DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for pubIic reIease; distribution is unIimited.

NONRESIDENT
TRAINING
COURSE

September 1994






Mineman, Volume 3
(MN 3 & 2)

NAVEDTRA 14156

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for pubIic reIease; distribution is unIimited.




















AIthough the words "he," "him," and
"his" are used sparingIy in this course to
enhance communication, they are not
intended to be gender driven or to affront or
discriminate against anyone.




i
PREFACE

By enrolling in this self-study course, you have demonstrated a desire to improve yourself and the Navy.
Remember, however, this self-study course is only one part of the total Navy training program. Practical
experience, schools, selected reading, and your desire to succeed are also necessary to successfully round
out a fully meaningful training program.

COURSE OVERVIEW: In completing this course, you will demonstrate a knowledge of the Underwater
Mine Maintenance System and mine handling and storage.

THE COURSE: This self-study course is organized into subject matter areas, each containing learning
objectives to help you determine what you should learn along with text and illustrations to help you
understand the information. The subject matter reflects day-to-day requirements and experiences of
personnel in the rating or skill area. It also reflects guidance provided by Enlisted Community Managers
(ECMs) and other senior personnel, technical references, instructions, etc., and either the occupational or
naval standards, which are listed in the Manual of Navy Enlisted Manpower Personnel Classifications
and Occupational Standards, NAVPERS 18068.

THE QUESTIONS: The questions that appear in this course are designed to help you understand the
material in the text.

VALUE: In completing this course, you will improve your military and professional knowledge.
Importantly, it can also help you study for the Navy-wide advancement in rate examination. If you are
studying and discover a reference in the text to another publication for further information, look it up.



1994 Edition Prepared by
MNCM M. D. Femrite







Published by
NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER





NAVSUP Logistics Tracking Number
0504-LP-026-8090


ii






SaiIor's Creed


" am a United States Sailor.

will support and defend the
Constitution of the United States of
America and will obey the orders
of those appointed over me.

represent the fighting spirit of the
Navy and those who have gone
before me to defend freedom and
democracy around the world.

proudly serve my country's Navy
combat team with honor, courage
and commitment.

am committed to excellence and
the fair treatment of all.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER Page
1. Underwater Mine Maintenance System . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2. Mine Handling and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
APPENDIX
I. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AI-1
II. Abbreviations and Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AII-1
III. References Used to Develop This TRAMAN. . . . . . . . . AIII-1
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX-I
iii
SUMMARY OF THE MINEMAN
TRAINING SERIES
This ser ies of t r aining manuals was developed t o r eplace t he Mineman 3 & 2 and
Mineman 1 & C manuals. The cont ent is dir ect ed t owar d per sonnel wor king t owar d
advancement in t he Mineman r at ing.
The five volumes in t his ser ies ar e based on major t opic ar eas wit h which t he
Mineman should be familiar . Their t opics include t he following ar eas:
Volume 1:
Volume 2:
Volume 3:
Volume 4:
Volume 5:
Mine
Mine
Mine
war far e, oper at ions, and or ganizat ion.
shop administ r at ion and supply.
maint enance and explosive mat er ials.
Mines and mine component s.
Exer cise and t r aining mines.
iv


v
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TAKING THE COURSE


ASSIGNMENTS

The text pages that you are to study are listed at
the beginning of each assignment. Study these
pages carefully before attempting to answer the
questions. Pay close attention to tables and
illustrations and read the learning objectives.
The learning objectives state what you should be
able to do after studying the material. Answering
the questions correctly helps you accomplish the
objectives.

SELECTING YOUR ANSWERS

Read each question carefully, then select the
BEST answer. You may refer freely to the text.
The answers must be the result of your own
work and decisions. You are prohibited from
referring to or copying the answers of others and
from giving answers to anyone else taking the
course.

SUBMITTING YOUR ASSIGNMENTS

To have your assignments graded, you must be
enrolled in the course with the Nonresident
Training Course Administration Branch at the
Naval Education and Training Professional
Development and Technology Center
(NETPDTC). Following enrollment, there are
two ways of having your assignments graded:
(1) use the Internet to submit your assignments
as you complete them, or (2) send all the
assignments at one time by mail to NETPDTC.

Grading on the Internet: Advantages to
Internet grading are:

you may submit your answers as soon as
you complete an assignment, and
you get your results faster; usually by the
next working day (approximately 24 hours).

In addition to receiving grade results for each
assignment, you will receive course completion
confirmation once you have completed all the
assignments. To submit your assignment
answers via the Internet, go to:

http://courses.cnet.navy.mil

Grading by Mail: When you submit answer
sheets by mail, send all of your assignments at
one time. Do NOT submit individual answer
sheets for grading. Mail all of your assignments
in an envelope, which you either provide
yourself or obtain from your nearest Educational
Services Officer (ESO). Submit answer sheets
to:

COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N331
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32559-5000

Answer Sheets: All courses include one
scannable answer sheet for each assignment.
These answer sheets are preprinted with your
SSN, name, assignment number, and course
number. Explanations for completing the answer
sheets are on the answer sheet.

Do not use answer sheet reproductions: Use
only the original answer sheets that we
providereproductions will not work with our
scanning equipment and cannot be processed.

Follow the instructions for marking your
answers on the answer sheet. Be sure that blocks
1, 2, and 3 are filled in correctly. This
information is necessary for your course to be
properly processed and for you to receive credit
for your work.

COMPLETION TIME

Courses must be completed within 12 months
from the date of enrollment. This includes time
required to resubmit failed assignments.



vi
PASS/FAIL ASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES

If your overall course score is 3.2 or higher, you
will pass the course and will not be required to
resubmit assignments. Once your assignments
have been graded you will receive course
completion confirmation.

If you receive less than a 3.2 on any assignment
and your overall course score is below 3.2, you
will be given the opportunity to resubmit failed
assignments. You may resubmit failed
assignments only once. Internet students will
receive notification when they have failed an
assignment--they may then resubmit failed
assignments on the web site. Internet students
may view and print results for failed
assignments from the web site. Students who
submit by mail will receive a failing result letter
and a new answer sheet for resubmission of each
failed assignment.

COMPLETION CONFIRMATION

After successfully completing this course, you
will receive a letter of completion.

ERRATA

Errata are used to correct minor errors or delete
obsolete information in a course. Errata may
also be used to provide instructions to the
student. If a course has an errata, it will be
included as the first page(s) after the front cover.
Errata for all courses can be accessed and
viewed/downloaded at:

http://www.advancement.cnet.navy.mil

STUDENT FEEDBACK QUESTIONS

We value your suggestions, questions, and
criticisms on our courses. If you would like to
communicate with us regarding this course, we
encourage you, if possible, to use e-mail. If you
write or fax, please use a copy of the Student
Comment form that follows this page.

For subject matter questions:

E-mail: n311.products@cnet.navy.mil
Phone: Comm: (850) 452-1548
DSN: 922-1548
FAX: (850) 452-1370
(Do not fax answer sheets.)
Address: COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N311
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32509-5237

For enrollment, shipping, grading, or
completion letter questions

E-mail: fleetservices@cnet.navy.mil
Phone: Toll Free: 877-264-8583
Comm: (850) 452-1511/1181/1859
DSN: 922-1511/1181/1859
FAX: (850) 452-1370
(Do not fax answer sheets.)
Address: COMMANDING OFFICER
NETPDTC N331
6490 SAUFLEY FIELD ROAD
PENSACOLA FL 32559-5000

NAVAL RESERVE RETIREMENT CREDIT

If you are a member of the Naval Reserve, you
may earn retirement points for successfully
completing this course, if authorized under
current directives governing retirement of Naval
Reserve personnel. For Naval Reserve
retirement, this course is evaluated at 3 points.
(Refer to Administrative Procedures for Naval
Reservists on Inactive Duty, BUPERSINST
1001.39, for more information about retirement
points.)



vii
Student Comments

Course Title: Mineman, Volume 3 (MN 3 & 2)

