Air conditioning System

Density
Density is defined as an objects mass per unit volume. Mass is a property.

Mass and Weight - the Difference! - What is weight and what is mass? An explanation of the difference between weight and mass.

The density can be expressed as = m / V = 1 / vg where = density (kg/m3) m = mass (kg) V = volume (m3) vg = specific volume (m3/kg) The SI units for density are kg/m3. The imperial (U.S.) units are lb/ft3 (slugs/ft3). While people often use pounds per cubic foot as a measure of density in the U.S., pounds are really a measure of force, not mass. Slugs are the correct measure of mass. You can multiply slugs by 32.2 for a rough value in pounds.

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Unit converter for other units

The higher the density, the tighter the particles are packed inside the substance. Density is a physical property constant at a given temperature and density can help to identify a substance.

Densities and material properties for common materials

Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

Relative density of a substance is the ratio of the substance to the density of water at 4oC, i.e. Substance Alcohol Mercury Paraffin Petrol Water (4oC) Sea water Aluminum Brass Cadmium Chromium Relative density 0.82 13.95 0.80 0.72 1.00 1.02 2.72 8.48 8.57 7.03

Substance Copper Cast iron Lead Nickel Nylon PVC Rubber Steel Tin Zinc Acetylene Dry air Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

Relative density 8.79 7.20 11.35 8.73 1.12 1.36 0.96 7.82 7.28 7.12 0.0017 0.0013 0.00198 0.00126 0.00009 0.00125 0.00143

Example - Use the Density to Identify the Material:

An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. (milliliter). The density can be calculated as = [(18.5 g) / (1000 g/kg)] / [(23.4 ml) / (1000 ml/l) (1000 l/m3) ] = (18.5 10-3 kg) / (23.4 10-6 m3) = 790 kg/m3 If we look up densities of some common substances, we can find that ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, has a density of 790 kg/m3. The liquid may be ethyl alcohol!

Example - Use Density to Calculate the Mass of a Volume

The density of titanium is 4507 kg/m3. Calculate the mass of 0.17 m3 titanium! m = (0.17 m3) (4507 kg/m3) = 766.2 kg

Specific Weight
Specific Weight is defined as weight per unit volume. Weight is a force.

Mass and Weight - the difference! - What is weight and what is mass? An explanation of the difference between weight and mass.

Specific Weight can be expressed as =g where = specific weight (N/m3) = density (kg/m3) g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2) The SI-units of specific weight are N/m3. The imperial units are lb/ft3. The local acceleration g is under normal conditions 9.807 m/s2 in SI-units and 32.174 ft/s2 in imperial units. (2)

Example - Specific Weight Water

Specific weight for water at 39 oF (4 oC) is 62.4 lb/ft3 (9.81 kN/m3) in imperial units. Specific weight in SI units can be calculated like = (1000 kg/m3) (9.81 m/s2) = 9810 N/m3 = 9.81 kN/m3

Example - Specific Weight Some other Materials

Specific Weight - Product Imperial Units SI Units (lb/ft3) (kN/m3) Aluminium 172 27 Brass 540 84.5 Copper 570 89 Ethyl Alcohol 49.3 7.74 Gasoline 42.5 6.67 Glycerin 78.6 12.4 Mercury 847 133.7 SAE 20 Oil 57 8.95 Seawater 64 10.1 Stainless Steel 499 - 512 78 - 80 Water 62.4 9.81 Wrought Iron 474 - 499 74 - 78

Material Properties

Specific Gravity (Relative Density)

Specific Gravity Liquids

The Specific Gravity - SG - of a liquid is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the liquid to the density of water at a specified temperature. Specific Gravity of a liquid can be expressed SG = / H2O where SG = specific gravity = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3) H2O = density of water (kg/m3) It is common to use the density of water at 4 oC (39oF) as reference - at this point the density of water is at the highest - 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3.

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Thermal Properties of Water Density, Freezing temperature, Boiling temperature, Latent heat of melting, Latent heat of evaporation, Critical temperature ...

Since Specific Weight is dimensionless it has the same value in the metric SI system as in the imperial English system (BG). At the reference point the Specific Gravity has same numerically value as density.

Example - Specific Gravity

If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, 7.85 grams per cubic centimeter (cm3), 7.85 kilograms per liter, or 7.85 metric tons per cubic meter - the specific gravity of iron is: SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3) = 7.85

water density is 1000 kg/m3

Specific Gravity Gases

The Specific Gravity - SG - of a gas is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the gas to the density of air at a specified temperature and pressure. In general conditions according NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - defined as air at 20oC (293.15 K, 68oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr), where density of air is 1.205 kg/m3 is used. Specific Gravity of a gas can be expressed SG = / air where SG = specific gravity (3)

 = density of gas or substance (kg/m3) air = density of air (kg/m3)

