationand
hand-shakingamongthe apostlesofstocki obbing, anda con-
victionthatthe golden calf had nnally been fully deined, and
thathisAaronwasthenewfrenchautocrat.
Sevenyearshaverolledaway,andallischanged.Napoleonlll
hasspokenthe word thatmaynever beunsaidnor forgotten.
Nomatterwhetherhe rushesonhisdestinyasrecklesslyashis
forerunnerdidinSpainandRussia,orisforcedbytheindignant,
universalmurmuroftheroyaltiesandbourgeoisesofEuropeinto
a position of temporary submission to their will, the spell is
foreverbroken.Theyknewhimlongsinceasavillain;butthey
deemedhimaserviceable,pliant,obedient,gratefulvillain;and
theynowseeandruetheirmistake.Hehas beenusing them all
thetimethattheysupposedtheywereusinghim.Helovesthem
exactlyasheloveshisdinnerorhiswine.Theyhaveservedhim
sofarinacertainway;theymustnowservehiminanotherway
orbravehis vengeance.lf'the Empireispeacehenceforth, it
ispeace onthe Mincio orthe Danube~peacewith his eagles
6aunting in triumph on the Po and the Adige, ifnot on the
RhineandElbeaswellitisPeacewiththelronCrownonhis
brow;ltaly afrenchsatrapy, andwithCreatritain, Prussia,
Austria,merely satellitesrevolvingaround and lighted by the
centralorbfrance,theEmpireofCharlemagne.
Ofcourse,thereisgnashingofteethinroyalpalaces,butnot
lessinthehallsofbankersandmerchantprinces. fortheyear,
: so,wasopeningunderauspicesthatpromisedarestoration
ofthe golden days of ' ,6 and ' s6. The long protracted stag-
nationofmanufacturinghadexhaustedstocksofmetals,wares
andfabrics.Themanifold bankruptcies hadmeasurablypuri-
nedtheatmosphereofCommerce. Shipsbeganagaintohavea
market value; warehouses were about once more to be built
andnlled.Stockswerebuoyantandmillionairesdecidedlyiolly;
in short, there was never a brighter commercial prospect, a
moreserene,auspicioussky.
Awordchangesallthis;andthatwordisutteredbythehero
of the Coup d
E
tatthe Elect of December~the Savior of
Society. lt is spoken wantonly, coolly, with evident premedi-
tation,toM.Hubner,theAustrianEnvoy,andclearlyindicates
9
2 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
a settled purpose to pick a quarrel with francis 1oseph or
bullyhim intoahumiliationmorefatalthanthree lostbattles.
Thoughevidentlycalculatedforinstanteffectontheourse,in
aidofgamblingstocksalestodeliver, itbetrayedanxedpur-
posetorecastthe map ofEurope. Austria mustrecedefrom
all thosenominallyindependentltalianStates which she now
practically occupies by virtue of treaties with their willing
rulers,orfranceand SardiniawilloccupyMilanandmenace
Mantua with such an army as Cen. onaparte never com-
mandedin ltaly.ThePopemustreform the abuses ofclerical
ruleinhisStates~abusessolongupheldbyfrencharms~or
followthepettydespotsofTuscany,Parma,Modena, &c.,in
theirheadlongracetonnd safetyatVienna. TheRothschilds
groan over their Eleven Millions of Dollars lost by the
depreciation of stocks consequent on the menace to Htibner,
and utterly refuse to be comforted. The manufacturers and
tradersmournfullyrealizethattheiranticipatedharvestof:so
i s likely to give place to a 'harvest of death. Everywhere
apprehension,discontentandindignationconvulsethe breasts
on which the throne of the Man of December reposed so
securelyafewmonthsago.
Andthecast-down,brokenidolcanneverbesetonitsped-
estal again. Hemayrecoilbeforethestormhehasraised,and
againreceive thebenedictionsofthePope andthecaresses of
theritish Queen; but neither will be morethan lip-service.
Theyknowhimnow,whatthepeoplesknewhimlongsince~
arecklessgambler,adesperateadventurer,whowouldassoon
dice with royal bones as any other if the game promised to
leave him a winner. They know him one who, having, like
Macbeth,wadedtoacrownthroughhumangore,nndsiteasier
togoforwardthantoreturntopeaceandinnocence.fromthe
hour of his demonstration against Austria, Louis Napoleon
stoodandstandsaloneamongpotentates.TheyoungEmperor
of Russia" may, for his own purposes, seem to be still his
friend;butthatseemingisan empty one.Napoleonl in : : ,
wastheprototypeofNapoleonlllin: so. Andthelatterwill
probablyrushonhisfateassubstantiallyastheformerdid.
WHAT HAS I TALY GAI NE D?
93
What Has Italy Gained?
Published1uly27, : so
Theltalianwarisnnished. Napoleon hasendeditassuddenly
and unexpectedly as the Austrians began it. Though brief, it
hasbeencostly.lthasconcentratedintoafewweeksnotonly
theexploits,the invasionsandcounterinvasions,themarches,
thebattles,theconquestsandthelosses, butalsotheexpendi-
tures, both in life and money, of many much longer wars.
Someoftheresultsofitarepalpableenough.Austriahaslost
territory;herreputationformilitaryprowesshasbeenseriously
damaged;herpridehas beendeeplywounded.utthelessons
she has learned, if any, are, we apprehend, rather military
than political, and any changes she may be led to make in
consequenceofthiswar,willbechangesindrill,disciplineand
arms, rather than in her political system or her methods of
administration. Shemayhavebeenmadeaconverttotheefn-
cacy of rifled cannon. She may perhaps introduce into her
service some imitation ofthe french Zouaves.' This is much
morelikelythanthatshewillessentiallymodifythegovernment
ofwhatremainstoherofherltalianprovinces.
Austriahaslost,too, atleastforthepresent,thatguardian-
shipoverltalyherpersistenceinwhich,inspiteoftheremon-
strancesandcomplaintsofSardinia,wasmadetheoccasionof
the late war. ut, though Austria has been obliged for the
presenttorelinquishthisofnce,theofnceitselfdoesnotappear
tobevacant.ltisaverysignincantfactthatthenewsettlement
oftheaffairsofltalywasdecidedatashortinterviewbetween
theEmperorsoffranceandAustria,bothstrangers,eachatthe
headofanarmyofstrangers,andthatthissettlementwasmade
notonlywithouttheformality ofevenseemingtoconsultthe
partieswhowerethesubi ectsofit, butwithouttheknowledge
on their part that they were thus being bargained away and
disposedof.TwoarmiesfrombeyondtheAlpsmeetandnght
in the plains of Lombardy. After a six weeks' struggle, the
foreign sovereigns of theseforeign armies undertake to settle
andarrange the affairs ofltaly withouttaking a single ltalian
94
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
into their councils. The King of Sardinia, who in a military
pointofviewhadbeenplacedonthelevelofafrenchgeneral,
seemstohavehadnomoreshareorvoiceinthennalarrange-
mentthanifhehadbeen,infact,merelyafrenchgeneral.
lt was the ground of the complaints so loudly urged by
SardiniaagainstAustria,notmerelythatsheclaimedageneral
superintendenceofltalianaffairs,butthatshewastheadvocate
ofahexisting abuses; thatitwasherpolicyto keepthings as
theywere, interferingwiththeinternal administration ofher
ltalian neighbors, andclaimingtherightto suppress by force
of arms any attempt on the part ofthe inhabitants of those
countriesto modifyor improvetheir political condition. And
what morerespectispaid to ltalian sentimentand wishes, or
to that right ofrevolution ofwhich Sardinia was the patron,
underthenewarrangementthanundertheoldone?Theltalian
duchiessouthofthePo,thoughtheirproffered aidinthewar
was accepted, are, itwouldseem,underthe treaty ofpeace to
behandedbacktotheirexpelledprinces.lnnopartofltalyhas
misgovernmentbeenmorecomplainedofthanintheStatesof
the Church. The maladministration ofthose States and the
countenanceandsupportgivenbyAustriatothatmaladminis-
tration, have beenprominently setforth as one ofthe worst
features, ifnottheveryworst feature, inthelatecondition of
ltalian affairs. ut,thoughAustriahas beenobliged to relin-
quishherarmedprotectorate ofthe Statesofthe Church,the
unfortunate inhabitantsofthoseTerritorieshavegainednoth-
ing by the change. france supports the temporal authority of
the Holy Seetofull asgreatanextentasAustriaeverdid;and
sincetheabusesoftheRomanCovernmentareregardedbythe
ltalian patriots as inseparable from its sacerdotal character,
there seems to be no hope of improvement. france, in the
position which she now holds of sole protector ofthe Pope,
makes herself in factmore responsible for the abuses of the
RomanCovernmentthanAustriaeverwas.
WithrespecttotheltalianConfederationwhichformsapart
ofthenewarrangement,thereisthistobeobserved:Eitherthat
Confederation will be a political reality possessing a certain
degreeofpowerandin6uence,or elseameresham.lfitbethe
WHAT HAS ITALY GAI NED?
95
latter,ltalianunion,liberty,anddevelopmentcangainnothing
byit. lfitbea reality, consideringthe elements ofwhich itis
composed,whatcanbeexpectedfromit?Austria | sittinginit
fortheProvinceorKingdomofVenice , thePopeandtheKing
ofNaples combined in the interests ofdespotism, wi|l easily
carrythedayagainstSardinia,eveniftheother smallerStates
shouldsidewithher.Austriamayevenavailherselfofthisnew
standinggroundtosecureacontrolovertheotherltalianStates
quiteasobiectionable,tosaythe least, asthatwhichshelately
claimedtoexerciseunderspecialtreatieswiththem.
BRI TI SH POLI TI CS
AND S OCI ETY
More of Marx's Tribune dispatches dealt with ritain than
withanyothercountry,includinghisnativeCermany.lnpart,
this was because he lived in London continuously from t so
until his death; in addition, ritain was the European nation
with which American readers could be presumed to be most
familiar.utit'salsothecasethatfromMarx'spointofview,
ritain~particularly industrial Englandin the : sos rep-
resented human society in perhaps its most advanced form.
Thatistosay,thelndustrialRevolutionhadgonefurthestthere
and had created a more robust proletarian class than in any
othercountry. Andonmanyother scoresritainwasdecades
ahead ofmany other nations: slaveryhad been formally out-
lawed and the voting reforms of t , t had opened up the
politicalprocesstoahistoricallylargenumberofpeople:indeed
Marx's very ability to live in the country was testament to
ritain'spoliticaltoleranceandfreepress.
NotthatMarxentirelyapprovedofhisadoptedhomeland.
Oneofthedominantthemesofhiscoverageofritishpolitics
particularly the pieces from the early t sos included in this
sectionwasthatagooddealofritain'smuch-praiseddemoc-
racywas a sham. for Marx, a Parliament elected almost ex-
clusively by bourgeois and aristocratic voters was bound to
produceresultsthatreflectedtheinterestsofthoseclasses.The
nominal differences between the political parties or between
therapidlyrotatingsetsofMinisterswere,asfarasMarxwas
concerned, dramatically less importantthanthe classinterests
theyrepresented. Histaskasai ournalistwastostriptherhet-
oricawayanddealwiththe economic agendasunderneath.
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
Hence the hugenumberofcolumnsthat dealtwiththefree-
trade politics and ideology that swept ritainafter the repeal
of the Corn Laws in t a6. To Marx's eyes, the economic
doctrines of the time were not simply misguided, they were
deadly; his dispatches regarding needless starvation and the
violentremovalofthelrishandScottishfromestatesaremuch
closertoheart-tuggingreportagethantoclassiceconomics.He
belieedthattheritishworkingclasshadpotential |evenifit
had been largely untapped in the course of the Continent's
: a uprisings; thus he documented the activities of trade
unions,suchasintheStockportstrike,andalsosupportedthe
radical Chartist movement, often reprinting relevant Tribune
piecesintheirorganThe People's Paper. AndMarxbelieved,
when free-tradeeconomics brought on theirinevitab|e crises,
governments wouldinevitablyturnto foreign adventures and
warsinordertodistractthemasses,whichhecoveredsome-
timeswithanguishandsometimesaswhentheCrimeanWar
destroyedthegovernmentofLordAberdeenwithundisguised
g|ee.
The Elections in England. -Tories and Whigs
PublishedAugustzt, : s z
Theresults ofthe Ceneral Election for the ritish Parliament
arenowknown '. . . ]
Whatwerethepartieswhichduringthiselectioneeringagita-
tionopposedor supportedeachother?
Tories,Whigs,LiberalConservatives|Peelites,freeTraders,
par excellence |themenoftheManchesterSchool,`Parliamen-
taryandfinancialReformers , andlastly,theChartists.
Whigs, free Traders and Peelites coalesced to oppose the
Tories.ltwasbetweenthiscoalitionononeside,andtheTories
ontheother,thattherealelectoralbattlewasfought.Opposed
toWhigs,Peelites,freeTradersandTories,andthusopposed
toentireofncialEngland,weretheChartists.
ThepoliticalpartiesofCreatritainare sufnciently known
THE ELECTI ONS I N ENGLAND. -TORI ES AND WHI GS
99
intheUnitedStates.ltwill besufncienttobringtomind,ina
fewstrokesofthepen,thedistinctivecharacteristicsofeachof
them.
Up to : a6the Tories passed as the guardians ofthe tra-
ditionsofOldEngland.Theyweresuspectedofadmiringinthe
ritish Constitution the eighth wonder of the world; to be
laudatores temporis acti/
4
enthusiastsforthethrone,theHigh
Church,theprivilegesandlibertiesoftheritishsubiect.The
fatalyear, : a6,with its repeal of the Corn Laws,` andthe
shout of distress which this repeal forced from the Tories,
provedthattheywere enthusiasts for nothing buttherent of
land,andatthesametimedisclosedthe secretoftheirattach-
menttothepoliticalandreligiousinstitutionsofOldEngland.
These institutions aretheverybestinstitutions,with the help
ofwhichthelarge landed property-the landedinterest~has
hithertoruledEngland,andevennowseekstomaintainitsrule.
Theyear: a6broughttolightinitsnakednessthesubstantial
class interest whichformsthereal base oftheToryparty.The
year : a6tore down the traditionally venerable lion's hide,
underwhichToryclassinteresthadhithertohiddenitself.The
year: a6transformedtheToriesintoProtectionists. Torywas
thesacredname,Protectionististheprofaneone;Torywasthe
political battle-cry, Protectionist is the economical shout of
distress; Tory seemed an idea, a principle; Protectionist is an
interest.Protectionistsofwhat? Oftheir ownrevenues,ofthe
rentof their ownland. ThentheTories,inthe end, areour-
geoisasmuchastheremainder,forwhereistheourgeoiswho
isnotaprotectionistofhisownpurse?Theyaredistinguished
fromtheotherourgeois, inthesamewayastherentofland
isdistinguishedfromcommercialandindustrialpront.Rentof
land is conservative, pront is progressive; rent of land is
national, pront is cosmopolitical;rentofland believesin the
State Church, pront is a dissenter by birth. The repeal of the
CornLawsint a6merelyrecognizedanalreadyaccomplished
fact,achangelongsinceenactedintheelementsofritishcivil
society,viz.,thesubordinationofthelandedinterestunderthe
moneyedinterest,ofpropertyundercommerce, ofagriculture
under manufacturing industry, of the country under the city.
100 DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Couldthisfactbedoubtedsincethecountrypopulationstands,
inEngland,to thetowns`populationintheproportionofone
tothree?ThesubstantialfoundationofthepoweroftheTories
wastherentofland.Therentoflandisregulatedbytheprice
offood.Thepriceoffood,then,wasartinciallymaintained at
a high rate by the Corn Laws. The repeal ofthe Corn Laws
broughtdownthepriceoffood,whichinitsturnbroughtdown
thc rent of land, and with sinking rent broke downthe real
strengthuponwhichthepoliticalpoweroftheToriesreposed.
What,then,aretheytryingtodonow?Tomaintainapoliti-
calpower,thesocialfoundationofwhichhasceasedtoexist.
Andhowcanthisbeattained?ynothingshortofa Counter
Revolution, that is to say, by a reaction ofthe State against
Society.Theystrivetoretainforciblyinstitutionsandapolitical
powerwhicharecondemnedfromtheverymomentatwhich
the ruralpopulationfounditselfoutnumbered three times by
thepopulationofthetowns. Andsuchanattemptmustneces-
sarily endwith their destruction; itmust accelerate and make
more acute the social development ofEngland; itmust bring
onacrisis.
TheToriesrecruittheirarmyfrom thefarmers,whoeither
havenotyetlostthehabitoffollowingtheir landlords astheir
natural superiors, or who are economically dependent upon
them,orwhodonotyetseethattheinterestofthefarmerand
the interest of the landlord are no more identical than the
respectiveinterestsoftheborrowerandoftheusurer.Theyare
followedandsupportedbythe Coloniallnterest, theShipping
lnterest,theStateChurchParty,inshort, byallthoseelements
whichconsideritnecessarytosafeguardtheirinterestsagainst
the necessary results ofmodern manufacturingindustry, and
againstthesocialrevolutionpreparedbyit.
OpposedtotheTories,astheirhereditaryenemies,standthe
Whigs, a party with whom the AmericanWhigs have nothing
incommonbutthename.
TheritishWhig, inthe naturalhistoryofpolitics, forms a
specieswhich,likeallthoseoftheamphibiousclass,existsvery
easily,butisdifnculttodescribe.Shallwe callthem,withtheir
opponents,Toriesoutofof6ce?or,ascontinentalwriterslove
THE ELECTI ONS I N ENGLAND. - TORI ES AND WHI GS 101
it, take them for the representatives ofcertain popular prin-
ciples? lnthelattercaseweshouldgetembarrassedinthesame
difncultyasthehistorianoftheWhigs,Mr.Cooke,'who,with
great naivete, confesses in his 'History of Parties" that it is
indeed a certain number of 'liberal, moral and enlightened
principles" which constitutes the Whig party, butthat it was
greatlytoberegrettedthatduringthemorethanacenturyand
a half thatthe Whigs have existed, they have been, when in
of6ce, alwayspreventedfromcarryingouttheseprinciples.So
thatin reality, according to the confession oftheirown his-
torian,theWhigsrepresentsomethingquitedifferentfromtheir
professed 'liberal and enlightened principles." Thus they are
in the same position as the drunkard brought up before the
LordMayor,whodeclaredthatherepresentedtheTemperance
principlebutfromsomeaccidentorotheralwaysgotdrunkon
Sundays.
utnevermindtheirprinciples;wecanbettermakeoutwhat
theyareinhistoricalfact;whattheycarryout,notwhatthey
oncebelieved,andwhattheynowwantotherpeopletobelieve
withrespecttotheircharacter.
TheWhigs,aswellastheTories,formafractionofthelarge
|andedproperty ofCreat ritain. Nay, theoldest,richestand
mostarrogantportion ofEnglish landed property is the very
nucleusoftheWhigparty.
What,then, distinguishesthemfromtheTories?TheWhigs
are the aristocratic representatives of the ourgeoisie, ofthe
industrial and commercial middle class. Under the condition
thattheourgeoisieshouldabandontothem, toanoligarchy
of aristocratic families the monopoly ofgovernment and the
exclusive possession ofofnce, they make to the middle c|ass,
andassistitinconquering,allthoseconcessions,whichinthe
course ofsocial and political development have shown them-
selves to have become unavoidable and undelayable. Neither
more nor less. And asoften as such anunavoidable measure
has beenpassed,theydeclareloudly thatherewiththeend of
historical progress has been obtained; that the whole social
movementhascarrieditsultimatepurpose,andthenthey'cling
to nnality." Theycansupport, moreeasily thantheTories, a
102 DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
decreaseoftheir renta| revenues, becausetheyconsiderthem-
selvesastheheaven-bornfarmersoftherevenuesoftheritish
Empire. They canrenouncethe monopoly ofthe Corn Laws,
aslongastheymaintainthe monopolyofgovernmentastheir
fami|yproperty.Eversincethe'g|oriousrevolution''of:6
the Whigs,with shortintervals,causedprincipa||ybythenrst
french Revolution and the consequent reaction, have found
themselves in the enioyment of the pub|ic ofnces. Whoever
recal|s to his mind this period ofritish history, will nnd no
other distinctive mark of Whigdom but the maintenance of
theirfamilyoligarchy.The interests and principleswhichthey
represent besides, from time to time, do not belong to the
Whigs; they are forced uponthembythe development ofthe
industria| and commercial class, the ourgeoisie. After : 6
wenndthemunitedwiththeankocracy,iustthenrisinginto
importance,aswe nndthem in : a6, united withtheMi|loc-
racy.TheWhigsaslittlecarriedtheReform i|l of :, :, as
theycarriedthe free Trade ill of : a6. othReformmove-
ments,thepoliticalaswellasthecommercial,weremovements
ofthe ourgeoisie. Assoonas eitherofthese movementshad
ripenedintoirresistibility;assoonas,atthesametime,ithad
becomethesafestmeansofturningtheToriesoutofofnce,the
Whigs stepped forward, took upthe direction ofthe Covern-
ment,andsecuredtothemselvesthegovernmentalpart ofthe
victory. ln :,: they extendedthepolitica|portion ofreform
asfar as was necessary in ordernotto leave the midd|ec|ass
entire|ydissatisned;after : a6theyconnnedtheirfreeTrade
measuressofaraswasnecessary,inordertosavetothelanded
aristocracythegreatestpossib|eamountofprivileges.Eachtime
theyhad takenthemovementinhand inordertopreventits
forward march, and to recover their own posts at the same
time.
ltisclearthatfromthemomentwhenthelandedaristocracy
is no longer able to maintain its position as an independent
power, to nght, as an independentparty, forthe government
position, in short,thatfromthemomentwhentheTories are
dennitive|yoverthrown,ritishhistoryhasnolongeranyroom
fortheWhigs.Thearistocracyoncedestroyed,whatistheuse
THE ELECTI ONS IN ENGLAND. - TORI ES AND WHI GS 103
ofanaristocraticrepresentationoftheourgeoisieagainstthis
aristocracy?
ltiswe|lknownthatintheMiddleAgestheCermanEmperors
puttheiustthenarisingtownsunderlmperialCovernors,"advo
cati," toprotectthese towns againstthesurroundingnobility.
Assoonasgrowingpopulationandwealthgavethemsufncient
strength and independence to resist, and even to attack the
nobi|ity, the towns also drove out the noble Covernors, the
advocati.
The Whigs have been these advocati of the ritish middle
class, andtheirgovernmenta| monopo|ymustbreakdownas
soonas the landed monopoly oftheTories is broken down.
In the same measure as the middle class has developed its
independentstrength,theyhaveshrunkdownfromapartyto
acoterie.
ltisevidentwhat adistastefullyheterogeneous mixture the
characterofthe ritishWhigs must turnoutto be:feudalists,
who are at the same time Ma|thusians, money-mongers with
feuda| preiudices, aristocrats without point ofhonour, our-
geoiswithoutindustrialactivity, nnality-menwithprogressive
phrases, progressists with fanatical Conservatism, trafnckers
in homeopathical fractions of reforms, fosterers of family-
nepotism,CrandMastersofcorruption,hypocritesofreligion,
T artuffes of po|itics. The mass of the English people has a
sound aesthetical common sense. lt has an instinctive hatred
against everything mot|ey and ambiguous, against bats and
Russellites.Andthen,withtheTories, themassoftheEnglish
people, the urban and rura| proletariat, has in common the
hatred againstthe 'money-monger. Withthe ourgeoisie it
hasin commonthehatredagainstaristocrats.lntheWhigsit
hates the one and the other, aristocrats and ourgeois, the
land|ordwho oppresses, andthe money lordwho exploits it.
lntheWhigsithatestheoligarchywhichhasru|edoverEngland
formorethanacentury,andbywhichthepeopleisexc|uded
fromthedirectionofitsownaffairs.
ThePee|ites|LiberalsandConservativesareno party;they
are mere|y thesouvenir ofa party man, ofthelate Sir Robert
Peel.utEng|ishmenaretooprosaical,forasouvenir toform,
10
4
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
withthem, thefoundationforanythingbutelegies. And now,
thatthe people have erected brass and marblemonuments to
the lateSir RobertPeelinallpartsofthe country,theybelieve
theyareableso muchthemoretodowithoutthoseperambu-
lantPeelmonuments,theCrahams,the Cladstones,theCard-
wells, etc. The so-called Peelites are nothing butthisstaffof
bureaucratswhichRobertPeelhadschooledfor himself.And
because they form a pretty complete staff, they forget for a
momentthatthereisnoarmybehindthem.ThePeelites,then,
areold supporters ofSir Robert Peel,vho have notyetcome
to a conclusionastowhat party to attach themselves to. ltis
evidentthatasimilarscrupleisnotasufncientmeansforthem
toconstituteanindependentpower'. . . ]
Corruption at Elections
PublishedSeptembera,t s z
1ustbefore thelateHouse ofCommonsseparated, itresolved
toheapupasmanydifncultiesaspossibleforitssuccessorsin
theirwaytoParliament.ltvotedaDraconianlawagainstbrib-
ery,corruption,intimidation,andelectioneeringsharppractices
ingeneral.
Alonglistofquestionsisdrawnup,which,bythisenactment,
maybeputtopetitionersorsittingmembers,themostsearching
andstringentthatcanbeconceived. Theymayberequiredon
oathtostatewhoweretheiragents,andwhatcommunications
theyheldwiththem.Theymaybeaskedandcompelledtostate,
notonlywhattheyknow, butwhatthey'believe,coniecture,
and suspect," asto money expended either by themselves or
any one else acting~authorized or not authorizedon their
behalf.lnaword,nomembercangothroughthestrangeordeal
withoutrisk ofperiury, ifhe have the slightestidea that it is
possible or likelythatany one hasbeenledtooversteponhis
behalfthelimitsofthelaw.
Now,evensupposingthislawtotakeitforgrantedthatthe
newlegislatorswillusethesamelibertyastheclergy,whoonly
C ORRUPTI ON AT ELECTI ONS 105
believesome oftheThirty-NineArticles,'yetcontrivetosign
them all, yet there remain, nevertheless, clauses sufncient to
makethenewParliamentthe mostvirginal assemblythatever
madespeechesandpassedlawsforthethreekingdoms.Andin
iuxtapositionwiththegeneralelectionimmediatelyfollowing,
thislawsecurestotheToriestheglory,thatundertheiradminis-
tration the greatest purity of election has been theoretically
proclaimedandthegreatestamountofelectoralcorruptionhas
beenpracticallycarriedout.
A fresh election is proceeded with, and here a scene of bribery,
corruption, violence, drunkenness and murder ensues, unparal
leled since the times the old Tory monopoly reigned supreme
before. We actually hear of soldiers with loaded guns, and bay
onets fxed, taking Liberal electors by force, dragging them under
the landlord's eyes to vote against their own consciences, and
these soldiers, shooting with deliberate aim the people who dared
to sympathize with the captive electors, and committing whole
sale murder on the unresisting people! [Allusion to the event at
Six Mile Bridge, Limerick, County Clare.] It may be said: That
was in Ireland! Ay, and in England they have employed their
police to break the stalls of those opposed to them; they have
sent their organized gangs of midnight ruffans prowling through
the streets to intercept and intimidate the Liberal electors; they
have opened the cesspools of drunkenness; they have showered
the gold of corruption, as at Derby, and in almost every contested
place they have exercised systematic intimidation.
ThusfarErnest1ones'sPeople's Paper. Now,afterthisChar-
tistweeklypaper,heartheweeklypaperoftheoppositeparty,
themostsober,themostrational,themostmoderateorganof
theindustrialourgeoisie,The London Economist:
We believe we may affrm, at this general election, there has
been more truckling, more corruption, more intimidation, more
fanaticism and more debauchery than on any previous occasion
. . . It is reported that bribery has been more extensively resorted
to at this election than for many previous years . . . Of the amount
106 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK 11LT1
of intimidation and undue influence of every sort which has been
practised at the late election, it is probably impossible to form
an exaggerated estimate . . . And when we sum up all these
things-the brutal drunkenness, the low intrigues, the wholesale
corruption, the barbarous intimidation, the integrity of candi
dates warped and stained, the honest electors who are ruined,
the feeble ones who are suborned and dishonored; the lies, the
stratagems, the slanders, which stalk abroad in the daylight,
naked and not ashamed-the desecration of holy words, the
soiling of noble names-we stand aghast at the holocaust of
victims, of destroyed bodies and lost souls, on whose funeral pile
a new Parliament is reared.
The means ofcorruption and intimidation were the usual
ones: directCovernmentinfluence. Thus on anelectioneering
agentatDerby, arrested intheflagrantactofbribing, aletter
wasfoundfromMaioreresford,theSecretaryatWar,where-
inthatsameeresfordopensacreditupona commercial nrm
forelectioneeringmonies.The Poole Herald publishesacircular
from the Admiralty-House to the half-payofncers, signed by
the commander-in-chief of a naval station, requesting their
votesfortheministerialcandidates.Directforceofarmshas
also been employed, as at Cork, elfast, Limerick |at which
latter place eight persons were killed.~Threats ofei ectment
bylandlordsagainsttheirfarmers,unlesstheyvotedwiththem.
The Land Agents of Lord Derby herein gave the example to
their colleagues.~Threats of exclusive dealing against shop-
keepers,ofdismissalagainstworkmen,intoxication,etc.,etc.~
Totheseprofane meansofcorruptionspiritual oneswereadded
bytheTories;theroyalproclamationagainstRomanCatholic
Processionswasissuedinordertoinflamebigotryandreligious
hatred;theNo-Poperycrywasraisedeverywhere. One ofthe
results of this proclamation were the Stockport Riots. The
lrishpriests,ofcourse,retortedwithsimilarweapons.