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NETPDTC 1550/41 (Rev 4-00



CHAPTER 1
UNDERWATER MINE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon complet ing t his chapt er , you should be able t o do t he following:
1. Ident ify t he differ ent levels of mine maint enance and maint enance
schedules.
2. Descr ibe t he r equir ement s for t he r ecor ding and r epor t ing of t he
maint enance on mines and associat ed equipment .
3. Recognize t he t ypes and causes of cor r osion and t he common t ypes of
mat er ials available for use in cor r osion pr event ion and pr ot ect ion against
moist ur e.
4. Ident ify t he pr oper shop pr ocedur es in t or quing, power t ool usage,
maint enance of power t ools, and mine assembly equipment .
The Under wa t er Mine Ma int ena nce Syst em is Maint enance Syst em and cont ains t hr ee levels. All
designed t o ensur e t hat all mine weapons syst ems ar e
r eliable and r eady for issue. The syst em is used t o
pr event equipment failur es t hat might ot her wise r esult
in r epeat ed cor r ect ive maint enance act ions.
As a Mineman, whet her a super visor or a wor ker
a ssigned t o t he mine a ssembly division, you will
encount er difer ent levels of maint enance. This chapt er
defines each level as it applies t o under wat er mines and
dest r uct or s and indicat es t he act ion assigned t o each
level. It also pr ovides t he r at ionale for t he assignment
of such act ions.
Topics in t his chapt er include mine maint enance
levels, r ecor ding and r epor t ing maint enance, cor r osion
cont r ol, and shop pr ocedur es.
MINE MAINTENANCE LEVELS
The Under wa t er Mine Ma int ena nce Syst em is
or ganized under t he st andar d Depar t ment of Defense
maint enance act ions ar e t o be per for med under one of
t hese levels.
Because of t he many t asks associat ed wit h t he
cor r ect i ve ma i n t en a n ce of mi n es a n d a s s oci a t ed
equipment , you should r efer t o Underwater Mine
Maintenance System, NAVSEA SW550-FO-PMS-010;
appr opr iat e mine assembly manuals; and assembly-level
it ems, class-B cr it er ia manuals for addit ional infor mat ion.
Th i s s e ct i on d i s cu s s e s or ganizat ional-level
maint enance, depot -level maint enance, int er r nediat e-level
maint enance, pr ogr ammed maint enance, and ot her
maint enance cycles.
ORGANIZATIONAL-LEVEL
MAINTENANCE
Or ganizat ional-level maint enance is t he lowest level
of maint enance. Per for med by t he user or ganizat ion
on it s assigned equipment , it consist s of inspect ing,
1-1
ser vicing, lubr icat ing, adjust ing, and r eplacing par t s,
minor assemblies, and subassemblies.
Once t he weapons have been deliver ed t o t he plant ing
vehicle and r egar dless of who per for ms t he t ask, t he
following act ions ar e or ganizat ional-level maint enance
funct ions:
Visual inspect ions
Flight gear r eor ient at ion
Safet y device r emoval (safet y pins, lanyar ds, et c.)
Mines in t he cust ody of t he using or ganizat ions ar e
r elat ively maint enance fr ee. Whet her on boar d ships
or st at ions for specific minefield planning missions or
for cont ingency pur poses, mines ar e off-loaded if t he
mission is abor t ed or if pr ogr ammed maint enance is
r equir ed. As an except ion, act ions t o change a mines
shor t -cycle maint enance per iod, in lieu of off-loading
and per for ming pr ogr ammed maint enance, ar e per mit t ed
when oper at ional or t act ical sit uat ions dict at e. These
act ions must be appr oved by t he oper at ional commander
in accor dance wit h chapt er 3 of NAVSEA SW550-
FO-PMS-010 and must be per for med by Mobile Mine
Assembly Gr oup (MOMAG) per sonnel.
The or ganizat ional-level funct ion of deliver ing
sur face- or submar ine-laid mines pier side for shipment
in assembly configur at ion A is pefor med by shor e-based
act ivit ies. These mines nor mally do not r equir e fur t her
assembly or maint enance, ot her t han visual inspect ions,
by per sonnel assigned t o t he using or ganizat ion. The
mines r emain on boar d only for t he dur at ion of a specific
mission and ar e r et ur ned ashor e for pr ogr ammed
maint enance if t he mission is abor t ed or canceled.
Air cr aft -laid mines ar e deliver ed t o air st at ions for
plant ing by shor e-based air cr aft and ar e r et ur ned t o an
int er mediat e-level mine assembly act ivit y if t he mission
is abor t ed. For plant ing by car r ier -based air cr aft , mines
deliver ed on boar d maybe accompanied by det achment s
of MOMAG t eams. These t eams, when r equir ed by
oper at ional commander s, ar e equipped t o complet e final
pr epar at ions or make oper at ional set t ing changes t o t he
mines befor e t heir r elease t o car r ier per sonnel, who t hen
load t he mines on air cr aft . Again, such consignment s
ar e nor mally for t he dur at ion of a specfic mining mission
only, t he mines r equir e no maint enance for t hat dur at ion
except visual inspect ion. The mines ar e r et ur ned t o an
int er mediat e-level maint enance sit e if t he mission is
abor t ed or when pr ogr ammed maint enance is r equir ed.
DEPOT-LEVEL MAINTENANCE
Depot -level maint enance of mines includes t he
suppor t of int er mediat e-level maint enance act ivit ies.
Depot s have mor e ext ensive indust r ial facilit ies and
equipment t han ar e available at int er mediat e-level
act ivit ies.
Suppor t ed by t echnical r epair st andar ds (TRSs) and
over haul, scr eening, and r epair specificat ions (OSRS)
document s, t he following a ct ions a r e depot -level
maint enance funct ions wit h r egar d t o assembly-level
it ems, t est equipment , and suppor t equipment : r epair ,
a lt er a t ion, modifica t ion, moder niza t ion, over ha ul,
r eclamat ion, and r econst r uct ion.
Depot -level maint enances per for med only at specific
shor e-based milit ar y or cont r act ing facilit ies. Alt hough
depot -level maint enance, as applied t o mine weapons
syst ems, consist s of component maint enance, int er medi-
at e-level funct ions t hat ar e per for med ashor e may be
per for med at depot s. When t hat is done, t he funct ions
r emain int er mediat e-ievel funct ions; t hat is, int er medi-
at e-level maint enance on depot -st or ed assembled mines
may be per for med at naval weapons st at ions.
A depot may have MOMAG t eams assigned in
suppor t of oper at ional r equir ement s. In t hat case,
int er mediat e-level mine maint enance r emains int er medi-
at e, r egar dless of wher e it is per for med.
INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL
MAINTENANCE
Int er mediat e-level maint enance is per for med by
MOMAG act ivit ies r esponsible for pr oviding dir ect -and
gener al-suppor t mine maint enance t o using or gani-
zat ions. To t he ext ent aut hor ized by pr oper aut hor it y,
t he following act ions ar e int er mediat e-level maint enance
funct ions:
Assembly, disassembly, maint enance, and t est ing
of mines
1-2
Test ing r eplacement , adjust ment , alt er at ion and
minor r epair of assembly-level it ems
Field ca libr a t ion, a djust ment , a nd r epa ir of
special-pur pose t est equipment and t ools
Pr eser vat ion
Inspect ion
Emer gency fabr icat ion of nonavailable par t s
when so dir ect ed
Pr ovision of t echnica l a ssist a nce t o using
or ganizat ion
Alt hough assembled mines ar e not r epair ed at any
maint enance level, t hey ar e subject t o int er mediat e-level
pr ogr ammed maint enance in which malfunct ioning or
wor n assembly-level it ems may be adjust ed, r efur bished,
or r eplaced by spar es. In t he cour se of such maint enance,
piece par t s t hat ar e subject t o loss, damage, or wear may
be r eplaced when t hey ar e list ed in an act ivit ys mine bills
of ma t er i a l (MBOMs ). Repl a ci n g s u ch i t ems i s
consider ed minor r epair .
PROGRAMMED MAINTENANCE
Pr ogr ammed maint enance is a syst emat ic means by
which mines ar e maint ained in a r eady-for -issue (RFI)
st at us. This is accomplished by applying class-B cr it er ia,
pefor ming class-C t est ing, r eplacing malfuct ioning
compon en t s , per for mi n g vi s u a l i n s pect i on s , a n d
pr event ing t he det er ior at ive effect s of r ust and cor r osion.
Requir ed r eadiness, and t hus t he maint enance effor t ,
depends on t he locat ion of weapons and t heir int ended
uses. Maint enance funct ions must be planned and
per for med in such away t o ensur e a st at e of r eadiness
t hat sat isfies planned weapons usage.
This sect ion descr ibes how t he Under wat er Mine
Maint enance Syst em applies t o ser vice mines in var ious
configur at ions and t o mine assembly-level it ems and
explains t he maint enance pr ogr am for such mines and
it ems.
NOTE: Because pr ogr ammed maint enance int er vals
change, r efer t o NAVSEA SW550-FO-PMS-010 for
changes in maint enance int er vals for mines, subassem-
blies, and assembly-level it ems.
Mines ar e st owed in one of six aut hor ized degr ees
of assembly configur at ions: A, B, C, D, E, and F. These
assembly configur at ions allow complet ely or par t ially
assembled and t est ed mines t o be assembled and/or issued
t o a mine-plant ing agent wit hin t he minimum amount
of t i me s peci fi ed by oper a t i on a l comma n der s .
Oper at ional commander s designat e t he configur at ions
in which act ivit ies will maint ain t heir mines, t aking int o
consider at ion oper at ional r equir ement s, facilit ies, and
per sonnel available at t he act ivit ies.
To maint ain mines in an RFI st at us, pr ogr ammed
ma int ena nce must be per for med. Pr ogr a mmed
maint enance for mines is divided int o t wo t ypes (shor t
cycle and long cycle) and consist s of visual inspect ion,
it em r eplacement , component subst it ut ion, class-B
cr it er ia, and/or class-C t est ing.
Short-Cycle Maintenance
Sh or t -cycl e ma i n t en a n ce mu s t be per for med
per iodically on mines st or ed in assembly configur at ions
A, B, and C t o confir m t heir oper abilit y. Under cer t ain
condit ions, shor t -cycle maint enance may be r equir ed
mor e fr equ en t l y t h a n i s s peci fi ed i n NAVSEA
SW550-FO-PMS-010. Nor mally, a maint enance per iod
is shor t -cycled because of bat t er y-life limit at ions, In
t hat event , shor t -cycle maint enance is per for med befor e
t he mines bat t er y life expir es. Shor t -cycle maint enance
should not be pr olonged if t he life of t he bat t er y has
expir ed.
Mi n e a s s embl y ma n u a l s ou t l i n e s h or t -cycl e
maint enance r equir ement s and pr ovide maint enance
pr ocedur es for each specific mine. Gener ally, shor t -cycle
maint enance consist s of t he following funct ions:
Disassembly of t he mine t o t he point wher e t he
inst r ument r ack and t he Safet y Device and Ar ming
Gr oup (S&A) ar e r emoved and t he elect r ical
connect ions ar e accessible t o per for m t he syst em
t est s.
1-3
Per for mance of t he inst r ument r ack subassembly,
t he anchor , and t he syst em (class-B) t est s.
Replacement of t he defect ive assembly-level
it ems.
Subject ion of t he S&A gr oup t o class-B cr it er ia.
Remova l of t he t a il sect ion a nd t he t a r get
det ect ion device (TDD) subassembly fr om t he
mine case.
Ver ifica t ion of t he mines ba t t er y life a nd
r eplacement of bat t er ies t hat will not suppor t
anot her shor t -cycle maint enance per iod.
Rest or at ion of t he mine case, t he mechanism
sect ion, t he anchor , t he explosive sect ion, t he t ail
sect ion, and t he skids or cr at es.
Per for mance of t he inst r ument r ack subassembly,
t he anchor subassembly, and t he syst em t est s,
when appr opr iat e, if any assembly-level it ems ar e
r eplaced.
Reassembly of t he mine t o it s assigned assembly
configur at ion.
Per for mance of t he assembled mine (class-C)
t est s.
Submission of t he appr opr iat e maint enance
r epor t s.
Assembly-level it ems t hat ar e used as r eplacement s
dur ing shor t -cycle maint enance must have a pr ogr ammed
maint enance schedule (PMS) dat e t hat is t he same or
lat er t han t he due dat e of t he mine in which t he it ems
ar e being inst alled. The r eason for t his r equir ement is
t hat t he mines PMS dat e must be changed t o t hat of t he
r eplacement it em if an assembly-level it ems PMS is due
befor e t he mines PMS (long-cycle) dat e.
When t he ur gency of t he sit ua t ion dict a t es,
oper at ional commander s may ext end t he shor t -cycle
maint enance per iod for mines afloat . However , t hr ee
fact or s must be consider ed in t his ext ension:
1. The expect ed life of t he mine
2. The r esist or plug inst alled in t he st er ilizer
3. The st or age t ime of t he bat t er ies
To calculat e t he ext ended st or age t ime for a mine,
apply t hese fact or s t o t he following for mula:
(X-Y) Z = Ext ended st or age t ime
X =
Y =
Z =
NOTE:
Expect ed life (in mont hs) of t he mine
Value (in mont hs) of t he r esist or plug
inst alled in t he mine
Effect ive st or age t ime of t he mine
bat t er ies
If t he r esult is less t han 1, no ext ended
t ime is allowed.
Long-Cycle Maintenance
Long-cycle maint enance is per for med t o confir m
t he oper abilit y of designat ed assembly-level it ems in-
st alled in mines st or ed in assembly configur at ions A,
B, C, D, and E. This maint enance must be per for med
per iodically in accor dance wit h t able 3-2 of NAVSEA
SW550-FO-PMS-010. These it ems ar e list ed in Mine
Components A through C Description and Class-B
Criteria, NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
Maintenance Extensions
A 10-per cent r andom sample of explosive sect ions
of Mine Mk 56 assembled t o configur at ions D and E
need only be subject ed t o class-B cr it er ia ever y 6 year s.
However , if t he 10-per cent sample cont ains a r eject , t he
lot fr om which t he r eject was t aken must be subject ed
t o 100-per cent inspect ion. On t he ot her hand if all it ems
in t he sample meet t he inspect ion cr it er ia, t he maint enance
cycle can be ext ended for 6 addit ional year s. These it ems
ar e ident ified in t he maint enance t ables of NAVSEA
SW550-AA-MMI -010.
1-4
Assembly-Level Items
An assembly-level it em is a component t hat consist s
of one or mor e par t s t hat ar e designed t o funct ion as
an end it em in a mine assembly.
Class-B cr it er ia must be per for med on assembly-level
it ems. Visua l inspect ions, pa r t s invent or ies, a nd
fict ional t est s ar e all consider ed class-B cr it er ia. The
r equir ed int er vals for t hese cr it er ia ar e det ailed in
NAVSE A SW550-F O-P MS-010. At s u ch t i mes ,
however , whet her t he job sheet for an assembly-level
it em cont ains only one, t wo, or all t hr ee of t he cr it er ia,
it must be ver ified t hat such it ems meet t he job sheet
specificat ions if t hey ar e t o be accept ed int o ser vice use.
Two specific t er ms ar e applicable t o t he per for mance
of t hese cr it er ia:
Functional test: Th e t ech n i ci a n u s es t es t
inst r ument s t o ver ify specific oper at ing char act er -
ist ics,
Visual inspection: Test ing is per for med by sight ,
feel, or manipulat ion, wit hout t he use of t he t est
inst r ument s.
In accor dance wit h t he pr ovisions of NAVSEA
SW550-FO-PMS-010, assembly-level component s ar e
divided int o four gr oups, commensur a t e wit h t he
maint enance necessar y t o ensur e r eliable oper abilit y.
NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI-010 pr ovides a list ing of
all assembly-level component s and assigns each t o one
of four gr oups, indicat ing t he maint enance r equir ement s
for each.
In addit ion t o t he unique r equir ement s for each of
t he four gr oups, r eceipt -inspect ion r equir ement s of Naval
Ordnance Quality Assurance Procedures for Fleet
Activities, QAP 100, ar e applicable t o it ems in all four
gr oups at t he t ime t hey ar e int r oduced int o int er medi-
at e-level st or es.
Accor dingly, an assembly-level component is as-
signed t o a par t icular maint enance gr oup based on t he
following fact or s:
Design char act er ist ics of t he component
Funct ion of t he component
Shelf life of t he mat er ial used in it s manufact ur e
Ser vice hist or y (as det er mined by fleet -or iginat ed
dat a r epor t s)
Fr equency of t he pr ogr ammed maint enance cycle
of t he weapon in which t he component is used
Assembly-level it ems in t he four maint enance gr oups
designed or maint ained as spar es must r eceive t he same
maint enance as it ems in assembled mines. Maint enance
of spar es maybe per for med anyt ime wit hin t he specified
quar t er at t he discr et ion of t he commanding officer or
officer -in-char ge.
Except in emer gency sit uat ions as discussed in mine
maint enance and assembly manuals, assembly-level it ems
must be subject ed t o class-B cr it er ia befor e t hey ar e
inst alled in a mine. If a mine is upgr aded for incr eased
r eadiness or immediat e plant ing an assembly-level it em
t hat is wit hin t he long-cycle maint enance per iod may
be inst alled in t hat mine wit hout fur t her t est s. The
maint enance cycle of t he mine int o which a t est ed spar e
has been inst alled does not change, and t he spar e
component assumes t he maint enance r equir ement s of
t he mine.
Some assembled mines may need t o be downgr aded
(conver t ed t o a lower configur at ion) or complet ely
disassembled, and t he assembly-level it ems r epackaged
and r et ur ned t o st ock. In eit her case, when such it ems
ar e r et ur ned t o st ock t hey r eceive maint enance accor ding
t o t he maint enance gr oup int o which t hey fall. Some
assembly-level it ems (such as ar ming wir es, pr efor med
packings, flat gasket s, and soluble washer s t hat have
been used on a mine) must be discar ded.