Air conditioning Btu Measure how much heat energy air conditioner unit produce. An air conditioner manufacture needs away to compare the amount of heat is produce on specific period and need to know how much heat is remove on specific period (day, hour, minute). They came up with measurement units. These measurement units are Btu and ton of refrigeration. This unit does not tell how much energy the air conditioner or furnace consumes in a season. To know how much energy air conditioner unit consumes, you need to know ac seer rating (for cooling). Ill explain how much energy the air conditioner units produce and what does 15000 Btu air conditioner unit means. What is air conditioning Btu? Btu is a British thermal unit. Its a unit of heat energy. Btu defines as the amount (quantity) of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water to 1 degree F. For example: when 5 lb of water is heated from 10F to 20F. 50 Btu of heat energy is added to the water. To look at in a different way, the water now contains 50 Btu of heat energy. Here is the Btus formula: Btu = Wt in lb. x change in temperature in F Btu = 5 lb X (10-20) Btu = 5 x 10 Btu = 50 Btu HVAC technician used the terms Btu to describe the quantity of heat or heat content. Btu explains the amount of heat energy contains in a substance. In the example above, the water contains 50 Btu. Lets said a furnace has 15000 Btu. It means that the furnace wills produce 15,000 Btu of heat within specific period. When it comes to air conditioner, it entirely difference. 15,000 Btu air conditioners mean that the air conditioner unit will remove 15,000 Btu of heat energy from a resident. Each components of heating or air conditioner unit is rated base on their ability to remove heat or add heat. If the hvac equipment is not rated, it would be hard to choose the best air conditioner unit or heating unit. Ton of refrigeration or ton of air conditioner Air conditioning Btu is a unit use to measure quantity of heat energy and ton of refrigeration is a measurement unit use to size air conditioner unit or refrigeration units.

The terms ton of refrigeration goes back went they used ice as the source to remove heat. It requires 144 Btu of heat energy to melt one pound of ice at 32F to one pound of water at 32F. Ton of refrigeration refers to the amount of heat needed to melt 1 ton of ice in a day (24 hours). 1 ton of refrigeration is equal to 2000 pound of refrigeration (1 ton = 2000 lb). Here how to converts ton of refrigeration to Btu: 2000 lb x 144 Btu/lb = 288,000 Btu 288, 000 Btu is how much heat removes within 24 hours. In one hours, the air conditioner unit removes 12, 000 Btu of heat (288, 000 Btu/ 24 = 12, 000 Btu) or in minute, it would be 200 Btu /min. Here is different prospective. 1 Ton of air conditioner unit will remove 12, 000 Btu of heat per hours. Converts Watt to air conditioning Btu: 1 Watt = 3.413 BTU 1 kilo Watt = 3413 BTU Lets said you have 6000 Btu air conditioner. How much Watt of energy does it produces? 6,000 Btu = 1 Watt/3.413 Btu = {1758 Watt} The terms air conditioner Btu or ton of refrigeration is important for homeowners. Whenever, youre planning to buy window air conditioner or central ac units, you have to know how many Btu the house needs. Air conditioner Btu calculation for window air conditioner The air conditioning Btu calculation below is an estimate design for window air conditioner unit. The table data assumes that the room is 8 feet and average insulation. These Btu numbers below are quite bigger than the other site. I got this Btu number from three difference software and compare them. Look at these number as reference. Air Conditioner Btu Calculation Table Mini air conditioning Area to Cool Square Feet Btu/h 10' X 10' 10' X 15' 10'X 20' 10'X 25' 12'X 25' 14'X 25' 20'X 20' 18'X 25' 20'X 25' 22'X 25' 24'X 25' 25'X 26' 100' 150' 200' 250' 300' 350' 400' 450' 500' 550' 600' 650' 2,600 3,192 4,200 5,320 6,384 7,448 8,512 9,576 10,640 11,704 12,768 13,832

Max Ac Btu/h 3,200 4,800 6,400 6,500 7,800 9,100 10,400 11,700 13,000 14,300 15,600 16,900

25'X 28' 25'X 30' 25'X 32' 25'X 34' 30'X 30' 25'X 38' 25'X 40'

700' 750' 800' 850' 900' 950' 1000'

14,896 15,960 17,024 18,088 19,152 20,216 21,280

18,200 19,500 20,800 22,100 23,400 24,700 26,000

Change the air conditioning Btu data to the following location: If the window air conditioner unit is install in a kitchen, increase 4,000 Btu cooling capacity to table above. Add 900 Btu if three people stay in the room. (One person is 300 Btu) Minus or plus 10 percent to a room, if its very shaded or sunny.

Ac Btu site help you calculate air conditioning Btu for your room. By the way, dont rely on single Btu data to buy window air conditioner unit. By relying on single air conditioner Btu data, you could have too much or little Btu. Its not good. Continues reading and Ill explain why. Air conditioner Btu too large: Imagine you have a gigantic central air conditioner connected into a small house. So, what happen? It cools the entire house extremely fast. As a result, it does not remove the humidity in the air. Central air conditioner units remove humidity within the house by relying on a blower. The blower will create a pressure different within the house. The blower pulls the air through the return ducts and rejects the air through the supply ducts. The pressure different occurs within the supply and return duct causes the air to moves. The blower circulates the air through the air conditioner evaporator and the humidity condenses into the evaporator coils. Why? Because the ac evaporator is cool than the hot air, so it condenses. Since, the central ac units have large Btu capacity. The central air conditioner unit will cool the entire house quickly and itll cycle on and off. Youll feel uncomfortable and sticky. This will always happens if you have central air conditioner unit with large Btu capacity. That why its relevant to have the right air conditioning Btu for a room or the entire house. If youre planning to buy window air conditioner unit use the chart above or find the right Ac Btu for your room. Air conditioner Btu with small capacity: Try having a small central air conditioner unit in big house. It cant cool the house. Why? It Btu capacity are not designs for that house. What will happen to central air conditioner unit with small Btu connects into a big house?

The central air conditioner unit wills consumer a lot of energy. Central ac unit cant reach the thermostat setpoint, so itll keep running until the ac parts break down.

 Waste money on the current wrong Btu air conditioners. ..etc

All air conditioner low the temperature and remove humidity. If youre planning to buy window air conditioners, dont rely on single air conditioning Btu data. Its too risking. So, being wise and good luck.