The election is hardly over, and already a single Queen's
Counsel has received from twenty-nve places instructions to
invalidatethereturnstoParliamentonaccountofbribery and
intimidation.Suchpetitionsagainstelectedmembershavebeen
CORRUPTI ON AT ELECTI ONS 107
signed, and the expenses ofthe proceedings raised at Derby,
Cockermouth, arnstaple, Harwich, Canterbury, Yarmouth,
Wakeneld,oston,Huddersneld,Windsor,andagreatnumber
ofotherplaces. OfeighttotenDerbyitemembersitisproved
that,evenunderthemostfavorablecircumstances,theywillbe
reiectedonpetition.
Theprincipal scenes ofthis bribery,corruptionandintimi-
dationwere,ofcourse,theagriculturalcountiesandthePeers'
oroughs,fortheconservationofthegreatestpossiblenumber
ofwhich latter, theWhigs had expended all their acumen in
theReformilloft ,I . Theconstituenciesoflargetownsand
of densely populated manufacturing counties were, by their
peculiar circumstances, very unfavorable ground for such
manoeuvres.
Days ofgeneralelectionareinritaintraditiona|lythebac-
chanalia of drunken debauchery, conventional stock-iobbing
terms for the discounting ofpolitical consciences, the richest
harvesttimesofthepublicans.AsanEnglishpapersays,'these
recurringsaturnalia neverfailtoleaveenduringtracesoftheir
pestilentialpresence." Quite naturally so. Theyare saturnalia
intheancientRomansenseoftheword.Themasterthenturned
servant,theservantturnedmaster.lftheservantbemasterfor
oneday,onthat day brutalitywillreignsupreme.Themasters
werethe granddignitariesoftheruling classes, or sections of
classes,theservantsformedthe massofthesesameclasses,the
privileged electorsencircledbythe massofthenon-electors,of
those thousands that had no other calling than to be mere
hangers-on, and whose support, vocal or manual, always
appeared desirable, were it only on account of the theatrical
effect.
lfyoufollowupthehistoryofritishelectionsforacentury
past, orlonger,youaretemptedtoask, notwhy ritishParlia-
mentsweresobad,butonthecontrary,howtheymanagedto
beevenasgoodastheywere,andtorepresentasmuchasthey
did,thoughinadimrefraction,theactualmovementofritish
society. 1ust as opponents ofthe representative system must
feel surprised on nnding that legislative bodies in which the
abstractmai ority,theaccidentofthemerenumberis decisive,
108 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
yetdecide and resolveaccordingto the necessitiesofthe situ-
ation~at least during the period oftheir full vitality. lt wil|
always be impossible, even bythe utmost straining oflogical
deductions, to derive from the relations ofmere numbersthe
necessityofavoteinaccordancewiththeactualstateofthings;
butfromagivenstateofthingsthenecessityofcertainrelations
of members will always follow as of itself. The traditional
briberyofritishelections,whatelsewasit,butanotherform,
as brutal as it was popular, inwhich the relative strength of
the contending partiesshoweditself? Theirrespective means
ofinfluence and ofdominion, which on otheroccasions they
usedin a normal way, were here enactedforafewdays in an
abnormalandmoreorlessburlesquemanner.utthepremise
remained,thatthecandidatesoftherivalingpartiesrepresented
theinterestsofthemassofthee|ectors,andthattheprivileged
electorsagainrepresentedtheinterestsofthenon-votingmass,
orrather,thatthisvotelessmasshad,asyet,nospeci6cinterest
ofitsown.TheDelphicpriestesseshadto becomeintoxicated
by vapors to enab|e them to 6nd oracles; the ritish people
mustintoxicateitselfwithginandportertoenab|eitto6ndits
oracle-6nders, the legislators. And where these oracle-6nders
weretobelookedfor,thatwasamatterofcourse.
This relative position of classes and parties underwent a
radicalchangefromthemomenttheindustrialandcommercial
middleclasses,the ourgeoisie,tookupitsstandasanof6cial
partyatthesideoftheWhigsandTories,andespeciallyfrom
the passingoftheReform illin t ,: . Theseourgeoiswere
in no wise fond of costly electioneering manoeuvres, offaux
frais ofgeneralelections.Theyconsidereditcheapertocompete
withthelandedaristocracybygeneral moral,thanbypersonal
pecuniary means. On the other handtheywereconscious of
representing a universal|y predominant interest of modern
society. They were, therefore, in a position to demand that
electors should be ruled by their common national interests,
notbypersonalandlocalmotives,andthemoretheyrecurred
to this postulate, themore the |atter species ofe|ectoral inf|u-
encewas, bytheverycompositionofconstituencies, centered
inthe|andedaristocracy,butwithheldfromthemiddleclasses.
CORRUPTI ON AT ELECTI ONS 109
Thustheourgeoisiecontendedfortheprincipleofmora|e|ec-
tionsandforcedtheenactmentoflawsinthatsense,intended,
each ofthem, as safeguards against the local influence ofthe
landed aristocracy; and indeed, from t , t down, bribery
adoptedamorecivilized,morehiddenform,andgeneralelec-
tionswentoffina more soberwaythanbefore.When atlast
the mass ofthe peop|e ceased to be a mere chorus, taking a
more or |ess impassioned part in the struggle of the of6cial
heroes, drawing the lots among them, rioting, in bacchantic
carouse, at the creation of parliamentary divinities, like the
Cretan Curetes at the birth of 1upiter, and taking pay and
treatfor such participationin theirglory~whenthe Chartists
surroundedinthreateningmassesthewho|ecirclewithinwhich
theof6cialelectionstrugglemustcome off, andwatchedwith
scrutinizingmistrusteverymovementtakingplacewithinit~
thenanelectionlikethatoft s zcou|dnotbutcallforuniversal
indignation, and eliciteven from theconservative Times, for
the 6rst time, some words in favor of general suffrage, and
make the whole mass ofthe ritish Proletariat shout as with
onevoice.ThefoesofReform,theyhavegivenReformersthe
bestarguments;such isanelectionundertheclasssystem;such
isaHouseofCommonswithsuchasystemofelection!
lnordertocomprehendthecharacterofbribery,corruption
and intimidation, such astheyhave been practised inthe late
election,itisnecessarytocallattentiontoafactwhichoperated
inaparalleldirection.
lfyourefertothegenerale|ectionssince t ,:,youwill6nd
that,inthesamemeasureasthepressureofthevotelessmai ority
ofthecountryupontheprivi|egedbodyofelectorswasincreas-
ing,asthedemandwasheardlouder,fromthemiddlec|asses,
foranextensionofthecircleofconstituencies,fromthework-
ing class, to extinguish every trace of a similar privileged
circle~that inthe samemeasurethe number ofelectorswho
actually voted grew less and less, and the constituencies thus
moreandmorecontractedthemselves.Neverwasthisfactmore
strikingthaninthelateelection.
Letustake,forinstance,London.IntheCitytheconstituency
numbers z6,;z; only t o,ooo voted. The Tower Hamlets
1 10 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
numberz,, s,aregisteredelectors; only : z,ooovoted.lnfins-
bury,ofzo,ozs electors,notone-halfvoted.lnLiverpool,the
sceneofoneofthemostanimatedcontests,of: ;,a, , registered
electors,only: ,,ooocametothepolls.
Theseexampleswillsufnce.Whatdotheyprove?Theapathy
oftheprivilegedconstituencies. Andthisapathy,whatproves
it? That they have outlived themselves~that they have lost
every interest in their own political existence. This is in no
wiseapathyagainstpoliticsingeneral,butagainstaspeciesof
politics,theresultofwhich,forthemostpart,canonlyconsist
inhelpingtheToriestoousttheWhigs,ortheWhigstoconquer
theTories.Theconstituenciesfeelinstinctivelythatthedecision
lies no longereitherwith Parliament, or with the making of
Parliament. WhorepealedtheCornLaws?Assuredlynotthe
voters who had elected a Protectionist Parliament, still less
theProtectionistParliamentitself,butonlyandexclusivelythe
pressurefromwithout.lnthispressurefromwithout, inother
meansofinfluencingParliamentthanbyvoting,agreatportion
evenofelectorsnowbelieve.Theyconsiderthehithertolawful
mode of voting as an antiquated formality, but from the
moment Parliament should make front against the pressure
from without, and dictate laws to the nation in the sense of
its narrowconstituencies,they would iointhe general assault
againstthewholeantiquatedsystemofmachinery.
Thebribery andintimidationpractised bytheTorieswere,
then,merelyviolentexperimentsforbringingbacktolifedying
electoral bodies which have become incapable ofproduction,
and which can no longer create decisive electoral results and
reallynationalParliaments.Andtheresult?TheoldParliament
wasdissolved,becauseattheendofitscareerithaddissolved
intosectionswhichbroughteachothertoacompletestandstill.
The new Parliament begins where the old one ended; it is
paralyticfromthehourofitsbirth.
[ CASE OF STARVATI ON]
[Case of Starvation]
Publishedfebruaryz, :s,
I I I
'. . . ] Your readers having accompanied us to such a length,
through allthe testimonialsofthegrowingprosperity ofEng-
land, l request themto stop a moment and to follow a poor
needle-maker,Henry Morgan, who started outfrom London,
onhisiourneytoirmingham,insearchofwork.Lestlshould
bechargedwithexaggeratingthecase,lgivetheliteralaccount
ofThe Northampton Journal.
Death from Destitution CosVroveeAbout nine o'clock on
the morning of Monday, two laboring men, while seeking shelter
from the rain in a lone barn, occupied by Mr. T. Slade, in the
parish of Cosgrove, were attracted by groans, which were found
to come from a poor man, lying in a heap-hole, in a state of
extreme exhaustion. They spoke to him, kindly offering him
some of their breakfast, but without receiving any answer; and
upon touching him, found his body almost cold. Having fetched
Mr. Slade, who was near by, this gentleman, after some time had
elapsed, sent him, by a boy, in a cart, with a bed and covering of
straw, to the Yardley-Gobi on union-house about a mile distant,
where he arrived just before one o'clock, but expired a quarter
of an hour afterward. The famished, flthy, and ill-clad condition
of the poor creature presented a most frightful spectacle. It
appears that this unhappy being, on the evening of Thursday,
the 2d, obtained a vagrant's order for a night's lodging at the
Yardley-house, from the relieving offcer at Stoney-Stratford,
and, having then walked to Yardley, a distance of three miles
and upward, was accordingly admitted: he had food given him,
which he eat heartily, and begged to be allowed to remain the
next day and night, which was granted, and upon leaving on
Saturday morning early, after his breakfast (most likely his last
meal in this world), took the road back to Stratford. It is probable
that, being weak and footsore, for he had a bad place on one
heel, he was soon glad to seek the frst friendly shelter he could
fnd, which was an open shed, forming part of some outfarming-
1 1 2 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NE W YORK TRIB UNE
buildings, a quarter of a mile from the turnpike-road. Here he
was found lying in the straw on Monday, the 6th, at noon, and,
it not being wished that a stranger should remain on the premises,
he was desired to go away. He asked leave to stay a little longer,
and went off about four o'clock, once more to seek at nightfall
the nearest place of rest and shelter, which was this lone barn,
with its thatch partly off, with its door left open, and in the
coldest possible situation, into the heap-hole of which he crept,
there to lie without food for seven days more, till discovered, as
has been described above, on the morning of the 1 3 th. This
ill-fated man had given his name as Henry Morgan, a needle
maker, and appeared between thirry and forty years of age, and
in person, a good-framed man.
lt is hardly possible to conceive a more horrible case. A
stalwart, strong-framed man, in the prime of |ife~his long
pilgrimage ofmartyrdomfromLondontoStoney-Stratford
his wretched appeals for help to the 'civilization around
himhis sevendaysfasthis brutal abandonmentbyhisfel-
low menhis seeking she|ter and being driven from resting-
placetoresting-placethecrowninginhumanityoftheperson
namedSladeandthepatient, miserabledeathoftheworn-out
manareapictureperfectlyastonishingtocontemplate.`'
Nodoubtheinvadedtherightsofproperty,whenhesought
shelterintheshedandinthelonebarn! ! !
Relate this starvation case in midst ofprosperity, to a fat
London City man, and he wil| answer you withthe words of
The London Economist of1an. th: 'Delightful is it thus to
see, underfreeTrade, allclassesfIourishing;theirenergiesare
calledforthbyhopeofreward; a|l improve theirproductions,
andallandeach arebenented.
THE DUCHES S OF S UTHERLAND AND S LAVERY
[Starvation]
PublishedMarch : s, : s ,
1 1 3
'. . . ] Onthe Continent, hanging, shooting and transportation
is the order of the day. ut the executioners are themselves
tangible and hangable beings, andtheir deeds arerecorded in
the conscience ofthe whole civilizedworld. Atthe same time
thereactsinEnglandaninvisible,intangibleandsilentdespot,
condemningindividua|s,inextremecases, tothemostcruelof
deaths, anddrivingin its noiseless,everydavworking, whole
racesandwho|ec|assesofmenfromthesoiloftheirforefathers,
like the angel with the nery sword who drove Adam from
Paradise.lnthelatterformtheworkoftheunseensocialdespot
callsitse|fforced emigration, intheformeritiscalledstarvation.
Some further cases ofstarvation have occurredin London
duringthepresentmonth.l rememberonlythatofMaryAnn
Sandry,ageda,years,whodiedinCoa|-|ane,Shadwell,London.
Mr.ThomasPeene,thesurgeon,assistingtheCoroner'sinquest,
said the deceased died from starvation and exposure to the
cold.Thedeceasedwaslyingonasmallheapofstraw,without
the s|ightest covering. The room was complete|y destitute of
furniture,nringandfood.fiveyoungchildrenweresittingon
the bareflooring, crying from hunger andcold bythesideof
themother'sdeadbody'. . . ]
The Duchess of Sutherland and Slavery
Publishedfebruaryo, t s ,
|. . ] During the present momentary slackness in political
affairs, theaddressoftheStafford HouseAssembly ofLadies
totheirsisters inAmeticauponthe subiectofNegroslavery,
andthe'AffectionateandChristianaddressofmanythousands
ofthewomen oftheUnited StatesofAmericatotheirsisters,
the women of England, upon white slavery, have proved a
godsend to the press. Not one ofthe ritish papers was ever
DI S PATCHES fOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
struck by the circumstancethatthe StaffordHouseAssembly
tookplaceatthepalaceandunderthepresidencyoftheDuchess
of Sutherland, and yetthe names of Stafford and Sutherland
should have been sufncient to class the philanthropy of the
ritish aristocracy~a philanthropy which chooses its obiects
asfardistantfromhomeaspossible, andratheronthatthan
onthissideoftheocean.
Te history of the wealth of the Sutherland family is the
historyoftheruinandoftheexpropriationoftheScotch-Caelic
populationfromitsnativesoil.Asfarbackasthetenthcentury,
the Danes had landed in Scotland, conquered the plains of
Caithness,anddrivenbacktheaboriginesintothemountains.
Mor-fearChattaibh,ashewascalledin Caelic,orthe 'Creat
ManofSutherland,hadalwaysfoundhiscompanionsinarms
ready to defend him at the risk of their lives against all his
enemies, Danes orScots,foreignersornatives.Aftertherevol-
utionwhichdrovetheStuartsfromritain,privatefeudsamong
thepettychieftainsofScotland became less and less frequent,
andtheritishKings,inordertokeepup atleastasemblance
ofdominioninthoseremotedistricts,encouragedthe levying
offamily regiments among the chieftains, a system by which
theselairds wereenabledtocombinemodernmilitaryestablish-
ments with the ancient clan system in such a manner as to
supportonebytheother.
Now, in order to distinctly appreciate the usurpation sub-
sequentlycarriedout,wemustnrstproperlyunderstandwhat
theclan meant.Theclan belongedtoaformofsocialexistence
which, in the scale of historical development, stands a full
degree below the feudal state; viz., the patriarchal state of
society. "Klaen" in Caelic, means children. Every one of the
usages and traditions of the Scottish Cae|s reposes upon the
supposition that the members of the clan belong to one and
thesamefamily.The'greatman,thechieftainoftheclan,ison
theonehandquiteasarbitrary,ontheotherquiteasconnnedin
hispower, by consanguinity, etc., asevery father ofa family.
To the clan, tothefamily, belongedthedistrictwhere ithad
establisheditself,exactly as, in Russia,thelandoccupiedbya
communityofpeasantsbelongs,nottotheindividualpeasants,
THE DUCHES S Of SUTHERLAND AND S LAVERY I I 5
buttothecommunity.Thusthedistrictwasthecommonprop-
ertyofthefamily.Therecouldbenomorequestion,underthis
system, ofprivateproperty, in themodern sense oftheword,
than there could be ofcomparingthe social existence ofthe
membersoftheclantothatofindividuals|ivinginthemidstof
ourmodern society. Thedivisionandsubdivisionofthe land
correspondedtothemilitary functions ofthe single members
ofthe clan. Accordingto their military abilities,thechieftain
entrustedtothemtheseveralallotments,cancelledorenlarged
accordingtohispleasurethetenuresoftheindividualofncers,
andtheseofncersagaindistributedtotheirvassalsandunder-
vassals every separate plot of land. ut the district at large
always remained the property ofthe clan, and, however the
claimsofindividualsmightvary,thetenureremainedthesame;
nor were the contributions for the common defense, or the
tributeforthelaird,whoatoncewasleaderinbattleandchief
magistrateinpeace,everincreased.Uponthewhole,everyplot
oflandwascultivatedbythesame family, fromgenerationto
generation, undernxed imposts.These imposts wereinsignin-
cant,moreatributebywhichthesupremacyofthe"great man"
andofhisofncerswasacknowledgedthanarentoflandinthe
modern sense, or a source of revenue. The ofhcers directly
subordinateto the "great man" were called "Taksmen," and
the district entrusted to their care, "Tak. " Under them were
placedinferiorofhcers,attheheadofeveryhamlet, andunder
thesestoodthepeasantry.
Thusyousee,theclan isnothingbutafamilyorganizedina
military manner, quiteaslittle dehned by laws, i ustas closely
hemmed in by traditions, as any family. ut the land is the
propert of the family, in the midst of which differences of
rank,inspite ofconsanguinity, doprevailaswellasinallthe
ancientAsiaticfamilycommunities.
The hrst usurpation took place, after the expulsion of the
Stuarts,bytheestablishmentofthefamilyregiments.fromthat
moment, pay became the principal source ofrevenue of the
"Great Man," theMor-fear-Chattaibh.Entangledinthedissi-
pation ofthe Court ofLondon, hetried to squeeze as much
moneyaspossibleoutofhisofncers,andtheyappliedthesame
II6 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
systemto theirinferiors. The ancienttributewas transformed
into6xedmoneycontracts.lnonerespectthesecontractscon-
stitutedaprogress,by6xingthetraditionalimposts;inanother
respecttheywere a usurpation, inasmuch asthe 'greatman"
nowtookthepositionof|andlordtowardthe'taksmen"who
again took toward the peasantry that offarmers. And as the
'greatman"nowrequiredmoneynolessthanthe'taksmen,"
a production noton|yfordirectconsumption butforexport
and exchange a|so became necessary; the system ofnationa|
production had to be changed, the hands superseded by this
changehadto begotridof. Popu|ation,therefore, decreased.
ut that it asyet was kept up in a certain manner, and that
man, inthe :thcentury,wasnotyetopen|ysacri6cedtonet
revenue,weseefromapassageinSteuart,'a Scotchpolitica|
economist,whoseworkwas pub|ishedtenyearsbeforeAdam
Smith's where he says [. . . ] : 'The rent ofthese lands is very
triflingcomparedtotheircxtent,butcomparedtothenumber
ofmouthswhich a farmmaintains, itwillperhaps be found
thataplotoflandinthehigh|andsofScotlandfeedstentimes
more peop|e than a farm of the same extent in the richest
provinces."
That even in the beginning of the :oth century the rental
imposts were very sma|l is shown by the work ofMr. Loch
| : zo,'' the steward of the Countess of Sutherland, who
directedtheimprovementsonherestates.Hegivesforinstance
the rental ofthe Kintradawe|| estatefor : : : , fromwhich it
appears that up to then, every family was obliged to pay a
yearly impost of a few shil|ings in money, a few fow|s, and
somedays'work,atthehighest.
ltwason|yafter t : : thattheultimateandrea|usurpation
wasenacted,theforcibletransformationofclan property into
the private property, in the modern sense, of the chief. The
person who stood at the head ofthis economical revolution
was a female Mehemet A|i,'' who had well digested her
Malthus~the Countess of Sutherland, a|ias Marchioness of
Stafford.
Let us 6rst state that the ancestors of the Marchioness of
Stafford were the 'great men" of the most northern part of
THE DUCHES S OF SUTHERLAND AND S LAVERY I I
7
Scotland, ofvery nearthree-quarters ofSutherlandshire. This
countyis moreextensivethanmanyfrenchDepartements or
smallCermanPrincipalities.WhentheCountessofSutherland
inherited these estates, vhich she aherward brought to her
husband, theMarquis ofStafford,afterwardDuke ofSuther-
land, the population ofthem was already reducedto : s,ooo.
MyladyCountessresolveduponaradicaleconomicalreform,
anddetermined upontransformingthewho|etractofcountry
intosheep-walks.from: : ato: zo,these: s,oooinhabitants,
about, ,ooofamilies,weresystematica||yexpe||edandextermi-
nated. All their vi|lages were demolished and burned down,
and all their nelds converted into pasturage. ritish soldiers
were commandedforthisexecution, andcametoblowswith
thenatives.Anoldwomanrefusingtoquitherhutwasburned
in the f|ames of it. Thus my |ady Countess appropriated to
herselfseven hundred and ninety-four thousand acres of land,
whichfrom time immemorialhad be|ongedto theclan. lnthe
exuberanceofhergenerosityshea||ottedtotheexpe|lednatives
about6,oooacres~zacresperfamily.These6,oooacreshad
been lying waste until then, and brought no revenue to the
proprietors.TheCountesswasgenerousenoughtoselltheacre
at zs. 6d., on an average, to theclan-menwho for centuries
past had shed their blood for her family. The who|e of the
unrightful|y appropriated c|an-|and she divided into zo |arge
sheepfarms,eachoftheminhabitedbyonesing|efami|y,mostly
English farm-|aborers; and in : z: the : s,ooo Cae|s had
a|readybeensupersededby: , :,ooosheep.
Aportionoftheaborigineshad beenthrownuponthesea-
shore,andattemptedto|iveby6shing.Theybecameamphibi-
ous,and,asanEng|ishauthorsays,livedha|fon|andandhalf
onwater,andafteralldidnothalf|iveuponboth.
Sismondi,'` in his
E
tudes Sociales, observes withregardto
this expropriation of the Caels from Suther|andshire~an
example, which, bytheby,wasimitated bytheother 'great
uen"ofScotland:
The large extent of seignorial domains is not a circumstance
peculiar to Britain. In the whole Empire of Charlemagne, in the
l I S DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
whole Occident, entire provinces were usurped by the warlike
chiefs, who had them cultivated for their own account by the
vanquished, and sometimes by their own companions in arms.
During the 9th and loth centuries the Counties of Maine, Anjou,
Poitou were for the Counts of these provinces rather three large
estates than principalities. Switzerland, which in so many respects
resembles Scotland, was at that time divided among a small
number of Seigneurs. If the Counts of Kyburg, of Lenzburg, of
Habsburg, of Gruyeres had been protected by British laws, they
would have been in the same position as the Earls of Sutherland;
some of them would perhaps have had the same taste for
improvement as the Marchioness of Stafford, and more than one
republic might have disappeared from the Alps in order to make
room for flocks of sheep. Not the most despotic monarch in
Germany would be allowed to attempt anything of the sort.
Mr. Loch, in his defense of the Countess of Suther|and
| : zo,repliestothe aboveasfollows: 'Whyshou|dtherebe
madeanexceptiontotheruleadoptedineveryothercase,iust
forthisparticularcase?Whyshou|dtheabsoluteauthorityof
theland|ordover his land be sacrincedtothepub|ic interest
andtomotiveswhichconcernthe publiconly?"
Andwhy,then,shou|dthes|ave-holdersintheSouthernStates
ofNorthAmerica sacrincetheirprivateinteresttothe philan-
thropicgrimacesofherCrace,theDuchessofSutherland?
The ritish aristocracy, who have everywhere superseded
man by bullocks andsheep,wi|l,inafuturenotverydistant,
besuperseded,inturn,bytheseusefulanimals.
Theprocess ofclearing estates which, in Scotland,wehave
iust now described, was carried out in Eng|and in the : 6th,
:;th, and : th centuries.Thomas Morus' a|readycomp|ains
ofitinthebeginningofthe : 6thcentury.ltwasperformed in
Scot|andinthebeginningofthe :oth, andinlre|andit isnow
in full progress. The noble Viscount Palmerston, too, some
yearsagoclearedofmenhispropertyinlreland,exact|yinthe
manner describedabove.
lfofanyproperty iteverwastrue thatitwasrobbery, itis
litera||ytrueofthepropertyoftheritisharistocracy.Robbery
[ CAPI TAL PUNI SHMENT) I I
9
ofChurchproperty,robberyofcommons,frauduloustransfor-
mation accompanied by murder, of feudal and patriarchal
propertyinto private property~theseare the titles ofritish
aristocratstotheirpossessions.Andwhatservicesinthislatter
processwereperformedbya servile class of|awyers,youmay
see from an English |awyer of the last century, Dalrymple,
who,inhis'History offeuda|Property",verynaivelyproves
thateverylawordeedconcerningpropertywasinterpretedby
the lawyers,inEngland,whenthe middleclassrose inwealth,
infavorof the middle class-in Scotland, wherethe nobility
enrichedthemselves, in favor ofthe nobility-in eithercase it
was interpretedin asensehostileto thepeople.
The above Turkish reform by the Countess of Suther|and
wasiustinable,atleast,fromaMalthusianpointofview.Other
Scottish nob|emen went further. Having superseded human
beingsbysheep,theysupersededsheepbygame,andthepasture
grounds by forests. At the head of these was the Duke of
Athol|.'Aftertheconquest,theNormanKingsafforestedlarge
portions ofthe soil of England, inmuch the same way asthe
landlordsherearenowdoingwiththeHighlands."|R. Somers,
Letters from the Highlands, : a.
Asforalargenumberofthehumanbeingsexpel|edtomake
roomforthegameoftheDukeofAtholl,andthesheepofthe
CountessofSutherland,where didtheyflyto,wheredidthey
nndahome?
In the United States of North America.
TheenemyofritishWages-Slaveryhasarighttocondemn
Negro-S|avery; a Duchess of Suther|and, a Duke ofAtho|l, a
ManchesterCottonLord~never!
[Capital Punishment]
Pub|ishedfebruary: ;, : s ,
The Times of1an.zs containsthefollowingobservationsunder
theheadof'AmateurHanging": 'lthasoftenbeenremarked
that in this country a public execution is genera|lyfo|lowed
1 20 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
closely by instances of death by hanging, either suicidal or
accidental, in consequence of the powerful effect which the
execution of a noted criminal produces upon a morbid and
unmaturedmind."
OftheseveralcaseswhichareallegedbyThe Times inillus-
trationofthisremark,oneisthatofalunaticatShefneld,who,
after talking with other lunatics respecting the execution of
arbour, put an end to his existence by hanging himself.
Anothercaseisthatofaboyof:ayears,whoalsohunghimself.
The doctrine to which the enumeration ofthese factswas
intendedtogiveits support, isonewhichno reasonableman
wouldbelikelytoguess,itbeingnolessthanadirectapotheosis
ofthe hangman, while capital punishment isextolled as the
ultima ratio ofsociety.Thisisdoneina leadingarticleofthe
'leadingi ournal. "
The Morning Advertiser, i nsome very bitter butiuststric-
tures on the hanging predilections and bloody logic of The
Times, hasthefollowinginterestingdataona,daysoftheyear
t ao.
Executions of:
Millan
Pulley
Smith
Howe
Landick
Sarah Thomas
J. Griffths
J. Rush
March 2O
March 26
March ;?
March ( 1
April n
April 1x
April 18
April 7I
Murders and Suicides:
Hannah San dIes March Z4
M. G. Newton March ZZ
J. G. Gleeson-4 murders
at Liverpool March z?
Murder and suicide at
Leicester April
;
Poisoning at Bath April ?
W. Bailey April 8
J. Ward murders his
mother April :(
Yardley April 14
Doxey, parricide April 14
J. Bailey kills his two
children and himself April 1?
Charles Overton April 1 8
Daniel Holmsden May 7
[ CAPI TAL PUNI SHMENT] 121
Thistable,asThe Times concedes,shows notonlysuicides,
butalsomurdersofthemostatrociouskind,followingclosely
upontheexecutionofcriminals. ltisastonishingthatthearticle
inquestiondoesnotevenproduceasingleargumentorpretext
for indulginginthe savage theory therein propounded;and it
wouldbeverydifncult,ifnotaltogetherimpossible,toestablish
anyprincipleuponwhichthei usticeorexpediency ofcapital
punishmentcouldbefounded,inasocietygloryinginitsciviliz-
ation. Punishment in general has been defended as a means
eitherofamelioratingor ofintimidating.Nowwhatrighthave
youtopunishmefortheameliorationorintimidationofothers?
And besides, there is historythere is such a thing as stat-
istics~whichprovewiththemostcompleteevidencethatsince
Cain the world has neither been intimidated nor ameliorated
bypunishment. Quitethecontrary. fromthepointofviewof
abstract right, there is only one theory ofpunishment which
recognizeshumandignityintheabstract,andthatisthetheory
of Kant, especially in the more rigid formula given to it by
Hegel. Hegel says:'Punishmentis the right ofthecriminal.lt
is an act of his own will. The violation of right has been
proclaimed bythe criminalas his ownright. Hiscrimeisthe
negationofright.Punishmentisthe negationofthisnegation,
andconsequentlyanafnrmationofright, solicited andforced
uponthecriminalbyhimself."