NOTE: It ems such as shor t ing clips, mine cr at es,
and shipping cont ainer s should be r et ained on boar d for
use if t he mine is downgr aded.
Aft er maint enance has been accomplished, t he it ems
ar e r epackaged in t heir or iginal packing, if available.
If t he or iginal packing is not available, t he it ems ar e
r epackaged in accor dance wit h Handling, Packing,
Storing, and Transportation of Underwater Mines and
1-5
Destructors for Shore-Based/Shipboard Operations,
NAVSEA SWO23-AB-WHS-010.
Table 1-1 cat egor izes t he four maint enance gr oups
and indicat es t he maint enance r equir ement s for each.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GROUP 1 ITEMS. As indicat ed in t able 1-1, all
assembly-level it ems in maint enance gr oup 1 ar e subject
t o class-B cr it er ia at long-cycle maint enance. It should
be not ed t hat many of t hese it ems list ed in t able 1-1 of
NAVSE A SW550-F O-MMI -010 h a ve h a d t h ei r
long-cycle maint enance per iod ext ended t o 6 year s.
Ther efor e, when I MAs a r e per for ming long-cycle
maint enance, t hey should be awar e t hat an ext ended
maint enance per iod is appr opr iat e t o t hese it ems, but
t hey should also be awar e t hat a local r ecor d-keeping
syst em is necessar y t o det er mine when t he 6-year per iod
expir es. It ems in maint enance gr oup 1 ar e also subject
t o t he r eceipt -inspect ion r equir ement s of QAP 100.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GROUP 2 ITEMS. Because of t heir inher ent dur a-
bilit y, gr oup 2 it ems r equir e no pr ogr ammed or per iodic
maint enance, visual inspect ion or piece-par t s invent or y
following r eceipt . Upon r eceipt of gr oup 2 it ems, r eceipt
inspect ion r equir ement s of QAP 100 must be per for med,
and a visual inspect ion and piece-par t s invent or y must
also be per for med wit hin 12 mont hs of r eceipt and may
be r epeat ed per iodically t her eaft er at t he opt ion of local
commands.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GROUP 3 ITEMS. In addit ion t o t he r eceipt -inspec-
t ion r equir ement s of QAP 100, gr oup 3 it ems ar e subject
t o class-B cr it er ia, as for gr oup 1 it ems, but only at t he
t ime t hey ar e select ed for inst allat ion in t he weapon.
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GROUP 4 ITEMS. It ems in gr oup 4 need no
maint enance what soever , except t he r eceipt inspect ion
r equir ement s of QAP 100.
OTHER MAINTENANCE CYCLES
The maint enance of some mines and assembly-level
it ems do not fall under t he afor ement ioned maint enance
levels and schedules. This sect ion discusses Dest r uct or
Kit Mk 75 and Conver sion Kit Mk 130.
Destructor Kit Mk 75
The Dest r uct or (DST) Kit Mk 75 is used wit h DSTs
Mk 36 and Mk 40. These kit s t hat ar e on-sit e ar e subject
t o class-B cr it er ia ever y 48 mont hs. However , Fir ing
Mechanism Mk 42 and Bat t er y Mk 95 must be class-B
t est ed wit hin 24 mont hs befor e plant ing. Mine shops
should keep sufficient quant it ies of DST Kit Mk 75 in
an RFI condit ion t o meet issuing demands.
Conversion Kit Mk 130
The Conver sion Kit Mk 130 is used wit h Mines Mk
62 and Mk 63. These kit s must be subject ed t o class-B
cr it er ia ever y 60 mont hs. This includes class-B elect r ical
t est and visual inspect ion of TDD Mk 57 and class-B
visual inspect ion of Boost er Mk 59 and Ar ming Device
Mk 32.
MAINTENANCE RECORDING
AND REPORTING
All pr ogr ammed mine maint enance act ions, wit h t he
except ions of t he calibr at ion and r epair of t est equipment
Table 1-1.Assembly-Level Item Maintenance Requirements
1-6
and t or que wr enches and t he maint enance of cont ainer s
and handling equipment , ar e r equir ed t o be r epor t ed t o
and evaluat ed by t he comput er ized Mine War far e Dat a
Base at t he Naval Mine War far e Engineer ing Act ivit y
(NAVMI NEWARENGACT).
Inst r uct ions for using t hese supplement s ar e det ailed
on t he r ever se side of each for m. It should be not ed t hat
whenever t he inst r uct ions on t he for ms ar e at var iance
wi t h t h e i n s t r u ct i on s con t a i n ed i n NAVSE A
SW550-FO-PMS-010, t he inst r uct ions in t he NAVSEA
publicat ion t ake pr ecedence.
This infor ma t ion is a lso beneficia l in ma king
engineer ing changes in component design which in t ur n,
will give impr oved oper at ional capabilit y.
Supplement-A Report
REPORTING FORMS
All phases of mine maint enance ar e cover ed by six
r epor t for ms, five of which ar e supplement s A, B, E,
F, and J t o NAVSEA SW550-FO-PMS-010. The sixt h
for m is t he Met r ology Equipment Recall and Repor t
(METER) car ds.
Supplement A, Mine Syst em OSR Dat a Repor t ,
shown in figur e 1-1, is used by depot -level act ivit ies t o
r epor t t echnical r epair st andar ds (TRSs), over haul,
scr eening, and r epair (OSR) act ions, or dnance-alt er at ion
(ORDALT) act ions, and mine engineer ing field change
(MEFC) act ions t hat ar e per for med by wor k dir ect ives.
Figure 1-1.Supplement A, Mine System OSR Data Report.
1-7
Supplement-B Report
Supplement B, Mine Syst em Class-B Dat a Repor t ,
shown in figur e 1-2, is used t o r epor t r esult s of
int er mediat e-level t est s and inspect ions of assembly-level
mine it ems and subassemblies.
Specifically, t his for m is used t o r epor t t he following
it ems:
Result s of class-B cr it er ia applied t o assembly-level
it ems at long-cycle maint enance, but only on t hose it ems
designat ed as r equir ing t he use of t he supplement -B for m
in NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
Result s of class-B cr it er ia applied t o assembly-level
it ems befor e inst allat ion/issue, but only on t hose it ems
designat ed as r equir ing t he use of t he supplement -B for m
in NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
Damage t o explosive it ems as a r esult of handling
while in st or age. An accident invest igat ion r epor t , as
pr escr ibed in Mishap Investigation and Reporting,
OPNAVINST 5102.1, is also r equir ed.
For fur t her inst r uct ions on t he pr epa r a t ion of
s u p p l emen t -B d a t a r ep or t s , r efer t o NAVSE A
SW550-FO-PMS-010.
Figure 1-2.Supplement B, Mine System Class-B Data Report.
1-8
Supplement-E Report
maint enance and t hat ar e not r epor t able on
supplement B.
Supplement E, Mine Syst em Suppor t -Mat er ial Dat a
Repor t , shown in figur e 1-3, is used t o r epor t int er medi-
at e-level maint enance act ions t hat ar e not cover ed by
supplement B. Supplement E pr ovides a means for
r epor t ing only deficiencies (pr oblems, er r or s, failur es,
et c.) and, as such, r equir es t hat t he deficiencies be
expr essed ver bally, not numer ically.
Specifically, t his for m is used t o r epor t t he following
it ems:
Result s of class-B cr it er ia applied t o assem-
bly-level it ems t hat wer e r eject ed at long-cycle
Result s of class-B cr it er ia applied t o assem-
bly-level it ems t hat failed class-B cr it er ia befor e
inst allat ion/issue and which ar e not r epor t able
on supplement B.
Pr oblems dea ling wit h impr oper pa cka ging
nomenclat ur e, and labeling.
Da ma ge t o ha ndling equipment , t ools, a nd
facilit ies.
Safet y pr oblems, logist ical pr oblems, and ot her
pr oblems not cover ed by supplement B.
Figure 1-3.Supplement E, Mine System Support-Material Data Report.
1-9
Supplement-F Record
Supplement F, Mine Mk 60 Assembly Recor d, shown
in figur e 1-4, is a limit ed use, comput er -gener at ed for m.
It is used t o r ecor d ser ial number s of select ed component s
or assemblies r emoved and r eplaced (inst alled) in t he
Mine Mk 60.
Figure 1-4.Supplement F, Mine Mk 60 Assembly Record.
1-10
Supplement-J Record
NOTE: Supplement s F and J for m dat a will be
maint ained by t he IMA in such a way t hat select ed
Supplement J , Si gn a l Pr ogr a mmer As s em- component ser ial number s can be linked t o t he mine ser ial
bly/Disassembly/Repair Recor d, shown in figur e 1-5, number in which it is cur r ent ly assembled.
is a limit ed use, comput er -gener at ed for m. It is used
t o r ecor d t he ser ial number of signal pr ogr ammer s
assembled, disassembled, or r epair ed in t he Mine Mk 60.
Figure 1-5.Supplement J, Signal Programmer Assembly/Disassembly/Repair Record.
1-11
Message Format for
Supplements B and E
MASTER RECORD SHEET
A message is used in lieu of supplement s B and E
dat a r epor t s t o r epor t cr it ical defect s and failur es in mine
component s t hat r equir e an immediat e r esponse fr om
t he NAVMINEWARENGACT t o r esolve t he sit uat ion.
Example: A message r epor t would be r equir ed if t he
failur e r at e of a component exceeded t he 25-per cent
r eject ion r a t e of a ma int ena nce lot . For fur t her
infor mat ion and guidance, r efer t o NAVSEA SW550-
FO-PMS-010.
Th e ma s t er r ecor d s h eet (MRS) i s offi ci a l l y
designat ed as t he Assembly/Maint enance Mast er Rec-
or d. It is cover ed by six for ms: supplement s G, H, K,
L, M, and N of NAVSEA SW550-FO-PMS-010.
These supplement s ar e used by mine-assembly
per sonnel t o pr ovide assembly and maint enance dat a
on a mine and t o pr ovide t he oper at ional set t ings r elat ive
t o t hat mine. These supplement s ar e shown in figur es
1-6 t hr ough 1-11.
Figure 1-6.Supplement G, Master Record for Mines Mk 52/55 Mods 2, 3, 12, 13, and Mine Mk 56.
1-12
Figure 1-7.Supplement H, Master Record for Mines Mk 62, 63, 64, and 65 Mod 0.
Figure 1-8.Supplement K, Master Record for Mine Mk 67.
1-13
Figure 1-9.Supplement L, Master Record for Mine Mk 60.
Figure 1-10.Supplement M, Master Record for Mine Mk 65 Mod 1.
1-14
Figure 1-11.Supplement N, Master Record for DSTs and Mines Mk 52/55 Mod 11.
When mines ar e upgr aded t o configur at ion A, B,
or C, an MRS (or iginal and duplicat e) is pr epar ed and
filed locally unt il t he mine is eit her plant ed or downgr aded
t o configur at ion E. At t hat t ime, t he MRS is dest r oyed
since MRSs ar e only r equir ed on mines in configur at ions
A, B, and C.
If t he mine is placed on boar d an air cr aft car r ier , a
copy of t he MRS accompanies t he mine. If t he mine
is plant ed, duplicat e copies of all MRSs ar e r et ained for
r efer ence and or iginals ar e for war ded t o t he Commander ,
Mine Wa r fa r e Comma nd (COMI NEWARCOM).
Any mine oper at ional set t ing changes made aft er
t he init ial assembly must be r ecor ded on t he mast er r ecor d
sheet .
CORROSION CONTROL
To per for m mine maint enance pr oper ly, you must
be familiar wit h t he t ypes and causes of cor r osion and
t he common t ypes of mat er ials available for use in
cor r osion pr event ion and in pr ot ect ion against moist ur e.
You must know what mat er ials t o use for cleaning and
r emoving cor r osion fr om t he equipment and how t o use
t he cleaning mat er ials pr oper ly. You mu s t a ls o
under st and t he pr ocedur es for , and know t he equipment
used in, applying pr eser vat ives.
Met al cor r osion is t he det er ior at ion of met al as it
combines wit h oxygen t o for m met allic oxides. The most
significant cor r osion element is oxygen. Oxidat ion, t he
combining of wood or met al wit h oxygen, is t he pr ocess
t hat causes wood t o r ot or bur n and met al t o cor r ode.
1-15
Cor r osion is caused by eit her elect r ochemical or di-
r ect chemical r eact ion of met al wit h an oxidizing agent .
The most familiar pr ocess of cor r osion is a r eact ion
bet ween met al and moist ur e and is elect r ochemical in
nat ur e. In t he dir ect chemical at t ack, t he r eact ion is
similar t o t hat which occur s when acid is applied t o bar e
met a l.
Cor r osion is mor e ser ious under wet and humid
condit ions t han it is under dr y condit ions. Salt in t he
air also pr omot es cor r osion. Fact or s t hat influence
cor r osion t o a lesser or gr eat er degr ee include t ypes of
met al, gr ain dir ect ion of met al, manufact ur ing and
oper at ional st r ess, cont act by dissimilar met als, and
envir onment . Of t hese fact or s, t he envir onment is t he
major one. Moist ur e and salt ar e t he t wo most common
element s of t he envir onment t hat influence cor r osion.
Cor r osion cont r ol depends on a separ at ion bet ween
t he met al or wood and t he envir onment . The separ at ion
is accomplished in differ ent ways. On mines, a good
coat of paint pr ovides most of t he cor r osion pr ot ect ion.
However , gr ease and ot her lubr icant s ar e used at seams
t o pr event ent r y of moist ur e, and pr eser vat ives ar e used
on unpaint ed sur faces. Tar paulins, cover s, and caps
pr ovide some, but not 100-per cent , pr ot ect ion. Alt hough
paint is a pr eser vat ive and pr ovides excellent pr ot ect ion,
it is subject t o oxidat ion and decay t hr ough weat her ing.
Lubr icant s ar e er oded by wat er and moist ur e, and
pr eser vat ives offer only t empor ar y pr ot ect ion.
An impor t ant par t of mine war far e is t he maint enance
of t he st or ed weapons in an RFI st at us. This is t he r eason
mines and associat ed equipment ar e maint enance on
a r egular basis, as discussed ear lier in t his chapt er .
Cor r os i on con t r ol i s a n i mpor t a n t pa r t of t h i s
maint enance.
This sect ion discusses t he common mat er ials used
in t he const r uct ion of mines (such as st eel, aluminum,
st ainless st eel, and t her mal-coat ed sur faces) and t he
char act er ist ics of cor r osive pr oduct s t hat can develop
on t hese mat er ials.
STEEL SURFACES
St eel is used in t he manufact ur ing of Mine Cases
Mk 52, Mk 55, and Mk 65; Bombs Mk 80 ser ies used
for Dest r uct or s Mk 36, Mk 40, and Mk 41; Quickst r ikes
Mk 62, Mk 63, and Mk 64; and Anchor Mk 56. St eel
is suscept ible t o a well-known and easily r ecognized for m
of met al cor r osion, t he familiar r eddish-color ed r ust .
When st eel st ar t s t o cor r ode, dar k ir on oxide usually
for ms fir st . This ir on oxide may act t o pr ot ect t he st eel
sur face; however , if sufficient oxygen and moist ur e ar e
pr esent , t he oxide conver t s t o hydr at e fer r ic oxide,
common r ed r ust .
The pr ocedur e t o r emove cor r osion fr om t he st eel
sur faces of mines depends on t he pr ot ect ive coat ing on
t he sur faces. Minor cor r osion scr at ches, or bur r s may
be r emoved fr om sur faces wit h no pr ot ect ive coat ing,
such as flanges at wat er t ight openings, by hand polishing
wit h abr asive clot h or copper wool. These flanged
sur faces ar e t hen cleaned wit h a cleaning compound
solvent and pr ot ect ed wit h a t hin coat of gr ease. Wit h
r espect t o flanges on t ail cover s, ar ming-device well
cover s, and blanking plat es, cor r osion may be r emoved
by using a glass bead blast er .
St eel sur faces t hat have a plat ing mat er ial ar e subject
t o cor r osion in t he for m of a whit e powder . This whit e
powder may be r emoved by using a clot h dampened wit h
fr esh wat er . A plat ed sur face wit h discolor at ion r equir es
no t r eat ment for cor r osion, because t he plat ing is st ill
offer ing sa cr ificia l pr ot ect ion for t he ba se met a l.
Cor r osion of t he base met al, commonly r efer r ed t o as
r ust , will occur aft er t he plat ing is dest r oyed. Rust fr om
plat ed sur faces may be r emoved by using copper wool.
Flange sur faces at wat er t ight openings t hat have had
cor r osion r emoved must be pr ot ect ed wit h a t hin coat
of gr ease, and ot her ar eas wher e base met al is exposed
must be pr ot ect ed wit h pr imer .
Paint ed st eel sur faces wit h chipped, loose, blist er ed,
or cr acked paint or cor r osion of t he base met al of all
assembly-level it ems can be r epair ed by using wir e
br ushes, abr asive clot hs, or power t ools. When you use
power t eds or wir e br ushes on explosive-loaded mine
cases, t r y t o avoid cr eat ing danger ous hot spot s.
When t he sur face condit ion of a mine case is poor ,
you ma y need t o r emove pa int a nd cor r osion by
sandblast ing. When sandblast ing a mine case, t ake t he
following pr ecaut ions:
1. Ensur e t hat t he mine case is secur ely connect ed
t o an ear t h gr ound.
1-16
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Allow only exper ienced oper at or s t o sandblast
explosive-loaded mine cases.
Wear per sonal pr ot ect ive equipment . Include
a supplied-air sandblast ing hood, shown in figur e
1-12, and hear ing and hand pr ot ect ion.
Use caut ion t o avoid over heat ing of t he case or
r educing t he t hickness of t he case excessively.
Close all openings on t he mine case wit h blanking
plat es or cover s, inst all ext r a nut s and scr ews t o
cover all exposed t hr eads, r emove suspension lugs,
and fill lug holes wit h r ags.
Use only sand or black gr it (miner al gr it ) of 40
t o 80 mesh.
Use an abr asive only once.
Do NOT sandblast in t he immediat e ar ea of t he
filling hole cover .
Do NOT sandblast flange or sealing ar eas.
Figure 1-12.Abrasive sandblasting hood.
ALUMINUM SURFACES
Aluminum in it s pur e st at e, is ver y r esist ant t o
cor r os i on , bu t i t i s t oo s oft a n d wea k for mos t
applicat ions. Ther efor e, aluminum alloys ar e used in
t he manufact ur e of t he Mine Mk 67, as well as some
mine component s, such as act uat ion count er s, clock
delays, and flight gear . These ar e all subject t o cor r osive
at t acks.
Cor r osion is most sever e when moist ur e is pr esent
or when t he aluminum is in cont act wit h anot her t ype
of met al or wit h anot her t ype of aluminum alloy. The
fir st indicat ion of cor r osion is t he appear ance of whit e
powder y r esidue in t he ar ea of cont act . Lat er , pit t ing
and scor ing of t he aluminum sur face ar e evident . Finally,
t he aluminum det er ior at es complet ely.
