Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering
KAAF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

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Transportation Engineering I CIV 367
Lecture 1_ Introduction to Transport
Kwasi Agyeman Boakye ( kwasi.agyeman.boakye@gmail.com)

Overview of the Course ( CIV 367)

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Time Period * 2:30pm 4:30pm, break, 4:45pm 6:45pm Days * Friday, 1st June, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th June, Mode of Assessment * Coursework - 30%; Exams - 70% Recommended Reading

oTransport Planning and Traffic Engineering , C. A. O Flarherty oHighway Capacity Manual, 2010 oTraffic and Highway Engineering, Garber N.J and Hoel A.L, Bill Stenquist (2002). oGhana Highway Authority, Road Design Guide, First Edition (1991). oStandard Specification for Roads and Bridges, Ghana , 2007

Introduction to Transport
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Definition Transport is the movement of people or goods from one location to another. Means of Transport The means of transport include air, water, land, space, cable, pipeline etc.
Modes of Transport The modes include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, aircraft, ships etc
What is the difference between Transport and Transportation?
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Road Transport
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Brief History
The first method of road transport were horses, oxens or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. The wheels came later, probably preceded by the use of logs as rollers. Early stone paved roads were built in Mesopotamia.

The Romans used deep roadbeds of crushed stone as underlying layer to ensure that their roads were kept dry. (Highways).
A look into the future daventryslow.wmv
Are some of these types of road transport still found in Ghana? What is the difference between a road, highway and street?

Importance of Transport I
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Transport is a derived demand created by the needs and desires of people to move themselves or their goods from one place to another. The economic vitality of an area and the ability to make maximum use of natural resources is made possible by the speed, cost and capacity of available transport. Permits the specialisation of industry or commerce, reduces cost for raw materials or manufactured goods which also leads to lower cost of goods, creating competition among regions, resulting in greater choice for the consumer.
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Importance of Transport II
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For government services such as delivering mails, defending a nation and retaining control of its territories.
Infrastructure has potential to improve the scenery and landscape of a city making it very livable to citizens and also attractive for tourism. Mostly in Africa, linked to access to health, educational facilities and other social amenities that go to enhance poverty reduction.

Creation of a lot of opportunities for direct and indirect employment

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Jobs In Transport
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Transport Engineering covers planning, design, construction, operations and management, research and development.
Planning - Data Analysis - Forecasting - Evaluation Design - Geometric - Pavement - Drainage - Structural Construction - Surface Preparation - Pavement - Drainage - Structural Operations and Management - Traffic - Maintenance - Intelligent Transport - Surveillance - Control

Research and Development - Technology Transfer

Experience - Field - Analysis - Projects

Road Transport Sector Agencies in Ghana

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Policy Level Ministry of Roads and Highways, Ministry of Transport, Metropolitans, Municipals, Districts, Assemblies (MMDA) Safety, Standards and Market Regulation National Road Safety Authority, DVLA, MMDAs Asset Managers Road Fund Board, DFR, DUR, GHA Service Providers Metro Mass Transit Ltd, Ghana Trade and Technical College, State Transport Co. Ltd (STC) Acts Governing the sector The Road and Traffic Ordinance 1952 (Repealed) , Ghana Highway Authority Act: ACT 540 1997, National Road Safety Commission Act: ACT 567 1999, Road Traffic Offenses Regulations 1974 (Repealed), Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority Act, Road Fund Act 1997, Road (Vehicle) Fee Act, 1998, Road Traffic Act, Act 683 2004, Road Traffic Regulations 2006
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Transport Engineering vs Traffic Engineering

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Transport Engineering The application of technological and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transport inorder to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmental compactible movement of people and goods. Traffic Engineering This is a branch of transport engineering which deals with traffic planning and design of roads, of frontage development and of parking facilities and with the control of traffic to provide safe, convenient and economic movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
Contrast the two!
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Traffic Engineering
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Areas to be covered in this course Elements of traffic flow, Level of service of basic roadway sections, Traffic Engineering studies, Parking studies, Accident studies, Traffic conflicts at intersections, Types of intersection control, Capacity of basic, freeway sections. Qn; You met a secondary school mate you hadnt seen in a long time. After having several bottles with him/her you wanted to take him/her on a ride on the motorway with your new Range Rover. So you got onto the motorway travelling at 150kmph whiles it was raining and the streetlights were off. In a bend you saw a pedestrian running across the road and upon attempting to avoid him your vehicle skidded . What / who caused the accident?

