KONARK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Telecommucation Engg. LAB:- CS

Experiment- 1
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To establish & testing fiber optic communication link (both analog & digital) EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital & analog signal. Basically a fiber optic link contains 3 main elements; a transmitter takes the input signal in electrical form & then transforms it into optical energy. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern. FIGURE Fiber optic kit Optical fiber Function generator CRO

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the power supply to the board 2. Ensure that all switched faults are off. 3. make the following conations a) connect the 1 KHZ sine wave output to emitter is input b) Connect the F:O cable between emitter output & detectors input. c) Detector is output to AC amplifier 1 input. 4 5 6 TABULATION: So. No CONCLUSION: From the traces taken we can conclude that both the i/p & o/p voltage values are approximately same. Hence, the link was successful. On the board. Switch emitter is driver to analog mode then to digital mode. Switch on the power Observe the input to emitter 1 with the output from AC amplifier 1 & note that the two signals are same. input voltage output voltage Remark

Experiment- 2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Measurement of numerical aperture in a multimode optical fiber. EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Trainer kit Optical fiber Numerical Aperture measurement jig THEORY: It refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. PROCEDURE: Connect power supply to the board. Connect the frequency generators 1 KHZ sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit. Connect one end of fiber to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit & the other end to the aperture jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15,20 & 25 mm diameter ) vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot form the fiber coincide with 10 mm circle. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L & note the diameter W of the spot. Compute the NA. Vary the distance between screen & cable & note its distance. CALCULATION: NA = W/[4L + W ]^0.5 TABULATION: L1 L2 L3 L4 W1 W2 W3 W3 NA1 NA2 NA3 NA4

NA avg = NA1+ NA2+ NA3 +NA4

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4 CONCLUSION: From the above experiment taking various values of W & L we have calculated the NA value.

Experiment- 3
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of propagation loss in optical fiber. EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Trainer kit Optical fiber Function generator CRO

THEORY: Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per kilometer. Loss is by definition negative decibels. The basic measurement for loss in a fiber is made by taking the logarithmic ratio of the i/p power to the o/p power. PROCEDURE: Connect power supply to board. Connect function generators o/p to i/p power 1 circuit. Connect 0.5m optic fiber between emitter 1 o/p & detector 1s i/p. Switch on the power supply. Observe the o/p signal from detector on CRO. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the help as gain adjust pot. Note this amplitude & name it v1. Now replace the previous fiber cable with 1m cable without disturbing any previous setting. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side & note this value & name it v2. CALCULATION: L1 = Length of 1st OF = 0.5m L2 = Length of 2nd OF =01m V1 = Measured amplitude for L1 V2 = Measured amplitude for L2 FORMULA: V1/V2 = exp (L1+L2)

= propagation loss in neper / meter

1neper = 8.686db TABULATION: V1 V2 L1 L2

in db in neper/meter

CONCLUSION: Form the above experiment by taking different values of fiber we calculated the propagation loss.

Experiment- 4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To transmit & receive function generator waveforms through satellite link. EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Uplink transmitter Function generator Downlink receiver CRO Dish antennas connecting cables

THEORY: A communication link can also be established by the help of satellite link where there will be one transmitter section, one receiver section each having their antennas. Here the free space acts as the link or channel. By giving a particular signal through function generator we can get the same at the other end e.l by the help of CRO. PROCEDURE: Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains. Switch ON the transmitter and frequency display will come on. The transmitting frequency can be selected by UP-DOWN switch. The frequency can be changed from 1200-1250-13000MHZ. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC-BNC lead. Set the O/P gain of Uplink transmitter to maximum. Place s\downlink receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (it can go even up to 10m). Connect the Downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it ON by main switch. The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100-1150-1200MHZ. Attach R2 antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC-BNC lead. Align both the transmitter and receiver antennas in line.

i/p signal Frequency: Amplitude:

o/p signal Frequency: Amplitude:

CONCLUSION: From the above experiment by comparing both the i/p & o/p signals we can conclude that the link was established successfully

Experiment- 5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To transmit & receive function generator waveforms through satellite link. EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Uplink transmitter Function generator Downlink receiver CRO Dish antennas connecting cables Satellite Transponder

THEORY: A communication link can also be established by the help of satellite link where there will be one transmitter section, one receiver section each having their antennas. Here the free space acts as the link or channel. By giving a particular signal through function generator we can get the same at the other end e.l by the help of to CRO. PROCEDURE: Connect the satellite uplink transmitter to AC mains. Switch ON the transmitter and frequency display will come on. The transmitting frequency can be selected by UP-DOWN switch. The frequency can be changed from 1200-1250-1300MHZ. Connect X1 antenna to uplink transmitter with BNC-BNC lead. Set the O/P gain of Uplink transmitter to maximum. Place s\downlink receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (it can go even up to 10m). Connect the Downlink receiver to the AC mains and switch it ON by main switch The downlink receiver frequency can be changed from 1100-1150-1200MHZ. Attach R2 antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC-BNC lead. Align both the transmitter and receiver antennas in line. Place a satellite transponder between transmitter and receiver at a convenient distance; preferably all three can be placed in equidistance triangle of distance 57m. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300MHz and transponder receiver frequency also to 1300MHz. Keep downlink frequency to transponder to 1100MHz. Keep the downlink receiver to1100MHz. i/p signal Frequency: Amplitude: o/p signal Frequency: Amplitude:

CONCLUSION: From the above experiment by comparing both the i/p & o/p signals we can conclude that the link was established successfully.