Use an abr asive clot h t o r emove cor r osion fr om a
paint ed aluminum sur face. Then clean t he sur face wit h
a cleaning compound solvent , pr ime wit h zinc chr omat e,
and r epaint wit h applicable paint s as list ed in chapt er
2 of NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES
St ainless st eel is an alloy of st eel and chr omium.
The chr omium helps t o pr event cor r osion. St ainless st eel
is used in manufact ur ing t he Mine Mk 56 and it s Mk
2 inst r ument r ack. The sur face of t he met al has a
t endency t o pit when it is exposed t o mar ine envir onment .
Cor r osion on st ainless st eel is indicat ed by eit her a r ough
sur face or a r ed, br own, or black st ain.
Use an abr asive clot h or a power t ool t o r emove
cor r osion fr om st ainless st eel. Aft er you r emove t he
cor r osion, you may need t o apply a pr imer . This can
be done in t he following t wo st eps:
1.
2.
Apply a solut ion of phosphor ic acid and r esin.
(This applicat ion coat s t he sur face wit h a plast ic
film t hat impr oves t he adhesiveness of subsequent
pr imer coat s.)
Apply a coat of vinyl t o pr ot ect t he fir st pr imer
coat as soon as pr act icable.
1-17
C A U T I O N
Phosphor ic acid is highly cor r osive. Wear
goggl es , a r u bber a pr on , a n d ch emi -
cal-r esist ant r ubber gloves when handling
acid. Read t he mat er ial safet y dat a sheet
(MSDS), available fr om your super visor ,
befor e handling or using phosphor ic acid.
EXTERNAL THERMAL-COATED SURFACES
Bombs missing mor e t han 7 squar e inches of t her mal
coat ing ar e not consider ed t o be t her mally pr ot ect ed and,
t her efor e, ar e r est r ict ed fr om issue t o air cr aft car r ier s.
Bombs missing less t han 7 squar e inches can be r epair ed
by using a put t y knife or a cold chisel and a hammer t o
r emove any unbended coat ing fr om t he bomb body.
Par t icular at t ent ion should be given t o t he for war d
end. If t he coat ing is unbended, it comes off in chunks.
If t he coat ing is bonded, it comes off in small chips and
a r esidue is lefl on t he bomb. Remove t he coat ing in
all dir ect ions fr om t he unbended coat ing unt il t he bonded
coat ing is r eached. Bombs wit h minor chips, cr acks,
et c., t hat ar e not r eject ed must have ar eas wher e t he
coat ing is missing t ouched up wit h pr imer .
On t he Mk 65 mine, t he t her mal coat is epoxy-based
wit h asbest os or cer amic fiber s. Do not sand or make
dust . The sur face can be cut or shaped wit h a knife t o
define t he r epair ar ea. Remove t he minimum possible
amount of mat er ial. Wear safet y-appr oved or ganic vapor
r espir at or s, goggles, and gloves when using solvent s
or paint or when applying a t her mal coat , Repair t he
mine in accor dance wit h t he inst r uct ions in NAVSEA
SW550-AA-MMI -010.
PAINTING OF MINES
Paint ing is t he pr ocess of applying coat s of paint t o
sur faces, pr imar ily for t he pr eser vat ion of t he sur faces.
It seals t he por es of wood and st eel, ar r est s decay, and
helps pr event t he for mat ion of r ust and ot her t ypes of
cor r osion.
Basically, a paint job consist s of one pr imer coat and
one or mor e finish coat s. The pr imer coat is t he fir st
coat applied t o a pr oper ly pr epar ed and cleaned sur face.
It impr oves t he adhesiveness of t he out er , or finish, coat
or coat s of paint and pr ovides pr ot ect ion t o t he sur face
against cor r osion. For color coding gener al st enciling,
and mor e ext ensive r epaint ing, r efer t o chapt er 2 of
NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
The most common pr imer used in t he mine for ce
is zinc chr omat e. But zinc chr omat e paint dust is t oxic;
t her efor e, a r espir at or must be used dur ing paint ing,
sanding, and wir e br ushing oper at ions. Aft er t he pr imer
coat or coat s ar e dr y, one or mor e finish coat s ar e
applied
C A U T I O N
All paint s and t hinner s ar e hazar dous
ma t er ia ls. Most of t hese ma t er ia ls a r e
fla mma ble or combust ible a nd ca n be
hazar dous t o wor ker healt h. Avoid pr o-
longed skin cont act wit h paint s and t hinner s
and wear appr oved r espir at or pr ot ect ion.
Read t he MSDS, available fr om your super -
visor , for t he specific hazar dous mat er ials
befor e you handle or use t hem.
SHOP PROCEDURES
Specific shop pr ocedur es ar e appr oved for use wit h
explosive-loaded component s dur ing t he maint enance
and assembly of mines and mine component s. These
pr ocedur es must be followed t o pr event per sonal injur y
or damage t o equipment and possible explosion.
This sect ion discusses t ools, paint ing equipment ,
and bat t er y st or age.
TOOLS
Tools used in Mine For ce shop pr ocedur es include
t or ques wr enches and power t ools. These t ools ar e
discussed in t he following subsect ions.
1-18
Torque Wrenches
Tor que wr enches maybe eit her manual or pneumat ic.
NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010 gi ves a ddi t i on a l
inst r uct ions in using t or que wr enches.
MANUAL TORQUE WRENCHES. Tor qu es
ar e gener ally specified in a single value, such as 18
pound-feet or 12 pound-inches. In such cases, t or que
t oler ances ar e as follows:
Fr om 2 t o 10, a t oler ance of plus or minus 1 is
allowed.
Fr om 11 t o 30, a t oler ance of plus or minus 2 is
allowed.
Above 30, a t oler ance of plus or minus 5 is
allowed.
Ther efor e, for a specified t or que of 9 pound-inches,
any applied t or que bet ween 8 and 10 pound-inches is
a ccept a bl e. Tor qu es s peci fi ed i n mi n e a s s embl y
pr ocedur es can be conver t ed t o or fr om pound-inches
or pound-feet , a s necessa r y, t o a ccommoda t e t he
incr ement gr aduat ions of t he t or que wr ench. This can
be accomplished by mult iplying pound-feet by 12 or by
dividing pound-inches by 12, as appr opr iat e.
When assembly inst r uct ions st at e t o t ight en mount ,
or secur e an object (r at her t han giving a specific t or que),
fast ener s must be t ight ened wit h t he appr opr iat e t ool
wit hout t he use of excessive pr essur e. It ems specified
t o be secur ed hand-t ight must never have t ool pr essur e
applied.
Reliabilit y of a t or que wr ench can be impr oved befor e
use by exer cising t he wr ench a minimum of eight t imes
at 60-per cent of t he r at ed t or que r ange. This is
accomplished by engaging t he wr ench wit h a t est fast ener
and by applying t he necessar y pr essur e on t he handle
unt il t he audible t or que-indicat ing mechanism is act i-
vat ed.
Never at t empt t o apply a per manent t or que value
t o a wr ench by means of spot welding t he micr omet er
at a given set t ing. That only damages t he wr ench and
r educes t he r eliabilit y of t he inst r ument .
P N E U M A T I C T O R Q U E
WRENCHES. Pneuma t ic t or que wr enches a r e
adjust able power t or que t ools t hat r equir e a wor king
pr essur e of 90 pounds per squar e inch (psi) at t he t ool.
When in pr oper calibr at ion, pneumat ic t or que wr enches
ar e aut hor ized for bot h r un-down and applicat ion of final
t or que t o any fast ener . Final t or que, as used her e, is
t he value specified in mine assembly and maint enance
document s.
For t he pr oper use of a pneumat ic t or que wr ench,
it must be connect ed t o an air supply cont aining a
moist ur e separ at or , an air -pr essur e r egulat or , and a means
of i n t r odu ci n g l u br i ca t i on oi l i n t o t h e wr en ch .
Accor dingly, t he t or que wr ench must be connect ed t o
t he simple syst em shown in figur e 1-13 or t o t he spir al
flex syst em shown in figur e 1-14.
Figure 1-13.Simple air distribution hookup.
1-19
Figure 1-14.Spiral flex system hookup.
Power Tools
Power t ools a r e so common in t he Na vy t ha t
per sonnel in all r at ings use some t ype of power t ool at
one t ime or anot her . The Mine For ce uses bot h elect r ic
and air -dr iven pneumat ic power t ools and equipment .
Safe pr act ices in t he use of power t ools cannot be
over emphasized. The following gener al safet y measur es
must be obser ved when oper at ing or maint aining power
t ools:
NEVER oper at e a power t ool unless you ar e
t hor oughly familiar wit h it s cont r ols and oper at ing
pr ocedur es.
ALWAYS inspect all power t ools befor e use t o
ensur e t hat t hey ar e clean and in t he pr oper st at e of
r epair .
ALWAYS ensur e t hat t he swit ch on t he t ool is
in t he OFF posit ion befor e connect ing t he power t ool
t o a power sour ce (elect r icit y, air , et c.).
ALWAYS give t he power t ool your FULL and
UNDIVIDED at t ent ion when you ar e oper at ing it .
ALWAYS keep all safet y shields in posit ion. Wear
hear ing pr ot ect ion and safet y glasses or goggles.
ALWAYS ensur e t hat t he wor k ar ea has ample
light ing.
ALWAYS fast en loose-fit t ing clot hes or , bet t er
yet , do NOT wear such clot hing. Wear snug-fit t ing
clot hes.
ALWAYS r emove t he power sour ce befor e
cleaning or wor king on jammed machiner y.
1-20
ALWAYS connect t he elect r ical power t ool t o
t he ext ension cor d befor e connect ing t he ext ension cor d
int o t he out let , if an ext ension cor d is used. Always
unplug t he ext ension cor d fr om t he out let befor e
disconnect ing t he power t ool fr om t he ext ension cor d.
(The ext ension cor d and t he power t ool cor d combined
must not be longer t han 25 feet each, or 50 feet in t ot al
foot a ge.
ELECTRIC POWER TOOLS. Elect r ic power
t ools ar e aut hor ized pr ovided t hat no elect r o-explosive
devices (EEDs) ar e inst alled. Some of t he most common
elect r ic power t ools used in t he Mine For ce include dr ills,
saws, and sander s.
The most fr equent ly used elect r ic power t ool in t he
Mine For ce is t he dr ill. Alt hough it is especially designed
for dr illing holes, it can be used for sanding paint mixing
and wir e br ushing when accessor ies ar e added. A
por t able elect r ic dr ill is classified by size accor ding t o
t he maximum size of t he st r aight shank dr ill it will hold.
For example, a 1/4-inch por t able elect r ic dr ill will hold
any st r aight -shank dr ill up t o and including a 1/4-inch
dr ill.
The r evolut ions per minut e (r pm) and t he power t he
dr ill deliver s ar e t he most impor t ant point s when a dr ill
is being chosen for a par t icular job. The speed of t he
dr ill mot or decr eases as t he size of t he dr ill incr eases.
Th e s p e e d of e l e ct r i c p owe r t ool s u s e d on
explosive-loaded component s must NOT exceed 2,000
r pm. Ther efor e, you must be car eful in select ing a t ool
for a par t icular job.
When using nonfer r ous wir e-wheel br ushes or fabr ic
wheels wit h a dr ill, t he diamet er of t he wheels must not
exceed 8 inches. Elect r ic nonfer r ous wir e-wheel br ushes
and fabr ic wheels ar e especially useful on wor k wher e
a lar ge amount of paint must be r emoved fr om t he sur face
t o be paint ed. When using a nonfer r ous wir e-wheel br ush
or a fabr ic wheel, move it smoot hly and light ly over t he
sur face. Never allow t he br ush t o st ay in one place t oo
long; it could cause a hot spot on t he met al and will
cr eat e an explosive hazar d. The br ush could also cut
int o t he met al, leaving a depr ession t hat maybe cause
for t he component s r eject ion.
Elect r ic power t ools ar e aut hor ized for use in mine
assembly, disassembly, and maint enance. Elect r ic t ools
soused must be elect r ically gr ounded in accor dance wit h
applicable safet y r egulat ions in volume 1 of Ammunition
and Explosives Ashore; Safety Regulations for Han-
dling, Storing, Production, Renovation, and Shipping,
NAVSEAOP 5. No t ools of any t ype (power or manual)
ar e aut hor ized for use at t he int er mediat e level on filling
hole cover s.
PNEUMATIC POWER TOOLS. Pn eu ma t ic
r ot ar y and r ecipr ocat ing mot or power t ools ar e also
aut hor ized for use on explosive-loaded mine cases t hat
ar e pr oper ly gr ounded and t hat have no EEDs inst alled.
The same r est r ict ions t hat apply t o elect r ic power t ools
also apply t o r pm and size of nonfer r ous and fabr ic wheels
used wit h pneumat ic power t ools.
Pneumat ic wr enches ar e designed t o give opt imum
per for mance wit h 90 psi of air at t he t ool when r unning.
Ever y effor t should be made t o ensur e t hat t he line
pr essur e is cor r ect and t hat t he pr essur e or t he volume
has not been r educed at t he t ool by under sized hose,
hose mender s, under sized bushings, or quick-connect
couplings t hat r est r ict t he air flow.
PAINTING EQUIPMENT
In t he Navy, t he basic paint ing equipment includes
spr ay guns and t heir associat ed equipment , paint r oller s,
and paint br ushes. Each of t hese it ems is discussed in
t he following subsect ions.
Spray Guns
A spr ay gun is a pr ecision t ool in which air and paint
ar e separ at ely dir ect ed int o t he ar ea wher e t he paint is
at omized befor e it is spr ayed on t he sur face being paint ed.
The mixing ar ea may be out side or inside t he guns spr ay
cap.
Spr ay guns ar e classed accor ding t o wher e t he air
and t he paint ar e mixed (ext er nal or int er nal), how t he
air is cont r olled (bleeder or nonbleeder ), and how t he
gun is supplied wit h fluid (suct ion feed or pr essur e feed).
1-21
Ext er nal-mix gun: In an ext er nal-mix gun, t he
air and t he paint ar e mixed out side, in fr ont of t he
ext er nal-mix air cap. This t ype of gun r equir es high air
pr essur e; t hus, it uses mor e cubic feet of air per minut e
t han an int er nal-mix gun. At omizat ion of t he paint is
ext r emely t ine and t he size of t he spr ay pat t er n can be
cont r olled. Ther e is no wear on t he nozzle. By t he use
of difer er ent nozzles, an ext er nal-mix gun wor ks wit h bot h
suct ion and pr essur e feed syst ems. See figur e 1-15.
Figure 1-15.External-mix air cap.
Int er nal mix gun: In an int er nal-mix gun, t he air
and t he paint ar e mixed wit hin t he int er nal-mix air cap.
In t his t ype of gun, at omizat ion of t he paint is coar se,
and t he spr ay pat t er n is fixed. The gun wor ks only wit h
a pr essur e feed, but t he pr essur e is lower and t he amount
of air used is less t han for t he ext er nal-mix gun. Because
at omizat ion of t he paint is coar se, mor e paint is applied
on each pass. See figur e 1-16.
Bleeder gun: A bleeder gun allows t he air t o leak
or bleed fr om some par t of t he gun t o pr event t he air
pr essur e fr om building up in t he hose. In t his t ype of
gun, t he t r igger cont r ols t he fluid. The gun is gener ally
used wit h a small air compr essor t hat has no pr essur e
cont r ol on t he air line.
Nonbleeder gun : A nonbleeder gun is equipped
wit h an air valve t hat shut s off t he air when t he t r igger
is r eleased. It is used wit h a compr essor t hat has a
pr essur e-cont r olling device.
Figure 1-16.Internal-mix air cap.
Su ct i on -feed gu n : A suct ion-feed gun has a
suct ion-feed air cap t hat dr aws t he fluid fr om t he
cont ainer by suct ion in about t he same way t hat an insect
spr ay gun oper at es. The suct ion-feed guns ar e usually
used wit h one quar t (or smaller ) cont ainer s. See figur e
1-17.
Figure 1-17.Suction-feed air cap.
Pr essur e-feed gun: A pr essur e-feed gun oper at es
by air pr essur e. The air pr essur e for ces t he fluid fr om
t he cont ainer int o t he gun. This t ype of gun, wit h a
pr essur e-feed air cap, is used for lar ge-scale paint ing.
See figur e 1-18.
1-22
SPRAY GUN ASSEMBLIES AND
COMPONENTS. The t wo main assemblies of a spr ay
gun ar e t he gun body and t he spr ay head. Each assembly
is a collect ion of small par t s designed t o do specific jobs.
Gun body: The pr incipal par t s of t he gun body
assembly ar e shown in figur e 1-19. The air valve cont r ols
t he air supply and is oper at ed by t he t r igger . The
air -cont r ol scr ew r egulat es t he amount of air supplied
t o t he spr eader hor n holes of t he cap, t hus var ying t he
paint pat t er n. The adjust ment has a dial t hat can be set
t o give t he pat t er n desir ed. The fluid needle adjust ment
cont r ols t he amount of spr ay mat er ial t hat passes t hr ough
t he gun. The spr ay-head locking bolt locks t he gun body
and t he r emovable spr ay head t oget her .
Figure 1-18.Pressure-feed air cap.
Figure 1-19.Cross-section of a spray gun.
1-23
Spr ay head: Most spr ay guns have a r emovable
spr ay-head assembly. This t ype of gun has sever al
advant ages. For example, it is easier t o clean; it per mit s
you t o change t he head quickly when you want t o use
anew mat er ial or a new color of mat er ial; and t he head
is r eplaceable when damaged. The pr incipal par t s of
t he spr ay-head assembly ar e t he (1) air cap, (2) fluid t ip,
(3) fluid needle, and (4) spr ay-head bar r el. The fluid
t ip r egulat es t he flow of t he spr ay mat er ial int o t he air
st r eam and encloses t he end of t he fluid needle. The
spr ay-head bar r el is t he housing t hat encloses t he
spr ay-head mechanism. See figur e 1-20.
Figure 1-20.Principal parts of the spray-head assembly.
Mat er ial cont ainer s: The mat er ial cont ainer s ar e
t he cups t hat hold t he spr ay mat er ial befor e deliver y t o
t he gun. The t ype of paint ing job det er mines which of
t he sever a l kinds of cont a iner s should be used.
Suction-feed cups ar e used for small quant it ies of
light weight and mediumweight spr ay mat er ials, such as
lacquer s. Gravity-feed cups ar e small and ar e at t ached
dir ect ly t o t he t op or side of t he gun. Nor mally, t hey
ar e used only on ar t ist s and decor at or s guns or on small
t ouch-up guns. Pressure-feed cups ar e best for handling
small quant it ies of enamels, plast ics, or ot her heavy
mat er ials on jobs wher e fine adjust ment s and speed of