Thereisnodoubtsomethingspeciousinthisformula,inas-
much as Hegel, instead of looking upon the criminal as the
mereobiect,theslaveofiustice,elevateshimtothepositionofa
freeandself-determinedbeing.Looking,however,moreclosely
intothematter,we discoverthatCerman idealism here,asin
mostotherinstances, has butgivenatranscendentalsanction
totherulesofexistingsociety.lsitnotadelusiontosubstitute
fortheindividualwithhisrealmotives,withmultifarioussocial
circumstances pressing upon him, the abstraction of 'free-
will"~oneamongthemanyqualitiesofmanformanhimself!
Thistheory,consideringpunishmentastheresultofthecrimi-
nal'sownwill,isonlyametaphysicalexpressionfortheold'ius
talionis": eyeagainst eye, tooth against tooth, blood against
blood. Plainly speaking, anddispensingwith all paraphrases,
122 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
punishmentis nothing but a means ofsocietyto defend itself
againstthe infraction ofitsvitalconditions,whatever may be
their character. Now, what a state of society is that, which
knows of no better instrument for its own defense than the
hangman, and which proclaims through the 'leading iournal
oftheworld"itsownbrutalityaseternallaw?
Mr.A.Quetelet,inhisexcellentandlearnedwork,I'Homme
et,ses Facultes, says:
There is a budget which we pay with frightful regularity-it is
that of prisons, dungeons and scaffolds . . . We might even predict
how many individuals will stain their hands with the blood of
their fellow men, how many will be forgers, how many will deal
in poison, pretty nearly the same way as we may foretell the
annual births and deaths.
And Mr. Quetelet, in a calculation ofthe probabilities of
crime published in : zo, actually predictedwith astonishing
certainty, not only the amount but all the different kinds of
crimescommittedinfrancein: ,o.Thatitisnotsomuchthe
particularpoliticalinstitutionsofacountryasthefundamental
conditionsofmodernbourgeois societyingeneral,whichpro-
duce an average amount ofcrime ina givennational fraction
ofsociety,maybeseenfromthefollowingtable,communicated
by Quetelet, forthe years : zz~za.Wennd in a number of
onehundredcondemnedcriminalsinAmericaandfrance.
Age Philadelphia France
Under twenty-one years 1 1
Twenty-one to thirty 44 35
Thirty to forty
2
3
2
3
Above forty 14
2
3
Total 1OO :OO
Now, ifcrimesobservedonagreatscale thusshow,intheir
amount and their classincation, the regularity of physical
phenomena~ifasMr.Queteletremarks,'itwouldbedifncult
[ I RI SH TENANT RI GHT) 1 2\
to decidei nrespectto whichofthe two" |thephysical world
andthe social system 'the acting causes producetheir efect
withtheutmostregularity"~istherenotanecessityfordeeply
reflecting upon analteration of the system that breeds these
crimes, instead ofglorifying the hangmanwhoexecutesa lot
ofcriminalstomakeroomonlyforthesupplyofnewones'. . .]
[Irish Tenant Right]
Published1uly : : , t s,
'. . . ]AstheCoalitionMinistrydependsonthesupportofthe
lrishparty,and asalltheotherpartiescomposingtheHouseof
Commons so nicely balance each other that the lrish may at
anymomentturnthescaleswhichwaytheyplease,somecon-
cessionsareatlastabouttobemadetothe lrishtenants.The
'Leasing Powers |lreland ill, which passed the House of
Commons on friday last, contains a provision that for the
improvementsmadeonthesoilandseparablefromthesoil,the
tenantshallhaveattheterminationofhislease,acompensation
inmoney,theincomingtenantbeingatlibertytotakethemat
thevaluation,whilewithrespectto improvementsinthesoil,
compensationforthemshallbearrangedby contractbetween
thelandlord andthetenant.
A tenant having incorporated his capital, in one form or
another,intheland, andhavingthuseffectedanimprovement
ofthe soil, either directly by irrigation, drainage, manure, or
indirectly by construction of buildings for agricultural pur-
poses,instepsthelandlordwithdemandforincreasedrent.lf
thetenantconcede,hehastopaytheinterestforhisownmoney
tothe landlord. lfheresist, he will beveryunceremoniously
eiected, and supplanted by a new tenant, the latter being en-
abledtopayahigherrentbytheveryexpensesincurredbyhis
predecessors,untilhealso,inhisturn,hasbecomeanimprover
ofthe land, andisreplaced inthe sameway, or puton worse
terms. lnthiseasywaya class ofabsentee landlordshas been
enabledtopocket,notmerelythelabor,butalsothecapital,of
1 24 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
wholegenerations,eachgenerationoflrishpeasantssinkinga
grade lower in the social scale, exactly in proportion to the
exertionsand sacrinces madefortheraising oftheircondition
and that oftheir families. lfthe tenant was industrious and
enterprising,hebecametaxedinconsequenceofhisveryindus-
tryandenterprise.lf,onthecontrary,hegrewinertandneg|i-
gent,hewasreproachedwiththe'aboriginalfau|tsoftheCeltic
race. He had, accordingly, no other alternative left but to
become a pauperto pauperise himself by industry, or to
pauperisebynegligence.lnordertoopposethisstateofthings,
'Tenant Right was proclaimed in lreland~a right of the
tenant, not in the soil but in the improvements of the soi|
effectedathiscostandcharges. LetusseeinwhatmannerThe
Times, in its Saturday's leader, attempts to break down this
lrish 'TenantRight:
There are two general systems of farm occupation. Either a tenant
may take a lease of the land for a fxed number of years, or his
holding may be terminable at any time upon certain notice. In
the frst of these events, it would be obviously his course to adjust
and apportion his outlay so that all, or nearly all, the beneft
would fnd its way to him before the expiration of his term. In
the second case it seems equally obvious that he should not run
the risk of the investment without a proper assurance of return.
Wherethe|andlordshavetodea|withac|assof|argecapita|-
istswhomay,astheyp|ease, investtheirstockincommerce,in
manufactures or in farming, there can be no doubt but that
these capita|ist farmers, whether they take |ong |eases or no
time leasesat a||, knowhowto secure the 'proper returnof
theiroutlays.utwithregardtolrelandthesuppositionisquite
nctitious. Ontheonesideyou havetherea sma|| c|assofland
monopolists, on the other, a very large c|ass of tenants with
very petty fortunes, which they have no chance to invest in
different ways, no other ne|dofproductionopening to them,
exceptthesoi|.Theyare, therefore,forcedtobecometenants-
at-wi|l. eing once tenants-at-wi||, they natural|y run the risk
of|osingtheirrevenue,providedtheydonotinvesttheirsmal|
[ I RI S H TENANT RI GHT] 125
capita|.lnvestingit,i norderto securetheirrevenue,theyrun
therisk of|osing theircapital,also.'Perhaps,continues The
Times,
it may be said, that in any case a tenantry could hardly expire
without something being left upon the ground, in some shape or
another, representing the tenant's own property, and that for this
compensation should be forthcoming. There is some truth in the
remark, but the demand thus created . . . ought, under proper
conditions of society, to be easily adjusted between landlord and
tenant, as it might, at any rate, be provided for in the original
contract. We say that the conditions of soiety should regulate
these arrangements, because we believe that no Parliamentary
enactment can be effectually substituted for such an agency.
lndeed, under 'proper conditions of society, we shou|d
want nomorePar|iamentary interference with the lrish |and-
tenant, as we shou|d notwant, under 'proper conditions of
society, theinterferenceofthe so|dier, ofthepo|iceman, and
ofthehangman.Legis|ature,magistracy, andarmedforce,are
a||ofthembuttheoffspringofimproperconditionsofsociety,
preventingthosearrangementsamongmenwhichwouldmake
use|essthecompu|soryinterventionofathirdsupremepower.
Has, perhaps, The Times been converted into a socia| revo|-
utionist? Does it want a social revolution, reorganizing the
'conditions of society, and the 'arrangements emanating
fromthem, instead of 'Par|iamentary enactments ?EngIand
hassubvertedtheconditionsoflrishsociety.Atnrstitconns-
catedtheland,then itsuppressedtheindustryby'Par|iamen-
taryenactments,and|astly,itbroketheactiveenergybyarmed
force.AndthusEnglandcreatedthoseabominab|e'conditions
ofsocietywhichenableasmallcaste ofrapacious|ordlingsto
dictate to the lrish people the terms on which they sha|| be
allowedtoho|dthelandandtoliveuponit.Tooweakyetfor
revo|utionizingthose'socia|conditions,thepeopleappealto
Par|iament,demandingatleasttheirmitigationandregulation.
ut 'No, says The Times; if you don't live under proper
conditions ofsociety,Par|iamentcan'tmendthat. And ifthe
I26 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
lrishpeople, onthe advice of The Times, triedto-morrow to
mend theirconditionsofsociety, The Times wouldbe thenrst
to appeal to bayonets, and to pour out sanguinary denunci-
ationsof'theaboriginalfaultsoftheCelticrace,wantingthe
Anglo-Saxon tasteforpacinc progressandlegal amelioration.
'lf a land|ord, says The Times, 'deliberately iniures one
tenant, he wil| nnd it so much the harder to getanother, and
wheteashisoccupationconsistsin |etting|and,he wi|l nndhis
landallthemoredifnculttolet.
The case stands rather differently in lreland. The more a
landlordiniuresonetenant,theeasierhewillnndittooppress
another.Thetenantwhocomesin,isthemeansofiniuringthe
ei ected one and the ei ected one is the meansofkeepingdown
the newoccupant. That, in due course oftime, the landlord,
besideini uringthetenant,williniurehimselfandruinhimse|f,
isnot onlya probability, butthe very fact, in lre|anda fact
affording,however,averyprecarioussource ofcomforttothe
ruinedtenant. 'The relationsbetweenthelandlordandtenant
arethosebetweentwotraders, saysThe Times.
This is precisely the petitio principii which pervades the
who|e leaderofThe Times. The needylrishtenantbe|ongsto
thesoi|,whi|ethesoi|belongstotheEnglishLord.Aswel|you
might call the relation between the robber who presents his
pistol, and the traveler who presents his purse, a relation
betweentwotraders.'ut, saysThe Times, 'inpointoffact,
the relation between lrishland|ords and tenants wil| soon be
reformedbyanagencymorepotentthanthatof|egis|ation. . .
Thepropertyoflrelandisfastpassingintonewhands,and,if
the present rate of emigration continues, its cu|tivation must
undergothesametransfer.
Here, at|east, The Times hasthetruth. ritishPar|iament
doesnotinterfereatamomentwhentheworked-outo|dsystem
isterminatinginthecommonruin,bothofthethriftylandlord
andtheneedytenant,theformerbeingknockeddownbythe
hammeroftheEncumbered Estates Commission,andthe|atter
expelledbycompulsoryemigration.Thisremindsusoftheo|d
SultanofMorocco.Whenevertherewasacasependingbetween
two parties, heknewofno more 'potent agency forsettling
[ I RI S H TENANT RI GHT] I2
7
theircontroversy,thanbyki|lingbothparties.'Nothingcou|d
tend,conc|udesThe Times withregardtoTenantRight,'to
greater confusion than such a communistic distribution of
ownership + . + The onlypersonwithany rightin the |and, is
theland|ord.
The Times seems to have been the sleeping Epimenides
of the past ha|fcentury, and never to have heard ofthe hot
controversygoing on duringa|| thattime uponthe claims of
thelandlord,notamongsocialreformersandCommunists,but
amongtheverypolitica|economistsoftheritishmidd|e-class.
Ricardo, the creator of modern politica| economy in Creat
ritain, didnotcontrovertthe 'right ofthelandlords, ashe
was quite convinced that their c|aims were based upon fact,
and not on right, and that po|itica| economy in genera| had
nothing to do with questions of right; but he attacked the
land-monopolyinamoreunassuming,yetmorescientinc, and
thereforemoredangerousmanner.Heprovedthatprivatepro-
prietorshipinland, asdistinguishedfromtherespectiveclaims
ofthe|aborer,andofthefarmer,wasare|ationquitesuperu-
ousin, andincoherentwiththewho|eframe-workofmodern
production;thattheeconomicalexpressionofthatrelationship,
therentofland,might,withgreatadvantage,beappropriated
bythe State; and nnal|y thatthe interest ofthe landlordwas
opposedtotheinterestofal|otherclassesofmodernsociety.lt
wou|dbetedioustoenumeratealltheconc|usionsdrawn from
thesepremisesbythe RicardoSchoo|againstthe landedmon-
opoly. for my end, it wil| sufnceto quote three ofthe most
recenteconomicalauthoritiesofCreatritain.
TheLondonEconomist, whosechiefeditor, Mr.1. Wilson,
is notonlya freeTradeoracle, butaWhigone,too, andnot
only a Whig, but also an inevitab|e Treasury-appendage in
everyWhigorcompositeministry,hascontendedindifferent
artic|esthatexactlyspeakingtherecanexistnotitleauthorizing
any individual, or any number of individuals, to claim the
exclusiveproprietorshipinthe soilofanation.
Mr. Newman," in his Lectures on Political Economy,
London, t s t , professedlywrittenforthepurposeofrefuting
Socialism,te||sus:
1 28 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
No man has, or can have, a natural right to land, except so long
as he occupies it in person. His right is to the use, and to the use
only. All other right is the creation of artifcial law (or parliamen
tary enactments as The Times would call it) . . . If, at any time,
land becomes needed to live upon, the right of private possessors
to withhold it comes to an end.
Thisisexact|ythecaseinlreland,andMr.Newmanexpressly
connrmsthe claims ofthelrishtenantry, and in lectureshe|d
beforethemostselectaudiencesoftheritisharistocracy.
lnconc|usionletmequotesomepassagesfromMr. Herbert
Spencer'swork,Social Statics, London, : s : ,a|so,purporting
tobeacompleterefutationofCommunism,andacknowledged
asthemostelaboratedeve|opmentofthefreeTradedoctrines
ofmodernEng|and.
No one . . , may use the earth in such a way as to prevent the rest
from similarly using it . . . Equity, therefore, does not permit
property in land, or the rest would live on the earth by sufferance
only. The landless men might equitably be expelled from the
earth altogether . . . It can never be pretended, that the existing
titles to such property are legitimate. Should any one think so let
him look in the Chronicles . . . The original deeds were written
with the sword, rather than with the pen. Not lawyers but soldiers
were the conveyancers: blows were the current coin given in
payment; and for seals blood was used in preference to wax.
Could valid claims be thus constituted? Hardly. And if not, what
becomes of the pretensions of all subsequent holders of estates
so obtained? Does sale or bequest generate a right where it did
not previously exist? . . . If one act of transfer can give no title,
can many? . . . At what rate per annum do invalid claims become
valid? . . . The right of mankind at large to the earth's surface is
still valid, all deeds, customs and laws notwithstanding . . . It is
impossible to discover any mode in which land can become
private property . . . We daily deny landlordism by our legisla
tion. Is a canal, a railway, or a turnpike road to be made? We do
not scruple to seize just as many acres as may be requisite . . . We
do not wait for consent . . . The change required would simply
[ CHARTI SM) 1 29
be a change of landlords . . . Instead of being in the possession
of individuals, the country would be held by the great corporate
body-society. Instead of leasing his acres from an isolated pro
prietor, the farmer would lease them from the nation. Instead of
paying his rent to the agent of Sir John, or His Grace, he will pay
to an agent, or deputy-agent of the community. Stewards would
be public offcials, instead of private ones, and tenantry the only
land tenure . . . Pushed to its ultimate consequences, a claim to
exclusive possession of the soil involves land-owning despotism.
Thus,fromtheverypointofviewofmodernEng|ishpo|itica|
economists,itisnottheusurpingEng|ish|and|ord,butthelrish
tenantsandlaborers,whohavetheon|yrightinthesoi|oftheir
native country, and The Times, in opposing the demands of
thelrishpeop|e,p|acesitse|fintodirectantagonismto ritish
midd|e-classscience.
[ Chartism]
Pub|ished1uly :a, : s ,
'. . . ] Strikes and combinations of workmen are proceeding
rapidly,andtoanunprecedentedextent.lhavenowbeforeme
reportsonthestrikesofthefactoryhandsofa||descriptionsat
Stockport,ofsmiths, spinners, weavers,etc. ,atManchester,of
carpet-weavers atKidderminster, ofco||iers atthe Ringwood
Col|ieries, nearristol,ofweavers and |oomers at |ackburn,
of|oomersatDarwen,ofthecabinet-makersatoston,ofthe
b|eachers, hnishers, dyers and power-|oomweaversofo|ton
and neighborhood, of the weavers ofarns|ey, ofthe Spita|-
ne|dsbroad-si|kweavers,ofthe|acemakersofNottingham,of
a|| descriptions of workingmen throughout the irmingham
district,and invarious other loca|ities. Each mail brings new
reports of strikes; the turn-outgrows epidemic. Everyone of
thelargerstrikes,|ikethoseatStockport,Liverpoo|,etc.,neces-
sarilygeneratesawholeseries ofminor strikes,throughgreat
numbersofpeoplebeingunabletocarryouttheirresistanceto
1 3 0 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
the masters, unlessthey appealto thesupportoftheir fellow-
workmen in the Kingdom, and the latter, in order to assist
them,askingintheirturnforhigherwages.esidesitbecomes
alike a pointofhonorand ofinterestforeach localitynotto
isolate the efforts oftheir fellow-workmen by submitting to
worse terms, and thus strikes in one locality are echoed by
strikes inthe remotestotherlocalities. ln some instances the
demandsforhigherwagesareonlyasettlementoflong-standing
arrearswiththemasters.SowiththegreatStockportstrike.
ln1anuary,t a, themill-ownersofthetownmadeageneral
reduction of t o per cent. from all descriptions of factory-
workers` wages. This reduction was submitted to upon the
condition that when trade revived the t o per cent. was to
be restored. Accordingly the work-people memorialized their
employers, earlyinMarch, t s , , forthepromisedadvanceof
t oper cent.; and as they would not come to arrangements
withthem,upwardof,o,ooohandsstruck.lnthe maiority of
instances, the factory-workmen af6rmed distinctly their right
toshare intheprosperityofthecountry, andespeciallyinthe
prosperityoftheiremployers.
Thedistinctivefeatureofthepresentstrikesisthis,thatthey
beganinthelowerranksofunskilledlabor|notfactorylabor,
actuallytrainedbythedirectinuenceofemigration,according
tovariousstrataofartizans,tilltheyreachedatlastthefactory
peopleofthegreatindustrialcentersofCreatritain;while at
allformer periods strikes originated regularly from the heads
of the factory-workers, mechanics, spinners, &c., spreading
thence to the lower classes of this great industrial hive, and
reachingonlyinthelastinstance,totheartizans.Thisphenom-
enonistobeascribedsolelytoemigration.
Thereexistsaclassofphilanthropists,andevenofsocialists,
whoconsiderstrikesasverymischievoustotheinterestsofthe
'workingmanhimself,andwhosegreataimconsistsin6nding
out a method of securing permanent average wages. esides,
thefactoftheindustrialcyclus,withitsvariousphases,putting
everysuchaveragewagesoutofthequestion.l am,onthevery
contrary, convinced thatthealternativerise andfallofwages,
andthecontinual conflicts betweenmasters andmenresulting
[ PRI NCE ALBE RT] 1 3 1
therefrom, are, in the present organization of industry, the
indispensable means of holding up the spirit of the laboring
classes, ofcombining theminto onegreatassociation against
theencroachmentsoftherulingclass, andofpreventingthem
lrom becoming apathetic, thoughtless, more or less well-fed
instruments ofproduction.lna stateofsociety founded upon
theantagonismofclasses,ifwewanttopreventSlaveryinfact
as well as in name, we must accept war. ln order to rightly
appreciatethevalueofstrikes andcombinations,we mustnot
a|lowourselvestobe blindedbytheapparentinsigni6canceof
theireconomicalresults,buthold,aboveallthings,inviewtheir
moralandpoliticalconsequences.Withoutthegreatalternative
phasesofdullness,prosperity,over-excitement,crisis anddis-
tress,whichmodernindustrytraversesinperiodicallyrecurring
cycles,withtheupanddownofwagesresultingfromthem,as
with the constant warfare between masters and men closely
correspondingwith those variations inwagesandpro6ts, the
working-classesofCreat ritain, and ofallEurope,wouldbe
aheart-broken,aweak-minded,aworn-out,unresistingmass,
whoseself-emancipationwouldproveasimpossibleasthatof
the slaves of Ancient Creece and Rome. Wemust not forget
that strikes and combinations among the serfs were the hot-
beds of the mediaeval communes, and that those communes
have been in their turn, the source oflife of the now ruling
bourgeoisie'. n .]
[Prince Albert]
Publishedfebruary:: , t sa
[ . . .] Public opinion is half-inclined to sacrifce Prince Albert at
the shrine of rumor. A whisper, which was frst insinuated for
party uses, has grown into a roar, and a constructive hint has
swelled into a positive and monstrous fction. That those who
seek the presence of the Queen should fnd Prince Albert with
her Majesty, is a fact which rather won the sympathy and esteem
of the English public; but then it was said that he attended
13
2 DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK 11LT1
meetings of the Queen with her Ministers; next, that Ministers
were made aware of his presence-that, however reluctant to
proceed with business before a third party, they found it necessary
to do so-that it even became necessary to defend their opinions
before the Prince-that the Prince, in fact, interfered with their
counsel to their Sovereign-that he not only influenced the Royal
mind, but possessing the power of free communication with
foreign Courts, he constituted an unlicensed channel for infor
mation between the confdential council of the Queen and the
Cabinets of foreign potentates, perhaps of the enemies of Eng
land-that in short, Prince Albert was a traitor to his Queen,
that he had been impeached for high treason, and fnally, that on
a charge of high treason he had been arrested and committed to
the Tower. This was the story not only told in all parts of England
a day or two back, but by some believed.
l quote the above passage fromThe Spectator, in orderto
showyourreadershowpub|icrumorhas beeninduced bythe
Palmerstonian press to make a poor stupid young man the
scapegoatoftheresponsibleMinisters. PrinceAlbertisaCer-
manPrince,connectedwithmostoftheabso|uteanddespotic
Covernmentsofthe Continent. Raised to the rankofPrince-
Consort in Creat ritain, he has devoted his time part|y to
fattening pigs, to inventing ridicu|ous hats for the army, to
p|anningmode|lodginghousesofapecu|iarlytransparentand
uncomfortablekind,totheHydeParkExhibition,andtoama-
teurso|diery.Hehasbeenconsideredamiableandharmless,in
pointofinte||ectbe|owthegeneralaverageofhumanbeings,a
prolinc father and an obsequious husband. Oflate, however,
hehasbeende|iberate|ymagninedintothemostinuentia|man
andthemostdangerouscharacteroftheUnitedKingdom,said
todisposeofthewholeStatemachineryatthesecretdictation
ofRussia. Nowtherecanexistbutlittle doubtthatthePrince
exercisesa directinf|uenceinCourtaffairs, and,ofcourse,in
theinterestofdespotism.ThePrincecannotbutactaPrince`s
part,andwhowaseversi||yenoughtosupposehewouldnot?
utl neednotinform yourreaders oftheutterimpotency to
which ritish Roya|ty itself has been reduced by the ritish
[ PRI NCE ALBERT] 1
3 3
oligarchy,s othat,forinstance,KingWilliamlV,adecidedfoe
toRussia,was forcedbyhisForeignMinister'~amemberof
theWhigo|igarchytoactasafoetoTurkey.Howpreposter-
ous, then, to suppose Prince A|bert to be able to carry one
sing|epointin denance oftheMinistry,exceptsofaraslittle
Courtaffairs,adirtyriband,oratinselstar,areconcerned!Use
ismadeofhisabsolutistpenchants toblindthepeople`seyesas
tothep|otsandtreacheriesofthe responsibleMinisters.lfthe
outcryandattackmeansanythingitmeansanattackonroya|ist
institutions.lftherewerenoQueentherewouldbenoPrince~
ifthere were no throne there would be no Court influences.
Princes would lose their power if thrones were not there to
back them, and for them to |ean upon. ut, now mark! the
paperswhichgothefarthestintheir'fearfu|boldness,which
crytheloudestandtrytomakeasortofpo|iticalcapitaloutof
Prince Albert, arethe mosteagerintheir assertions of|oya|ty
tothethroneandinfu|someadulationoftheQueen. Astothe
Tory papers this proposition isse|f-evident. As to the radical
Morning Advertiser, itisthesameiournalwhichhai|edona-
parte`s coup d`etat, and recently attacked an lrish paper for
havingdaredtonndfau|twiththeQueen,ontheoccasionofher
presenceatDub|in,whichreproachestheFrenchRevolutionists
with professing Repub|icanism, and continues to designate
Lord Pa|merston as the savior of England. The who|e is a
Pa|merstoniantrick.Palmerston,bythereve|ationsofhisRus-
sianismandhisoppositiontothenewReformi||,hasbecome
unpopu|ar. The |atteracthas takenthe liberalgi|ding offhis
mustygingerbread.Neverthe|ess,hewantspopu|arityinorder
tobecomePremier,orat|eastForeignMinister.Whatanadmir-
ab|eopportunitytostamphimse|faLiberalagainandtoplay
thepartofrutus,persecutedbysecretCourtinfIuences.Attack
aPrince-Consorthowtakingforthepeop|e.He`||bethemost
popularstatesmanoftheage.Whatan admirab|eopportunity
ofcasting ob|oquy on his resent col|eagues, of stigmatizing
themasthetoolsofPrinceAlbert, andofconvincingthe Court
thatPalmerstonmustbeacceptedonhisownterms.TheTories,
ofcourse,ioininthecry,forchurchandcrownare|itt|etothem
comparedwithpoundsandacres,andthesethecotton-lordsare
1 34
DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
winning from them fast. And if the Tories, in the name of
'constitutionand'libertytalkdaggersagainstaPrince,what
enlightened Liberal would not throw himself worshipping at
theirfeet'. . . ]
The War Debate in Parliament
PublishedApril : ;, : sa
AsingularityofEnglishtragedy,sorepulsivetofrenchfeelings
thatVoltaireusedto call Shakespearea drunken savage, isits
peculiarmixtureofthesublimeandthe base,the terrible and
theridiculous,theheroicandtheburlesque.utnowheredoes
ShakespearedevolveupontheClownthetaskofspeakingthe
prologue of a heroic drama. This invention was reserved for
theCoalitionMinistry.MylordAberdeenhasperformed,ifnot
the English Clown, at least the ltalian Pantaloon. All great
historicalmovementsappear,tothesuperncialobserver,nnally
tosubsideintothefarce,oratleastthecommon-place.utto
commencewith thisisa featurepeculiaralone to the tragedy
entitled, War with Russia, the prologue ofwhichwas recited
on friday evening in both Houses of Parliament, where the
Ministry`s address in answer to Her Maiesty`s message was
simultaneously discussed and unanimously adopted, to be
handedovertotheQueenyesterdayafternoon,sittinguponher
throneinuckinghamPalace.TheproceedingsintheHouseof
Lords may be very briefly delineated. Lord Clarendon made
the Ministerial, and LordDerby the Opposition statement of
the case. The one spoke as the man in ofnce, and the other
likethe manoutofit.
LordAberdeen,thenobleEarlattheheadoftheCovernment,
the'acrimoniousconndantoftheCzar,the 'dear,good,and
excellent Aberdeen ofLouis Philippe, the 'estimablegentle-
manofPiuslXalthoughconcludinghissermonwithhisusual
whinings for peace, caused, during the principal part of his
performance,theirlordshipstobeconvulsedwithlaughter,by
declaringwarnotonRussia,butonThe Press, aLondonweekly
THE WAR DEBATE I N PARLI AMENT 1
3 5
periodical. LordMalmesburyretortedonthenobleEarl;Lord
rougham, that 'old, foolish woman, as he was styled by
William Cobbett, discovered that the contest on which they
wereengagedwasno'easyone; Earl Crey, who,inhisChris-
tianspirit,hadcontrivedtomaketheritishColoniesthemost
miserab|eabodesoftheworld,remindedtheritishpeoplethat
the tone and temper in which the war was referred to, the
feelingofanimosityevincedagainsttheCzarandhisCossacks,
wasnotthe spiritin whicha Christiannationoughtto enter
uponwar.TheEarlofHardwickewasofopinionthatEngland
was weak in the means she possessed for dealing with the
Russian navy; thatthey ought not to have a less force in the
altic than 20 sail ofthe line, well armed and well manned,
withdisciplinedcrews,andnotbegin,astheyhaddone,with
a mob of newly raised men, a mob in a line of battle-ship
duringanactionbeingtheworstofallmobs. TheMarquisof
LansdownevindicatedtheCovernment, andexpressedahope
as to the shortness and ultimate success ofthe war, because
|andthisisa characteristicmarkofthenoblelord`spowersof
conception 'itwasnodynasticwar, suchawar involvingthe
largestconsequences,andwhichitwasthemostdifnculttoput
anendto.
Afterthisagreeable conversazione inwhicheverybody had
given his sentiment, the address was agreed to nemine con
tradicente.92
All thenew information to begatheredfromthisconversa
zione islimitedtosomeofncialdeclarationsonthepartofLord
Clarendon,andthehistoryofthesecretmemorandumof: aa.
Lord Clarendon statedthat'atpresenttheagreement with
France consists simply of an exchange of notes containing
arrangementswithrespecttomilitaryoperations.