Constituent of Traffic
Driver Pedestrian Vehicle Road The road must be designed to accommodate a wide range of vehicle characteristics and at the same time to allow use by drivers and pedestrians with a wide range of physical and psychological characteristics
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Driver Characteristics I
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Much of human response is through visual perception and hearing perception. Visual Perception
Visual Acuity - Ability to see fine details of an object. Static and Dynamic.

Peripheral Vision - Ability to see objects beyond the cone of clearest vision. Standard 160 degrees. Decreases with age.
Colour Vision - Ability to differentiate one colour from another. Deficiency is called colour blindness. Depth Perception - Ability to estimate speed and distance. Esp. maneuvers, entry into stream

Hearing Perception
The ear receives sound stimuli which is important to drivers only when warning sounds, usually given out by emergency vehicles, are to be detected.
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Driver Characteristics II
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Perception Reaction Process

- Perception : sees the object - Identification : Interpretation of what it means - Emotion : Decides what action to take - Reaction Volition : Execution of action decided

Importance of Perception Reaction Time - Minimum Sight Distance - Length of yellow phase at signalized intersection Usually 2.5 secs but may change with environmental condition, age, tiredness, alcohol influence etc.
Qn ? A driver with a perception reaction time of 2.5 sec travelling at 80 kmph observes that cattle have blocked the road ahead. Find the distance the vehicle will have to travel through before the driver activates the breaks. Ans 55.56metres.
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Pedestrian Characteristics
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Pedestrian characteristics may influence the design and location of pedestrian control devices. Ambulation -Slipping and tripping characteristics should be well considered. Seeing and being Seen ( Visibility) - Environmental Conditions ( day or night, obstacles etc) - Behaviour ( Jaywalking) - Attire Walking Speeds - Often 1.2 m/sec is used in design - Average male walking speed is 1.5 m/s and female 1.4m/s - Where the percentage of elderly pedestrian is higher 1m/s is used - Disabled usually range between 0.6m/s and 1.12m/s

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Vehicle Characteristics
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Characteristics of design vehicle determine criteria for geometric design, intersection design and sight distance requirements. Static Characteristics Include weight and size of the vehicle and may affect lane width, shoulder width, length and width of parking bays and length of vertical curves. Kinematic Characteristics Include motion (acceleration) of the vehicle without considering the forces that cause the motion. They may affect passing maneuvers and gap acceptance. Dynamic Characteristics They include air resistance, grade resistance, curve resistance and rolling resistance. These may affect the vertical and horizontal curve radius, vehicle shape, roughness of road etc.
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Road Characteristics I
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There are many road characteristics that affect traffic movement but those which have a direct relationship with the driver and vehicle is the Stopping and Overtaking/Passing Sight Distance. Sight Distance It is the length of carriageway that the driver can see in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) It is the minimum sight distance required for a driver to stop a vehicle after seeing an object in the vehicles path without hitting it.

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Road Characteristics II
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SSD = Perception Reaction Distance + Breaking Distance SSD = 0.278tV + v2/ 2w

V = initial speed ( km/hr) ,v = initial speed (m/s), t = perception reaction time , w = rate of deceleration (m/s2)

Qn: For a vehicle travelling at 85km/hr determine the SSD required by the driver to avoid a broken down vehicle in the middle of the road assuming perception reaction time is 2secs and rate of deceleration is 0.25 times gravity. Ans 160m. Overtaking or Passing Sight Distance It is the minimum sight distance required on a two-lane, two-way highway that will permit a driver to complete a passing maneuver without colliding with an opposing vehicle and without cutting off the passed vehicle.

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Road Characteristics III

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Overtaking or Passing Sight Distance

d1 = distance traversed during perception reaction time and during initial acceleration to the point where the passing vehicle just enters the left lane. d2 = distance travelled during the time the passing vehicle is travelling in the left lane. d3 = distance between the passing vehicle and the opposing vehicle at the end of the passing maneuver. d4 = distance moved by the opposing vehicle during 2/3 of the time the passing vehicle is in the left lane

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