applicat ion ar e needed. See figur e 1-21.
Hose lines: The hose lines used for spr ay guns
ar e of t wo t ypes: one handles air ; t he ot her handles
liquids. The air hose is usually made of br aid-cover ed
t ubing of eit her one-br aid or t wo-br aid const r uct ion.
The fluid hose is made of a special solvent -r esist ant
mat er ial t hat can wit hst and t he at t acks of paint , lacquer ,
and similar liquids.
Figure 1-21.Pressure-feed cup.
Air Supply: The compr essed air t hat oper at es spr ay
guns is supplied by eit her por t a ble or inst a lled
compr essor s. The air pr essur e fr om t he compr essor s
is usually set fr om 100 t o 125 psi. The pr essur e is
r educed t o spr aying pr essur e by a pr essur e-r egulat or
valve. When using a ir compr essor s, follow t he
manufact ur er s oper at ing inst r uct ions. To pr oper ly spr ay
paint ensur e t hat t he air is dr y and fr ee of dust . Since
all air cont ains moist ur e and dust in var ying amount s,
some means must be pr ovided t o r emove it . This is
commonly done by an air t r ansfor mer , fr equent ly called
an air separ at or or an air r egulat or . Air passing t hr ough
t he t r ansfor mer ent er s t hr ough an air inlet and passes
t hr ough a ser ies of baflles and a filt er chamber t o a
r egulat or diaphr agm t hat adjust s t he pr essur e. Dur ing
nor mal weat her condit ions, t he t r ansfor mer should be
dr ained daily. If t he weat her is damp, it should be dr ained
sever al t imes daily. To dr ain t he t r ansfor mer , open t he
dr ain valve on t he bot t om of t he unit . Change t he
packing and filt er unit s also at r egular int er vals. See
figur e 1-22.
SPRAY GUN OPERATION. When t he t r igger
of a spr ay gun is squeezed, t he air valve t hat admit s
compr essed air t hr ough t he air inlet opens. The air t hen
passes t hr ough t he gun body int o t he spr ay head. In t he
most common t ypes of spr ay heads (ext er nal-mix), t he
air does not come in cont act wit h t he paint inside t he
gun, but is blown out t hr ough small holes dr illed in t he
air cap. The paint is blown out of t he nozzle in a t hin
jet . The for ce of t he air st r iking t he paint br eaks t he jet
int o a fine spr ay.
1-24
Figure 1-22.Air transformer.
You can cont r ol t his spr ay
pat t er ns by set t ing t he air cont r ol
t he spr eader adjust ment valve.
t o pr oduce var ious
scr ew t hat r egulat es
To get a r ound spr ay, t ur n t he cont r ol scr ew
count er clockwise.
To get a fan spr ay, t ur n t he cont r ol scr ew
clockwise.
To incr ease t he flow of paint , t ur n t he fluid cont r ol
scr ew clockwise.
To maint ain t he same cover age over a wider ar ea,
incr ease t he flow of paint as you incr ease t he
widt h of t he spr ay.
The use and handling of a spr ay gun ar e lear ned best
by pr act ice. The following par agr aphs descr ibe how
t o use a spr ay gun pr oper ly and include t ips t o help you
use t he gun mor e efficient ly.
Befor e st ar t ing t o paint wit h a spr ay gun, check
t he adjust ment s and t he oper at ion of t he gun by spr aying
paint on a sur face similar t o t he one t hat you int end t o
paint .
To do good wor k, use a minimum amount of
pr essur e, holding t he gun away fr om t he wor k nor mally
fr om 6 t o 10 inches. However , t her e ar e no set r ules
for spr ay gun pr essur e or for t he dist ance of t he spr ay
gun fr om t he sur face t o be paint ed. The pr essur e and
t he dist ance var y consider ably wit h t he t ype of nozzle,
t he paint used, and t he sur face t o be paint ed.
For t he paint t o pr oper ly spr ay, always keep t he
gun per pendicular t o and at t he same dist ance fr om t he
sur face being paint ed. St ar t t he st r oke befor e squeezing
t he t r igger , and r elease t he t r igger befor e complet ing
t he st r oke. If you do not hold t he gun per pendicular
or if you hold it t oo far away fr om t he sur face being
paint ed, par t of t he paint spr ay will evapor at e and will
st r ike t he sur face in a near ly dr y st at e. This condit ion
is called dusting. If you fail t o st ar t t he st r oke befor e
squeezing t he t r igger or if you fail t o r elease t he t r igger
befor e ending t he st r oke, t he paint will build up at t he
end of t he st r oke and will r un or sag. If you ar ch t he
st r oke, you will not be able t o deposit t he paint in a
unifor m coat . See figur es 1-23 and 1-24.
Figure 1-23.Holding the spray gun perpendicular to the
surface.
1-25
Figure 1-24.Proper spray gun stroke.
When spr aying cor ner s (bot h inside and out side),
st op 1 or 2 inches shor t of t he comer s. Paint bot h sides
of t he comer t he same. Then t ur n t he spr ay gun on it s
side and, st ar t ing at t he t op, spr ay downwar d, coat ing
bot h sides of t he cor ner at t he same t ime. See figur e
1-25.
Figure 1-25.Right and wrong ways of spray painting
corners.
When spr aying a lar ge ar ea wher e small par t s and
pieces pr ot r ude, fir st coat t he pr ot r uding it ems light ly
and t hen coat t he ent ir e sur face. For example, when
paint ing a mine, fir st paint ar ound t he filling hole cover
and t he spoiler , bot h out side and inside t he spoiler . Then
paint t he ent ir e mine. This pr ocedur es eliminat es a lot
of t ouching-up lat er .
COMMON SPRAY PAINT DEFECTS. Th e
most common defect s in spr ayed paint ar e or ange peel,
r uns and sags, pinholes, blushing, peeling, and bleeding.
Orange peel is t he gener al t er m used t o descr ibe
a dr y paint ed sur face t hat has a pebbled t ext ur e
r esembling an or ange peel. It can be caused by t he
impr oper use of t hinner s, a spr ay t hat is not fine enough,
t oo much or t oo lit t le dist ance bet ween t he gun and t he
sur face, impr oper mixing of mat er ials, dr aft s, or low
humidit y.
Runs and sags ar e usually t he r esult of paint t hat
is t oo t hin. They can also r esult when t oo much mat er ial
is spr ayed on t he sur face, t he spr aying st r oke over lap
is t oo gr eat , impr oper adjust ment s of t he spr ay gun and
pr essur e ar e being used, or dir t y or par t ially clogged air
or fluid passages cause uneven dist r ibut ion.
Pinholes can be caused by wat er or excessive
t hinner in t he paint . Excessively heavy applicat ions of
quick-dr ying paint also cause pinholes. In eit her case,
small bubbles for m and br eak when t he paint is dr ying,
leaving small holes.
Blushing r esembles powder ing of t he paint . The
cellulose mat er ial in t he paint separ at es fr om t he solvent
and r et ur ns t o it s or iginal powder for m. Wat er is usually
t he cause of blushing, eit her moist ur e on t he sur face t o
be spr ayed or excessive moist ur e in t he air . To cor r ect
a blushing defect , r emove t he defect ive coat , because
t he moist ur e is t r apped in t he mat er ial and r emains t her e
unless t he mat er ial is r emoved. Then r epaint t he ar ea.
Peeling is usually caused by car elessness in
cleaning t he sur face t o be paint ed. Befor e paint spr aying
is at t empt ed, t he sur face t o be paint ed must be t hor oughly
cleaned. Cheap spr ay mat er ials somet imes r esult in poor
adhesion, but t his should be no pr oblem when st andar d
Navy paint s ar e used.
Bleeding occur s when t he chemical compounds
of a pr evious coat discolor t he finish coat . When a paint
cont ains a st r ong aniline dye (a synt het ic or ganic dye),
bleeding r esult s when anot her color is spr ayed over it .
SPRAY GUN CARE. Spr ay guns (including paint
cont ainer s and hoses) must be cleaned t hor oughly aft er
1-26
each use. When using solvent in cleaning spr ay guns,
be ext r emely caut ious because possible damage may
occur t o t he packing ar ound t he valves. To clean a
cont ainer -t ype gun, r efer t o figur e 1-26 and follow t hese
pr ocedur es:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Remove t he cont ainer fr om t he gun.
Hold a clot h over t he air cap and pull t he t r igger .
Empt y t he cont ainer .
Pour in a small amount of solvent .
At t ach t he cont ainer t o t he gun and spr ay t he
solvent t hr ough t he gun t o clea n out t he
passageways.
Soak t he air cap in cleaning solvent .
Replace t he air cap.
Figure 1-26.Steps in cleaning a container-type gun.
Some spr ay gun t r oubles, possible causes, and
r emedies ar e list ed in t able 1-2.
Spray Gun Lubrication. A spr ay gun needs
occasional lubr icat ion. To do t his, r emove t he fluid
needle packing and soft en it wit h oil. Coat t he fluid
needle spr ing wit h gr ease or pet r olat um. Figur e 1-27
shows t he locat ion of t hese par t s and t he oil hole wher e
you place a few dr ops of light oil.
Figure 1-27.Lubrication points of a spray gun.
Spray Head Removal. Removal of t he spr ay head
may be necessar y for cleaning or r epair . You may need
t o change t he head when t he color of t he paint is changed.
Wit h moder n spr ay guns, t his is a fair ly simple oper at ion.
Refer t o figur e 1-28 and follow t he pr ocedur es in t able
1-3.
AIRLESS SPRAY PAINTING. Air less spr ay
paint ing uses hydr aulic pr essur e. The equipment is similar
t o convent ional spr ay equipment except t hat t he pr essur e
is gener at ed by a hydr aulic pump. At omizat ion of t he
pa i n t i s a ccompl i s h ed by for ci n g i t t h r ou gh a
special-shaped or ifice at a pr essur e up t o 3,000 pounds
psi. This pr essur e allows you t o apply paint t o t he sur face
as r apidly as you can move t he gun.
Air less spr ay paint ing usually per mit s t he use of
pr oduct s wit h a higher viscosit y. Less t hinning is
r equir ed, a bet t er film is obt ained, and pr oduct ion is
incr eased. A single hose leading t o t he gun makes it
easier t o handle and causes less t ir ing t o t he paint er .
The lack of over spr ay offer s t wo ot her advant ages:
cleanup is easier , and masking is minimized.
Because of t he high pr essur e in an air less spr ay gun,
you must ensur e t hat your per sonnel r eceive complet e
inst r uct ions on t he pr oper use of air less spr ay equipment
befor e t hey ar e allowed t o oper at e t he equipment or t o
assist in it s oper at ion. Tr aining must st r ess t he pot ent ial
danger s associat ed wit h t he handling of air less spr ay paint
1-27
Table 1-2.Spray Gun Troubles, Possible Causes, and Remedies
TROUBLES POSSIBLE CAUSES REMEDIES
Air leaks fr om fr ont of gun For eign mat t er on valve seat Clea n
Wor n/damaged valve seat Replace
St icking valve st em Lubr icat e
Bent valve st em Repla ce
Loose packing nut Adjust
Fluid leaks fr om fr ont of gun
Wor n/damaged fluid t ip/needle Replace
For eign mat t er in fluid t ip Clea n
Packing nut t oo t ight Adjust
Wr ong size needle Repla ce
J er ky or flut t er ing spr ay (suct ion Innsuficient mat er ial in cont ainer Refill
and pr essur e feed) Tipping cont ainer t o excessive angle Take gr eat er car e
Obst r uct ed fluid passageway Clean
Loose/cr acked fluid t ube Tight en/r eplace
Loose fluid t ip Tight en/r eplace
Damaged t ip seat Tight en/r eplace
J er ky or flut t er ing spr ay (suct ion Mat er ial t oo heavy Change t o pr essur e feed
feed only)
Clogged air vent in cont ainer lid Clea n
Loose/damaged coupling nut /cup lid Tight en/r eplace
Fluid t ube r est ing on bot t om Use pr oper fluid t ube
Defect ive spr ay pat t er n Air cap hor n holes par t ially plugged Rot at e air cap 1/2 t ur n and spr ay anot her pat t er n.
If defect is inver t ed, fault is on/in air cap.
Dir t on air cap/fluid nozzle If pat t er n is same, fault is on/in fluid nozzle.
Clean pr oper par t .
Figure 1-28.Removing the spray head.
1-28
Table 1-3.Spray Head Removal and Replacement Procedures
STEP REMOVAL PROCEDURES REPLACEMENT PROCEDURES
1 Remove t he gun fr om t he air hose line. Push t he t r igger for war d.
2 Hold t he gun in your left hand and pull Inser t t he spr ay head.
t he t r igger all t he way back.
3 Loosen t he locking bolt wit h t he wr ench Hold t he t r igger back.
pr ovided for t hat pur pose.
4 Push t he t r igger for war d as far as Tight en t he locking bolt .
possible.
5 Pull t he spr ay head for war d.
equipment . Alt hough sa fet y fea t ur es designed t o
minimize t hose danger s have been built in, amput at ions
and deat hs have r esult ed fr om car eless use of t his
equipment , par t icular ly when t he spr ay t ips wer e r emoved
for cleaning. Befor e a spr ay t ip is r emoved or adjust ed,
or when spr ay oper at ions ar e shut down for an ext ended
per iod, t ur n t he elect r ical power OFF and depr ess t he
gun t r igger t o bleed t he line pr essur e.
Refer t o t he oper at or s manual supplied wit h each
air less spr ay gun for t he safet y pr ecaut ions peculiar t o
t ha t model of gun. The following list of sa fet y
pr ecaut ions must be obser ved when any air less spr ay
gun is being used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NEVER use air less equipment unless you ar e
fully t r ained t o do so.
NEVER allow an unt r ained per son t o use t he
equipment .
NEVER put your hands or finger s in fr ont of
t he nozzle.
NEVER point t he gun at a per son.
NEVER wor k on or r epa i r pr es s u r i zed
equipment . (The equipment must be t ur ned
OFF, t he pr essur e r eleased, and t he t r igger
safet y engaged befor e being disassembled.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1-29
TURNING OFF THE POWER DOES NOT
RELEASE THE PRESSURE.)
NEVER spr ay a flammable solvent t hr ough t he
gun t ip. (The high velocit y gener at es st at ic
elect r icit y, which could cause a fir e or an
explosion.)
NEVER plug leaks wit h finger s. Befor e use,
check hoses for leaks, cut s, and wear . Replace
any damaged hose.
NEVER leave a pr essur ized air less spr ay unit
una t t ended.
ALWAYS secur e connect ions t o pr event leaks.
ALWAYS use per sonal pr ot ect ive equipment
when using t he spr ay gun. (Wear a supplied-air
or or ganic vapor car t r idge r espir at or wit h
pr e-filt er s, goggles, chemical pr ot ect ive gloves,
cover alls, and hear ing pr ot ect ion.)
ALWAYS use t he t r igger lock when not act ually
spr ay paint ing (i.e., befor e wiping t he t ip).
(Remove t he t ip guar d only if spr aying wit h it
in place is impossible.)
ALWAYS r emove t he gun fr om t he hose aft er
flushing and when st or ing it .
13. ALWAYS keep t he t r igger sat let y engaged when
t he gun is not in use.
14. ALWAYS obt ain immediat e medical at t ent ion
for injur ies. (Repor t t he nat ur e of t he injur y
and t he t ype of fluid or solvent used.)
MATERIALS NOT TO BE USED IN SPRAY
GUNS. As a gener al r ule, Navy paint s, enamels,
lacquer s, synt het ics, var nishes, and shellacs may be used
in or dinar y spr ay guns. Mat er ial cont aining small gr it t y
par t icles, such as alkaline cover ings, r ubber hose paint s,
plast ics, and mast ic paint s, must NEVER be used in
st andar d spr ay guns.
Paintbrushes
Paint br ushes ar e only as good as t he car e given t hem.
The best paint br ush can be r uined ver y quickly if not
pr oper ly car ed for . By following t he suggest ions given
in t he next few par agr aphs, you will find t hat your
paint br ushes will last much longer and will give you bet t er
ser vice.
When paint br ush br ist les wer e set in wood, paint er s
would dampen t he wood t o cause it t o swell and hold
t he br ist les mor e t ight ly. However , near ly all moder n
pa int br ushes ha ve br ist les set in r ubber or in a
composit ion mat er ial. Ther efor e, t o wet t he end of t he
handle t hat holds t he br ist les ser ves no useful pur pose;
in fact , it only damages t he br ush since it t ends t o r ust
t he met al band (fer r ule).
To make a new nat ur al br ist le br ush mor e flexible
and easier t o clean, r inse it in paint t hinner and soak it
in boiled linseed oil for about 48 hour s. Befor e using
t he br ush, dr ain t he oil fr om it , wipe it s br ist les clean,
and wash it in a solvent or ot her oil r emover , (Synt het ic
br ist le br ushes do not r equir e special t r eat ment befor e
use.)
Ever y paint locker should have a cont ainer wit h
divided compar t ment s for st owing br ushes t hat ar e used
for shor t per iods wit h differ ent mat er ials, such as paint ,
var nish and shellac. The cont ainer s should have t ight
cover s and a means of hanging t he br ushes so t he ent ir e
lengt h of t he br ist les and t he lower par t of t he fer r ule
ar e cover ed by t he paint t hinner or linseed oil in t he
cont ainer . The br ist les must not t ouch t he bot t om of
t he cont a iner or t hey could become da ma ged. A
paint br ush wit h dist or t ed br ist les is a ver y inefficient t ool.
When br ushes ar e t o be used t he following day, t hey
should be cleaned wit h t he pr oper paint t hinner and hung
in an empt y compar t ment in t he cont ainer . Br ushes t hat
ar e not t o be used soon should be cleaned in t hinner ,
wa shed in soa p (or det er gent ) a nd wa t er , r insed
t hor oughly in fr eshwat er , and hung t o dr y. Aft er dr ying
t hey should be wr apped in paper and st owed flat .
Br ushes should not be left soaking in wat er ; t he wat er
will cause t he br ist les t o separ at e int o bunches or become
flar ed or bushy.
Remember : Aft er using a br ush, NEVER leave it
in an open can of paint or exposed t o t he air . Clean t he
br ush immediat ely aft er it is used, t hen st ow it pr oper ly.
The pr oper cleaner s for br ushes used wit h differ ent
mat er ials ar e list ed in t able 1-4.
Table 1-4.Proper Cleaners for Paint Brushes
1-30
Paint Rollers
Paint r oller s ar e designed t o apply a unifor m coat
of paint over a lar ge ar ea quickly, wit h less effor t t han
wit h a br ush. Paint r oller s used in t he Navy consist of
r eplaceable, knot t ed fabr ic r oller s wit h solvent -r esist ant
paper cor es. The r oller is suppor t ed on cor r osion-