Consequentlythereexists,atthismoment,no treat between
England and france. ln reference to Austria and Prussia he
statedthattheformerwouldmaintainanarmedneutrality,and
the othera neutral neutrality; butthat 'with sucha war as is
nowabouttobewageduponthefrontiersofbothcountries,it
wouldbeimpossibleforeitherpowertopreserveaneutrality.
Iinallyhe declaredthatthepeaceto be broughtaboutby the
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK 1J1LT1
impending war, wou|d on|y be a g|orious peace 'ifthey did
secureequa|rightsandimmunitiesfortheChristiansubiectsof
Turkey.
Now we know that the Sheik-u|-ls|am has already been
deposed for havingrefused to sanction by a fetva the treaty
grantingthisequalizationofrights;thatthegreatestexcitement
exists onthepartofthe o|dTurkishpopu|ationatConstanti-
nople;and bya te|egraphic dispatchreceivedto-daywe learn
that the Czar has dec|ared to Prussia that he is wi||ing to
withdraw his troops from the Principalities if the Western
Powers shou|d succeed in imposing such a treaty upon the
Porte.A|lhewantsistobreaktheOsmanru|e.`lftheWestern
Powers proposeto doitin his stead, he, ofcourse,snotthe
madmantowagewarwiththem.
Now to the history of the secret memorandum, which l
col|ectfromthespeechesofDerby,Aberdeen,Ma|mesburyand
Cranvil|e.Thememorandumwas'intendedtobeaprovisiona|,
conditional and secret arrangement between Russia, Austria
and Eng|and, to make certain arrangements with respect to
Turkey,whichfrance,withoutanyconsentonherpart,wasto
be ob|igedtoconcurin.
This memorandum, thus described in the words of Lord
Ma|mesbury,wastheresu|tofprivateconferencesbetweenthe
Czar, the Earl ofAberdeen, the Duke ofWe||ington and Sir
Robert Peel. ltwas by the advice of Aberdeen that the Czar
addressedhimse|ftotheDukeandtoSirRobertPeel.ltremains
amatterofcontroversybetweenLordAberdeenandhisoppon-
ents,whetherthememorandumwasdrawnupbyCountNesse|-
rode,onthereturnoftheCzartoSt.Petersburgsubsequent|y
to hisvisittoEnglandin: aa,orwhetheritwasdrawnupby
theEnglishMinistersthemselves as a record ofthe communi-
cationsmadebytheEmperor.
TheconnectionoftheEarlofAberdeenwiththisdocument
wasdistinguishedfromthatofamereMinisterwithanomcia|
document as proved, according to the statement ofMa|mes-
bury, by another paper not laid before the House. Thedocu-
mentwas considered ofthegreatestimportance, andsuch as
mightnotbecommunicatedtotheotherpowers,notwithstand-
THE WAR DEBATE I N PARLI AMENT 1
3 7
ingAberdeen'sassurancethathehadcommunicatedthe'sub-
stance to france. The Czar, ata|levents, wasnotaware of
sucha communicationhavingbeenmade.Thedocumentwas
sanctioned and approved by the Duke ofWellington and Sir
Robert Pee|. lt was not brought under the cognizance and
considerationofthePeelCabinet,ofwhichLordDerbywasat
thattimeamember.ltremainednotwiththeordinarypapersof
theforeignOfnce,butintheprivatecustodyofeachsuccessive
SecretaryofState,withnocopyof itwhateverin theforeign
Ofnce.When Lord Derby accededto ofnce, heknew nothing
ofit, a|thoughhimse|fa member ofthePeel Cabinet in : aa.
WhentheEarlofAberdeen|eftofnce, hehandeditoverina
boxtoLordPa|merston,whohandedtheboxofPandoraover
tohissuccessor,EarlCranvil|e,who,ashestateshimse|f,atthe
requestofaronrunnow,theRussianEmbassador,handedit
overtotheEarlofMa|mesburyonhisaccessiontotheforeign
Ofnce. ut, in the meantime, there appears to have been an
alteration, orrathera falsincationinthe originalindorsement
ofthedocument,sincetheEar|ofCranvi||esentittotheEar|
ofMa|mesburywithanotestatingthatitwasamemorandum
drawnup byBaron Brunnow, astheresu|toftheconferences
betweentheEmperorofRussia,SirRobertPee|andLordAber-
deen,thenameoftheDukeofWel|ingtonnotbeingmentioned
ata|l.Noothermotivecanbesupposedforthisfalsea||egation
buttheanxietytoconcealtheimportanceofthememorandum
bydescribingitasamereannotationoftheEmbassador,instead
of an ofncia| document issued from the Chancel|ory at
St.Petersburg.
Suchwas the importance Russia attachedtothisdocument
thatahoursafterLordMa|mesburyhadbeeninomce,aron
runnow came and asked him whether he had read it; but
Ma|mesburyhadnotthen doneso,itbeingnotforwardedto
him till a few days after. aron runnow urged on him the
necessityofreadingthisdocument,whichhestatedconstituted
the key of all conferences with Russia. from that moment,
however, he never mentioned the document again to the
Derbyites, apparently iudging the Tory Administration too
power|essortootransitoryforcarryingouttheRussianpolicy.
DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
ln December, t sz, the Derby Covernment went out, and
shortly aftertheinte|ligenceoftheformationoftheCoalition
reachingSt.Petersburg,on1an. :: , theCzaragainopenedthis
questionasuf6cientevidencethisthathethoughtthecabinet
ofa||thetalentsreadytoactonthebasisofthismemorandum.
Here,then,wehavethemostcompromisingreve|ationsmade
intheHouseofLordsbythemostirreversiblewitnesses,allof
themhavingbeenPrimeorforeignMinistersofCreatritain.
An'eventua|engagementtheexpressionusedinthememor-
andumis secret|y entered into with Russia by an English
foreignMinister,notonlywithoutthesanctionofParliament,
butbehindthe backsofhisownco||eagues,twoofthemonly
having been initiated into the mystery. The paper isfor ten
yearswithhe|dfromtheforeignOf6ceandkeptinc|andestine
custodybyeachsuccessiveforeignMinister.Wheneveraminis-
trydisappearsfromthescene,theRussianEmbassadorappears
inDowning-st. andintimatestothenew-comerthathehadto
look closely at the bond, the secret bond, entered into not
between the nation as lega||y represented, but between some
Cabinet-MinisterandtheCzar,andtoactaccordingtotheline
ofconductprescribedinaRussianmemorandumdrawnup in
theChancelloryofSt.Petersburg.
lfthisbenotanopeninfractionoftheConstitution,ifnota
conspiracyandhightreason,ifnotcol|usionwith Russia,we
areatalosstounderstandthemeaningoftheseterms.
Atthesametimeweunderstandfromtheserevelationswhy
the criminals, perfectly secure, are a||owed to remain at the
he|m ofthe State, atthevery epoch ofanostensib|ewarwith
Russia, with whom they are convicted to have permanent|y
conspired, and why the Parliamentary opposition is a mere
sham,intendedtoannoybutnottoimpeachthem.Al|foreign
Ministers, andconsequently al|the successiveAdministrations
since t aa are accomplices, each ofthem becoming so from
themomentheneglectedtoaccusehispredecessorandquiet|y
acceptedthemysteriousbox.ythemereaffectationofsecrecy
each ofthem became guilty. Each ofthem became a partyto
the conspiracy by concea|ing it from Parliament. y law the
concea|er ofstolen goodsis ascrimina|asthethief.Anylega|
[ CLEARI NG OF ESTATES I N S COTLAND] 13 9
proceeding, therefore, wouldruin not onlythe Coalition, but
their rivals also, andnotonlytheseMinisters, buttheParlia-
mentarypartiestheyrepresent,andnoton|ythoseparties,but
thegoverningclassesofEngland.
[Clearing of Estates in Scotland]
Published1unez, t sa
'. . . ]Yourreaderswil|remembermydescriptionoftheprocess
ofc|earing estates in lreland and Scotland, which within the
6rst half of this century swept away so many thousands of
humanbeings fromthesoiloftheirfathers. Theprocessstill
continues, andwithavigorquiteworthy ofthatvirtuous, re-
6ned,religious,philanthropicaristocracyofthismodelcountry.
Housesareeither6red or knockedtopiecesoverthe headsof
the helpless inmates. At Neagaat in Knoydart, the house of
Dona|dMacdonald,arespectable,honest,hard-workingman,
wasattackedlastautumnbythelandlord'sorder.Hiswifewas
con6ned to bed un6t to be removed, yetthe factor and his
ruf6ans turned cut Macdonald's family of six chi|dren, a||
under t s years of age, and demo|ished the house with the
exceptionofone sma||bitoftheroofoverhiswife'sbed.
The man was so affected that his brain gave way. He has
beendeclaredinsanebymedicalmen,andheisnowwandering
aboutlookingforhischildrenamongtheruinsoftheburntand
broken cottages. Hisstarving children arecrying around him,
butheknowsthemnot,andheis|eftroamingatlargeunaided
anduncaredfor,becausehisinsanityisharmless.
Twomarriedfemalesinanadvancedstageofpregnancyhad
theirhousespul|eddownabouttheirears.Theyhadtosleepin
theopen air for many nights, andtheconsequencewasthat,
amidexcruciating sufferings,they hadpremature births, their
reason became affected, and they are wandering about with
large families, he|pless and hopeless imbeci|es, dreadful wit-
nessesagainstthatc|assofpersonsca||edtheritisharistocracy.
Evenchi|drenaredrivenmad byterrorandpersecution. At
140 DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Doune,inKnoydart,thecottagerswereevictedandtookrefuge
in an o|d storehouse. The agents ofthe |and|ord surrounded
thatstorehouseinthedeadofnightandsetnretoitasthepoor
outcastswerecoweringbeneathitsshe|ter.frantic,theyrushed
from the f|ames, and some were driven mad by terror. The
Northern Ensign newspapersays:
That one boy is deranged; that he will require to be placed in
confnement; he jumps out of bed crying, "Fire! fre! " and assures
those near him that there are men and children in the burning
storehouse. Whenever night approaches, he is terrifed at the
sight of fre. The awful sight at Doune, when the storehouse
was in flames, illuminating the district-when men, women, and
children ran about half frantic with fear, gave such a shock to
his reason.
Suchistheconductofthearistocracytotheable-bodiedpoor
whomakethemrich'. . . ]
uttherufnanism endsnothere. A s|aughter has beenper-
petratedatStrathcarron.Excitedtofrenzybythecrueltyofthe
evictionsand thefurtheronesthatwereexpected,anumberof
women gathered in the streets on hearingthat a number of
sheriff's ofncers werecomingto c|ear out the tenantry. The
latter, however,wereExcisemen,andnotsheriff'sofncers; but
on hearing that their rea| character was mistaken, these men
insteadofcorrectingthemistake,enioyedit~gavethemse|ves
outforsheriff'sofncers,andsaidtheycametoturnthepeop|e
out and were determined to do so. On the group of women
becomingexcited,theofncerspresenteda|oadedpisto|atthem.
Whatfo||owedweextractfromthe|etterofMr.Dona|dRoss,
whowentoverfromClasgowto Strathcarron,andspenttwo
daysin the district, co||ectinginformation and examiningthe
wounded.HisletterisdatedRoyalHotel,Tain,April :5, t 54,
andstatesasfo|lows:
My information goes to show a shameful course of conduct on
the part of the sheriff. He did not warn the people of the intention
on his part to let the police loose on them. He read no Riot Act.
[ CLEARI NG OF ESTATES I N S COTLAND]
He did not give them time to disperse; but, on the contrary, the
moment he approached with his force, stick in hand, cried out:
"Clear the way," and in the next breath said: "Knock them
down," and immediately a scene ensued which baffles descrip
tion. The policemen laid their heavy batons on the heads of the
unfortunate females and leveled them to the ground, jumped and
trampled upon them after they were down, and kicked them in
every part of their bodies with savage brutality. The feld was
soon covered with blood. The cries of the women and of the boys
and girls, lying weltering in their blood, was rending the very
heavens. Some of the females, pursued by the policemen, jumped
into the deep and rapid-rolling Carron, trusting to its mercies
more than to that of the policeman or the sherif. There were
females who had parcels of their hair torn out by the batons of
the policemen, and one girl had a piece of the fesh, about seven
inches long by one and a quarter broad, and more than a quarter
of an inch thick, torn off her shoulder by a violent blow with a
baton. A young girl, who was only a mere spectator, was run
after by three policemen. They struck her on the forehead, cut
open her skull, and after she fell down they kicked her. The
doctor abstracted from the wound a portion of the cap sunk into
it by the baton of the savage police. The marks of their hobnails
are still visible in her back shoulders. There are still in Strath
carron thirteen females in a state of great distress, owing to the
brutal beating they received at the hands of the police. Three of
these are so ill that their medical attendant has no hopes whatever
of their recovery. It is my own frm conviction, from the appear
ance of these females and the dangerous nature of their wounds,
coupled with medical reports which I have procured, that not
one-half of these injured persons will recover; and all of them,
should they linger on for a time, will bear about on their persons
sad proofs of the horrid brutality to which they had been sub
jected. Among the number seriously wounded is a woman ad
vanced in pregnancy. She was not among the crowd who met the
sheriff, but at a considerable distance, just looking on; but she
was violently struck and kicked by the policemen, and she is in
a very dangerous condition.
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
We may further add that the women who were assailed
numberedonlyeighteen.ThenameofthesheriffisTaylor.
Such is a picture of the ritish aristocracy in the year
: sa '. . . ]
The English Middle Class
PublishedAugust : , t sa
And as regards the iourneyman ofall descriptions, in what
relation does he stand to his employer? All knowwith what
oppositiontheemployersmetthe'TenHoursbill.TheTories,
out ofspiteforthe recent loss ofthe CornLaws, helpedthe
working class to get it; butwhen passed, the reports of the
district supervisors show with what shameless cunning and
pettyunder-handtreacheries itwasevaded.Everysubsequent
attemptinParliamentto subiect Laborto more humanecon-
ditions has been met by the middle class representatives with
the catch-cry of Communism! Mr. Cobden has acted thus a
scoreoftimes.Withintheworkshopsforyearsthe aim ofthe
employers has been to prolong the hours of labor beyond
humanendurance,andbyanunprincipleduseofthecontract
system, bypitting one man against another, to cut downthe
earning ofthe skilled to that of the unskilled laborer. lt was
this system that at last drove the Amalgamated Engineers to
revolt,and the brutalityofthe expressionsthatpassedcurrent
amongthemastersatthattimeshowedhowlittleofre6nedor
humanefeelingwastobelookedforfromthem.Theirboorish
ignorance was further displayed in the employment by the
Masters' Association ofa certainthird-ratelitterateur,Sidney
Smith, to undertake their defense in the publicpress and to
carry onthewarofwordswiththeirrevoltedhands.Thestyle
oftheirhiredwriterwell6ttedthetaskhehadtoperform,and
whenthebattlewasover,theMasters,havingnomoreneedof
literatureorthepress,gavetheirhirelinghisconge.Although
the middle classdonotaim atthelearningofthe old school,
theydonotforthatcultivateeithermodernscienceorliterature.
THE ENGLI S H MI DDLE CLASS 143
Theledger,thedesk,business,thati seducationsuf6cient.Their
daughters, when expensively educated, are super6cially en-
dowedwith afew'accomplishments; buttherealeducation
of the mind and the storing it with knowledge is not even
dreamedof.
Thepresentsplendidbrotherhoodof6ction-writers inEng-
land, whose graphic and eloquent pages have issued to the
worldmorepolitical and socialtruthsthanhave beenuttered
by all theprofessionalpoliticians,publicistsandmoralistsput
together,havedescribedeverysectionofthemiddleclassfrom
the'highlygenteelannuitantandfundholderwholooksupon
all sorts of business as vulgar, to the little shopkeeper and
lawyer's clerk. And how have Dickens and Thackeray, Miss
ronteandMrs.Caskellpaintedthem?1sfullofpresumption,
affectation, petty tyranny and ignorance; and the civilized
worldhas con6rmed their verdictwith the damningepigram
that it has 6xed to this class that 'they are servile to those
above, andtyrannicaltothose beneaththem.
Thecrampedandnarrowsphere inwhichtheymoveisto a
certain degree dueto the social system ofwhich they form a
part. Asthe Russiannobility live uneasilybetwixttheoppres-
sion ofthe Czar above them and the dread of the enslaved
massesbelowthem,sotheEnglishmiddleclassarehemmedin
bythearistocracyontheonehandandtheworkingclasseson
theother. Sincethepeaceof : : s , wheneverthe middleclass
havewishedtotakeactionagainstthe aristocracy,theyhave
toldtheworkingclassesthattheirgrievanceswereattributable
tosomearistocraticprivilegeandmonopoly.ythismeansthe
middleclassrousedtheworkingclassesto help them in : , z
whentheywanted the Reform ill, and, havinggota Reform
illfor themselves, haveeversincerefusedonetotheworking
classesnay, in t a, actually stood arrayed against them
armedwithspecialconstablestaves. Next, itwastherepealof
the Corn Laws that would be the panacea for the working
classes.Well,thiswaswonfromthearistocracy,butthe'good
timewasnotyetcome, and lastyear, asifto takeawaythe
lastpossibilityofasimilarpolicyforthefuture,thearistocracy
were compelled to accede to a tax on the succession to real
144 DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
estateataxwhichthesamearistocracyhadsel6shlyexempted
themselves from in 1 793, while they imposed it on the suc-
cessiontopersonalestate.Withthisragofagrievancevanished
the last chance of gulling the working classes into the belief
thattheirhardlotwasduesolelytoaristocraticlegislation.The
eyesoftheworkingclassesarenowfullyopened:theybeginto
cry: 'Our St. Petersburgis at Preston! lndeed, the lasteight
monthshaveseenastrangespectacleinthetownastanding
armyof14,000 menandwomensubsidizedbythetradesunions
andworkshopsofallpartsoftheUnitedKingdom,tonghtout
a grand social battleformasterywiththecapitalists, andthe
capitalistsofPreston,ontheirside,heldupbythecapitalistsof
Lancashire.
Whatever other shapes this social struggle may hereafter
assume,wehaveseenonlythebeginningofit.ltseemsdestined
to nationalize itself and present phases never before seen in
history;forit must be borne in mind that though temporary
defeatmayawaittheworkingclasses,greatsocialandeconomi-
cal laws are in operationwhich must eventually insure their
triumph.Thesameindustrialwavewhichhasbornethemiddle
classupagainstthearistocracy,isnowassistedasitisandwill
be by emigration bearing the working classes up againstthe
middle classes. 1ustasthe middle class inictblows uponthe
aristocracy,sowilltheyreceivethemfromtheworkingclasses.
ltistheinstinctiveperceptionofthisfactthatalreadyfettersthe
actionofthatclassagainstthearistocracy.Therecentpolitical
agitationsoftheworkingclasses havetaughtthemiddleclass
to hate and fear overt political movements. ln their cant,
'respectable men don't ioin them, Sir. The higher middle
classesapethearistocracyintheirmodesoflife,andendeavor
to connect themselves with it. The consequence is that the
feudalismofEnglandwillnotperishbeneaththescarcelyper-
ceptible dissolving processes ofthe middleclass; the honor of
such a victory is reserved for the working classes. When the
time shall beripefortheir recognized entry uponthestage of
political action, there will be within the lists three powerful
classesconfrontingeachotherthe6rstrepresentingtheland;
thesecond,money; thethird,labor.And asthesecondistri-
FALL OF THE ABERDEEN MI NI STRY 14
5
umphing over the 6rst, so, in its turn, it mustyield before its
successorintheneld ofpoliticalandsocialconict.
Fall of the Aberdeen Ministr
Publishedfebruary 17, : s s
Neverinthewholeannalsofrepresentativegovernmenthasan
administration been turned out half as ignominiously as the
celebratedCabinetof'alltheTalents''''in England.To bein
aminorityisa thingwhichmayhappentoanybody, buttobe
defeatedby 305 against :a, bymorethantwoto one,inan
assemblyliketheCommons'HouseofCreatritain,thatwas
adistinctionreservedforthegalaxyofgeniuscommandedby
ce cher Aberdeen.
There is no doubt the Cabinetconsideredits days as num-
beredassoonasParliamentmet. The scandalous proceedings
intheCrimea,theutterruinofthearmy,thehelplessnessofall
and every one connected with the administration ofthe war,
the outcry in the country, fed by the diatribes of The Times,
theevidentdeterminationof1ohn ull toknowforonce who
wastoblame,oratleasttowreakhiswrathuponsomeoneor
another~allthismusthaveprovedtotheCabinetthatthetime
hadarrivedwhentheymustputtheirhouseinorder.
Noticesofthreatening questions andmotionsweregiven in
abundanceandatonce;aboveall,thenoticeofMr.Roebuck's
threateningmotion,'`fora committeetoinquireintothecon-
ductofthewar,andofallpartieswhohadanyresponsibility
in itsadministration.Thisbroughtmattersto an issueatonce.
Lord1ohnRussell'spoliticalscentmadeitatoncecleartohim
thatthismotionwouldbeadoptedinspiteofminorities;anda
statesman like him,who boasts ofmoreminoritiesthanyears,
couldnotwellaffordtobeagainoutvoted.Accordingly,Lord
1ohn Russell,withthatspiritofpusillanimityandpettifogging
meanness, which isvisible during his entire career, through a
cloakofimportanttalkativityandconstitutionalprecedentism,
thoughtdiscretionthebetterpartofvalor,anddecampedfrom
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
of6ce without giving his colleagues even a moment`s notice.
Now,althoughheisamanwhocanhardlyexpecttobemissed
anywhere, yet it appears that 'all the talents were entirely
upsetbyhis suddenretreat.ThepressofCreatritain unani-
mouslycondemned the little statesman, butwhatofthat? All
thepressandallitscondemnationscouldnotsettheministerial
'higgledypiggledyup again; andin thisstateofdisorganiz-
ation, withthe Duke ofNewcastle resigningtheWar Of6ce,
and Lord Palmerston not having taken possession of it, the
CabinethadtomeetMr. Roebuck'sformidablemotion.
Mr. Roebuckisalittlelawyer,whowould be iustasfunny
alittleWhigasLord1ohnRussell,andquiteasinoffensive,had
he only been more successful inhis parliamentary career. ut
the ci-devant briefless barrister, and present parliamentary
spouter,hasfailed,withallhissharpnessandactivity,toamass
anypoliticalcapitalworthspeakingof.Thoughgenerallyasort
ofsecretandcon6dentialunderstrappertoanyWhigMinistry,
he never succeeded in reaching that position which insures
Place,thegreatgoalofallritishLiberals.OurfriendRoebuck,
blightedinhisblandesthopes,underestimatedbyhisownparty,
ridiculed byhis opponents, gradually felt the milk ofhuman
kindnessturning sourwithinhis bosom, and became, byand
by,asinvidious,unsociable,unpleasant,provokingalittlecur
aseverbarked onthe oorofa HouseofParliament. lnthis
capacity he has served, in turns, all men who knew how to
handlehim,withoutevergainingclaimsuponthegratitudeor
considerationofanyparty;andnobodyknewhowto make a
betteruseofhimthanouroldfriendPalmerston,whosegame
he againwasmadetoplayonthez6thult.
Mr.Roebuck'smotion,asitactuallystood,couldhardlyhave
anysense inanassemblyliketheritishHouseofCommons.
Everybody knows what clumsy, lazy, time-killing things the
CommitteesoftheCommonsare;aninvestigationofthecon-
ductofthiswarbysuchacommitteewouldbeofnopractical
usewhatever,foritsresultswouldcomemanyamonthtoolate
todoanygoodevenifanygooddidresultfromtheinquiry.
ltisonlyinarevolutionary,dictatorialassemblylikethefrench
National Convention of : ;o,thatsuch committees mightdo
FALL OF THE ABERDEEN MI NI STRY I
47
anygood.uttherethe Covernmentitselfisnothing butsuch
acommittee~itsagentsarethecommissionersoftheassembly
itself,and,therefore,insuchanassemblysimilarmotionswould
besuperfluous.Yet,Mr.SidneyHerbertwasnotentirelywrong
inpointingoutthatthe motion| surelyquiteunintentionallyon
Mr. Roebuck`sparthadasomewhatunconstitutionalcharac-
ter,andinasking,withhisusualhistoricalaccuracy,whether
the House of Commons intended sending Commissioners to
the Crimea, the same as the Directory | sic did to Ceneral
Dumouriez.'Wemayaswellobserve herethatthissamepre-
ciouschronologywhichmakestheDirectory| instituted: ;os
send Commissaries to Dumouriez, whom this latter Ceneral
had arrested and delivered up to the Austrians as early as
: ;o,~thatthischronology isquite ofa piecewith the con-
fusionoftime andspacereigninginalltheoperationsofMr.
Sidney Herbert and colleagues. To return to Mr. Roebuck's
motion,theinformalityalludedtoservedasapretexttoagreat
many candidates for place, not to vote for it, and thus to
remain free toenterintoany possible combination. And yet,
themai orityagainstMinisterswassocrushing!
Thedebateitselfwascharacterizedparticularlybythediffer-
ent departments ofthe Covernment quarreling among them-
selves. Each ofthem threw the blame upon the other. Sidney
Herbert,SecretaryatWar,saiditwasallthefaultofthetrans-
portservice; ernalOsborne, SecretaryoftheAdmiralty, said
itwastheviciouslyrottensystem at the HorseCuardswhich
wasatthebottomofallthemischief;Admiralerkeley,oneof
theLordsoftheAdmiralty,prettydistinctlyadvisedMr.Herbert
topullhisownnose,&c. SimilaramenitiespassedintheHouse
olLords, at the same time, between the Duke ofNewcastle,
WarMinister, andViscountHardinge, Commander-in-Chief.
Mr.Herbert`sposition,itistrue,wasrenderedextremelydif6-
cu|tbyLord1ohnRussell,who,inexplanationsrespectinghis
resignation, confessed that all that the press had said on the
state oftheCrimeanarmywassubstantiallycorrect, andthat
the condition of the troops was 'horrid and heart-rending.
Afterthis,SidneyHerbertcoulddonobetterthantogiveinto
thefactswithoutamurmur, andtomakea seriesofextremely
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK 11LT1
t oar, inpro-
portiontothenumberofsharestheytoldin the motbersociety.
Thepro6tthusinsuredto them acts, inhe Frstp|ace, on the
va|ueofthesharesoftheCredit Milieitslf whiheirhigh
range, in the second place, insurcs a high \ tIe new
sharestobeemitted.lnthismannertheCritMoli
j
ir obtains
commandovera|argeportionoftheloanablecapital:ntended
forinvestmentinindustrialenterprises.
Now,apartfrom thefactthatthepremiumisthusthereal
pivot on which the activity of the Credit Mobilier turns, its
obiectis apparentlyto affect capital ina mannerwhichisthe
veryreverse ofthe actionofcommercial banks.Acommercial
bank, byits discounts, |oans, and emission ofnotes, sets free
temporarily6xedcapital,whilethe Credit Mobilier 6xes actu-
allyfloatingcapita|. Railway shares, forinstance,maybevery
floating,butthecapitaltheyrepresent,i.e.,thecapitalemp|oyed
THE FRENCH CREDI T MOBI LI ER [ I I I )
inthe construction ofthe railway,i s 6xed. Amill-ownerwho
wouldsinkinbuildingsandmachineryapartofhiscapitalout
ofproportionwiththepartreservedforthepaymentofwages
andthepurchaseofrawmaterial,wouldverysoon6ndhismill
stopped. The same holds goodwith a nation. Almost every
commercialcrisis in modern times has been connected with a
derangementinthedueproportion betweenoatingand6xed
capital. What, then, must be the result ofthe working of an
institutionliketheCredit Mobilier, thedirectpurposeofwhich
is to 6x as much as possible of the loanable capital of the
country in railways, canals, mines, docks, steamships, forges,
and other industrial undertakings, without any regard to the
productivecapacitiesofthecountry?
According to itsstatutes,the Credit Mobilier canpatronize
onlysuchindustrialconcernsasare carried on by anonymous
societies, ori oint-stockcompanieswith |imitedresponsibility.
Consequently there must arise a tendency to start as many
suchsocietiesaspossible, and, further, to bring all industrial
undertakingsundertheform ofthesesocieties.Now,itcannot
be denied that the application of ioint-stock companies to
industry marks anewepochinthe economicallifeofmodern
nations.Ontheonehandithasrevealedtheproductivepowers
ofassociation,notsuspectedbefore,andcalledinto lifeindus-
trial creations, on a scale unattainable by the efforts of indi-
vidualcapitalists;ontheotherhand,itmustnotbeforgotten,
that in ioint-stockcompanies itisnotthe individualsthat are
associated, but the capitals. y this contrivance, proprietors
have been converted into shareholders, i.e., speculators. The
concentrationofcapitalhasbeenaccelerated,and,asitsnatural
corollary,the downfallofthesmall middle class.Asortofin-
dustrialkingshavebeencreated,whosepowerstandsininverse
ratiototheirresponsibi|itytheybeingresponsibleonlytothe
amountoftheirshares,whiledisposingofthewholecapitalof
the society~forming a more or less permanent body, while
the mass of shareholders is undergoing a constantprocess of
decompositionandrenewal,andenab|ed, bytheverydisposal
ofthe ioint inuence and wealth ofthe society, to bribe its
single rebellious members. eneath this oligarchic oard of
1 86 DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Directors is placed a bureaucratic body ofthe practical man-
agersandagentsofthesociety,andbeneaththem,withoutany
transition,anenormousanddailyswellingmassofmerewages
laborerswhose dependence and helplessness increase with
the dimensions of the capital that employs them, but who
also becomemoredangerous indirectratio to the decreasing
number of its representatives. lt is the immoral merit of
Fourier'''tohavepredictedthisformofmodernindustry,under
thenameofIndustrial Feudalism. CertainlyneitherMr. lsaac,
nor Mr.
tienne,
Nantes,Orleans,Angers,Rheims,Chalns,Metz,Lille,Douai,
Valenciennes,eauvais,Arras,St.Omer,Calais,oulogne-sur-
Mer,Strasbourg,Mulhouse,Rouen,Havre,Mcon,LeMans,
Amiens, Abbeville, andToulon. Accordingto thelastcensus,
the populations ofthe : 6: towns and cities may now beset
downatabout,ooo,ooo!Thisgivesusthens, soo,ooohecto-
|itres,atacostofbetween ;o,ooo,oooand o,ooo,ooofrancs
for the reserves. ln transmitting by circular the decree to the
PrefectsofDepartments,theMinisterofAgricultureandCom-
merce tells them that, though they 'must not constrain the
bakersto ful6ll precipitatelythe obligationsimposedonthem
by the decree, they must '6x within reasonable limits the
period allowedforsodoing.He leavesthePrefectstodecide,
fromlocalconsiderations,whetherthereservesshallbelaid in
in grain or flour. He then tells themthatthe presentmeasure,
vastasitis,maybeconsideredcapableofextension.