Experiment- 6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To measure an unknown impedance with smith chart. EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Klystron tube 2k25 Klystron power supply Klystron mount Isolator Frequency meter Variable attenuator Slotted line Probe VSWR meter Wave guide stand S.S Tuner Movable short Terminator

Theory: The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R+jX. For comparison SWR can be calculated as S = 1+ R_ 1 - R Reflection coefficient R = Z Z0 Z + Z0 Where Z0 = characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency Z = load impedance at any point The measurement is performed in following way. The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = S0 and the position of one minima is determined. The unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima positions will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is used as reference for impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take smith chart taking 1 as center; draw a circle of radius equal to S0. Mark a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this point will show the normalized impedance of load.

PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the equipments as shown in the fig. 2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position 3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below.

Range dB Input switch Meter switch Gain (Coarse & fine) 4.

: : : :

50 dB position Crystal low impedance Normal position Mid position

Keep the control knobs of Klystron power supply as below Mode switch Beam voltage knob Reflector voltage AM- Amplitude AM- Frequency knob : : : : : AM Fully anticlockwise Fully clockwise Around Fully Clockwise Around Mid Position

5. Switch ON the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan. 6. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. To get the maximize deflection change AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. After getting maximum deflection on VSWR meter replace detector mount to S.S tuner and V match terminal. 10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection. 11. Tune the tunable probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. 12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the VSWR scale, and note down the frequency directly from frequency meter. 13. Keep the depth of pin S.S tuner to around 3-4mn and lock it 14. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum deflection. 15. Adjust VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the meter indicates 1.0 on the normal upper SWR scales. 16. Move the probe to next minima point, note down the SWR = S0 on the scale. Also note down the probe position, let it be d 17. Remove the S.S tuner and matched termination and place movable short at slotted line. The plunger of short should be at zero.

18. Note the position of two successive minimum position. Let it be d1 and d2. Hence

g = 2 (d1- d2) 19. Calculated d g 20. Find out the normalization impedance as described in the theory section. 21. Repeat the same experiment for other frequency if required.

Experiment- 7
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To measure the polar pattern and the gain of a waveguide Antennas. (for MT 9002) EQUEPMENTS REQUIRED: Microwave source (Gunn or Klystron) with power supply Frequency meter Isolator Variable attenuator Detector mount Antennas SWR meter Accessories

Theory: If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave- guide this antenna presents a mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if the open wave- guide is a horn shape. The radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna. An Antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes the main lobes, side lobes and the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni- directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna. 3dB Beam width: This is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is half the maximum power intensity. When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the pattern far from the antenna. Far field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of 2D2 0 _ (for rectangular Horn antenna)

Where D is the size of the broad wall of horn aperture 0 is free space wave length.

It is also very important to avoid disturbing reflection. Antenna measurement are normally made at outdoor ranges or in so called anechoic chambers made of absorbing materials. Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver. There are several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is compare the unknown antenna with a standard gain antenna with known gain. Another method is to use two identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver. From following formula the gain can be calculated. Pr = Pt 0G1G2 (4 S) 2 Where Pt transmitted power Pr is received power G1, G2 is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna S is the radial distance between two antennas 0 is free space wave length. If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above equation becomes. Pr = Pt 0 G2 (4S) 2 G = 4S 0 Pr Pt

In the above equation Pt, Pr and S and 0 can be measured and gain can be computed. As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value of Pt and Pr only ratio is required which can be measured by VSWR meter. Procedure Antenna Radiation pattern plotting: 1. Set up equipments as shown in the figure, keeping the axis of both antennas in same axis line. 2. Energize the microwave source of maximum output at desired frequency with square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of modulating signal of Gunn power supply or KPS and by tuning the detector. 3. Obtain full scale deflection (0 dB) on normal dB scale (0-10dB) at any convenient range switch position of the VSWR meter by gain control knob of VSWR meter or by variable attenuator. 4. Turn the receiving horn to the left in 20 or 50 steps up to 400-500, and note the corresponding VSWR dB reading is normal dB range. When necessary change the range switches to next higher range and add 10dB to the observed value. 5. Repeat the above step but this time turns the receiving horn to the right and note down the readings. 6. Draw the relative power pattern i.e. output V/S angle. 7. From diagram determine 3dB width (beam width) of the horn antenna can be measured.