r esist ant st eel t hat r ot at es on a met al shaft .
Aft er use, t he fabr ic cylinder should be st r ipped fr om
t he cor e, cleaned in t he solvent r ecommended for t he
paint used, washed in soap and wat er , r insed t hor oughly,
and r eplaced on t he cor e t o dr y. Combing t he pile of
t he fabr ic while it is damp pr event s mat t ing.
PAINT COMPOSITION
Paint consist s of four essent ial ingr edient s: pigment ,
vehicle, dr ier , and t hinner . The pigment is gr ounded
int o t he vehicle and t he dr ier and t he t hinner ar e added.
This sect ion descr ibes t hese four element s.
Pigment
Pigment is used t o give color t o t he paint . Some
pigment s also incr ease t he qualit y of t he paint . Iner t
pigment s ar e chemically st able and do not affect color
or dest r oy t he life of t he paint vehicle. They ar e used
t o pr ovide a less-expensive base for cer t ain kinds of paint
color s, t o decr ease t he amount of act ive pigment in t he
paint , and t o help pr event set t ling and caking of t he
pigment in t he cont ainer . Some common iner t pigment s
pr esent ly in use ar e bar ium sulfat e, calcium car bonat e,
whit ing, magnesium silicat e, t alc, and silica.
Vehicle
The vehicle, usually r efer r ed t o as t he base, is t he
liquid por t ion of t he paint t hat act s as t he binder and t he
br ushing medium for t he pigment par t icles. The base
wet s t he sur face t o be paint ed, penet r at es int o t he por es,
and ensur es pr oper adhesion of t he film for med by t he
dr ying vehicle.
Unt il r ecent ly, t he base of most paint s was an oil,
such as linseed oil. Today, only a few Navy paint s
cont ain r aw oil. The base of some Navy paint s is
pr ocessed oil in combinat ion wit h a synt het ic r esin. Ot her
paint s have a vinyl base and some have a wat er base.
Most oil-based vehicles dr y par t ially by evapor at ion
par t ially by oxidat ion, and par t ially by polymer izat ion.
Polymer izat ion is t he pr ocess wher e t wo or mor e similar
molecules combine chemically t o for ma lar ger molecule
of a new subst ance. Older paint s cont ained r aw oils,
had poor physical pr oper t ies when dr y, and dr ied slower
t han moder n paint s. For t hese r easons, r aw oils should
NEVER be added t o a Navy paint . If t he paint is t hick
and needs t o be t hinned, add only a r ecommended t hinner .
Never add diesel oil, var nish or ot her nonr ecommended
mat er ial.
Driers
When mixed wit h oil, cer t ain met allic compounds
add t o t he dr ying pr oper t ies of t he paint . They ar e dr ier s
and, as used in t he Navy, consist chiefly of compounds
of cobalt napht henat es.
A paint dr ier act s as a conveyor of oxygen. It t akes
t he oxygen fr om t he air and adds it t o t he oil. This
pr ocess speeds t he oxidat ion of t he paint . Wit hout t he
dr ier , absor pt ion of oxygen would be t oo slow, and it
would t ake t oo long for t he paint t o dr y.
Thinners
Thinner s r educe t he consist ency of paint t o t he pr oper
degr ee for applicat ion by spr aying, br ushing, or r olling.
Thinner s also incr ease t he penet r at ion of paint int o t he
sur face being paint ed and t hey cut down on gloss. Too
much t hinner , however , dilut es t he vehicle t oo much.
As ment ioned ear lier , t he vehicle is a binder ; if it is dilut ed
excessively, t he dur abilit y of t he paint is affect ed. In
flat paint s, t he pr opor t ion of t he oil is deliber at ely r educed
by t hinner s t o cause t he paint t o dr y wit hout gloss.
PAINT PREPARATION
No mat t er how high t he qualit y of t he paint , it will
give poor ser vice if it is not t hor oughly mixed befor e
it is applied. When paint st ands for a long per iod of t ime,
t he pigment set t les t o t he bot t om of t he cont ainer and
t he vehicle r ises t o t he t op. Subsequent ly, t he paint must
be r emixed befor e use.
If you do not have a mechanical mixer , t he best
syst em for mixing is t o pour off most of t he vehicle int o
an empt y can and mix t he r emainder t hor oughly. Then
1-31
add a small amount of t he r emaining liquid at a t ime unt il
all t he vehicle has been added and t he consist ency of
t he paint is unifor m. To ensur e t hat t he paint is
t hor oughly mixed, pour t he paint back and for t h a number
of t imes bet ween t wo cans. This pr ocess is known as
boxing and ensur es a smoot h and even mixt ur e.
PAINT APPLICATION
Smoot h and even paint ing depends as much on t he
met hod of applicat ion as it does on t he qualit y of t he
paint . Differ ent paint ing equipment (such as spr ay guns,
br ushes, or r oller s) is used for differ ent pur poses. Ensur e
t hat you use t he r ight equipment and t hat it is kept in
good condit ion,
When you ar e paint ing, keep t he following it ems in
mind:
The t hickness of t he coat s can det er mine if t he
job is complet ed sat isfact or ily. Thick coat s of paint t end
t o cr ack and peel. They ar e likely t o be uneven and t hey
t end t o show mar ks and scr at ches mor e r eadily t han t hin
coat s. They do not dr y as har d a finish as t hin coat s.
For a complet e list of t he paint syst ems applicable t o
mines, r efer t o NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI-010.
Paint ing should not be done when t he t emper a-
t ur e is below 32 F. In cold weat her , moist ur e con-
denses on t he sur faces and t he paint does not st ick.
Also, t he t hinner evapor at es ver y slowly and incr eases
t he dr ying t ime, For best r esult s, paint ing should be
done in war m weat her , wit h t he t emper at ur e bet ween
60 F and 80 F.
Humidit y and vent ilat ion ar e also impor t ant
condit ions. Excess humidit y may cause condensat ion
on t he sur face t o be paint ed, making paint ing difficult .
But humidit y can be r educed by pr oper vent ilat ion.
Pr oper vent ilat ion is necessar y t o fur nish t he oxygen
necessar y t o dr y t he paint pr oper ly.
Striping
You may be r equir ed t o apply st r ipes t o a paint ed
sur face or t o an unpaint ed sur face. St r iping is r elat ively
easy if you use masking t ape. But aft er paint ing, be
car eful when r emoving t he masking t ape. Pull t he t ape
off in a diagonal dir ect ion and back upon it self If you
fail t o r emove t he t ape in t his manner , you may damage
t he finished paint ed sur face. The pr ocedur e is a lit t le
differ ent for each sit uat ion.
STRIPING PAINTED SURFACES. Use t he
following pr ocedur es t o st r ipe paint ed sur faces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Decide t he size and t he posit ion of t he st r ipe.
Apply masking t ape fir mly t o each side of t he
ar ea wher e t he st r ipe is t o be.
Paint t he ar eas not cover ed by t he masking t ape.
Pr ot ect t he paint ed sur face against daubs and
over spr a ys by using pr ot ect ive cover ing in
addit ion t o t he masking t ape.
STRIPING UNPAINTED SURFACES.Use t hese
pr ocedur es t o st r ipe unpaint ed sur faces:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Paint t he st r ipe wider t han t he act ual st r ipe is t o
be.
Aft er t he paint is dr y, apply masking t ape t o t he
ar ea wher e t he st r ipe is t o be. To ensur e t hat t he
t ape is smoot h and fir mly at t ached, r ub or r oll
it .
Paint t he ent ir e sur face, including t he masking
t ape, wit h t he finish coat .
Aft er t he paint is dr y, r emove t he t ape.
PAINTING SAFETY
For a safe paint ing oper at ion, r esponsibilit y and
t r aining ar e t he t wo most impor t ant fact or s. The
impor t ance of t hese fact or s must be clear ly under st ood
by all per sonnel associat ed wit h t he paint ing oper at ion.
Per sonnel concer ned wit h t he paint ing oper at ion must
also be made awar e of t he hazar ds associat ed wit h t he
handling and use of flammable mat er ials and
applicable safet y pr ecaut ions. This infor mat ion
be a par t of each per sons job t r aining.
wit h
must
1-32
Ever y paint ing oper at ion exposes t he per sonnel in
t he immediat e ar ea t o some condit ions and sit uat ions
t hat ar e act ually or pot ent ially danger ous. The use of
t oxic and flammable mat er ials and pr essur ized equipment
pr esent s pot ent ial hazar ds. Hazar ds may also be inher ent
in t he wor king condit ions or ma y be ca used by
inexper ience of t he oper at or , lack of t r aining, or just pur e
car elessness.
Ther efor e, awar eness of all pot ent ial hazar ds is
essent ial, To minimize exist ing hazar ds and t o impr ove
t he efficiency of t he paint ing cr ew, ensur e t hat your
per sonnel ar e so well-t r ained t hat t hey aut omat ically t ake
pr ecaut ionar y measur es.
Safety Practices
When planning paint ing oper at ions, pay special
at t ent ion t o t he following fact or s:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Paint mat er ials
Sur face pr epar at ion mat er ials
Paint ing equipment
Envir onment
Exper ience of t he paint ing cr ew
Degr ee of hazar ds
Remember t hat CARELESSNESS incr eases haz-
ar ds. Shor t cut s oft en pr oduce unsafe wor king condit ions,
r esult ing in accident s, per sonnel injur ies, and loss of t ime
and mat er ials. An element of r isk is st ill pr esent even
when well-t r ained per sonnel follow pr escr ibed safet y
pr ocedur es. However , if safet y pr ecaut ions ar e car efully
obser ved at all t imes, t he r isk of accident s will be minimal.
Spr ay-paint ing equipment has been known t o pr oduce
sever al t housand volt s of st at ic elect r icit y. For t his
r eason, t he spr ay gun nozzle and any explosive it ems
being paint ed must be gr ounded t o t he same point dur ing
t he spr a y-pa int ing oper a t ion. When high-volt a ge
spr ay-paint ing equipment is used or inst alled, it must
be done so in accor dance wit h t he Nat ional Elect r ical
Code.
The applicat ion of paint s, var nishes, lacquer s, and
enamels by t he spr aying pr ocess is mor e hazar dous t han
t he applicat ion by br ush for sever al r easons:
1. Ther e is a gr eat er volume and concent r at ion of
wor k.
2. Spr a ying pr oduces a r esidue of fla mma ble
pr oper t ies subject t o spont aneous ignit ion.
3. Healt h hazar ds may exist because of pot ent ially
har mful subst ances t hat maybe pr esent (such as lead,
benzol, and silicone). Ther efor e, all safet y pr ecaut ions
must be st r ict ly obser ved. Per sonnel must cont inuously
obser ve good habit s of per sonal hygiene t o avoid t he
healt h hazar d of lead poisoning. Any per son wit h a hist ot y
of chr onic skin disease, aller gies, or r espir at or y pr oblems
must not be per mit t ed t o wor k wit h paint compounds
and t hinner s. Per sonnel handling paint ing mat er ials must
pr event t he mat er ials fr om coming in cont act wit h t heir
skin or eyes and must avoid inhaling t he mist or vapor s.
A spr ay paint er must wear gloves and pr ot ect ive gar ment s
t hat fit snugly at t he ankles, t he neck, and t he wr ist s.
All exposed ar eas of t he paint er s skin should be cover ed
wit h a pr ot ect ive cr eam.
Respirators
Spr ay-paint ing guns br eak up t he paint int o a fine
mist of paint pigment s and vehicle or solvent vapor s,
The vapor s and pigment can be healt h hazar dous if you
inhale t hem or allow t hem t o cont act your skin. Unless
t he spr ay ar ea is equipped wit h local exhaust vent ilat ion
and t est ed for efficiency, per sonnel must wear r espir at or y
pr ot ect ion.
An indust r ial hygiene sur vey of t he vent ilat ion syst em
will det er mine if per sonnel need r espir at or s and t he t ype
r equir ed. Respir at or user s must be medically scr eened
and fit -t est ed t o t he r espir at or t hey will use accor ding
t o t he NAVOSH Program Manual, OP NAVI NS T
5100.23, or t he NAVOSH Program Manual for Forces
Afloat, OPNAVINST 5100.19.
Ther e ar e t wo t ypes of r espir at or s: air -pur ifying and
supplied air . The cor r ect r espir at or must be select ed
for t he hazar d.
1-33
1. Air -pur ifying r espir at or s: Air -pur ifying r espir at or s
h a ve fi l t er s or ca r t r i dges t o t r a p or a bs or b a i r
cont aminant s. For spr ay paint ing, per sonnel must be
pr ot ect ed against t he or ganic vapor s of t he paint vehicle,
or solvent , and against t he pigment mist . This r equir es
an or ganic vapor car t r idge wit h a mist pr e-filt er over
t he car t r idge. The car t r idge and t he pr e-fiber at t ach t o
eit her a full-facepiece or half-facepiece r espir at or mask.
See figur e 1-29. For sanding oper at ions, a car t r idge
r at ed as pr ot ect ion against dust is subst it ut ed on t he
mask. See figur e 1-30.
Figure 1-30.Dust respirator.
2. Supplied-air r espir at or s: Supplied-air r espir at or s
ar e used when t her e is an oxygen deficiency or t he
concent r at ion of air cont aminat ion is t oo high t o use
air -pur ifying r espir at or s. They ar e used when t he air
cont aminant has no war ning pr oper t ies (such as smell)
t o aler t t he wear er of exposur e t o t he hazar d. The air
is supplied t o a hose-line ma sk, t hr ough a n a ir
compr essor , a br eat hing air pump, or a self-cont ained
br eat hing appar at us (SCBA). See figur e 1-31. If a
br eat hing air pump or a compr essor supplies t he air , t he
air must be t est ed and cer t ified for br eat hing.
a. Sandblast ing and spr ay paint ing hoods ar e
a t ype of supplied-air r espir at or s. The hood fit s over
t he ent ir e head and neck and air flows int o t he hood
cont inuously. This pr ovides a posit ive pr essur e inside
t he hood, pr event ing int r usion of air cont aminat ion.
Air -supplied hoods pr ovide eye pr ot ect ion and do not
r equir e fit -t est ing.
Figure 1-29.Full-facepiece and half-facepiece cartridge
respirators with pre-filters.
Figure 1-31.Supplied-air respirator hose-line mask.
1-34
b. Sandblast ing hoods ar e usually made of leat her
or heavy mat er ial t o r esist det er ior at ion fr om t he abr asive
sand. Spr ay paint ing hoods may be made of disposable,
paper -like mat er ial wit h r eplaceable, peel-off window
cover s. See figur e 1-32.
Figure 1-32.Disposable spray-painting hood.
BATTERY REFRIGERATOR
STORAGE
Elect r ical ener gy for U. S. Navy mines is supplied
by dr y-cell ba t t er ies, which compr ise a va r iet y of
chemicals in differ ent combinat ions. These dr y-cell
bat t er ies have a fixed shelf life when st or ed wit hin a
specified t emper at ur e r ange.
For Lecla nche,
specified r ange is 56
alkaline, and
F t o 80 F.
mer cur y cells, t he
For cadmium-mer -
cur y cells, t he specified r ange is 21 F t o 95 F. At
t hese r anges, bat t er ies det er ior at e at a nor mal r at e. At
t emper at ur es above t hese r anges, bat t er ies det er ior at e
at a r at e fast er t han nor mal. Conver sely, t hey det er ior at e
at a r at e slower t han nor mal at t emper at ur es below
t hese r anges.
An except ion t o t hese t emper at ur e r equir ement s is
t he Mk 131 bat t er y which, unt il act ivat ed, is st or ed in
or dinar y ambient t emper at ur es. Once t he Mk 131 bat t er y
is act ivat ed, it must be placed in r efr iger at ed st or age wit h
t emper at e r anges for mer cur y cells.
Bat t er ies should be st or ed at t he lowest possible
t emper at ur e, but not below t he minimum limit s list ed
in NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI-010 or t he bat t er ies could
be damaged. For opt imum ser vice, st or e bat t er ies at
t he nominal t emper at ur es list ed in t he above publicat ion.
Alt hough manufact ur er s package bat t er ies in special
packing, bat t er ies ar e fr agile and must be handled wit h
car e, r egar dless of t he t emper at ur e at which t hey ar e
st or ed or shipped. Bat t er ies fr ozen t o 30 F ar e br it t le
and handling should be minimum.
Bat t er ies should be st or ed separ at ely by t ype and
lot and, wher e possible, ar r anged so t hat t he older
bat t er ies can be r emoved wit hout dist ur bing t he newer
lot . Wher e space per mit s, st acks should be kept small
t o allow easy handling. Gener ally, it is pr efer able t o leave
an air space along t he walls and at t he t op and bot t om
of t he chamber , wit h sever al aisles t hr ough t he cent r al
ar ea. The size of t he space is dependent on t he locat ion
and capacit y of t he cir culat ing fan. St acking in fr ont
of t he ent r ance t o a vest ibule can aid in t emper at ur e
maint enance wit hin t he r efr iger at or , par t icular ly dur ing
r eceipt and issue.
Battery Thawing
Depending on oper at ional r equir ement s, bat t er ies
may be t hawed by using any one of t hr ee met hods:
nor mal t haw, st andar d r apid t haw, or alt er nat e r apid
t haw.
1. Nor mal t haw pr ocedur e: Time per mit t ing, t he
nor mal t haw pr ocedur e is pr efer able and should be used
because handling is kept t o a minimum and t he bat t er ies
do not accumulat e moist ur e since t hey ar e not r emoved
1-35
fr om t heir cont ainer s. It r equir es fr om 24 t o 48 hour s
t o r each a point wher e t he bat t er y t emper at ur e is high
enough t o per mit t est ing.
2. St andar d r apid t haw pr ocedur e: The bat t er ies
ar e r emoved fr om t heir cont ainer s and polyet hylene bags,
fr eeing t he bat t er ies fr om all packaging. This pr ocedur e
is commonly r efer r ed t o as preferred rapid thaw
procedure.
3. Alt er nat e r apid t haw pr ocedur e: The bat t er ies
ar e r emoved fr om t heir out er cont ainer s, but not fr om
t heir polyet hylene bags, This met hod allows t he bat t er ies
t o r emain r elat ively dr y since t he wat er condensat ion
for ms out side t he polyet hylene bag and not on t he bat t er y.
Immediat ely aft er t hawing t he bat t er ies, t hey may
be t est ed wit hout damage. However , bat t er ies could
fail class-B t est ing at t his t ime solely because t heir int er nal