The Government does not exaggerate, Monsieur Ie Prefect, the
importance of the measure I have described. It is aware that
the decree only concerns a small part of the population, and
accordingly it has occupied itself with the possibility of extending
its means of action. The inhabitants of hamlets and of villages
208 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
bake their own bread, and take from their crops the quantity of
wheat necessary for their families during the year. The inte
venti on of the Government with regard to them would be useles
s
and impossible. But in a certain number of chief towns of depart
ments, and in a greater number of the chief places of arrondisse
ments and of cantons, and even in populous villages, bakers ma
k
e
an important part of the bread consumed, and yet they are nOt
the obj ect of any regulations, and are not obliged to make any
reserves. Is it not possible to place the bakers of such places as
these under the same regime, and to impose on them the same
salutary law of prudence? The Government is disposed to think
that its prescriptions in this respect would not meet with any
serious objections.
efore, however, subi ecting to the above decree a|| the rest
ol France, except the sma|| vi||ages, the Minister directs the
Prefects to consu|t the Municipa|ities of the p|aces which do
notnowfa||withinitsoperation.Hethente||sthePrefectshow
the reservesaretobe stored up:
Bakers must, as far as possible, utilise the dependencies of their
shops, as the surveillance of them will be easy. But you must
invite the Municipalities to organize, and to place at the disposal
of bakers, public store-houses calculated to receive, on payment
of a rent to be fxed by tariff, the reserve they cannot receive
themselves. I do not doubt that the enlightened cooperation of
the municipal authorities will render these operations easy.
The Minister next arrives atthe vita| pointwhere to get
themoneyforcarryingoutthedecree:
As to the realization of the capital necessary, I am convinced that
bakers will employ the most serious efforts to procure the sums
they will need. Such an employment of capital presents commer
cial advantages so great, and promises to realize such legitimate
profts that they can hardly fail to obtain credit, especially at a
moment at which the interest on money is so low. Is it presuming
too much on the good will of the capitalists in each commune to
[ PROJECT FOR THE REGULATION OF THE PRICE OF BREAD IN FRANCE] 209
hope for their cooperation in favor of the bakers? Would they
not fnd in the reserves constituted a safe pledge of their
advances-and a pledge which is rather destined to increase in
value than to decline? I shall be happy if the efforts you may
make in this matter may be crowned with success. I ask myself
if the Municipalities could not, if necessary, in imitation of the
Caisse de Paris, create resources and employ them in advances
to bakers. In order to encourage and facilitate such advances,
and to multiply them by circulation, the granaries destined to
receive the reserves might have the character of bonded ware
houses (magasins generaux), conferred on them, and might
deliver warrants which would safely be accepted with favor by
our fnancial establishment, and especially by the Bank of France.
TheMinisterconc|udes hiscircu|arbydirectingthatwithin
twentydaysthePrefectssha||informhimwhattheyproposein
regardtothe executionofthesecondartic|e ofthedecree,and
withinamonth sha|| reportonwhatthe Municipa|itiesofthe
townsandvi||agesnotinc|udedinthedecreerecommend.
Now, we do notpurpose toenter atthis moment into the
question ofpub|ic granaries, but the immense importance of
this economica| coup d'etat needs no |ong commentary. lt is
we|| known that the present price of grain is ruinous|y |ow
in France, and that, consequent|y, signs of dissatisfaction are
perceptib|eamongthepeasantry.ythearti6cia|demandtobe
createdthroughthemeansofthreemonths'reserve,Napo|eon
triesto enhanceprices arti6ca||y, andthus stopthe mouthto
agricu|tura|France.Ontheotherhand, heproc|aimshimse|fa
sort of socia|ist providence to the pro|etarians of the towns,
a|thoughinaratherawkwardway,sincethe6rstpa|pab|eeffect
ofhisdecreemustbetomakethempaymorefortheir|oafthan
before.The 'savior ofpropertyshowsthe midd|e c|ass that
noteventheforma|interventionofhisownmockLegis|atures,
butasimp|epersona|ukaseonhispart,isa||thatiswantedto
make free with their purses, dispose of municipa| property,
troub|e the course of trade, and subiect their monetary dea|-
ings to hisprivatecrochets. Last|y, the question is sti|| to be
consideredfromthepureonapartistpointofview. lmmense
210 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
buildings for public granaries will become necessary over the
wholeoffrance;andwhatafresh6eldtheywillopenforiobs
andplunder. Anunexpectedturnisalsogiventothe trade in
breadstuffs.Whatpro6tstobepocketedbytheCreditMobilier
andtheother gambling companions ofhislmperial Maiesty!
Atall events, we may be surethatthelmperialSocialistwill
provemoresuccessfulinraisingthepriceofbreadthanhehas
beeninattemptstoreduceit.
I NDI A AND I MPERI ALI SM
lndiarepresentedafascinatinglaboratoryforMarx'stheories.
lnthe mid-nineteenth century there existed no more pure an
example of a society dominated by imperialism. Theritish
Eastlndia Company's almosttotalmonopolyonritishtrade
with the colony, which existed for nearly two centuries until
: : , , had, in his view, completely transformed not only the
lndian economy but its very structure. The company's ships
andfactories~tosaynothingofitsarmy,navyandciviladmin-
istratorsdestroyed traditional methods of production and
distribution, turning the vastmai ority of lndiancitizens into
virtual slaves. WhentheCompanybeganto suffer 6nancially
inthelateeighteenthcentury,itsprincipallifelinederivedfrom
forcing lndian farmers to grow opium for Chinese consump-
tion,apracticeforwhichMarxreservedthekindofscornthat
manyfeelfortheLatinAmericancocainetradetoday.
Yet Marx's analysis oflndia was neither rigidly economic
norwithouthope.Asdeeplyashedenouncedtheritishcolon-
ization of lndia, he did not hold a romantic notion that a
nation's ColdenAge hadbeen destroyed. Onthecontrary,he
believedthatHinduismhadproducedan'undigni6ed,stagna-
tory, and vegetative life . . . 'that] rendered murder itself a
religious rite. Marx's beliefin dialectical progress predicted
that the lndians would eventually use the productive forces
theritishintroducedincludingrailroadsandirrigationto
emancipate themselves. Thus the 6ssures in ritain's lndian
rulethatpresentedthemselvesthroughoutthemid-nineteenth
century were for Marx harbingers of lndian independence.
lndeed, the distinguished Asian historian Dilip Hiro believes
21 2 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
thatMarxaloneamongcontemporarycommentatorsperceived
the implications oftheuprisingthatbeganinthe lndianarmy
inmid- : s ;. ' Theoriginsoftherebellion,heunderstood,were
humble to the point of being obscure~a rumor to the effect
that the ritish wanted to convert alllndians to Christianity.
uttheuprisingshowedbothadeeperdiscontentandasystem
of oppression that would be dif6cult and expensive for the
ritshto sustain.Hence,Marxsawintherevolt'theprologue
ofamostterribletragedythatwillhavetobeenacted.
PO1
I. Personal conversation.
The British Rule in India
Published1une zs, : s ,
'. . . ]Lastnightthedebateonlndiawascontinuedi ntheHouse
ofCommons,intheusualdullmanner.Mr. lackettcharged
thestatementsofSirCharlesWoodandSir1.Hoggwithbearing
thestampofoptimistfalsehood.AlotofMinisterialandDirec-
torial advocates rebukedthechargeaswell astheycould,and
theinevitableMr. HumesummedupbycallingonMinistersto
withdrawtheirbill.Debateadiourned.
Hindostanisanltaly ofAsiatic dimensions,theHimalayas
for theAlps,thePlainsofengalforthePlainsofLombardy,
the Deccanfor theApennines,andthelsle of Ceylonforthe
lslandofSicily.Thesamerichvarietyintheproductsofthesoil,
and the same dismemberment in the political con6guration.
1ust as ltaly has, from time to time, been compressed bythe
conqueror'sswordintodifferentnationalmasses,sodowe6nd
Hindostan,whennotunderthepressureoftheMohammedan,
ortheMogul,ortheriton,dissolvedintoasmanyindependent
andconflictingStates asit numbered towns, orevenvillages.
Yet,in a social pointofview,Hindostanisnottheltaly, but
THE BRI TI SH RULE IN I NDI A 213
the lrelandofthe East. Andthis strange combinationofltaly
andoflreland,ofaworldofvoluptuousnessandofaworldof
woes, is anticipated in the ancient traditions of the religion
of Hindostan.Thatreligionis atoncea religionofsensualist
exuberance,andareligionofself-torturingasceticism;areligion
oftheLingamandofthe1uggernaut;thereligionoftheMonk,
andoftheayadere.
l share not the opinion of those who believe in a golden
ageofHindostan,withoutrecurring,however,likeSirCharles
Wood'` for the con6rmationofmy view, totheauthority of
Khuli-Khan.uttake,forexample,thetimesofAurangzeb;'
orthe epoch,whentheMogulappearedintheNorth, andthe
PortugueseintheSouth;ortheageofMohammedaninvasion,
andoftheHeptarchyinSouthernlndia;or,ifyouwill,gostill
more back to antiquity,take the mythological chronology of
therahmanhimself,whoplacesthecommencementoflndian
miseryin an epoch evenmoreremote thantheChristiancre-
ationoftheworld.
Therecannot,however,remainanydoubtbutthatthemisery
inflictedbytheritishonHindostanisofanessentiallydifferent
and in6nitely more intensive kind than all Hindostan had to
suffer before. l do notallude to Europeandespotism, planted
upon Asiatic despotism, by the ritish East lndia Company,
formingamoremonstrouscombinationthananyofthedivine
monsters startling us in the Temple of Salsette. This is no
distinctivefeatureofritishColonialrule,butonlyanimitation
oftheDutch,andso muchsothatinordertocharacterizethe
working oftheritish Eastlndia Company, it issuf6cientto
literallyrepeatwhatSirStamfordRafes,theEnglish Covernor
of1ava, saidoftheoldDutchEastlndia Company:
The Dutch Company, actuated solely by the spirit of gain, and
viewing their Uavan] subjects, with less regard or consideration
than a West India planter formerly viewed a gang upon his estate,
because the latter had paid the purchase money of human prop
erty, which the other had not, employed all the existing machinery
of despotism to squeeze from the people their utmost mite of
contribution, the last dregs of their labor, and thus aggravated
214 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK 111LT1
the evils of a capricious and semi-barbarous Government, by
working it with all the practised ingenuity of politicians, and all
the monopolizing selfshness of traders.
Allthecivilwars,invasions,revolutions,conquests,famines,
strangely complex, rapid, and destructive as the successive
action in Hindostan may appear, did not go deeper than its
surface. England has broken down the entire framework of
lndian society, without any symptoms of reconstitution yet
appearing. This loss of his old world, with no gain ofa new
one, imparts a particular kind of melancholy to the present
misery of the Hindoo, and separates Hindostan, ruled by
ritain, from all its ancienttraditions, and from the whole of
itspasthistory.
TherehavebeeninAsia,generally,fromimmemorialtimes,
butthree departmentsofCovernment;thatofFinance,or the
plunder of the interior; that of War, or the plunder of the
exterior;and,6nally,thedepartmentofPublicWorks.Climate
and territorial conditions, especially the vast tracts of desert,
extendingfromtheSahara,throughArabia,Persia, lndia, and
Tartary, to the most elevated Asiatic highlands, constituted
arti6cial irrigation by canals and water-works the basis of
Oriental agriculture. As in Egypt and lndia, inundations are
usedforfertilizingthesoilinMesopotamia,Persia,&c.;advan-
tageistaken ofa highlevelforfeedingirrigativecanals. This
prime necessity of aneconomical and commonuse ofwater,
which, inthe Occident, drove private enterprise to voluntary
association,asinFlandersandltaly,necessitated,intheOrient,
where civilization was too low and the territorial extent too
vastto call into life voluntaryassociation, the interferenceof
the centralizingpower of Covernment. Hence an economical
function devolveduponallAsiaticCovernments,thefunction
of providing public works. This arti6cial fertilization of the
soil, dependent on a Central Covernment, and immediately
decayingwiththeneglectofirrigation and drainage, explains
the otherwise strangefactthatwe now 6nd whole territories
barrenanddesertthatwereonce brilliantlycultivated,asPal-
myra,Petra,theruinsinYemen,andlargeprovincesofEgypt,
THE BRI TI S H RULE I N I NDI A 21
5
Persia, and Hindostan; it also explains how a single war of
devastationhasbeenabletodepopulateacountryforcenturies,
andtostripitofallitscivilization.
Now, the ritish in East lndia accepted from their prede-
cessors the department of6nance and ofwar, but theyhave
neglectedentirelythatofpublicworks.Hencethedeterioration
ofan agriculture which is not capable ofbeingconducted on
the ritish principle of free competition, of laissez-faire and
laissez-aller. utinAsiaticempireswearequiteaccustomedto
seeagriculture deterioratingunder one governmentandreviv-
ing again under some other government. There the harvests
correspond to good or bad government, as they change in
Europe withgood or bad seasons. Thusthe oppression and
neglectofagriculture,badasitis,couldnotbelookeduponas
the 6nal blow dealtto lndian society bythe ritish intruder,
had itnot been attended by a circumstance ofquite different
importance,anoveltyintheannalsofthewholeAsiaticworld.
However changing the political aspect of lndia`s past must
appear, its social condition has remained unaltered since its
remotestantiquity,untilthe6rstdecenniumofthe:othcentury.
Thehand-loomandthespinning-wheel,producingtheirregular
myriads ofspinners andweavers,werethepivotsofthe struc-
ture ofthat society. Fromimmemorialtimes, Europe received
the admirable textures of lndian labor, sending in return for
them her preciousmetals, andfurnishing thereby his material
tothegoldsmith,that indispensable memberoflndiansociety,
whoseloveof6neryissogreatthateventhelowestclass,those
who go about nearly naked, havecommonly a pair ofgolden
ear-ringsandagoldornamentofsomekindhungroundtheir
necks. Ringsonthe6ngersand toeshave also beencommon.
Womenaswell aschildrenfrequentlyworemassive bracelets
andankletsofgoldorsilver,andstatuettesofdivinitiesingold
and silverweremetwith inthehouseholds. lt wasthe ritish
intruder who broke up the lndian hand-loom and destroyed
the spinning-wheel. England began with driving the lndian
cottons from the Europeanmarket; it then introduced twist
into Hindostan, and in the end inundated the very mother
countryofcottonwithcottons.From : Ito : , 6theexport
ct
r of this
it
applies toeveryman in Hindostanwhohas landed r
andwhoprofessestheHindooreligion.
l quote apassage:
The great feudatory, or j aguedar, who holds his lands by public
service to his lord; and the enamdar, who holds his land free of
all land-tax, who corresponds, if not precisely, in a popular sense,
at least with our freeholder-both of these classes-classes most
numerous in India-always, on the failure of their natural heirs
fnd in this principle the means of obtaining successors to thei
estates. These classes were all touched by the annexation of
Sattara, they were touched by the annexation of the territories of
the ten inferior but independent princes to whom I have already
alluded, and they were more than touched, they were terrifed to
the last degree, when the annexation of the Raj of Berar took
place. What man was safe? What feudatory, what freeholder who
had not a child of his own loins was safe throughout India?
[Hear, hear]. These were not idle fears; they were extensively
acted upon and reduced to practice. The resumption of j agheers
and of inams commenced for the frst time in India. There have
been, no doubt, impolitic moments when attempts have been
made to inquire into titles but no one had ever dreamt of abol
ishing the law of adoption; therefore no authority, no Govern
ment had ever been in a position to resume jagheers and inams
the holders of which had left no natural heirs. Here was a new
source of revenue; but while all these things were acting upon
the minds of these classes of Hindoos, the Government took
another step to disturb the settlement of property, to which I
must now call the attention of the House. The House is aware,
no doubt, from reading the evidence taken before the Committee
of 1 8 5 3
,
that there are great portions of the land of India which
are exempt from the land-tax. Being free from land-tax in India
is far more than equivalent to freedom from the land-tax in this
THE I NDI AN QUESTI ON
233
country, for, speaking generally and popularly, the land-tax in
India is the whole taxation of the State.
The origin of these grants is diffcult to penetrate, but they are
undoubtedly of great antiquity. They are of different kinds.
Beside the private freeholds, which are very extensive, there are
large grants of land free from the land-tax with which mosques
and temples have been endowed.
Onthepretextoffraudulentclaimsofexemption,theritish
GovernorGeneraI"tookuponhimselftoexaminethetitlesof
thelndian landed estates. Underthenew system, established
in 1 848,
That plan of investigating titles was at once embraced, as a proof
of a powerful Government, vigorous Executive, and most fruitful
source of public revenue. Therefore commissions were issued to
inquire into titles to landed estates in the Presidency of Bengal
and adjoining country. They were also issued in the Presidency
of Bombay, and surveys were ordered to be made in the newly
settled provinces, in order that these commissions might be con
ducted, when the surveys were completed, with due effciency.
Now there is no doubt that, during the last nine years, the action
of these commissions of Inquiry into the freehold property of
landed estates in India has been going on at an enormous rate,
and immense results have been obtained.
Mr. Disraeli computes thattheresumption ofestates from
their proprietorsisnot less than soo,oooayearinthe Presi-
dency of engal; ,;o,ooo in the Presidency of ombay;
zoo,ooointhePuniaub,&c.Notcontentwiththisonemethod
ofseizinguponthepropertyofthenatives,theritishGovern-
mentdiscontinuedthe pensionstothenativegrandees,to pay
which it was bound by treaty. 'This, says Mr. Disraeli, 'is
con6scationbyanewmeans,butuponamostextensive,start-
lingandshockingscale.
Mr. Disraelithen treats thetamperingwiththe religion of
the natives, a point upon whichweneed not dwell. From all
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
hispremiseshearrivesattheconclusionthatthepresentlndian
disturbanceis nota militarymutiny, buta national revolt, of
whichtheSepoysaretheactinginstrumentsonly.Heendshis
harangue byadvisingtheCovernmenttoturntheirattention
to the internal improvement of lndia, instead of pursuing its
presentcourseofaggression.
The Indian Revolt
PublishedSeptember: 6, t s;
The outrages committed by the revolted Sepoys i nlndia are
indeedappalling,hideous, ineffablesuchasoneisprepared
tomeetonlyinwars ofinsurrection, ofnationalities,ofraces,
and above all of religion; in one word, such as respectable
EnglandusedtoapplaudwhenperpetratedbytheVendeans''
onthe'lues,bytheSpanishguerrillasonthein6delFrench-
men, by Servians on their Cerman and Hungarian neighbors,
byCroatsonVienneserebels,byCavaignac`sCardeMobile'
oronaparte'sDecembristsonthesonsanddaughtersofprolet-
arian France. HoweverinfamoustheconductoftheSepoys,it
is only the reex, in a concentrated form, of England`s own
conductinlndia, notonlyduringtheepochofthefoundation
ofherEastern Empire, butevenduringthe lasttenyears of a
long-settledrule.Tocharacterizethatrule,itsuf6cestosaythat
torture formed an organic institution of its 6nancial policy.
Thereissomethinginhumanhistorylikeretribution;anditis
aruleofhistoricalretributionthatitsinstrumentbeforgednot
bytheoffended,butbytheoffenderhimself.
The6rstblowdealttotheFrenchmonarchyproceededfrom
thenobility,notfromthepeasants.Thelndianrevoltdoesnot
commence with the Ryots, tortured, dishonored and stripped
naked by the ritish, but with the Sepoys, clad, fed, petted,
fatted and pampered by them. To 6nd parallelsto the Sepoy
atrocities, we need not, as some London papers pretend, fall
backonthemiddleages,norevenwanderbeyondthehistoryof
contemporaryEngland.Allwewantistostudythe6rstChinese
THE I NDIAN REVOLT 2
35
war'` anevent,soto say,ofyesterday.The English soldiery
thecommitted abominations for the mere fun of it; their
passions being neither sancti6ed by re|igi
'
us fanaticism
or
exacerbatedby hatred against an overbeanng andconquenng
race, norprovoked bythe sternresistanceofa heroic ene
y.
Theviolationsofwomen,thespittingsofchildren,theroastmgs
ofwholevillages,werethenmerewantonsports,notrecorded
byMandarins, butbyritishof6cersthemselves.
Evenatthe presentcatastrophe itwouldbe anunmitigated
mistake to suppose that all the cruelty is on the side of the
Sepoys, and allthemilk ofhumankindness flows ontheside
oftheEnglish.Thelettersoftheritishof6cersareredolentof
malignity.Anof6cerwritingfromPeshawurgivesadescripton
ofthedisarmingofthe othirregularcavalryfornotchargmg
the s sth native infantry when ordered to do so.
He exults i
thefactthattheywerenotonlydisarmed,butstnppedoftherr
coatsand boots,andafterhavingreceived t zd.perman,were
marched downtothe river side, andthere embarkedin boats
andsentdownthelndus,wherethewriterisdelightedtoexpect
every mother`ssonwillhaveachanceofbeingd
rown
dinthe
rapids. Anotherwriter informs us that, some
nhabrtant
of
Peshawurhavingcausedanightalarmbyexplodmglittlemmes
ofgunpowderinhonorofawedding|a nationalcustom , the
persons concerned were tied up next morning, and 'received
suchaoggingastheywillnoteasilyforget.
NewsarrivedfromPindeethatthreenativechiefswereplot-
ting. Sir1ohnLawrencerepliedbyamessageoreringaspyto
attend to the meeting. On the spy`s report, Srr 1ohn sent a
second message, 'Hang them. The chiefs were hanged. An
of6cer in the civilservice, from Allahabad, writes: 'We have
power oflife and death in our hands, andwe assure you we
sparenot.
Another from the same place: 'Not a day passes but we
stringupfomtento 6fteenofthem|non-comatants .
Oneexultingof6cerwrites:'Holmesi shangmgthembythe
score, likea 'brick. ' ' '
Another,inallusiontothesummaryhangingofalargebody
ofthenatives:'Thenourfuncommenced.
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
A third: 'We hold court-martials on horseback, and every
niggerwemeetwithweeitherstringuporshoot.
Fromenaresweare informed thatthirtyZemindarswere
hanged onthemeresuspicionofsympathizingwiththeir own
countrymen,andwholevillageswereburneddownonthesame
plea. An ofncer from enares, whose letter isprintedin The
London Times, says:'TheEuropeantroopshavebecomenends
whenopposedtonatives.
Andthen itshouldnotbeforgottenthat, whilethecruelties
oftheEnglishare relatedasactsofmartialvigor,toldsimply,
rapidly,withoutdwellingondisgustingdetails,theoutragesof
thenatives,shockingastheyare,arestilldeliberatelyexagger-
ated.Forinstance,thecircumstantialaccountnrstappearingin
The Times, andthengoingtheroundofthe Londonpress,of
theatrocitiesperpetratedatDelhiandMeerut,fromwhomdid
it proceed? From a cowardly parson residing at angalore,
Mysore, more thana thousandmiles, asthe birdlies,distant
fromthe scene ofaction. Actual accounts ofDelhi evincethe
imagination of an English parson to be capable of breeding
greaterhorrorsthaneventhewildfancyofaHindoomutineer.
The cutting of noses, breasts, &c., in one word, the horrid
mutilationscommittedbytheSepoys,areofcoursemorerevolt-
ingto European feeling than thethrowing ofred-hot shell on
Canton dwellings by a Secretary of the Manchester Peace
Society,ortheroastingofArabspentupinacavebyaFrench
Marshal, or the flaying aliveofritish soldiers by the cat-o'-
nine-tailsunderdrum-headcourt-martial,or anyother ofthe
philanthropicalappliancesusedinritishpenitentiarycolonies.
Cruelty,likeeveryotherthing,hasitsfashion,changingaccord-
ing to timeand place. Caesar,the accomplished scholar, can-
didlynarrateshowheorderedmanythousand Callicwarriors
to have their right hands cut off. Napoleonwould have been
ashamed to do this. Hepreferred dispatching his own French
regiments, suspected of republicanism, to St. Domingo, there
to dieoftheblacksandtheplague.
Theinfamousmutilationscommitted bytheSepoysremind
oneofthepracticesoftheChristianyzantineEmpire,orthe
prescriptions of Emperor Charles V.`s criminal law, or the
[ I NVESTI GATI ON OF TORTURES I N I NDI A)
237
Englishpunishmentsforhightreason,asstillrecordedby1uge
lackstone.WithHindoos,whomtheirreligionhasmadev:rt-
uosi in the artofself-torturing, thesetorturesinflicted on the
enemiesoftheirrace andcreedappearquitenatural, and must
appear still more so to the English, who, only some vears
since stillusedtodrawrevenuesfromthe1uggernautfestrvals,
prot-ctingandassistingthebloodyritesofareligionofcruelty.
Thefranticroarsofthe'bloodyoldTimes," asCobbettused
to call it~itsplayingthepartofa furiouscharacterinoneof
Mozart's operas, who indulges in most melodious srains in
the idea of 6rst hanging his enemy, then roastmg hrm, then
quartering him,thenspittinghim, andthenflayinghimalive
itstearingthepassionofrevengetotattersandtoragsallthrs
wouldappearbutsillyifunderthepathosoftragedytherewere
not distinctly perceptible the tricks of comedy. The London
Times overdoesitspart,notonlyfrompanic.ltsuppliescomedy
withasubiectevenmissedbyMoliere,theTartuffeofRevenge.
Whatitsimplywantsistowriteupthefundsandtoscreenthe
Covernment.As Delhi hasnot,likethewallsof1ericho,fallen
beforemere puffsofwind,1ohn ull is to be steeped in cris
for revenge up to his very ears, to make him forgetthat his
Covernment |s responsible for the mischief hatched and the
colossaldimensions ithasbeenallowedtoassume.
[Investigation of Tortures in India]
PublishedSeptember :;, : s;
Our London correspondent, whose letter with regard to the
lndianrevoltwepublishedyesterday,veryproperlyreferredto
someotheantecedentswhichpreparedthewayforthisviolent
outbreak.Weproposeto-daytodevoteamomenttocontinuing
thatlineofreflections,andtoshowingthattheritishrulersof
lndia are by no means such mild and spotless benefctors of
the lndian people asthey would have the world believe. For
thispurpose,we shallresortto the ofnciallue ooks on the
subiectofEast-lndiantorture,whichwerelaidbeforetheHouse
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
ofCommons during the sessions of t s 6and : s;. The evi-
denceitwillbeseen,isofasortwhichcannotbegainsayed.
We have 6rst the report of the Torture Commission at
Madras, which states its 'belief in the general existence of
tortureforrevenuepurposes.ltdoubtswhether'anythinglike
anequalnumberofpersonsisannuallysubi ectedtoviolenceon
criminalcharges,asforthefaultofnon-paymentofrevenue.
ltdeclares that there was 'onething which hadimpressed
the Commissionevenmorepainfullythantheconvictionthat
torture exists; it is the dif6culty of obtaining redress which
confrontstheiniuredparties.
Thereasonsforthis dif6cultygivenby the Commissioners
are.: . Thedistanceswhichthosewhowishtomakecomplaints
personally to the Collector have to travel, involving expense
and loss oftime inattending upon hisof6ce; z. The fear that
applications by letter 'will be returned with the ordinary
indorsement of a reference to the Tahsildarthe district
policeandrevenueof6certhatis,totheverymanwho,either
in his person or through his petty police subordinates, has
wrongedhim;, . Theinef6cientmeansofprocedureandpunish-
mentprovided bylawforof6cersofCovernment,evenwhen
formally accusedorconvicted ofthese practices.lt seems that
if a charge of this nature were proved before a magistrate,
he could only punish by a 6ne of 6fty rupees, or a month`s
imprisonment. The alternative consisted of handing over the
accused 'to the criminal 1udge to be punished by him, or
committedfortrialbeforetheCourtoftheCircuit.
Thereportaddsthat'theseseemto betediousproceedings,
applicable onlyto one class of offenses, abuse ofauthority
namely,inpolicecharges,andtotallyinadequatetothenecessi-
tiesofthecase.
A police or revenue of6cer, whoisthe sameperson,asthe
revenue iscollectedbythepolice,whenchargedwithextorting
money, is 6rst tried by the Assistant Collector; he then can
appealtotheCollector;thentotheRevenueoard.Thisoard
may refer him to the Covernment or tothe civil courts. 'ln
suchastateofthelaw,nopoverty-strickenryotcouldcontend
against any wealthy revenue of6cer; and we arenotaware of
[ I NVE STI GATI ON OF TORTURES IN I NDI A] 2
39
anycomplaints havingbeenbrought forwardunderthese two
regulations|of: zzand : z bythe people.