t emper at ur e is t oo low. Bat t er ies failing t his t est should
be set aside for an addit ional 24 hour s and r et est ed.
Anyt ime a bat t er y is t hawed fr om a fr ozen st at e, a
minimum of 2 mont hs should be added t o t he effect ive
st or age t ime on t he bat t er y hist or y car d. If t he bat t er y
r emains t hawed for mor e t han 2 mont hs, t he t ime added
t o t he bat t er y hist or y car d should be t he act ual t ime,
mult iplied by t he appr opr iat e fact or fr om t he effect ive
st or age t ime fact or s in NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI-
010.
For fur t her infor mat ion on bat t er y st or age, bat t er y
t haw pr ocedur es, and bat t er y effect ive st or age t ime, r efer
t o NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010.
RECOMMENDED READING LIST
NOTE: Alt hough t he following r efer ences
wer e cur r ent when t his TRAMAN was published,
t heir cont inued cur r ency cannot be assur ed.
Ther efor e, you need t o ensur e t hat you ar e
st udying t he lat est r evision.
Ammunition and Explosives Ashore, Safety Regulations
for Handling, Storing, Production, Renovation, and
Shipping, NAVSEA OP 5, Vol. 1, Naval Sea Syst ems
Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Handling, Packaging, Storing, and Transportation of
Underwater Mines and Dest ruct ors f or
Shore-Based/Shipboard Operations, NAVSEA
S W0 2 3 - AB- WHS - 0 1 0 , Na va l S e a S ys t e ms
Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Mine Components A through C; Description and
Class-B Criteria, NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI-010,
Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C.,
1988.
Underwater Mine Maintenance System, NAVSE A
SW550-FO-PMS-010, Naval Sea Syst ems Command
Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
1-36
CHAPTER 2
MINE HANDLING AND STORAGE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon complet ing t his chapt er , you should be able t o do t he following:
1. Recognize t he pr oper handling and st owage of mines and
explosive mat er ials.
2. Det er mine t he r equir ement s, pr inciples, and applicat ions
necessar y for t he quant it y-dist ance r equir ement s of an oper at ing
building and st or age ar ea.
3. Differ ent iat e bet ween t he var ious t ypes of handling gear and
t heir uses in handling explosive-loaded mines.
Explosive devices, r anging fr om mines t o init iat ing
devices, ar e danger ous and ar e designed for specific
pur poses. When explosive devices ar e manufact ur ed,
ever y effor t is made t o ensur e t hat t hey ar e as safe as
pos s i bl e wh en t h ey a r e h a n dl ed. Bu t , even t h e
least -sensit ive explosives can det onat e if t hey ar e
subject ed t o ca r eless or impr oper ha ndling. Any
negligence can r esult in equipment damage, per sonnel
injur ies, and/or loss of life.
The hist or y of accident s involving ammunit ion and
explosives illust r at es t hat avoidable cir cumst ances ex-
ist ed in pr act ically ever y incident wher e t he cause could
be det er mined. Complet e under st anding and st r ict
obser vance of pr escr ibed safet y r egulat ions ar e necessar y
t o eliminat e unsafe act s and condit ions t hat can cause
pr event able accident s. Tasks per for med r epeat edly, no
mat t er how danger ous, ar e likely t o become r out ine and
lead t o car elessness. Ther efor e, const ant aler t ness on
t he par t of all per sonnel and int elligent , close super vision
by super visor s ar e r equir ed t o help pr event accident s.
The most impor t ant ar eas t o consider ar e handling and
st or age of ammunit ion and explosives.
All ammunit ion and explosives must be maint ained
in a high st at e of r eadiness at all t imes. In addit ion t o
pr oper pr epa r a t ion, a ssembly, a nd ma int ena nce,
ammunit ion and explosives must be handled and st or ed
wit h ext r eme caut ion. St r ict compliance wit h all
pr escr ibed safet y st andar ds, r egulat ions, and pr ocedur es
must be obser ved and enfor ced. Safet y is always t he
fir st pr ior it y in any oper at ion involving handling and
st or ing ammunit ion, explosives, and ot her hazar dous
mat er ials.
This chapt er discusses safet y dur ing mine handling
and st or age, quant it y-dist ance r equir ement s, and han-
dling equipment .
SAFETY DURING MINE HANDLING
AND STORAGE
It is cr ucial t hat all per sonnel who handle or t r anspor t
or ar e involved in t he st or age of explosives and ot her
hazar dous mat er ials t hink, act , and live safety so t hat
it becomes inst inct ive.
2-1
Accident s ar e usually t he r esult of failur e t o follow
r egulat ions, failur e t o under st and hazar ds, or failur e t o
t ake necessar y pr ecaut ions. In each of t hese cases, failur e
indica t es huma n er r or , ca r elessness, a nd/or poor
judgment . All per sonnel must r ealize t hat when t hey
do not follow safet y r egulat ions, t hey not only endanger
t heir own lives but also t he lives of t heir fellow wor ker s.
In t he Navy, t he r esponsibilit y for safet y is an all-hands
effor t . This sect ion addr esses t hese r esponsibilit ies.
GENERAL SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES
All per sonnel engaged in oper at ions involving t he
st or age of ammunit ion and explosives must be t r ained
in all phases of t he wor k t hey will per for m. In addit ion,
you must make t hem awar e of t he pr oper met hods for
per for ming t asks wit hin t heir wor k ar ea. Included in
t heir t r aining must be inst r uct ions in t he following ar eas:
Recognizing magazine ident ificat ion mar kings.
Loa ding a nd unloa ding t echniques wit hin
magazines and bet ween magazines and con-
veyances.
Select ing and pr oper ly using mat er ials-handling
equipment .
Using pr ot ect ive equipment and pr ot ect ive
clot hing pr oper ly.
Oper at ing fir e-fight ing equipment pr oper ly,
knowing it s availabilit y and use, and knowing
t he pr ocedur es for r epor t ing fir es.
Knowing t he pr ocedur es for det ect ing fault y
ammunit ion and explosives.
I dent ifying a mmunit ion a nd explosives by
cont ainer mar kings and color codings.
Recognizing special hazar dous char act er ist ics
of cur r ent inser vice it ems as well as new it ems.
Knowing t he pr oper handling pr ocedur es and
st or age ar r angement s for t he ammunit ion and
explosives.
Checking and obser ving placar ds or signs post ed
in t he magazines.
Enfor cing pr ocedur es for magazine secur it y.
Commanding Officer Responsibilities
The commanding officer is solely r esponsible for
t he act ivit ys safe handling, t r anspor t at ion, and st or age
of explosives, and must exer t t he same act ive, aggr essive
leader ship in safet y t hat is exer t ed in all aspect s of t he
command. The commanding officer also must ensur e
t hat all per sonnel who per for m or super vise explosive
oper at ions ar e qualified and cer t ified t o per for m t heir
jobs and t hat per sonnel fr om ot her agencies (civilian
cont r act or s or ot her ar med ser vices) manage t heir
act ivit ies in accor dance wit h est ablished safet y r ules.
The commanding officer is never excused for poor
judgment , car elessness, and/or failur e of subor dinat e
per sonnel t o follow safet y r egulat ions.
Supervisor Responsibilities
Super visor s must be t hor oughly familiar wit h t he
pr ovisions of Ammunition and Explosives Ashore Safety
Regulations For Handling, Storing, Production,
Renovation and Shipping, NAVSEA OP 5, Volume 1,
and ot her per t inent publicat ions and dir ect ives concer -
ning oper at ions involving ammunit ion and explosives.
As pr eviously ment ioned, safet y is always t he pr imar y
fact or in any oper at ion. You, as t he super visor , must
be const ant ly aler t for , and eliminat e, pot ent ial hazar ds
t hat may exist in your wor k ar ea.
As a super visor , you have no aut hor it y t o waive or
alt er safet y r egulat ions; nor may you per mit violat ions
of t hese r egulat ions by ot her per sonnel. When t he wor ds
shall, will, and must ar e used wit h or dnance r egulat ions
or r equir ement s, t hey mean mandatory, unless exempt ed
by t he Chief of Naval Oper at ions (CNO) in accor dance
wit h t he pr ovisions in Waivers of Exemption from
Explosives Safety Requirements; Policies and Proce-
dures for Requesting, OPNAVISNT 8023.20. When
t he wor ds may and should ar e used wit h or dnance
r egulat ions or r equir ement s, t hey mean t he r equir ement s
shall be followed unless except ions ar e aut hor ized by
t he commanding officer of t he shor e st at ion.
2-2
In accor dance wit h NAVSEA OP 5, a super visor
involved wit h ammunit ion and explosives is r esponsible
for complying wit h all r egulat ions. To accomplish t his
r equir ement , you, t he super visor , must t ake t he following
act ions:
Explain t o all per sonnel under your immediat e
super vision t he st andar d safet y r egulat ions, indust r ial
hygiene safeguar ds, and pr ecaut ions t hat must be
followed; and enfor ce t he obser vance of all safet y
r egulat ions by each per son. Fur t her mor e, you must
explain t he char act er ist ics of t he ammunit ion, explosives,
and ot her hazar dous mat er ials involved; t he select ion,
use, a nd ca r e of ha ndling equipment pr ot ect ive
equipment as well as pr ocess equipment ; and t he hazar ds
of fir e, explosion, and ot her cat ast r ophes t hat t he safet y
r egulat ions and indust r ial hygiene r equir ement s ar e
int ended t o eliminat e or r educe.
I nst r uct a nd t r a in ea ch per son under your
immediat e super vision in t he t asks t hat t hey ar e t o
per for m. Inst r uct ions maybe given dir ect ly or t hr ough
exper ienced oper at or s unt il you ar e sat isfied t hat t he
per son is ca pa ble of per for ming t he wor k sa fely.
Inst r uct ions must include infor ma t ion concer ning
magazine locat ion, ident ificat ion, locat ion and use of
shelt er s and bombpr oof, fir st -aid kit s, fir e-fight ing
appar at us, guar ds, per sonal pr ot ect ive equipment ,
shower s, plunges, and neut r alizing solut ions.
Ensur e t hat all per sonnel ar e cer t ified and qual-
ified t o pefor m t he job assigned t o t hem and t hat t heir
cer t ificat ion is cur r ent . You must r epor t pr ompt ly t o
your immediat e super visor all per sonnel who, in your
opinion, ar e not qualified t o per for m t heir assigned t asks.
This includes any per son engaged in oper at ions involv-
ing t he st or age of ammunit ion and explosives who is
suspect ed or known t o be color blind.
Invest igat e, or assist in t he invest igat ion of, all
accident s involving oper at ions, equipment , or per sonnel
under your super vision and r epor t , or assist in t he
pr epar at ion of t he invest igat ion r esult s for submission
t o higher aut hor it y.
Ident ify all per sons ent er ing or appr oaching t he
wor k ar ea under your r esponsibilit y and det er mine t heir
aut hor it y t o ent er and/or r emain in t he ar ea. You must
exer cise your aut hor it y t o eject any per son whose
pr esence and/or act ions, in your opinion, ar e det r iment al
t o safet y.
Enfor ce or der s r elat ing t o t he maximum number
of per sons per mit t ed in t he ar ea. When t he t ot al number
of per sons (including oper at or s, super visor s, inspect or s,
and t r ansient s) exceeds t he number per mit t ed in t he
magazine, magazine ar ea, or wor k ar ea, you ar e r equir ed
t o cease oper at ions and t o infor m t he per sonnel not
r egular ly employed in t he ar ea of t he excess number .
If such not ice is not effect ive in r educing t he number
of per sons t o t he number per mit t ed, you must suspend
oper at ions and pr ompt ly not ify t he appr opr iat e aut hor it y.
You must also cease oper at ions when t he amount of
explosives exceeds t he per missible quant it y unt il such
t ime t hat t he excess amount is r emoved.
Per mit t he use of only aut hor ized t ools and
handling equipment for t he oper at ions in t he manner
pr escr ibed by st andar d oper at ing pr ocedur es. As t he
super visor , you must r equir e t hat t ools and handling
equipment be pr oper ly st or ed in designat ed locat ions
when not in use. When a t ool is lost or misplaced in an
oper at ing ar ea or magazine, you must st op oper at ions
unt il t he t ool is found.
Maint ain cleanliness in t he oper at ional ar ea,
building, magazine, or magazine ar ea. You must maint ain
all safeguar ds and pr event blocking of safet y exit s, aisles,
and access t o fir e-fight ing equipment .
For bid major r epair s or changes t o any magazine,
machines, or equipment in oper at ing and magazine ar eas
cont aining hazar dous mat er ials, except in accor dance
wit h specific inst r uct ions appr oved by t he commanding
officer . As t he super visor , you must enfor ce safet y
st andar ds in magazines under r epair in your ar ea.
Ascer t ain, befor e leaving at t he close of wor k,
t hat all condit ions in t he oper at ing and magazine ar ea
under your cont r ol comply wit h or der s r elat ing t o
oper at ion shut down. When an oper at ion is not r elieved
by an oncoming shift , you must make cer t ain t hat
windows and door s ar e closed and pr oper ly locked and
t hat all mast er power and light swit ches out side buildings
and magazines ar e t ur ned off. When an oncoming shift
r elieves an oper at ion or when a super visor is r elieved
for any ot her r eason, t he off-going super visor must make
a complet e r epor t t o t he r elief of any sit uat ion t hat
2-3
r equir es immediat e at t ent ion or t hat should be kept under
obser vat ion.
Enfor ce obser vat ion of t he safet y r egulat ions
concer ning per sonnel pr ot ect ive clot hing and equipment .
You must make sur e t hat pr ot ect ive mat er ials (such as
goggles, gloves, gaunt let s, r espir at or s, apr ons, helmet s,
safet y unifor ms, safet y shoes, and ot her implement s,
a ccessor ies, a nd a pplia nces r equir ed for t he sa fe
per for mance of t he wor k) ar e inspect ed, maint ained,
and/or r eplaced, as necessar y.
Be const ant ly aler t for ar eas wher e light s, guar ds,
or safet y appliances ar e needed or wher e r epair s ar e
r equir ed, and all ar eas wher e spr ays, shower s, shelt er s,
and exit s or passageways should be accessible.
Repor t in wr it ing t o your commanding officer
or officer -in-cha r ge a ny r equest s, suggest ions, or
comment s you may have about safet y st andar ds.
Aler t your immediat e super visor of t he need for
explosive or dnance disposal (EOD) per sonnel t o r emove
defect ive or suspect ammunit ion fr om t he wor k ar ea.
Always be pr epar ed, in t he event of an unfor eseen
hazar dous occur r ence, t o give an audible war ning t o
ot her per sonnel and t o exer cise r easonable caut ion
appr opr iat e t o t he sit uat ion.
I mmedia t ely r epor t t o your super visor t he
pr esence of unaut hor ized per sonnel in t he ar ea.
GENERAL SAFETY REGULATIONS
Thr oughout your Navy car eer , safet y has always been
an impor t ant par t of t he job t o which you have been
assigned. In any or dnance-r elat ed r at ing, safet y becomes
even mor e impor t ant in your daily act ivit ies. Since t he
number of r egulat ions is t oo gr eat t o include in t his
chapt er , only t he gener al r egulat ions will be discussed
in t his subsect ion.
For det ailed infor mat ion on safet y r egulat ions, r efer
t o volume 1 of NAVSEA OP 5 and t o Navy Transpor-
tation Safety Handbook for Ammunition, Explosives,
and Related Hazardous Materials, NAVSEA OP 2165,
Volume 1.
Personnel Limit Regulations
Technician Responsibilities
Technicians, or oper at ing per sonnel, ar e r esponsible
for r eading, under st anding, and st r ict ly obser ving all
safet y st andar ds, r equir ement s, and pr ecaut ions appli-
ca ble t o t heir wor k or dut y. I n a ccor da nce wit h
NAVSEA OP 5, per sonnel in oper at ions involving
ammunit ion or explosives must comply wit h t he fol-
lowing r egulat ions:
Immediat ely r epor t t o your super visor any unsafe
condit ion, per sonnel act ion, or equipment or mat er ial
t hat you consider unsafe.
Immediat ely war n ot her per sonnel when t hey
ar e in danger by known hazar ds or by t heir failur e t o
obser ve safet y pr ecaut ions.
Always wear or use appr oved pr ot ect ive clot hing
or equipment when it is r equir ed.
Immediat ely r epor t t o your super visor any injur y
or evidence of impair ed healt h eit her t o your self or t o
ot her s occur r ing in t he cour se of wor k or dut y.
The maximum number of per sonnel per mit t ed in a
specific ar ea dur ing an oper at ion or sit uat ion is known
as t he personnel limit. Super visor s ar e r esponsible for
ensur ing t hat est ablished per sonnel limit s ar e not
exceeded. When such limit s ar e exceeded, oper at ions
must be ceased immediat ely and t he sit uat ion cor r ect ed.
The number of per sons allowed in t he vicinit y of
ammunit ion or explosives or a given job shall, as much
as possible, be kept t o t he minimum r equir ed t o pr oper ly
per for m t he wor k safely and efficient ly. However , no
per son shall be per mit t ed t o wor k alone in a locat ion
if assist ance fr om anot her per son is not available
immediat ely in t he event of an accident .
Commanding officer s of or dnance act ivit ies det er -
mine per sonnel limit s inside and/or in t he vicinit y of
oper at ing buildings, magazines, t r ansfer point s, and pier
and whar f ar eas. Nor mally, t he commanding officer of
t he host command det er mines t he per sonnel limit s for
Mobile Mine Assembly Gr oup (MOMAG) facilit ies.
However , t hese limit s may be est ablished on t he basis
of r ecommendat ions by t he MOMAG act ivit y.
2-4
Some of t he fact or s t hat must be consider ed in Explosive Limit Regulations