Further, thisextorting ofmoneyappliesonlytotakingthe
publicmoney, orforcing a furthercontributionfrom the ryot
fortheof6certo putinto his own pocket. There is, therefore,
nolegal meansofpunishmentwhateverfortheemploymentof
forceincollectingthepublicrevenue.
The report from which these quotations are made applies
onlytothePresidencyofMadras;butLordDalhousiehimself,
writing, in September, : s s, to the Directors, saysthat'he
haslong ceasedtodoubtthattorture inone shape orotheris
practicedbythelowersubordinatesineveryritishprovince.
Theuniversalexistenceoftortureasa6nancialinstitutionof
ritish lndia is thus of6cially admitted, but the admission is
made in such a manner as to shield the ritish Covernment
itself. ln fact, the conclusion arrived at by the Madras com-
missionisthatthepracticeoftortureisentirelythefaultofthe
lower Hindoo of6cials, while the European servants of the
Covernment had always, however unsuccessfully, done their
best to prevent it. ln answer to this assertion, the Madras
NativeAssociationpresented, in1anuary, i s 6, apetitionto
Parliament, complaining of the torture investigation on the
followinggrounds:: . Thattherewasscarcelyanyinvestigation
at all,the Commissionsittingonly intheCityofMadras, and
forbut three months, while it was impossible, except in very
fewcases,forthenativeswho hadcomplaintstomaketoleave
their homes; z. Thatthe Commissioners did notendeavor to
tracetheeviltoitssource;hadtheydoneso,itwouldhavebeen
discoveredtobeintheverysystemofcollectingtherevenue; , .
Thatno inquirywasmadeofthe accusednative of6cialsasto
whatextent theirsuperiorswere acquainted withthepractice.
'The originofthis coercion, saythepetitioners, 'is notwith
thephysical perpetrators ofit, but descends to them fromthe
of6cials immediately their superiors, which latter again are
answerablefortheestimatedamountofthe collection totheir
European superiors, these also beingresponsible on the same
headtothehighestauthorityoftheCovernment.
lndeed,afewextractsfromtheevidenceonwhichtheMadras
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
Report professes to be founded, will sufnce to refute its
assertion that 'no blame is due to Englishmen. Thus, Mr.
D.Kohloff,amerchant,says:'Themodesoftortureprac-
trcedarevanous,andsuitabletothefancyofthetahsildarorhis
subord
ate
ti
gainstheCrown,thusabsorbingtheprivileges
ofthecueand the o
-
herin his single person. Withthelndian
armyathisback,thelndiantreasuryathiscommand,andthe
lndian patronage iu his pocket, Palmerston's position would
havebecomeimpregnable.
His billpassedtriumphantly through the6rst reading, but
his career vas cut short by the famous Conspiracy bill,`'
followedbytheadventoftheToriestopower.
On the very 6rst day of their of6cial reappearance on the
Treasury benches,theydeclaredthat, outo deferenceforthe
decisivewill ofthe Commons,theywould forsaketheiroppo-
sitiontothetransfer from the Company totheCrownofthe
lndian Covernment. Lord Ellenborough's legislative abortion
seemed to hasten Palmerston's restoration, when Lord 1ohn
Russell in order to force the dictator into a compromise,
. ^
steppedin,andsavedtheCovernmentbyproposingtoproceed
withthelndianbillbywayofParliamentaryresolution,instead
of by a governmental bill. Then Lord Ellenborough's Oude
dispatch, his sudden resignation, and the consequent dis-
organizationintheMinisterialcamp,wereeagerlyseizedupon
byPalmerston.TheTorieswereagaintobeplantedinthecold
shadeofopposition,aftertheyhademployedtheirshortlease
ofpowerinbreakingdowntheoppositionoftheirown party
againstthe con6scation ofthe Eastlndia Company. Yet it is
suf6ciently known how these 6ne calculations were bafled.
lnstead of rising on the ruins of the East lndia Company,
Palmerstonhasbeenburiedbeneaththem.Duringthewholeof
thelndiandebates,theHouse seemedtoindulgethepeculiar
satisfactionofhumiliatingtheCivis Romanus.152 Allhisamend-
ments,greatand small, were ignominiously lost; allusions of
250
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
themostunsavorykind,relatingtotheAfghanwar,thePersian
war,andtheChinesewar,werecontinuallyungathishead;
andMr.Cladstone'sclause,withdrawingfromthelndianMin-
isterthepoweroforiginatingwars beyondthe boundaries of
lndia, intended as a general vote ofcensure on Palmerston's
pastforeignpolicy,waspassedbyacrushingmaiority,despite
hisfuriousresistance. utalthoughthemanhas beenthrown
overboard, his principle, upon the whole, has been accepted.
Although somewhat checked by the obstructive attributes of
theoardofCouncil,which,infact,isbutthewell-paidspecter
ofthe old CourtofDirectors,thepoweroftheexecutive has,
bytheformalannexationoflndia,beenraisedtosuchadegree
that,tocounterpoiseit,democraticweightmustbethrowninto
theParliamentaryscale.
Great Trouble in Indian Finances
PublishedApril and : z, : s o
The lndian6nancial crisis, which at this momentshares with
thewarrumorsandtheelectioneeringagitationintheprivilege
ofabsorbingpublicinterestinEngland,mustbeconsideredin
adoublepointofview.ltinvolvesbothatemporarynecessity
andapermanentdif6culty.
OnthetathofFebruaryLordStanleybroughtinabillinthe
House of Commons authorizing the Covernment to raise a
loan of ;,ooo,ooo in England, in order to adiust the extra
expenditureofthelndianadministrationforthe currentyear.
Aboutsixweekslater,1ohnull'sself-congratulationsastothe
smallcostofthelndianrebellionwereroughlyinterruptedby
thearrival ofthe OverlandMail,conveyingacryof6nancial
distressfromtheCovernmentatCalcutta.OnMarchzs, Lord
Derbyroseinthe HouseofLordsto statethata further loan
for lndia of s, ooo,ooo, in addition to the ;,ooo,ooo loan
GREAT TROUBLE IN I NDIAN FI NANCES
nowbeforeParliament,wouldberequiredtomeetthedemands
of the present year, and that even then, certain claims for
compensation and prize money, amounting to z,ooo,ooo at
least,wouldremaintobepaidfromsomesourcenotyetappar-
ent.Tomakethingspleasant,LordStanleyhad,inhis6rststate-
ment, only provided for the wants ofthe lndian Treasury at
London, leaving the ritish Covernment in lndia to its own
resources,which,fromthedispatchesreceived,hecouldnotbut
knowtobefarfromsuf6cient.Quiteapartfromtheexpensesof
theHomeCovernment,orthelndianadministrationatLondon,
Lord Canning'`` estimated the de6cit of the Covernment at
Calcuttaforthecurrentyearoft so6oat:z,ooo,ooo,after
allowing an increase in the ordinary revenue of oo,ooo,
and a decrease on military charges ofz,ooo,ooo. Suchwas
his penurythathehad stopped payingpartofhiscivilservice;
suchwashiscreditthattheCovernmentspercentswerequoted
at: zpercentdiscount;andsuchwashisdistressthathecould
onlybesavedfrombankruptcybytheshipmentfromEngland
to lndia of,, ooo,ooo of silverwithin a fewmonths. Three
pointsthusbecomeevident.First:LordStanley'soriginalstate-
mentwasa'dodge, and,sofarfromembracingallthelndian
liabilities,didnoteventouchtheimmediatewantsofthelndian
Covernmentinlndia.Secondly:Duringthewholeperiodofthe
insurrection, if we except the sending from London in t s;
of t,ooo,ooo of silver to lndia, the Calcutta Covernment
was leftto shift foritself, to provide outofits ownresources
forthe mainpart oftheextraordinarywarchargeswhich, of
course,hadtobedisbursedinlndia,forthebarrackaccommo-
dation of some 6o,ooo additional Europeans, for the restor-
ationofthetreasuresplundered,andforthereplacingofallthe
revenues of the local Administrations which had been swept
away. Thirdly: There is, apart from the wants of the Home
Covernment,ade6citoft z,ooo,ooo,tobemetinthepresent
year. y operations, thequestionablenatureofwhichwe for-
bearto dwll upon, this sum is to bereducedto o,ooo,ooo,
of which sum s,ooo,ooo are to be borrowed in lndia and
a,ooo,ooo in England. Of the latter, t ,ooo,ooo in silver
bullionhasalreadybeenshippedtoCalcuttafromLondon,and
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
z,ooo,ooo more is to be dispatched in the shortest possible
period.
evenhismilitaryandpoliticalexploits.Uptotheend
,
fanu
ary, t so, he had contrived to raise the necessarymeans by
loans in lndia, issued partly in Covernment stocks, panly in
Treasury bills; but, strange to say, while his efforts had
answeredduringtheepochoftherevolution,theyfailedentirelv
from the moment Englishauthoritywas restored bytheforce
ofarms. And not only did they fail, butthere was a panic in
regard to Covernment securities; there was an unprecedented
depreciationinall funds,withprotests fromthe Chambers of
Commerce at ombay and Calcutta, and, in the latter
own
public meetings composed of English and native t
on
,
y
mongers, denouncingthe vacillation, the arbitrarynatureand
thehelplessimbecilityoftheCovernmentmeasures.Now,the
loanablecapitaloflndiawhichupto1anuary, t so, hadsup
pliedtheCovernmentwithfunds,begantofailafterthatperiod,
whenthepowerofborrowingseemstohavebeenexceeded.In
point offact the aggregate loans which from t aJ to t s ;
amountedto zt,ooo,ooo,absorbedinthetwoyearsoft s;
andt s aloneabouto,ooo,ooo,equaltoalmostone-haIfof
the money borrowed during the previous sixteen years. Such
a failure of resources, while accounting for the necessity of
successively screwing up the rate of interest on Covernment
loans from a to 6 percent, is, ofcourse, far from explaining
the commercial panic in the lndian security market, and the
utterinabilityoftheCovernor-Ceneraltomeetthemosturgent
requirements.Theriddleissolvedbythefactthatithasbecome
aregularmaneuverwithLordCanningtobringoutnewloans
at higher rates of interest than those given on existing open
loans, without any previous notice to the public, and with
the utmost uncertainty prevailing as to the further 6nancial
operations contemplated. The depreciation of the funds, in
GREAT TROUBLE IN I NDI AN FI NANCES 2
5 3
consequenceofthesemaneuvers,hasbeencalculatedatnotless
thant t,ooo,ooo. Pinched bythepoverty oftheExchequer,
frightenedbythepanicinthestockmarket,androusedbythe
protests on the part of the Chambers of Commerce and the
Calcutta meetings, Lord Canning thought best to be a good
boy andtotryto come uptothedesiderataofthemonetary
mind;buthisnoti6cationoftheztstoffebruary,t so, shows
againthatthehumanunderstandingdoesnotdependonhuman
will.Whatwasherequiredtodo?Nottoopensimultaneously
two loans on different conditions, and to tell the monetary
publicatoncethesumrequiredforthecurrentyear, insteadof
deceiving them by successive announcements, one contradic-
tory ofthe other. Andwhatdoes he doin hisnoti6cation? ln
the6rstinstancehesaysthatthereistoberaisedbyloaninthe
lndian market for the year t so6o, s,ooo,ooo, at sper
cent, andthat 'when this amountshallhave beenrealized,the
loan of t so~6o shall be closed, andno further loanwillbe
openedinlndiaduringthatyear.
ln the very same proclamation, sweeping away the entire
valueoftheassurancesiustgiven,heproceeds:"No loan carry
ing a higher rate of interest willbeopenedinlndiainthecourse
oftheyeart so6o,unless under instructions from the Home
Government. "
ut that is not all. He opens, in fact, a double loan on
differentterms. While announcingthat 'the issue ofTreasury
billson thetermsnoti6edon1an. z6, tso, will be closed on
April, o,heproclaims'thatanewissueofTreasurybillswill
be noti6ed from the t st of May, bearing interest of nearly
spercent,andredeemableattheexpirationofoneyearfrom
thedate ofissue.oth loansare keptopen together, while, at
the same time, the loan opened in 1anuary has not yet been
concluded. The only 6nancial matter which Lord Canning
seemsabletocomprehendisthathisannualsalaryamountsto
zo,oooinname,andtoaboutao,oooinfact.Hence,despite
thesneersoftheDerbyCabinet,andhisnotoriousincapacity,
hestickstohispostfrom'afeelingofduty.
Theeffectsofthelndian6nancialcrisisontheEnglishhome
markethavealreadybecome apparent.lnthe6rstinstance,the
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
silver remittances on accountof Covernmentcoming to swell
thelarge remittances onmercantileaccount,andfallingatan
epochwhenthe ordinarysilversuppliesfromMexicoareheld
backinconsequenceofthedistractedconditionofthatcountry,
have,ofcourse, sent upthepriceofbarsilver. OnMarch zs,
ithadrisentothefactitiouspriceof6zd. perouncestandard,
causingsuchaninfluxofsilverfromeverypartofEuropethat
the price in London again fell to 6z d.; while the rate of
discount atHamburg rosefrom zx to , percent. Consequent
upontheseheavyimportationsofsilver,exchangeshaveturned
against England,anda drainofgold bullionhassetin,which,
forthe present,onlyrelieves theLondonmoneymarketofits
plethora, butinthe longrunmay seriouslyaffectit,coupled,
as it will be, with large Continental loans. The depreciation,
however,ontheLondonmoneymarket,ofthelndianCovern-
mentstocksandguaranteedrailwaysecurities,preiudicialasit
must prove to the Covernment and railway loans still to be
brought forward in the course of this season, is certainly the
most seriouseffectonthe home marketas yet, resultingfrom
thelndian6nancialcrisis.The shares ofmanylndianrailways,
although s per cent interest upon them isguaranteed by the
Covernment,are nowat zor , percentdiscount.
Taking all in all, however,l regard the momentarylndian
6nancial panic as a matter ofsecondaryimportance, ifcom-
paredwiththegeneralcrisisofthelndianExchequer,whichl
mayperhaps consideronanotheroccasion.
II
The latestoverlandmail,sofar from showingany abatement
ofthe 6nancial crisis inlndia, reveals a state ofderangement
hardlyanticipated.TheshiftstowhichthelndianCovernment
isdriven in order to meetits mosturgentwants, may be best
illustrated by a recent measure of the Covernor of ombay.
ombay isthemarketwhere theopiumofMalwa, averaging
,o,ooochestsannually,6ndsitsoutletbymonthlyinstalments
of z,ooo or , ,ooo chests, for which bills are drawn upon
GREAT TROUBLE I N I NDI AN FI NANCES 2
5 5
ombay. y charging aoo rupees upon every chest imported
into ombay, the Covernmentraisesarevenue oft, zoo,ooo
annually on Malwa opium. Now,to replenish his exhausted
Exchequer, andward offimmediate bankruptcy, the ombay
Covernor has issued a noti6cation, which raises the duty on
eachchestofMalwaopiumfromaootosoorupees,but,atthe
sametime,hedeclaresthatthisincreaseddutywillnotbelevied
tillafterthe tstof1uly,sothattheholdersofopiuminMalwa
havetheprivilegeofbringingin thedrugundertheoldduties
forfourmonths longer. etween the middle ofMarch, when
thenoti6cationwasissued,andthe tstof1uly,thereare only
two months anda halfduringwhichopiumcanbeimported,
the monsoon setting in on the t sth of1une. The holders of
opiuminMalwawill,ofcourse,availthemselvesoftheinterval
allowedthemforsendinginopiumattheoldduty;and,conse-
quently,duringthetwomonthsandahalfpouralltheirstock
inhandintothePresidency.Sincethe balanceofopium,ofthe
old and new crops, remaining at Malwa amounts to z6,ooo
chests,andthepriceofMalwaopiumreachest ,zsorupeesper
chest,theMalwamerchantswillhavetodrawupontheombay
merchantsfor noless a sumthan ,,ooo,ooo, ofwhichmore
than t,ooo,ooo must come into the ombay Treasury. The
aimofthis6nancialdodgeistransparent.Withaviewtoantici-
patetheannualrevenuefromtheopiumduty,andinducethe
dealers in thearticleto payitatonce, anenhancementofthe
dutyisheldoutprospectivelyin terrorem. 154 Whileitwouldbe
quitesuperfluoustoexpatiateupontheempiricalcharacterof
this contrivance, which6lls theExchequer for thepresent by
creating a corresponding void a few months hence, no more
strikinginstancecould begivenoftheexhaustionofways and
means,onthepartofthegreatMogul`ssuccessors.
Letusnowturnto thegeneralstateoflndian6nances,asit
hasgrown out ofthe late insurrection. According to the last
of6cial accounts, the netrevenue derived by the ritish from
their lndianfarm amounts to z,,zo,ooo, say za,ooo,ooo.
This annual revenue has never suf6ced to defray the annual
expenses. From , 6 to so the net de6cit amounted to
,, t;t,oo6,or, on aroughaverage,to,ooo,oooannually.
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
Evenintheyear : s 6,whenthe Exchequerwasexceptionally
6lled by thewholesale annexations, robberies and extortions
of Lord Dalhousie, the income and expense did not exactly
square, but, on the contrary, a de6cit of about a quarter of
a million was added to the usual crop of de6cits. ln : s;
the de6ciency was o,ooo,ooo, in : s it amounted to
: ,,ooo,ooo,andin: soitisestimatedbythelndianCovern-
ment itselfat: z,ooo,ooo.The 6rst conclusion, then, which
wearriveatisthatevenunderordinarycircumstances,de6cits
were accumulating, and that under extraordinary circum-
stancestheymustassumesuchdimensionsastoreachone-half
andmoreoftheannualincome.
Thequestionwhichnextpresentsitselfis,To what degree
has this already existing gap between the expenses and the
income of the lndian Covernment been widened by recent
events? The new permanent debt of lndia accruing from the
suppression ofthe mutiny is calculated by the most sanguine
English 6nanciers at betweenforty and 6fty millions sterling,
whileMr.Wilsonestimatesthepermanent defcit, ortheannual
interest for this new debt to be defrayed out of the annual
revenue,atnotlessthanthreemillions.However,itwouldbe
a great mistake to think that this permanent de6cit of three
millions is the only legacy left by the insurgents to their van-
quishers.Thecostsoftheinsurrectionarenotonlyinthepast
tense,butareinahighdegreeprospective.Eveninquiettimes,
beforethe outbreak ofthe mutiny, the military charges swal-
lowed sixty percent at least ofthe aggregate regular income,
sincetheyexceeded: z,ooo,ooo;butthestateofaffairsisnow
changed.AtthebeginningofthemutinytheEuropeanforcein
lndiaamountedto, ,oooeffectivemen,whilethenativearmy
musteredz6o,ooomen.Themilitaryforcesatpresentemployed
in lndia amount to : : z,ooo Europeans and , zo,ooo native
troops, including the native police. lt may be iustly said that
theseextraordinarynumberswillbereducedtoamoremoder-
ate standard with the disappearance ofthe extraordinary cir-
cumstances which swelled them to their present size. Yet the
militarycommissionappointedbytheritishCovernmenthas
arrivedattheconclusionthattherewill be requiredinlndia a
GREAT TROUBLE I N I NDI AN FI NANCES 2
57
permanentEuropeanforceofo,ooomen,withanativeforce
of zoo,ooo menthe military charges being thus raised to
almost double their originalhight. Duringthe debates onthe
lndian6nances,in the HouseofLords,onApril;,twopoints
were admitted by all speakers of authority: on the one hand
that an annual expenditure upon the revenue of lndia little
shortoftwentymillionsforthearmy alonewasincompatible
with a net revenue of twenty-four millions only; and, on the
other hand, that itwas dif6cult to imagine a state of things
whichforan inde6nite series ofyears would render itsafefor
theEnglishto leavelndiawithoutaEuropeanforcedoubleits
amountbeforetheoutbreak ofthe mutiny. ut suppose even
that it would do to add permanently to the European forces
notmore thanone-thirdoftheir original strength, and weget
at a new annual permanent de6cit offour millions sterling at
least. The new permanent de6cit, then, derived on one hand
fromtheconsolidateddebtcontractedduringthemutiny,and
ontheotherhandfromthepermanentincreaseoftheritish
forcesinlndia,cannot,onthemostmoderatecalculation,fall
belowsevenmillionssterling.
To this must be addedtwo otheritemsthe one accruing
froman increase ofliabilities,the otherfroma diminution of
income. ya recent statement ofthe Railway Department of
the lndian of6ce at London, itresults thatthewhole length
ofrailways sanctionedfor lndia isa, : ;miles,ofwhich s so
milesonlyareyetopened.Thewholeamountofcapitalinvested
by the differentrailway companies amounts to ao,ooo,ooo
sterling,ofwhich:o,ooo,ooo are paid andz: ,ooo,ooo are
stillto be called ino6 percent oftheaggregatesumhaving
beensubscribedinEnglandandapercentonlyinlndia.Upon
thisamountofao,ooo,ooo,theCovernmenthasguaranteed
s percentinterest,sothattheannualinterestchargeduponthe
revenues of lndia reaches z,ooo,ooo, to be paid before the
railways are inworking order, and beforetheycan yield any
return.TheEarlofEllenboroughestimatesthelossaccruingto
thelndian 6nancesfromthissource,forthenextthreeyearsto
come,at6,ooo,ooosterling,andtheultimatepermanentde6-
citupontheserailwaysathalfamillionannually.Lastly,ofthe
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
za,ooo,ooo of lndian net revenue, a sum of ,, 6:o,ooo is
derivedfromthe saleofopiumto foreigncountries~a source
ofrevenue which, itisnowgenerallyadmitted,musttoacon-
siderab|e extent be impaired by the late treaty with China. lt
becomes, then, evident, thatapart fromtheextra expenditure
stil|necessitatedtocompletethesuppressionofthemutiny,an
annual permanentdencitof,ooo,ooo atleast, will have to
be defrayed out of a net revenue of za,ooo,ooo, which the
Covernment may, perhaps, by the imposition of new taxes,
contriveto raise to z6,ooo,ooo.The necessary result ofthis
stateofthingswil| betosaddlethe Englishtaxpayerwiththe
liabilityforthelndiandebtand,asSirC.C.Lewisdeclaredin
theHouseofCommons,'tovotefourornvemi||ionsannually
asasubsidyforwhatwascalledavaluabledependencyofthe
ritishcrown.
ltwillbeconfessedthatthesennancialfruitsofthe'glorious
reconquestoflndiahavenotacharmingappearance;andthat
1ohnullpaysexceedinglyhighprotective dutiesforsecuring
the monopoly of the lndian market to the Manchester free-
traders.
AMERI CA AND S LAVERY
lt is, asChristopher Hitchens has suggested, one ofthe great
historic ironies ofmoderntimesthat Marx's name becameso
venerated in SovietRussia and soreviledintheUnited States
because, while he was alive, he felt Russia a very backward
placeandheldAmericainrelativeesteem |heneverpersonally
visitedeitherplace . ' PartoftheattractionoftheUnitedStates
for Marx was that it had no monarchy and no hereditary
aristocraticclass,andinthatsenseitrepresentedahistorically
progressive state of social affairs to which other Western
nations could only hope to aspire. Of course, the continued
existenceoflegalslaveryinAmericawasforMarxaconsider-
ablestainonthesociety;oneofthereasonsthathewaswil|ing
towritefortheTribune aslongashediddespiteconsiderab|e
political differenceswithitseditorswas thatthe Tribune was
theforemostanti-s|averyorganofitsday.
lndeed,Marxveryrare|ywroteaboutthesubi ectofAmerica
withoutreferencetothes|avetrade.ltisclearfromthewritings
reprintedherethatheadmiredAbrahamLincolnandtheorigi-
nal Repub|ican Party for its anti-slavery stancein fact he
wroteandsignedaletterfromthelnternationalWorkingmen's
AssociationcongratulatingLincolnonhisre-electionin :6a.
utiti salsothecasethatmuchofMarx'santi-slaverypo|emics
were aimed as square|y at the ritish ruling class as at the
slave-holdingSouthernplantationowners.He hadno use for
theargumentsofstates'rightsorsovereigntyusedtoiustifyslave-
holding; instead, he sawthecontinuance oftheinstitutionin
largelyeconomicterms,anddivinedtherebythatritishmill-
owners,despiteofnciallyobi ectingtothecontinuedexistenceof
260 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
s|avery,wouldnonethe|esshave aninterestinitsperpetuation,
asithelpedthefreef|owofcheapcotton.
AstheNorth~Southsp|itdeterioratedintooutrightconflict,
Marxseemedespeciallyconcernedthatritainwouldenterthe
war on the side of the s|ave-holding South. Thatscenario, at
leastintheveryearlydaysoftheCivilWar,wasnotcompletely
out ofthe question. ln addition to the economic motivation,
thereweremanyintheritish Establishmentwho wereeager
to avenge the rebel|ious colony, and who saw the possibility
forritishgainifAmericawereto beweakenedviaasuccessfu|
Southernsecession.Hence,Marxdevotedagooddealofspace
to shatteringthearguments inmainstream ritishperiodicals
that tacit|y or overt|y supported the Secessionist movement.
The Confederate states, for their part, actively sought ritish
support, andeventsseemedtocometoa headtowardthe end
of:6:, whentheysenttwodiplomats,1amesMasonand1ohn
Slidell, across the Atlantic via a ritish mail steamer, RMS
Trent. The shipwasinterceptedbytheUnionnava| b|ockade;
Captain Charles Wilkes ofthe USS San Jacinto boarded the
ritish vessel and he|d both men at Fort Warren in oston
harbor. As canbe seenfromMarx'swritings,this diplomatic
6ap created considerable anxiety that ritain would in fact
enterthe war. However, the incident was reso|ved in1anuary
: 6zwithanapologyfromtheUSSecretaryofState.
WhileMarxwouldcontinuetowriteforotherpapers|includ-
ingDie Presse ofVienna,inwhichtheessay'TheNorthAmeri-
canCivilWar"wasnrstpublishedabouttheAmericanconf|ict,
the Tribune itself was so consumed with the war that, after
March : 6z,ithadnomoreusefortheservices ofitsLondon
correspondent.
I .
NOTE
Interview with Hitchens in The Common Review, 4/I (Summer
2005), p. I I .
THE BRI TI S H GOVERNMENT AND THE S LAVE-TRADE
The British Government and the Slave- Trade
Published1ulyz, : s
lnthesittingoftheHouseofLordson1une:;,thequestionof
thes|ave-tradewasintroducedbytheishopofOxford,who
presented a petition against that trade from the Parish of
St. Mary in1amaica.The impression these debates are sure to
produce upon every mind not strongly preiudiced is that of
greatmoderationonthepartofthepresentritishCovernment,
anditsnrmpurposeofavoidinganypretextofquarrelwiththe
UnitedStates.LordMalmesburydroppedaltogetherthe'right
ofvisit,asfarasshipsundertheAmericanflagareconcerned,
bythefollowingdeclaration:
The United States say that on no account, for no purpose, and
upon no suspicion shall a ship carrying the American flag be
boarded except by an American ship, unless at the risk of the
offcer boarding or detaining her. I have not admitted the inter
national law as laid down by the American Minister for Foreign
Affairs, until that statement had been approved and fortifed by
the law offcers of the Crown. But having admitted that, I have
put it as strong as possible to the American Government that if
it is known that the American flag covers every iniquity, every
pirate and slaver on earth will carry it and no other; that this
must bring disgrace on that honored banner, and that instead of
vindicating the honor of the country by an obstinate adherence
to their present declaration the contrary result will follow; that
the American flag will be prostituted to the worst of purposes. I
shall continue to urge that it is necessary in these civilized times,
with countless vessels navigating the ocean, that there should be
a police on the ocean; that there should be, if not a right by
international law, an agreement among nations how far they
would go to verify the nationality of vessels, and ascertain their
right to bear a particular flag. From the language I have used,
from the conversations which I had with the American Minister
resident in this country, and from the observations contained in
a very able paper drawn up by Gen. Cass on this subject, I am
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
not without strong hope that some arrangement of this kind may
be made with the United States, which, with the orders given to
the offcers of both countries, may enable us to verify the flags of
all countries, without running the risk of offense to the country
to which a ship belongs.
OntheOppositionbenchestherewasalsonoattemptmade
at vindicating the right of visit on the part of Great ritain
againsttheUnitedStates,but,asEarlGreyremarked,
The English had treaties with Spain and other powers for the
prevention of the slave-trade, and if they had reasonable grounds
for suspecting that a vessel was engaged in this abominable trafc,
and that she had for the time made use of the United States flag,
that she was not really an American ship at all, they had a right
to overhaul her and to search her. If, however, she produced the
American papers, even though she be full of slaves, it was their
duty to discharge her, and to leave to the United States the
disgrace of that iniquitous traffc. He hoped and trusted that the
orders to their cruisers were strict in this respect, and that any
excess of that discretion which was allowed their offcers under
the circumstances would meet with proper punishment.
Thequestionthenturnsexclusivelyuponthepoint,andeven
thispointseemsabandonedbyLordMalmesbury,whetheror
notvesselssuspectedofusurpingtheAmericanf|agmaynotbe
called upon to produce their papers. Lord Aberdeen directly
deniedthatanycontroversycouldariseoutofsuchapractice,
sincethe instructionsunderwhichthe ritishof6cerswereto
proceedonsuchanoccurrenceinstructionsdrawnupbyDr.
LushingtonandSirG. Cockburn~hadbeencommunicatedat
thetimetotheAmericanGovernmentandacquiescedinbyMr.
Webster, onthepartofthat Government. lf,therefore, there
hadbeennochangeintheseinstructions,andiftheof6cershad
acted within their limits, 'the American Government could
havenogroundofcomplaint.Thereseemed,indeed,astrong
suspicionhoveringinthemindsofthe hereditarywisdom,that
Palmerstonhadplayedoneofhisusualtricksbyeffectingsome
THE BRI TI S H GOVERNMENT AND THE S LAVE-TRADE
arbitrarychangeinthe ordersissuedto the ritishcruisers. lt
is known that Pa|merston, while boasting of his zeal in the
suppressionoftheslave-trade, had, duringthee|evenyears of
his administration offoreign affairs, ending in : a:, broken
upalltheexistingslave-tradetreaties,hadorderedactswhich
the ritish law authorities pronounced criminal, and which
actually subiected one of his instruments to legal procedure
and placed a slave-dealer under the protection ofthe law of
EnglandagainstitsownGovernment.Hechosetheslave-trade
ashis6eldofbattle,andconverteditintoamereinstrumentof
provokingquarrelsbetweenEnglandand other States.efore
leavingof6cein: a: hehadgiveninstructionswhich,accord-
ingto thewordsofSir Robert Peel, 'must haveled, hadthey
notbeencountermanded,toacollisionwiththeUnitedStates.
lnhis own words, hehadenioinedthenavalof6cers 'tohave
noveryniceregardtothelawofnations.LordMalmesbury,
althoughinveryreservedlanguage,intimatedthat'bysending
the ritish squadrons to the Cuban waters, instead ofleaving
them onthecoastofAfrica, Palmerstonremovedthemfrom
a stationwhere, before
wwhat
hallEnglanddowithSpain?Repeatherprotests,
multrplyherdrspatches,renewhernegotiations?LordMalmes-
THE BRI TI S H GOVERNMENT AND THE S LAVE- TRADE
bury himselfstates that they could cover all the waters from
theSpanishcoasttoCubawiththedocumentsvainlyexchanged
between the two Governments. Or shall England enforce her
claims,sanctionedbysomanytreaties?Hereitisthattheshoe
pinches. ln stepsthe sinister6gureofthe 'augustally,"now
theacknowledgedguardianangeloftheslave-trade.Thethird
onaparte,thepatronofSlaveryin all itsforms,forbidsEng-
landtoactuptoherconvictionsandhertreaties.LordMalmes-
bury, itis known, isstrongly suspectedofanundueintimacy
with the hero of Satory. Nevertheless, he denounced him in
plain termsasthe general slave-dealerofEurope~astheman
whohadrevivedtheinfamoustraf6cinitsworstfeaturesunder
the pretext of 'free emigration" of the blacks to the French
colonies.EarlGreycompletedthisdenunciationbystatingthat
'warshadbeenundertakeninAfricaforthepurposeofmaking
captives, who were to be sold to the agents of the French
Government." TheEarlofClarendon addedthat'both Spain
andFrancewererivalsintheAfricanmarket,offeringacertain
sum per man; and there was not the least difference in the
treatment of these negroes, whether they were conveyed to
Cubaorto aFrenchcolony."
Such,then, is the gloriousposition England6ndsherselfin
byhavinglentherhelptothatmaninoverthrowingtheRepub-
lic.ThesecondRepublic,likethe6rstone,hadabolishedSlav-
ery. onaparte,who acquired hispower solelybytrucklingto
the meanestpassions of men, is unable to prolong it save by
buying day by day new accomplices. Thus he has not only
restored Slavery, but has bought the planters by the renewal
ofthe slave-trade. Everything degradingtheconscienceofthe
nation, is a new lease of power granted to him. To convert
France intoa slave-trading nation would bethe surest means
of enslaving France, who, when herself, had the boldness of
proclaiming in the face ofthe world: Let the colonies perish,
butletprincipleslive!Onethingatleasthasbeenaccomplished
byonaparte.Theslave-tradehasbecomeabattle-crybetween
thelmperialistandtheRepublicancamps.lftheFrenchRepub-
lic be restored to-day, to-morrow Spain will be forced to
abandonthe infamoustraf6c.
266 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
The American Question in England
Pub|ishedOctober : : , : 6:
Mrs. eecher Stowe's |etter toLord Shaftesbury,'`` whatever
its intrinsic merit may be, has done a great dea| of good, by
forcingtheanti-NorthernorgansoftheLondonpresstospeak
outand|aybeforethegeneralpublictheostensiblereasonsfor
their hostile tone against the North, and their i||-concealed
sympathieswith theSouth,whichlooksratherstrange onthe
part ofpeople affecting an utter horrorofSlavery. Their6rst
and main grievance isthatthe present American war is 'not
onefortheabo|itionofSlavery,andthat,therefore,thehigh-
mindedritisher,usedtoundertakewarsofhisown,andinter-
est himselfinotherpeople'swarsonlyonthe basis of'broad
humanitarianprincip|es,cannotbeexpectedtofee|anysym-
pathywith hisNortherncousins. 'ln the 6rstplace. . . , says
The Economist, 'theassumptionthatthequarrelbetweenthe
North and South is a quarre| between Negro freedom on the
onesideandNegroSlaveryontheother,isasimpudentasitis
untrue. 'The North, says The Saturday Review, 'does not
proclaim abolition, and never pretended to 6ght for Anti-
S|avery.TheNorthhasnothoistedforitsorifamme thesacred
symbol ofi ustice to the Negro; its cri de guerre isnotuncon-
ditional abolition. 'lf, says The Examiner, 'we have been
deceivedaboutthereal signi6canceofthesub|imemovement,
who but the Federalists themselves have to answer for the
deception?
Now,i nthe6rstinstance,thepremissmustbeconceded.The
warhasnotbeenundertakenwithaviewtoputdownSlavery,
and the United States authorities themselves have taken the
greatest pains to protest against any such idea. ut then, it
ought to be remembered that it was not the North, but the
South,whichundertookthiswar;theformeractingonlyonthe
defense. lf it be true that the North, after |ong hesitations,
and an exhibition of forbearance unknown in the anna|s of
European history, drew at last the sword, not for crushing
Slavery,butforsavingtheUnion,theSouth,onitspart,inaug-
THE AMERI CAN QUESTI ON IN ENGLAND
uratedthewarbyloud|yproclaiming'thepeculiarinstitution
astheonlyandmainendoftherebellion.ltconfessedto6ght
forthelibertyofens|avingotherpeople,alibertywhich,despite
the Northern protests, it asserted to be putin danger by the
victoryoftheRepublicanpartyandtheelectionofMr.Lincoln
to the Presidentia| chair. The Confederate Congress boasted
that its new-fangled constitution, as distinguished from the
ConstitutionoftheWashingtons,1effersons,andAdams's,had
recognizedforthe6rsttimeSlaveryasathinggoodinitself,a
bulwark ofcivilization, and a divine institution. lfthe North
professed to 6ght but for the Union, the South g|oried in
rebellion for the supremacy of Slavery. lf Anti-S|avery and
idealistic England fe|t not attracted by the profession ofthe
North, how came itto passthat it was notviolentlyrepulsed
bythecynica|confessionsoftheSouth?
The Saturday Review helpsitselfoutofthisuglydi|emmaby
disbe|ievingthedeclarationsofthesecedersthemselves.ltsees
deeperthanthis,anddiscovers "that Slavery had very little to
do with Secession;" thedeclarationsof1eff.Davisandcompany
tothecontrarybeingmere'conventiona|ismswith'aboutas
much meaning as the conventionalisms about violated altars
and desecrated hearths, which always occur in such procla-
mations.
The staple of argument on the part of the anti-Northern
papers is very scanty, and throughout all of them we 6nd
almost the same sentences recurring, like the formulas of a
mathematical series, at certain intervals,withvery little artof
variationorcombination. 'Why,exclaimsThe Economist,
it is only yesterday, when the Secession movement frst gained
serious head, on the frst announcement of Mr. Lincoln's election,
that the Northerners offered to the South, if they would remain
in the Union, every conceivable security for the performance and
inviolability of the obnoxious institution-that they disavowed
in the most solemn manner all intention of interfering with it
that their leaders proposed compromise after compromise in
Congress, all based upon the concession that Slavery should not
be meddled with.
268 DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
"How happens it," says The Examiner, "that the North was
ready to compromise matters by the largest concessions to the
South as to Slavery? How was it that a certain geographical
line was proposed in Congress within which Slavery was to be
recognized as an essential institution? The Southern States were
not content with this.
WhatThe Economist andThe Examiner hadtoaskwasnot
only why the Crittenden and othercompromise measures'`'
were proposed in Congress, but why they were not passed?
Theyaffecttoconsiderthosecompromiseproposalsasaccepted
bytheNorthandreiectedbytheSouth, while,inpointoffact,
theywere baffled bythe Northern party, thathad carried the
LincolnelectionProposalsnevermaturedintoresolutions,but
always remaining in the embryo state ofpia desideria,157 the
Southhad ofcourse never any occasion either ofreiecting or
acquiescing in.Wecomenearertothepith ofthequestionby
thefollowingremarkofThe Examiner:
Mrs. Stowe says: "The Slave party, fnding they could no longer
use the Union for their purposes, resolved to destroy it." There
is here an admission that up to that time the Slave party had used
the Union for their purposes, and it would have been well if Mrs.
Stowe could have distinctly shown where it was that the North
began to make its stand against Slavery.
OnemightsupposethatThe Examiner andtheotheroracles
ofpublicopinioninEng|andhadmadethemselvessuf6ciently
fami|iar with the contemporaneous history to not need Mrs.
Stowe' s information on such all-important points. The pro-
gressive abuse of the Union by the slave power, working
throughitsalliancewiththeNorthernDemocraticparty,is,so
tosay,thegeneralformulaoftheUnitedStateshistorysincethe
beginningofthiscentury.Thesuccessivecompromisemeasures
markthesuccessivedegreesoftheencroachmentbywhichthe
Union became more and more transformed into the s|ave of
the slave-owner. Each of these compromises denotes a new
encroachmentoftheSouth,anewconcessionoftheNorth.At
THE AMERI CAN QUESTI ON IN ENGLAND
thesametimenoneofthesuccessivevictoriesoftheSouthwas
carriedbutafterahotcontestwithanantagonisticforceinthe
North, appearing under different party names with different
watchwordsandunderdifferentcolors.lfthepositiveand6nal
result of each single contest to|d in favor ofthe South, the
attentive observerofhistorycouldnot but see that every new
advance ofthe slave power was a step forward to its ultimate
defeat. Even at the times ofthe Missouri Compromise'`` the
contendingforcesweresoevenlybalancedthat1efferson,aswe
seefromhis memoirs, apprehendedtheUnionto be indanger
ofsplittingonthat deadly antagonism.The encroachments of
the slaveholding power reached their maximum point, when,
bytheKansas-Nebraska bill,`forthe 6rsttimeinthehistory
oftheUnited States, asMr.Douglas himse|f confessed, every
legalbarriertothediffusionofSlaverywithintheUnitedStates
territorieswasbrokendown,when,afterward,aNortherncan-
didate bought his Presidential nomination by pledging the
UniontoconquerorpurchaseinCubaanew6eldofdominion
for the slaveholder; when, later on, by the Dred Scott de-
cision,''
l War.Whiletheyinsultthefreestates oftheNorth,they
a
ousl
rththesl
vestatesoftheSouth.lnfact,theycontinu-
ally wrrte two artrcles: one article, in which they attack the
North, and anotherarticle, in which theyexcuse their attacks
ontheNorth. Qui s'excuse s'accuse.
lnessencetheextenuatingargumentsread:Thewarbetween
theNorthandSouthisatariffwar. Thewaris,further notfor
anyprinciple, does not touch the question ofslavery.and in
act
tu
for
the openingofthewar, the e|ectionvictory ofthe Republtcan
Party ofthe North, the election ofLincoln as President, gave
the signal for secession. On November 6, t6o, Lincoln was
e|ected. On November , t6o, a message te|egraphed from
South Caro|ina said. 'Secession is regarded here as a sett|ed
thing, on November tothe |egis|ature of Ceorgia oc
upied
itse|fwithsecessionplans,andonNovember t , a specra| ses-
sionofthelegis|atureofMississippiwasconvenedtoconsider
secession. ut Lincoln`s electionwas itselfon|ytheresultofa
sp|itinthe Democratic camp. Duringthe e|ectionstrugg|ethe
Democrats oftheNorth concentratedtheirvoteson Douglas,
theDemocratsoftheSouthconcentratedtheirvotesonBreckin
ridge, andtothissplittingoftheDemocraticvotestheRepubli-
canPartyoweditsvictory.Whencecame,ontheonehand,the
preponderanceoftheRepublican PartyintheN
orth?Whence,
ontheother,thedisunionwithin theDemocrattc Party,whose
members, North and South, had operated in coniunction for
more thanha|facentury?
Underthe presidencyofuchanantheswaythatthe South
hadgradua||yusurpedovertheUnionthroughitsa||iance
with
theNorthernDemocratsattaineditszenith.The lastContmen-
tal Congress of t ;;andthe6rst Constitutiona| Congressof
t ;o~oo had |ega||y exc|uded s|avery fr
llTer
itories of
the repub|ic northwestofthe Ohio. |Territorres, as
rsknown,
isthenamegiventotheco|onies|yingwithintheUn
rtedStat
s
itse|fwhichhavenotyetattainedthelevelofpopulatronconstr-
tutionallyprescribedfortheformationofautonomousstates.
Theso-ca||edMissouriCompromise| t zo,inconsequenceof
whichMissouribecameoneoftheStatesoftheUnionasas|ave
state exc|udedslaveryfromeveryremainingTerritorynorthof
, 6,' latitudeandwestoftheMissouri. ythiscompromise
theareaofslaverywas advancedseveraldegreesof|ongitude,
while, ontheother hand, a geographical boundary-lineto its
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
futurespreadseemedquitede6nitelydrawn.Thisgeographical
barrier,initsturn,wasthrowndownin t sa bytheso-called
Kansas-Nebraska ill,theinitiatorofwhichwasSt'ephen]A.
Douglas, then leader ofthe Northern Democrats. The ill,
whichpassedbothHousesofCongress,repealedtheMissouri
Compromise,placedslaveryandfreedomonthesamefooting,
commanded the Union government to treat them both with
equal indifference, and left to the sovereignty of the people,
that is,the mai ority of the settlers, to decidewhether or not
slaverywastobeintroducedin aTerritory.Thus,for the6rst
timeinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates,everygeographicaland
legal limitto the extension of slavery in the Territories was
removed.Underthisnewlegislationthe hithertofreeTerritory
ofNewMexico, aTerritory6vetimes as largeasthe Stateof
NewYork, was transformed into a slave Territory, and the
areaofslaverywasextended fromtheborderoftheMexican
Republicto , northlatitude.ln : so NewMexicoreceived
a slave code that vies with the statute-books of Texas and
Alabama in barbarity. Nevertheless, as the census of t 6o
proves, among some t oo,ooo inhabitants New Mexico does
notcountevenhalfahundred slaves. lthadtherefore suf6ced
fortheSouthtosendsomeadventurerswithafewslaversover
the border, and then with the help ofthe central government
in Washington and of its of6cials and contractors in New
Mexico to drum together a sham popular representation to
impose slavery andwith itthe rule ofthe slaveholders on the
Territory.
However, this convenient method did notprove applicable
inotherTerritories.TheSouthaccordinglywentastepfurther
andappealedfromCongresstotheSupremeCourtoftheUnited
States. This Court,whichnumbers nine iudges, 6veofwhom
belongtotheSouth,hadlongbeenthemostwillingtoolofthe
slaveholders. lt decided in : s;, in the notorious Dred Scott
case, that every American citizen possesses the right to take
with him into any Territory any property recognized by the
Constitution.TheConstitution,itmaintained,recognizesslaves
aspropertyand obliges theUniongovernmenttoprotectthis
property.Consequently,onthebasisoftheConstitution,slaves
THE NORTH AMERI CAN CI VI L WAR
couldbeforcedtolaborintheTerritoriesbytheirowners,and
soeveryindividualslaveholderwasentitledtointroducesl
ry
into hitherto freeerritories against the will of the majonty
ofthe settlers. The rightto exclude slaverywas taken from
the Territorial legislatures and the duty to protect pioneers
ofthe slave systemwas imposed on Congress and the Union
government.
lfthe Missouri Compromiseoft zohadextendedthegeo-
graphical boundary-line of slavery in the Territories, if
the
Kansas-Nebraska ill of : sa had erased every geographrcal
boundary-line andsetupapoliticalbarrierinstead,thewillof
the mai ority of the settlers, now the Supreme Court of te
United States, by its decision of t s;, tore down even thrs
political barrier and transformed all the Territories of
the
republic, present andfuture, fromnurseriesoffreestates rnto
nurseriesofslavery.
Atthesametime,underuchanan'sgovernmenttheseverer
lawonthesurrenderingoffugitiveslavesenactedin t sowas
ruthlessly carried out in the states ofthe North. To play the
part ofslave-catchers for the Southern slaveholders appeared
tobetheconstitutionalcallingoftheNorth.Ontheotherhand,
in order to hinder as far as possible the colonization of the
Territoriesbyfreesettlers,theslaveholders'partyfrustratedall
the so-called free-soilmeasures, i.e., measures which were to
secure for thesettlers a de6nite amount ofuncultivated state
landfreeofcharge.
lntheforeign,asinthedomestic,policyoftheUnitedStates,
the interests of the slaveholders served as the guiding star:
uchanan had infactobtained theof6ceofPresidentthrough
the issueofthe OstendManifesto,inwhichtheacquisitionof
Cuba,whetherbypurchaseorbyforceofarms,
asproclaimed
as the great task of national policy. Under hts go
ernment
northern Mexico was already divided among Amencan land
speculators, who impatiently awaited the si
nal o all on
Chihuahua, Coahuila,andSonora.Theunceasrngprratical
x-
peditionsofthe6libustersagainstthestatesofCentraiAmenca
weredirectednolessfromtheWhiteHouseatWashrngton.ln
theclosestconnectionwiththisforeignpolicy,whosemanifest
286 DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
purposewasconquestofnewterritoryforthespreadofs|avery
andoftheslaveho|ders' rule, stoodthereopening of the slave
trade, secretly supportedbythe Uniongovernment. St'ephen]
A.Doug|ashimse|fdeclaredintheAmericanSenateonAugust
zo, t so: During the |ast year more Negroes have been
importedfromAfricathaneverbeforeinanysingleyear,even
atthetimewhentheslavetradewasstill|ega|.Thenumberof
slavesimportedinthelastyeartotalled6fteenthousand.
Armedspreadingofslaveryabroad wastheavowed aimof
nationalpolicy;theUnionhadinfactbecometheslaveofthe
,oo,ooo slaveholderswho heldswayoverthe South. A series
ofcompromises,whichtheSouthowedtoitsalliancewiththe
NorthernDemocrats,had|edtothisresu|t.Onthisalliancea|l
theattempts,periodicallyrepeatedsincet t;,toresisttheever
increasingencroachmentsoftheslaveholdershadhithertocome
togrief.Atlengththerecameaturningpoint.
For hard|y had the Kansas-Nebraska ill gone through,
whichwipedoutthegeographicalboundary-lineofs|averyand
made its introduction into new Territories subiectto the wil|
ofthe maiority ofthe settlers, when armed emissaries ofthe
slaveholders,borderrabblefromMissouriandArkansas,with
bowie-knife in one hand and revo|ver in the other, fell upon
Kansasandsoughtbythemostunheard-ofatrocitiestodislodge
its sett|ers fromthe Territory colonized by them. These raids
were supported by the central government in Washington.
Henceatremendousreaction. ThroughouttheNorth,butpar-
ticular|yintheNorthwest,arelieforganizationwasformedto
supportKansaswith men,arms, and money.Outofthis relief
organizationarosetheRepublican Party, whichthereforeowes
itsorigintothestruggleforKansas.Aftertheattempttotrans-
formKansasintoaslave Territory byforceofarmshadfailed,
the South sought to achieve the same result by politica|
intrigues. uchanan's government, in particu|ar, exerted its
utmost efforts to have Kansas included in the States of the
Unionasaslave state withaslaveconstitutionimposedonit.
Hencerenewed struggle, this time mainly conducted in Con-
gress atWashington. Even St'ephen] A. Douglas,thechiefof
the Northern Democrats, now | t s;~s entered the lists
THE NORTH AMERI CAN CI VI L WAR
against the government and his allies ofthe South, because
impositionofaslaveconstitutioncouldhavebeencontraryto
theprinciple ofsovereignty ofthe settlers passed inthe Neb-
raskailloft sa. Douglas,Senatorforl|linois,aNorthwestern
state,wouldnaturallyhavelostallhisinfluenceifhehadwanted
to concedeto the Souththe rightto steal by force ofarms or
throughacts ofCongress Territories colonized by the North.
As the struggle for Kansas, therefore, called the Republican
Party into being, it atthe same time occasionedthe 6rstsplit
within the Democratic Party itself.
TheRepub|icanPartyput forward its6rstplatformforthe
presidential election in t s6. Although its cand|date, 1ohn
Fremont,wasnotvictorious,thehugenumberofvotescastfor
him at any rate provedtherapidgrowthofthe Party, particu-
larly in the Northwest. At their second National Convention
forthepresidentialelections|May t;, t6o,theRepub|icans
again put forward their platform of t s 6, only enriched by
someadditions.ltsprincipalcontentswerethefollowing:Not
a foot of fresh territory is further conceded to slavery. The
6|ibustering policy abroad must cease. The reopening of the
slave trade is stigmatized. Finally, free-soil laws are to be
enactedforthefurtheranceoffreecolonization.
Thevitally importantpoint in thisplatform wasthatnota
footoffresh terrainwas conceded to slavery;rather itwas to
remainonce andforall con6nedwithinthe boundariesofthe
states where it already legally existed. Slavery wasthusto be
formally interned; but continual expansion of territory and
continualspreadofslavery beyonditsoldlimitsisalawoflife
fortheslave statesoftheUnion.
The cultivation of the southern export articles, cotton,
tobacco, sugar, etc.,carriedonbyslaves,isonlyremunerative
aslongasit isconductedwithlargegangsofslaves,onamass
scale and on wide expanses of a naturally fertile soil, which
requiresonlysimplelabor.Intensivecu|tivation,whichdepends
lessonfertilityofthesoilthanoninvestmentofcapital,intelli-
gence,andenergyof|abor,iscontrarytothenatureofslavery.
Hence the rapid transformation of states like Maryland and
Virginia,whichformerlyemployedslavesintheproductionof
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
export articles, into states which raise slaves to export them
intothedeepSouth.EveninSouthCarolina,wheretheslaves
formour-seventhsothepopulation,thecultivationocotton
has been almost completely stationary for years due to the
exhaustionothesoil.lndeed,byforceocircumstancesSouth
Carolina has already been transormed in part into a slave-
raising state, since it already sells slaves to the sum of four
miNion dollars yearly to the states o the extreme South and
Southwest.As soon as this pointisreached,theacquisitiono
newTerritories becomes necessary, sothatone section othe
slaveholderswiththeirslavesuayoccupynewfertilelandsand
that a new market or slave-raising, thereore or the sale o
slaves, may be created for the remaining section. lt is, for
example,indubitablethatwithouttheacquisitionoLouisiana
Missouri,andArkansasbytheUnitedStates,slaveryinVirgini
and Maryland would have become extinct long ago. ln the
SecessionistCongressatMontgomery,SenatorToombs,oneof
thespokesmenotheSouth,strikinglyformulatedtheeconomic
lawthatcommands theconstantexpansionotheterritoryo
slavery.'ln6teenyears,saidhe,'withoutagreatincreasein
slaveterritory, eitherthe slavesmustbe permittedto flee from
the whites, or the whitesmustfleeromthe slaves.
Asi sknown, the representation ofthe individual states in
theCongressHouseo Representativesdependson thesizeof
their respective populations. As the populations o the free
statesgrowfarmorequicklythan those oftheslavestates,the
number o Northern Representatives was bound to outstrip
thatotheSouthernveryrapidly.Therealseat ofthepolitical
powerothe Southisaccordinglytransferredmoreand more
to the American Senate, where every state,whether its popu-
lationisgreatorsmall,isrepresentedbytwoSenators.lnordet
toassertitsinfluenceintheSenateand,throughtheSenate,its
hegemony overtheUnitedStates,the Souththereforerequired
acontinualormation of newslave states.This,however,was
onlypossiblethroughconquesto foreignlands, as in the case
of Texas, or through the transformation of the Territories
belonging to the United States 6rst into slave Territories and
laterintoslavestates,asinthecaseofMissouri,Arkansas,etc.
THE NORTH AMERI CAN CI VI L WAR
John Calhoun, whomtheslaveholdersadmireastheirstateman
par excellence, stated as early as February :o, : a;, in the
Senate,thattheSenatealoneplaced a balance opower inthe
hands othe South, that extension of the slave territory was
necessarytopreservethisequilibriumbetweenSouthandNorth
intheSenate, andthattheattemptsotheSouthatthecreation
ofnewslavestatesbyorcewereaccordinglyiusti6ed.
Finally, the number o actual slaveholders in the South o
the Union does not amounttomore than , oo,ooo, a narrow
oligarchy that is confronted with many millions o so-called
poor whites, whose numbers have been constantly growing
throughconcentrationolandedpropertyandwhosecondition
isonlytobecomparedwiththatoftheRomanplebeiansinthe
period of Rome's extreme decline. Only by acquisition and
the prospect of acquisition o new Territories, as well as by
6libusteringexpeditions,isitpossibletosquaretheinterestsof
these'poorwhiteswiththoseoftheslaveholders,togivetheir
restlessthirstforactiona harmless directionandtotamethem
withtheprospectofonedaybecomingslaveholdersthemselves.
Astrictcon6nementofslaverywithinitsoldterrain,therefore,
was bound according to economic law to lead to itsgradual
extinction, in thepolitical spheretoannihilate the hegemony
that the slave states exercised through the Senate, and 6nally
toexposethe slave holding oligarchy within its own statesto
threateningperilsromthe'poorwhites.lnaccordancewith
theprinciplethatanyFurtherextensionofslaveTerritorieswas
tobeprohibitedbylaw,theRepublicansthereforeattackedthe
rule ofthe slaveholders at its root. The Republican election
victorywasaccordinglyboundtoleadtoopenstrugglebetween
North and South. And this election victory, as already men-
tioned, was itself conditioned by the split in the Democratic
camp.
TheKansasstruggle hadalreadycauseda splitbetweenthe
slaveholders'party andtheDemocratsotheNorthalliedtoit.
With the presidential election of :6o, the same strife now
brokeoutagaininamoregeneralform.TheDemocratsofthe
North,withDouglasastheircandidate,madetheintroduction
ofslaveryintoTerritoriesdependentonthewillofthemai ority
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
ofthe settlers. The slaveholders' party, with reckinridge as
theircandidate,maintainedthattheConstitutionoftheUnited
States,asthe SupremeCourthadalsodeclared,broughtslavery
legallyinitstrain; inandofitselfslaverywasalreadylegalin
all Territories and required no special naturalization. While,
therefore, the Republicans prohibited any extension of slave
Territories,theSouthernpartylaid claim to allTerritoriesof
the republic as legally warranted domains. What they had
attempted bywayofexamplewith regardtoKansas,toforce
slaveryon aTerritorythroughthecentral governmentagainst
thewillofthe settlersthemselves,theynow setup aslawfor
all theTerritories ofthe Union. Sucha concession lay beyond
the power of the Democratic leaders and would only have
occasionedthedesertionoftheirarmytotheRepublicancamp.
Ontheotherhand,Douglas's'settlers'sovereigntycouldnot
satisfytheslaveholders'party.Whatitwantedtoeffecthadto
beeffectedwithinthenextfouryearsunderthenewPresident,
couldonlybeeffected by theresourcesofthecentralgovern-
ment, and brooked no further delay. lt did not escape the
slaveholders that a new power had arisen, the Northwest,
whose population, having almostdoubled between : so and
: 6o,wasalreadyprettywell equaltothewhitepopulationof
the slave states~apower thatwas not inclined either bytra-
dition, temperament, or mode of life to let itself be dragged
from compromise to compromise in the manner of the old
Northeastern states.TheUnionwasstillofvaluetotheSouth
onlysofarasithandedoverFederalpowertoitasameansof
carryingouttheslavepolicy.lfnot,thenitwasbettertomake
the break now than to look on at the development of the
RepublicanPartyandtheupsurgeoftheNorthwestforanother
fouryearsandbeginthestruggleundermoreunfavorablecon-
ditions.The slaveholders`partythereforeplayedva banque! 174
When the Democrats ofthe North declined to go on playing
thepartofthe 'poor whites oftheSouth, the Southsecured
Lincoln`svictorybysplittingthevote,andthentookthisvictory
asapretextfordrawingtheswordfromthescabbard.
Thewhole movementwasandis based,asonesees,onthe
slave question. Not in the sense ofwhether the slaveswithin
THE LONDON TIMES ON THE ORLEANS PRI NCES IN AMERI CA 29 I
theexistingslavestatesshouldbeemancipatedoutrightornot,
butwhetherthezomillionfreemenoftheNorthshouldsubmit
any longerto anoligarchy of ,oo,ooo slaveholders;whether
the vastTerritoriesoftherepublicshould benurseriesforfree
states or for slavery; 6nally, whether the national policy of
theUnionshouldtakearmedspreadingofslaveryin Mexico,
CentralandSouthAmericaasitsdevice '. . . ]
The London Times on the Orleans Princes in America
PublishedNovember;, : 6:
Onthe occasionofthe KingofPrussia`svisitat Compiegne, ' `
The London Times published someracy articles, giving great
offenseontheothersideoftheChannel. ThePays, Journal de
l'Empire, inits turn,characterizedThe Times writersaspeople
whoseheadswerepoisonedbygin,andwhosepensweredipped
into mud. Such occasional exchanges of invective are only
intendedtomisleadpublicopinionastotheintimaterelations
connectingPrinting-HouseSquaretotheTuileries.Thereexists
beyondtheFrench frontiers nogreatersycophantofthe Man
ofDecemberthanThe London Times, andits servicesare the
more invaluable, the more that paper now and then assumes
thetoneandthe air ofa Catocensortoward its Caesar. The
Times hadfor monthsheaped insultupon Prussia. lmproving
themiserableMacdonaldaffair,'ithadtoldPrussiathatEng-
landwouldfeelgladtoseeatransferoftheRhenishProvinces
fromthebarbarousswayoftheHohenzollerntotheenlightened
despotism of a onaparte. lt had not only exasperated the
Prussiandynasty, butthePrussianpeople.lthadwrittendown
theideaofanAnglo-PrussianallianceincaseofaPrussiancon-
flictwithFrance.lthadstrainedallitspowerstoconvincePrussia
thatshehadnothingtohopefromEngland,andthatthenext
bestthingshecoulddowouldbetocometosomeunderstanding
withFrance. Whenatlasttheweakandtrimmingmonarchof
PrussiaresolveduponthevisitatCompiegne, The Times could
proudly exclaim: "quorum magna pars Mi; 17 but now the
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
time had also arrived for obliterating from the memory of
theritishthe factthat The Times had been thepath6nderof
thePrussianmonarch.Hencetheroarofitstheatricalthunders.
HencethecounterroarsofthePays, Journal de l'Empire.
The Times had now recovered its position of the deadly
antagonistofonapartism,and,therefore,thepoweroflending
itsaidtotheManofDecember.Anoccasionsoonoffered.Louis
onaparte is,ofcourse,mosttouchywhenevertherenownof
rival pretenders to the french crown is concerned. He had
covered himself with ridicule in the affair of the Duke
d'Aumale'spamphlet'againstPlonPlon,and,byhisproceed-
ings,haddonemoreinfurtheranceoftheOrleanistcausethan
alltheOrleanistpartisanscombined.Again,intheselatterdays,
thefrenchpeoplewerecalledupontodrawaparallelbetween
Plon Plon and the Orleans princes. When Plon Plon set out
forAmerica,therewerecaricaturescirculatedinthefaubourg
St.Antoinerepresentinghimasafatmaninsearchofacrown,
butprofessingatthesametimetobeamostinoffensivetraveler,
withapeculiaraversiontothesmellofpowder.WhilePlonPlon
isreturningtofrancewithnomorelaurelsthanhegatheredin
theCrimeaandinltaly,thePrincesofOrleanscrosstheAtlantic
totakeserviceintheranksoftheNationalarmy.Henceagreat
stir in the onapartist camp. lt would not do to give vent
to onapartist anger through the venal press of Paris. The
Imperialist fears would thus only be betrayed, the pamphlet
scandal renewed,and odiouscomparisons provoked between
exiled Princes who 6ght under the republican banner against
theenslavers ofworkingmillions,withanotherexiledPrince,
who had himselfsworn in as an English special constable to
share in the glory ofputting down an English workingmen`s
movement.
Who should extricate the Man of December out of this
dilemma? Who but The London Times? lfthe same London
Times, which,onthe 6th, ;th, th,andothofOctober, t 6t,
had roused the furiesofthePays, Joural de l'Empire, byits
rathercynicalstricturesonthevisitatCompiegne~ifthatvery
same paper should come out onthe : zth of October, with a
merciless onslaught on the Orleans Princes, because of their
THE LONDON TIMES ON THE O RLEANS PRI NCES I N AMERI CA 293
enlistment in the ranks of the National Army of the United
States,wouldLouisonapartenothaveprovedhiscaseagainst
the Orleans Princes? Would The Times article not be done
intofrench,commented upon bytheParispapers, sentbythe
Prefet de Police to allthejournalsofall the departm
nts, a
d
circulated throughout the whole of france, as the rmpartral
sentence passed by The London Times, the personal foe of
Louis onaparte, upon the last proceedings of the Orle
ns
Princes?Consequently,The Times ofto-dayhascomeoutwrth
amostscurrilousonslaughtontheseprinces.
Louis onaparte is, ofcourse, toomuchofa businessman
tosharetheiudicialblindnessinregardtotheAmericanwarof
the ofncial public opinion-mongers. He knows that thetrue
peopleofEngland,offrance,ofCermany,ofEurope,consider
thecauseoftheUnitedStatesastheirowncause,asthecause
ofliberty,andthat,despiteallpaidsophistry,theyconsiethe
soiloftheUnitedStatesasthefreesoilofthelandlessmrlhons
ofEurope,astheirlandofpromise,nowtobedefend
dsword
inhand,fromthesordidgraspoftheslaveholder.LoursNapo-
leon knows,moreover,thatinfrancethe massesconnectte
6ghtforthe maintenance ofthe Union withthe 6ght oftherr
forefathersforthefoundationofAmericanindependence,and
that with them everyfrenchman drawing his sword for the
National Covernmentappears only to execute the bequestof
Lafayette.onaparte,therefore,knowsthatifanythingbeable
to win the Orleans Princes good opinions from the french
ational
armyoftheUnitedStates.Heshuddersatthisverynotron,and
consequently The London Times, his censorious syco
phant,
tells to-day the Orleans princes that 'they will den
e no
increaseofpopularitywiththefrench nation fromstoopmgto
serve on this ignoble feld of action. " LouisNapoleonknows
thatallthewarswagedinEuropebetweenhostilenationssince
hiscoup d'etat, havebeenmockwars,groundless,wanton,nd
carriedononfa|sepretenses.The Russianwar,andtheItahan
war, not to speak ofthe piratical expeditions against hina,
Cochin-China, and so forth, never enlistedthe sympathres of
the ftench people, instinctively aware that both wars were
294
DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK 1J11LT1
carriedon onlywiththeviewtostrengtheningthechainsforged
by the coup d'etat. The 6rst grand war of contemporaneous
historyistheAmericanwar.
ThepeoplesofEurope knowthattheSouthernslaveocracy
commencedthatwarwiththedeclarationthatthecontinuance
ofslaveocracywasnolongercompatiblewiththecontinuance
oftheUnion. Consequently,thepeopleofEuropeknowthata
6ghtor the continuance of the Union is a 6ght against the
continuanceoftheslaveocracythatinthiscontestthehighest
form of popular self-government till now realized is giving
battle to the meanest and most shameless form of man's
enslaving,recordedintheannalsofhistory.
Louis onaparte feels, of course, extremely sorry that the
Orleans Princes should embark in iustsuch a war, so distin-
guished,bythevastnessofitsdimensionsandthegrandeurof
its ends, from the groundless, wanton and diminutive wars
Europe has passed through since : ao. Consequently, The
London Times mustneedsdeclare:'Tooverlookthedifference
betweenawarwagedbyhostilenations,andthismostground-
less and wanton civil conflict of which history gives us any
account,isaspeciesofoffenseagainstpublicmorals.
The Times is, ofcourse, boundto windupitsonslaughton
theOrleansPrincesbecauseoftheir'stoopingtoserveonsuch
anignoble6eldofaction.Witha deep bow beforethevictor
ofSevastopol andSolferino, 'itis unwise, says The London
Times, 'to challenge a comparison between such actions as
Spring6eldandManassas,'andtheexploitsofSevastopoland
Solferino.
The next mail will testify to thepremeditated use made of
The Times's articlebythelmperialistorgans.Afriendintimes
ofneed is proverbially worth a thousand friends in times of
prosperity,andthesecretallyofThe London Times isitistnow
very badlyoff.
Adearthofcotton,backedbyadearthofgrain;acommercial
crisis coupled with an agricultural distress, and both ofthem
combinedwithareductionofCustomrevenuesandamonetary
embarrassmentcompellingtheankofFrancetoscrewitsrate
of discount to six per cent, to enter into transactions with
THE NEWS AND I TS EFFECT I N LONDON
295
Rothschilds andaringfora loan oftwo millions sterling on
theLondonmarket,topawnabroadFrenchCovernmentstock,
andwithallthattoshowbuta reserveof: z,ooo,oooagainst
liabilitiesamountingtomorethanao,ooo,ooo. Suchastateof
economical affairs prepares iust the situation for rival pre-
tenderstostakedouble.Alreadytherehavebeenbread-riotsin
theFaubourgSt. Antoine, andthisofalltimesisthereforethe
mostinappropriatetimeforallowing Orleans Princestocatch
popularity. Hence the 6erce forward rush of The London
Times.
The News and Its Effect in London
PublishedDecember:o, : 6:
Sincethe declarationofwar against Russia l never witnessed
anexcitementthroughoutallthestrataofEnglishsocietyequal
tothatproducedbythenewsofthe Trent affair,conveyedto
Southampton by the La Plata on the z;th inst. At about z
o'clockp.m.,bymeansoftheelectrictelegraph,theannounce-
mentofthe 'untowardeventwaspostedinthenews-rooms
of all the ritish Exchanges. All commercial securities went
down,while thepriceofsaltpeterwentup. Consols'`declined
: per cent, while at Lloyds war risks ofnve guineas were
demandedon vesselsfromNew-York. Late in the eveningthe
wildest rumors circulated in London, to the effect that the
American Minister'`' had forthwith been sent his passports,
that orders had been issued for the immediate seizure of all
American ships in the ports of the United Kingdom, and so
forth. Thecotton friends ofSecession atLiverpool improved
theopportunityforholding,attenminutes'notice,inthecotton
salesroom of the Stock Exchange, an indignation meeting,
underthepresidencyofMr.Spence,theauthorofsomeobscure
pamphletintheinterestoftheSouthernConfederacy.Commo-
doreWilliams, theAdmiralty Agentonboardthe Trent, who
had arrived with the La Plata, was at once summoned to
London.
DI SPATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
On the fo|lowing day, the zth ofNovember, the London
press exhibited, onthewhole, a tone ofmoderation strange|y
contrastingwiththetremendouspolitica|andmercanti|eexcite-
ment ofthe previous evening. The Palmerston papers, Times,
Morning Post, Daily Telegraph, Moring Advertiser, andSun,
had received orders to calm down rather than to exasperate.
The Daily News, by its strictures on the conduct of the San
jacinto, evidentlyaimedlessathittingthefederalCovernment
than clearing itself of the suspicion of 'Yankee preiudices,
while The Morning Star, 1ohnright'sorgan,withoutpassing
anyiudgmentonthepo|icyandwisdomofthe'act,pleaded
its lawfu|ness. There wereonlytwoexceptionsto thegeneral
tenoroftheLondonpress.TheTory-scribblersofThe Morning
Herald and The Standard, forming in fact one paper under
different names, gave ful| vent to their savage satisfaction of
havingatlastcaughtthe'republicansinatrap,and6ndinga
casus belli, ready cut out. They were supported by but one
other iournal, The Morning Chronicle, which for years had
tried to prolong its checkered existence by a|ternately selling
itselftothepoisonerPa|merandtheTuileries.Theexcitement
ontheExchangegreatlysubsidedinconsequence ofthepaci6c
tone oftheleadingLondonpapers.OnthesamezthofNov.,
CommanderWilliamsattendedattheAdmiralty,andreported
thecircumstancesoftheoccurrenceintheoldahamaChannel.
Hisreport,togetherwiththewrittendepositionsoftheof6cers
onboardtheTrent, wereatonce submittedtothe|awof6cers
oftheCrown,whoseopinion,lateintheevening,wasof6cially
broughtunderthenoticeofLordPalmerston,EarlRusselland
othermembersoftheCovernment.
On the zoth ofNovember there was to be remarked some
slight change inthe tone ofthe ministerial press. lt became
known that the law of6cers of the Crown, on a technical
ground,haddeclaredtheproceedingsofthefrigateSan jacinto
illegal, and that later inthe day, the Cabinet,summonedto a
general counci|, had decided to send bynext steamer to Lord
Lyons instructions to conform to the opinion of the English
law of6cers. Hence the excitement in the principal places of
business, such asthe Stock Exchange, Lloyd's, the1erusa|em,
THE NEWS AND I TS EFFECT IN LONDON 2
97
the altic, etc., set inwith redoubled force, andwas further
stimulatedbythenewsthattheproiectedshipmentstoAmerica
ofsaltpeterhadbeenstoppedonthepreviousday,andthaton
the zoth a general order was received at the Custom-House
prohibitingtheexportationofthisartic|etoanycountryexcept
undercertain stringent conditions. TheEng|ish funds further
fell , and at one time a real panicprevailed in all the stock
markets,ithavingbecomeimpossibletotransactanybusiness
insomesecurities,whileinalldescriptionsaseveredepression
ofprices occurred. ln the afternoon a recovery in the stock
marketwasduetoseveralrumours,butprincipal|ytothereport
thatMr. Adams had expressed his opinion thatthe act ofthe
San jacinto wouldbedisavowedbytheWashingtonCabinet.
On the , oth ofNovember |to-day alltheLondonpapers,
withthesing|eexceptionofThe Morning Star, putthea|terna-
tiveofreparationbytheWashingtonCabinetor-war.
Havingsummedupthehistoryoftheeventsfromthearrival
of the La Plata to the present day; l shall now proceed to
recording opinions. There were, of course, two points to be
considered~on the one hand the |aw, on the other hand the
policy,oftheseizureoftheSouthernCommissionersonboard
anEnglishmailsteamer.
AstotheIegalaspectoftheaffair,the6rstdif6cultymooted
by the Tory press and The Morning Chronicle was that the
United Stateshaduever recognized the Southern Secessionists
asbelligerents, and,consequently,couldnotclaim belligerent
rightsinregardtothem.
ThisquibblewasatoncedisposedofbytheMinisterialpress
itse|f. 'We, said The Times, 'have already recognized these
ConfederateStates asa belligerentpower, and wesha|l,when
thetimecomes,recognizetheirCovernment.Thereforewehave
imposed on ourselves all the duties and inconveniences of a
powerneutral betweentwobelligerents.
Hence, whether or nottheUnitedStatesrecognizethe Con-
federates as belligerents, they have the right to insist upon
England submitting to all the duties and inconveniences of a
neutralinmaritimewarfare.
Consequently, with the exceptions mentioned, the whole
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
LondonpressacknowledgetherightoftheSan Jacinto toover-
haul,visit,andsearchtheTrent, inorderto ascertainwhether
shecarriedgoodsorpersonsbelongingtothecategoryof'con-
trabandofwar.The Times's insinuationthattheEnglishlaw
ofdecisions'wasgivenunder circumstances very different from
thosewhich nowoccur;that'steamers did notthenexist,
andmail vessels, 'carrying letters wherein all the nations of
the world haveimmediateinterest,wereunknown;that'we
|theEnglishwerefighting for existence, and didinthose days
what we should not allow others to do, was not seriously
thrown out. Palmerston's private Moniteur, The Moring
Post, declaredonthesamedaythatmail steamerswere simple
merchantmen,notsharingtheexemptionfromtherightofsearch
ofmen-of-warandtransports.Theright of search, onthepartof
theSan Jacinto, wasinpointoffact, conceded bytheLondon
pressaswellasthelawof6cersoftheCrown.Theobj ectionthat
the Trent, insteadofsailingfroma belligerenttoa belligerent
port,was,onthecontrary, boundfroma neutraltoa neutral
port,felltothegroundbyLordStowell'sdecisionthattheright
ofsearchisintendedtoascertainthedestinationofaship.
Inthesecondinstance,thequestionarosewhether by6ring
a round shot across the bows ofthe Trent, and subsequently
throwingashell, burstingclosetoher,theSan Jacinto hadnot
violatedtheusagesandcourtesiesappurtenanttotheexercise
oftherightofvisitationandsearch. ltwasgenerallyconceded
bytheLondonpressthat,sincethedetailsoftheeventhavetill
now been only ascertained by the depositions of one of the
partiesconcerned,no suchminorquestioncouldinuencethe
decisionto bearrivedatbytheritishCovernment.
Therightofsearch,exercised bytheSan Jacinto, thusbeing
conceded, whathad she to look for? forcontraband of war,
presumedtobeconveyed bytheTrent. Whatiscontrabandof
war? Are the dispatches of a belligerent Covernmentcontra-
bandofwar?Arethepersons carryingthosedispatchescontra-
band of war? And, both questions being answered in the
af6rmative, do thosedispatches and the bearers of them con-
tinue to becontraband of war, if found on a merchant ship
boundfromaneutralporttoaneutralport?TheLondonpress
THE NEWS AND ITS EFFECT I N LONDON 299
admitsthatthedecisionsofthehighestlegalauthoritiesonboth
sidesoftheAtlanticareso contradictory, andmaybeclaimed
withsuchappearanceofiusticeforboththeaf6rmativeandthe
negative,that,atallevents,aprima facie caseismadeoutfor
theSan Jacinto.
ConcurrentlywiththisprevalentopinionoftheEnglishpress,
theEnglishCrownlawyershavealtogetherdroppedthematerial
question, and only takenuptheformal question.Theyassert
thatthe law ofnations was notviolated in substance, butin
form only. They have arrived at the conclusion that the San
Jacinto failedinseizing,onherownresponsibility,theSouthern
Commissioners, instead oftakingthe Trent to a federal port
andsubmittingthequestiontoafederalPrize-Court,noarmed
cruiserhavingarighttomakehimselfa1udgeatsea.Aviolation
in the procedure ofthe San Jacinto is, therefore, all that is
imputed to her by the English Crown lawyers, who, in my
opinion, are right in their conclusion. lt might be easy to
unearth precedents, showing England to have similarly tres-
passedontheformalitiesofmaritimelaw;butviolationsoflaw
canneverbeallowedto supplantthelawitself.
The question may now be mooted,whetherthe reparation
demandedbytheEnglishCovernment~thatis,therestitution
of the Southern Commissioners~be warranted by an iniury
whichthe English themselves avow to be ofform rather than
ofsubstance? A lawyer ofthe Temple, in the to-day's Times,
remarks,inrespecttothispoint:
If the case is not so clearly in our favor as that a decision in the
American Court condemning the vessel would have been liable
to be questioned by us as manifestly contrary to the laws of
nations, then the irregularity of the American Captain in allowing
the Trent to proceed to Southampton, clearly redounded to the
advantage of the British owners and the British passengers. Could
we in such a case fnd a ground of international quarrel in an
error of procedure which in effect told in our own favor?
Still,iftheAmericanCovernmentmustconcede,asit seems
tome,that Capt. Wilkeshascommittedaviolationofmaritime
300 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
law,whetherformalormaterial,theirfairfameandtheirinter-
estought aliketopreventthem fromnibblingatthetermsof
the satisfactiontobegiventotheiniuredparty.Theyoughtto
remember that they do the work of the Secessionists in em-
broilingtheUnited States in a warwith England, thatsuch a
war would be a godsend to Louis onaparte in his present
dif6culties, and would, consequently, be supported by all the
ofncialweightoffrance;and,lastly,that,whatwiththeactual
forceunderthecommandoftheritishontheNorthAmerican
andWestlndianstations,whatwiththeforcesoftheMexican
Expedition,theEnglishCovernmentwouldhaveatitsdisposal
anoverwhelmingmaritimepower.
AstothepolicyoftheseizureintheahamaChannel,thevoice
notonlyoftheEnglishbutoftheEuropeanpressisunanimous
in expressions ofbewilderment atthe strangeconduct ofthe
American Covernment, provoking such tremendous inter-
national dangers, for gaining the bodies of Messrs. Mason,
Slidell&Co.,whileMessrs.YanceyandMannarestruttingin
London. The Times is certainly right in saying: 'Even Mr.
Seward himselfmustknowthatthevoices oftheseSouthern
Commissioners,soundingfromtheircaptivity,areathousand
timesmoreeloquentinLondon and inParisthantheywould
havebeeniftheyhadbeenheardatSt.1ames'sandtheTuileries.
ThepeopleoftheUnitedStateshavingmagnanimouslysub-
mitted to a curtailment oftheirownliberties inorderto save
theircountry,willcertainlybenolessreadytoturnthetideof
popularopinioninEnglandbyopenlyavowing, andcarefully
making up for, an international blunder the vindication of
whichmightrealizetheboldesthopesoftherebels.
Progress of Feeling in England
PublishedDecemberzs, t 6t
The friends ofthe United States onthis side ofthe Atlantic
anxiously hope that conciliatory steps will be taken by the
federalCovernment.Theydosonotfromaconcurrenceinthe
PROGRESS OF FEELI NG I N ENGLAND 301
franticcrowingoftheritishpressoverawarincident,which,
according to the English Crown lawyers themselves, resolves
itselfintoa mereerrorofprocedure,andmaybesummedup
inthewordsthattherehasbeenabreachofinternationallaw,
because Capt. Wilkes, instead oftakingthe Trent, hercargo,
herpassengers,andtheCommissioners,didonlytaketheCom-
missioners. Norspringsthe anxietyofthewell-wishersofthe
CreatRepublic from anapprehensionlest, in thelongrun, it
shouldnotprove abletocopewithEngland,althoughbacked
by the civilwar; and, least of all, do they expectthe United
States to abdicate, evenfora moment, andin a darkhour of
trial,theproudpositionheldbytheminthecouncilofnations.
Themotivesthatpromptthemareofquiteadifferentnature.
lnthenrstinstance,thebusinessnextinhandfortheUnited
States is to crushthe rebellion andto restore the Union. The
wish uppermost in the minds of the Slaveocracy and their
Northern tools was always to plunge the United States into a
warwithEngland.The6rststepofEnglandassoonashostilities
broke out would be to recognize the Southern Confederacy,
andthesecondtoterminatetheblockade.Secondly,nogenera|,
if not forced, will accept battle at the time and under the
conditions chosen by hisenemy. 'Awarwith America, says
The Economist, a paper deeply in Palmerston`s con6dence,
'must always be one ofthe most lamentable incidents inthe
historyofEngland;butifitistohappen,the present is certainly
the period at which it will do us the minimum of harm, and the
only moment inourjoint annals at which it would confer on
us an incidental and partial compensation. "
TheveryreasonsaccountingfortheeagernessofEnglandto
seizeuponany decentpretextforwar at this 'only moment
ought to withhold the United States from forwarding such a
pretextatthis'onlymoment. Yougonottowarwiththeaim
todoyourenemy"the minimum of harm," and,eventoconfer
uponhimbythewar,"an incidental and partial compensation."
The opportunityofthe momentwouldallbeononeside, on
the side of your foe. ls there any great strain of reasoning
wantedto prove that an internalwar raging in a State is the
leastopportunetimeforenteringuponaforeignwar?Atevery
302 DI S PATCHES FOR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
other moment the mercantile classes of Creat ritain would
have looked upon a war against the United Stateswith the
utmost horror. Now, on the contrary, a large and inuential
partyofthemercantilecommunityhasformonthsbeenurging
onthe Covernmenttoviolently break the blockade, andthus
provide the main branch of ritish industry with its raw
material.Thefearofa curtailmentoftheEnglish exporttrade
totheUnitedStateshas lostitsstingbythecurtailmentofthat
tradehaving already actually occurred. 'They |theNorthern
States,saysThe Economist, 'arewretchedcustomers,instead
ofgood ones. The vastcreditusuallygiven by Englishcom-
mercetotheUnitedStates,principallybytheacceptanceofbills
drawn from China and lndia, has been already reduced to
scarcelyanfthofwhatitwasin: s;. Last,notleast,Decembr-
istfrance, bankrupt, paralyzed athome, besetwith difnculty
abroad, pounces upon anAnglo-American war asa real god-
send,and,inordertobuyEnglishsupportinEurope,willstrain
allherpowertosupport'PerndiousAlbion ontheotherside
oftheAtlantic.Readonlythefrenchnewspapers.Thepitchof
indignation towhich they have wrought themselves in their
tendercareforthe'honorofEngland,theirnercediatribesas
tothenecessityonthepartofEnglandtorevengetheoutrage
ontheUnion1ack,theirviledenunciationsofeverythingAmeri-
can,would betrulyappalling,iftheywerenotridiculousand
disgusting at the same time. Lastly, ifthe United States give
way in this instance, they will not derogate one iota oftheir
dignity. England has reducedhercomplainttoamereerror of
procedure, a technical blunder ofwhich she has made herself
systematicallyguiltyinallhermaritimewars,butagainstwhich
theUnitedStateshaveneverceasedtoprotest,andwhichPresi-
dentMadison,'inhismessageinauguratingthewarof: : z,
expatiateduponasoneofthemostshocking breachesofinter-
national law. lftheUnited States may be defended in paying
Englandwithherowncoin,will theybeaccusedformagnani-
mouslydisavowing, onthepartofa singleAmericancaptain,
actingonhisownresponsibility,whattheyalwaysdenounced
asa systematicusurpationonthe partofthe ritish Navy! ln
PROGRESS OF FEELI NG I N ENGLAND
point offact, the gain ofsuch a procedure would beall on
the American side. England, on the one hand, would have
acknowledged the right of the United States to capture and
bring to adiudication before an American prize court every
English shipemployedintheserviceofthe Confederation. On
theother hand, shewould, oncefor all, before theeyesofthe
whole world, have practicallyresigned a claim which she was
not brought to desistfrom either in the peace ofChent, ' ` in
: :a,or thetransactions carried onbetween LordAshburton
andSecretaryWebster'`in : az. The question then comesto
this: Doyouprefertoturnthe'untowardeventtoyourown
account, or, blindedbythepassionsofthemoment, turnitto
the accountofyour foes at home andabroad?
Sincethisdayweek'. . . ]ritishconsolshaveagainlowered,
the decline, compared with last friday, amounting to z per
cent, the present prices being o: to Y formoney andooto
ooxforthenewaccountontheothof1anuary.Thisquotation
correspondstothe quotationofthe ritishconsolsduringthe
nrst two years of the Anglo-Russian war. This decline is
altogetherduetothewarlikeinterpretationputupontheAmeri-
canpapersconveyedbythelastmail, totheexacerbatingtone
ofthe Londonpress, whose moderationoftwodays' standing
wasbutafeint,orderedbyPalmerston,tothedispatchoftroops
forCanada,totheproclamationforbiddingtheexportofarms
and materials forgunpowder andlastly, to the daily ostenta-
tious statements concerning the formidable preparations for
warinthe docks andmaritimearsenals.
Of one thing you may be sure, Palmerston wants a legal
pretext for a war with the United States, but meets in the
Cabinet councils with a most determinate opposition on the
part of Messrs. Cladstone and Milner Cibson, and, to a less
degree,ofSirCornwallLewis.'Thenobleviscountisbacked
by Russell, an abi ect tool in his hands, and the whole Whig
Coterie. lfthe Washington Cabinetshouldfurnishthedesired
pretext,the present Cabinet will besprung, to be supplanted
by a Tory Administration. The preliminary steps for such a
changeofsceneryhavebeenalreadysettledbetweenPalmerston
DI S PATCHES F OR THE NEW YORK TRIB UNE
andDisrae|i.Hencethefuriouswar-cryofThe Moring Herald
andThe Standard, thosehungrywo|veshow|ingattheprospect
ofthelong-missedcrumbsfromthepublica|moner.
Pa|merston'sdesignsmaybeshownupbyca||ingintomemory
a few facts. lt was he who insisted upon the proclamation,
acknow|edgingtheSecessionistsasbelligerents,onthemorning
ofthe
er
the Athens house of a Portuguese merchant (who was a British
citizen) was set on fre.
,
uu. Chevalier Wykoff: Henry Wikoff-both spellings were com
mon-( 1 8 1 3-1 884) , an author and diplomat
,
who
,
trav
led
widely through Europe and the United States dUring thIS period,
at times employed by Palmerston.
,
100. Mr. Delane: John Thadeus Delane ( 1 81 7-1 879) was the edItor
of The Times and a close associate of Lord Aberdeen.
101. kidnapping of . . . York: These were
,
cases of atuse of the mental
health system notorious at the tlme. Rosla Bulwer-
t
t
0n
( 1 802-1 882) had been married to
,
the no
eh
t and pohtIclan
Edward Bulwer-Lytton, but, followmg theIr dIvorce, se cam
paigned against him and was committed in June 1 858. SImIlarly,
Mrs. Turner was found to have been wrongly committed and
mistreated.
102. the new Poor Law: The Poor Law Amendm
nt ct
,
o1 834,
which did little to address the numerous faws m Bntam s treat
ment of the poor, particularly its reliance on workhouses.
,
,
103. Irish Famine: Between 1 845 and 1 8 50, more than half a
Ilhon
Irish died of hunger, a famine which Marx and others attributed
in part to abusive English economi policy.
,
'
1 04. the "nuggets" of Australia: Australia expenenced a gold rusm
the 1 8 50S, attracting many would-be prospectors from Brltam .
105. the war: The Crimean War.
"
7
1 06. will perhaps remember: See "Revolution m Chma and Europe,
PP 3 -
10.
"
f {
"
I E
107. Mr. Ricardo: David Ricardo, On the Prmclples L Po Itlca con-
omy and Taxation ( 1 817).
108. Napoleon the Little: Napoleon III.
"
1 09. Society of the Dix Decembre: A secret Bonapartlst society; Marx
refers to it in The Eighteenth Brumatre of LOUIS Bonaparte.
1L. the Fronde: A civil war in France ( 1 648-53) .
I I I. juste milieu: Golden mean,
,
I I 2. Societes en commandite: The dIfference between th
,
ese and
Societes anonymes is roughly analogous, in Anglo-American cor-
3
I B
NOTES
porat law, to that between a corporation and a limited part
nershIp.
I 1 3 the English Sadleirs, Spaders and Palmers: References to contem_
porary banking scandals in Britain.
.
.
1 1 4 Corps
.
Lgislatif One of the bodies of the French legislature.
I I 5 the Mmlster of the Interior: Jean-Gilbert-Victor Fialin duc d
P
.
(
.
0
erslgny 1 808-1 872), French statesman.
I I 6 . Fourier: Charles Fourier, Theorie des quatre mouvements et des
d