det er mining per sonnel limit s ar e t he
The maximum amount of ammunit ion or explosives
t ype of building or ar ea involved, per mit t ed in a specific ar ea is known as t he explosive
limit. Explosive limit s may be expr essed as t he net
nat ur e of wor k involved, and weight of t he explosives, t he number of it ems, or t he
number of cont ainer s. The explosive limit of a building
degr ee of hazar d pr esent . includes explosive it ems in vehicles or st or ed in t he
adjacent ar ea out side t he st r uct ur e.
Est ablished per sonnel limit s must be st r ict ly enfor ced
t o r educe t he danger and ext ent of injur y t o per sonnel
in case of an accident . In addit ion t o per sonnel limit s,
t he following r equir ement s must be obser ved:
Tasks t hat ar e not necessar y in t he accomplish-
ment of a par t icular hazar dous oper at ion must be
pr ohibit ed in t he immediat e vicinit y of t he hazar d.
Unnecessar y per sonnel must be pr ohibit ed fr om
visit ing t he ar ea.
The layout of concur r ent oper at ions in a building
or an ar ea must be subdivided int o separ at e ar eas of
oper at ions or lesser oper at ional hazar ds. These separ at e
oper at ions should be pr ot ect ed by subst ant ial dividing
walls, fir e walls, oper at ional shields, or ot her appr opr iat e
ba r r ica des.
Placar ds st at ing t he maximum number of per sonnel
(wor ker s and t r ansient s) per mit t ed in an ar ea must be
conspicuously post ed. The placar ds must be kept cur r ent
and must use let t er ing lar ge enough t o be r ead by per sons
wit h aver age vision as t hey ent er t he building, ar ea, or
r oom.
Thr ee-inch minimum-height let t er s must be used on
signs for oper at ing building ar eas including, but not
limit ed t o, iner t pr epar at ion r ooms, assembly r ooms,
and paint spr ay r ooms.
One-inch minimum-height let t er s must be used on
signs in ser vice magazines, fuzing or defuzing cells, or
r ooms of similar size used for similar funct ions.
Per sonnel limit s do not need t o be post ed in st or age
magazines, magazine ar eas, t r ansfer point s, and pier and
whar f ar eas.
As t he super visor , you will be r esponsible for
knowing and enfor cing t he explosive limit s in your
wor king ar ea, If t he per missible limit is exceeded, all
oper at ions must cease immediat ely. Only aft er t he excess
explosive quant it y is r emoved may t he oper at ions
cont inue.
The det er minat ion of explosive limit s depends on
sever al fact or s. For magazines, t he det er mining fact or s
ar e t he t ype of magazine, t he hazar ds involved, and t he
quant it y-dist ance r elat ionship. For an oper at ing building,
t he maximum explosive limit is det er mined by t he
oper at ional dir ect ives t hat ar e subject t o t he applicable
quant it y-dist ance r equir ement s in chapt er 7 of NAVSEA
OP 5.
Explosive limit placar ds must have let t er ing lar ge
enough t o be r ead by per sons wit h aver age vision as t hey
ent er t he building.
Thr ee-inch minimum-height let t er s must be used for
signs in oper at ing building ar eas including, but not lim-
it ed t o, iner t pr epar at ion r ooms, assembly r ooms,
finishing r ooms, paint spr ay r ooms, and r ooms or
confined ar eas of similar size used for similar funct ions.
One-inch minimum-height let t er s must be used for
signs in ser vice magazines, fuzing and defuzing cells,
pyr ot echnic mixing and pr essing cells, and r ooms of
similar size used for similar funct ions.
Housekeeping Regulations
Good housekeeping (cleanliness and or der liness)
is necessar y for maint aining effect ive accident and fir e
pr event ion pr ogr ams. All buildings and adjacent ar eas
must be kept clean and or der ly at all t imes. This is
especially impor t ant in ar eas involving ammunit ion,
explosives, and ot her hazar dous mat er ials because a
2-5
pot ent ial danger is alr eady pr esent . As t he super visor ,
you wi l l be r es pon s i bl e for en s u r i n g t h a t good
housekeeping pr ocedur es ar e maint ained const ant ly.
SMOKING. Smoking is pr ohibit ed in any
magazine, r ailcar , vehicle, or ot her conveyance t hat
cont ains explosives, ammunit ion, or ot her hazar dous
mat er ial. Smoking is also pr ohibit ed wher e oper at ions
involving such mat er ial ar e in pr ocess. Smoking in
vehicles t hat ar e passing t hr ough t hese ar eas of oper a-
t ions is not aut hor ized. Designat ed smoking ar eas will
be est ablished by t he commanding officer .
AISLES AND SAFETY EXITS. The aisles in
buildings t hat cont ain ammunit ion or explosives must
be kept clear . Safet y exit s such as door s and t heir out side
passageways, r amps, and st air ways must not be blocked.
All door s and locks must be kept in good wor king or der .
Door s must be fast ened only wit h ant i-panic cat ches or
appr oved quick-act ing devices dur ing oper at ing hour s,
when wor k is scheduled or under way.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT. Access t o sa fet y
equipment must not be blocked. Such safet y equipment
consist s of fir e alar m st at ions, fir e hydr ant s, fir e
ext inguisher s or hoses, pr ot ect ive-clot hing locker s, safet y
shower s, building and equipment elect r ical swit ches,
t her momet er s, local fir e bills, fir st -aid kit locat ions, and
similar safet y equipment .
TOOLS AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT. When
not in use, t ools must not be left on floor s, decks,
plat for ms, scaffolds, st air s, ladder s, ledges, r aft er s, or
moving par t s of machines or equipment , Aft er use, t ools
must be collect ed and r et ur ned t o t he locat ions designat ed
for t heir st or age. Handling equipment must be neat ly
ar r anged and r est owed when not in use.
CLOTHING LOCKERS. Clot hing not wor n
dur ing wor king hour s must be kept only in appr oved
clot hing locker s in designat ed locat ions.
FLOORS. Floor s must be kept clean and fr ee of
st ains such as t hose caused by exudat ion of explosives.
They must be kept fr ee of oil, gr ease, and ot her mat er ials
t hat t end t o make t hem slipper y. Floor s must not have
cr acks or cr evices wher e explosives might lodge.
defect s must be r epair ed as soon as possible
discover y.
Such
aft er
2-6
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Fir e is a gr eat hazar d t o life and pr oper t y, especially
when ammunit ion and explosives ar e involved. Because
explosives ar e ver y sensit ive t o heat and can r eact at
t emper at ur es lower t han t hose t hat ar e r equir ed t o ignit e
paper , wood, or fabr ics, per sonnel involved in explosive
oper at ions must keep in mind t hat excessive heat must
be pr event ed. It is t he r esponsibilit y of all per sonnel
concer ned wit h ammunit ion and explosives t o r ecognize
and obser ve good pr act ices for t he pr event ion of fir es
and t o t hor oughly under st and pr ocedur es for fight ing
and cont r olling fir es t hat involve explosive mat er ials.
This subsect ion discusses fir e pr event ion and cont r ol
for mine shops and st or age facilit ies.
Flame-Producing Devices
Flame-pr oducing devices, such as mat ches and
cigar et t e light er s, ar e not allowed in explosive ar eas.
All per sonnel involved in st or a ge, ha ndling, a nd
pr oduct ion of ammunit ion and explosives ar e not allowed
t o car r y mat ches or light er s on t heir per son. Only
inst alled elect r ic light er s shall be allowed in smoking
ar eas and t hese must be of a t ype t hat can be light ed only
by a posit ive act ion such as closing a swit ch or pr essing
a but t on.
Motor Vehicles
Mot or vehicles and equipment t hat use int er nal
combust ion engines and t hat ar e used in t he vicinit y of
explosives t o t r anspor t ammunit ion, explosives, and ot her
hazar dous mat er ials must be equipped wit h a spar k- and
flame-ar r est ing device in t he exhaust syst em.
Refueling
Mot or vehicles t hat cont ain ammunit ion or ex-
plosives must not be r efueled wit hin magazines or
explosive ar eas. Wit h t his in mind, you should ensur e
t hat t his equipment is fueled befor e any oper at ion t o
keep r efueling t o a minimum. Refueling of gasoline-
or diesel-power ed mat er ials-handling equipment (MHE)
is ext r emely hazar dous when wor king wit h explosives
or ot her hazar dous mat er ials. If you ar e involved in
sust ained oper at ions and t he MHE r equir es r efueling,
some of t he major point s you must r emember when
r efueling ar e as follows:
Figure 2-1.Fire division symbols.
Figure 2-2.Chemical hazard symbols.
2-8
r epr esent s a nd t he fir e-fight ing pr eca ut ions a r e
summar ized in t able 4-2 of NAVSEA OP 5, volume 1.
FIRE-FIGHTING DIRECTION SYMBOL. Wher e
pyr ot echnics ar e involved, t her e ar e t imes when t he use
of wat er can int ensify t he fir e, t he hazar d of explosion,
and/or t he spr eading of t he fir e. The apply no wat er
symbol, shown in figur e 2-3, is int ended t o infor m
fir e-fight ing per sonnel of t he da nger involved in
cont aining t he fir e.
Figure 2-3.Fire direction symbol.
Posting Symbols
The symbol(s) t hat r epr esent t he most hazar dous
mat er ial pr esent must be post ed out side hazar dous
mat er ials st or age sit es and oper at ing buildings unless
secur it y consider at ions make it undesir able t o ident ify
t he mat er ials pr esent at t he locat ion. In t hose cases, t he
post ing of fir e-fight ing symbols on chemical sit es will
beat t he discr et ion of t he commanding officer .
A post ed symbol must be sit uat ed so it is visible
dur ing daylight fr om a dist ance of at least 500 feet . If
visibilit y is obst r uct ed by veget at ion cur ves in t he r oad,
et c., t he symbol must be placed on t he r oadway at a
dist ance of at least 500 feet .
One symbol post ed on or near t he door end of an
igloo magazine or on t he head wall of a box-t ype
magazine is nor mally adequat e. One or mor e symbols
may be r equir ed on ot her buildings.
2-9
Wher e all mat er ial wit hin a st or age ar ea is cover ed
by one fir e symbol, t he symbol maybe post ed at t he ent r y
cont r ol point or t he access r oadway. Wher e differ ent
classes or divisions of explosives ar e st or ed in individual
mult i-cubicle bays or module cells, t hey may fur t her be
ident ified by post ing t he pr oper symbol on each bay or
cell.
Placement of symbols must be coor dinat ed wit h t he
fir e depar t ment . Backing mat er ial for symbols should
be t he sha pe of t he symbol deca l a nd should be
noncombust ible.
Magazine Designator
All buildings and magazines of all t ypes, including
open st or age sit es, cont aining ammunit ion, explosives,
or chemical or iner t component s nor mally associat ed
wit h t hem, must be mar ked t o pr ovide r apid and posit ive
ident ificat ion of t he facilit y.
The minimum ident ificat ion consist s of t he building
number ; it must be at least 6 inches high. This number
must be displayed on t he facilit y or at t he ent r ance of
an open sit e.
Pr eviously ma nda t or y, but now opt iona l, t he
magazine designat or syst em consist s of a t hr ee-gr oup
symbol made up of number s and let t er s. This syst em
is bet t er descr ibed in appendix C of NAVSEA OP 5,
volume 1. St at ions may elect t o cont inue using t he
opt ional facilit ies ident ificat ion syst em if t hey so desir e.
ELECTRICAL SAFEGUARDS
When per sonnel ar e wor king wit h explosives or ot her
hazar dous mat er ials, consider at ion must be given t o
elect r ical safeguar ds. Pr imar y, secondar y, and st at ic
gr ounding syst ems ar e used t o pr ot ect equipment and
per sonnel fr om accident al ignit ion or combust ion. This
subsect ion discusses t he gr ounding r equir ement s for a
MOMAG act ivit y.
Power Ground System
The power gr ound syst em is used t o keep hazar dous
elect r ical pot ent ials fr om developing bet ween equip-
ment s. The power gr ound pr event s elect r ical shock t o
per sonnel and ar cing bet ween separ at e it ems, and it secur e and fr ee fr om paint , cor r osion, or for eign mat e-
pr ot ect s equipment fr om over volt age. r ials t hat may impair t he efficiency of t he syst em.
Instrumentation Ground System
The inst r ument at ion gr ound syst em is used t o pr ovide
er r or -he oper at ion of sensit ive elect r onic equipment .
It minmizes spur ious signals fr om ent er ing t he equip-
ment fr om elect r ical dist r ibut ion syst ems, light ing,
mot or s, and ot her inst r ument at ion t hat might be in t he
ar ea. This syst em is nor mally connect ed t o t he secondar y
gr ound gir dle.
Lightning Ground System
The light ning gr ound syst em is used t o keep t he ent ir e
act ivit y at t he same pot ent ial t o pr event ar cing bet ween
met al object s and t o pr ovide a low r esist ance pat h t o
a gr ound for light ning st r ikes.
Static Ground System
The st a t ic gr ound syst em elimina t es elect r ic
dischar ges due t o st at ic buildup. It conduct s t he char ges
t o t he gr ound as fast as t hey ar e gener at ed. Segment s
of st at ic gr ound syst ems ar e conduct ive floor s, gr ound
gr ab bar s, and conduct ive t able t ops. A st at ic gr ound
syst em may be connect ed t o wat er pipes or r ods dr iven
int o t he ear t h, but it must be int er connect ed t o t he
secondar y gr ound syst em.
Ordnance Ground System
The or dnance gr ound syst em is used t o ensur e t hat
elect r ic cur r ent does not flow bet ween or dna nce
component s when t hey come in cont act or ar e mat ed.
The or dna nce gr ound syst em must be elect r ica lly
separ at ed fr om ot her gr ound syst ems and must be
connect ed t o t he secondar y gr ound gir dle at a single
point . The use of an or dnance buss connect ed t o a single
point is accept able when sever al weapons ar e connect ed
t o t he gr ound. Or dnance gr ound busses, st at ic gr ound
busses, and elect r ical gr ound busses must be clear ly
mar ked t o keep per sonnel fr om misident ifying t hem.
Ground System Inspections
Or dnance gr ound syst ems must be visually inspect ed
at least ever y 6 mont hs t o ensur e t hat connect ions ar e
Ground System Test
The or dnance gr ound syst em must be t est ed for
elect r ical r esist ance and cont inuit y upon inst allat ion and
at least ever y 24 mont hs t her eaft er . The r esult s of t hese
t est s must be maint ained on file for at least five inspect ion
cycles. It is r ecommended t hat t est r ecor ds be maint ained
for longer per iods t o pr ovide a bet t er dat abase for t r end
analysis.
STORAGE OF AMMUNITION
AND EXPLOSIVES
The pr oper st or age of ammunit ion and explosives
is essent ial in maint aining t hem in a r eady-for -issue (RFI)
condit ion. Ma ga zines a nd iner t fa cilit ies must be
inspect ed and maint ained t o ensur e t hat t hey ar e safe
and clean and t hat t hey affor d t he pr ot ect ion necessar y
t o t he asset s kept by your act ivit y. This sect ion discusses
t he st or age r egulat ions for or dnance and iner t mat er ial.
MAGAZINE REGULATIONS
Ammunit ion and explosives must be st or ed only in
magazines or ot her appr oved ar eas designed, designat ed,
and isolat ed for t he par t icular mat er ial. The t ype and
amount of mat er ial st or ed in a magazine or an ar ea ar e
dependent upon quant it y-dist ance (Q-D) and compat i-
bilit y r equir ement s.
All per manent magazine assignment s must be
a ppr oved by t h e Na va l Sea Sys t ems Comma n d
(NAVSEASYSCOM). Occasionally, under emer gency
sit uat ions, it may be necessar y t o t empor ar ily st or e
ammunit ion or explosives in a st r uct ur e not const r uct ed
as a magazine. Under t hese sit uat ions, t he st r uct ur e
should, in all r espect s, pr ovide adequat e pr ot ect ion for
t he cont ent s and adjacent ar eas. The st r uct ur e must also
pr ovide adequat e pr ot ect ion against moist ur e and
dampness, have adequat e vent ilat ion comply wit h Q-D
r equir ement s, and be equipped wit h appr oved light ning
pr ot ect ion if r equir ed. All applicable condit ions of
magazine st or age and secur it y r equir ement s commensu-
r at e wit h t he cont ent s of t he magazine must be met .
2-10
MAGAZINE OPERATIONS
Oper at ions involving ammunit ion and explosives
in magazines and magazine ar eas ar e limit ed t o specific
t ypes of wor k. Ther e ar e per mit t ed and pr ohibit ed
oper at ions. You must be familiar wit h t he oper at ion
and t ype of wor k you can per for m in t he magazine befor e
you st ar t t he job. The following subsect ions ar e excer pt s
fr om volume 1 of NAVSEA OP 5 and ar e not all
inclusive.
Permitted Operations
The following oper at ions ar e per mit t ed in and ar ound
magazines:
Pallet izing for st or age or shipment . Not mor e
t han four people and t wo pallet loads may be
involved.
Opening cont ainer ized unit s for visual inspect ion
wit hout r emoving it ems fr om cont ainer s.
Replacing damaged or loose st r apping on boxed
a mmunit ion.
Removing bomb nose and t ail plugs by hand for
visual inspect ion of cavit ies and liner s.
Removing minor r ust and cor r osion, t ouching
up paint , and st enciling non-mass det onat ing
it ems, but only on loading docks, empt y r ailcar s,
or mot or vehicles out side magazines and away
fr om magazine door s.
Prohibited Operations
The following oper at ions ar e pr ohibit ed inside
magazines:
Fuzing or unfuzing oper at ions.
Boost er ing or deboost er ing bombs.
Solder ing or ot her heat -pr oducing oper at ions.
Paint ing, r epaint ing, st enciling, or r est enciling.
2-11
Per for ming elect r ical checks or t est s on weapons.
MAGAZINE EXITS
At least one door must be open when one or mor e
people ar e wor king in a magazine. The exit r out e must
not be blocked. Magazines wit h self-closing lat ches must
be secur ed so t hat t hey will not swing shut
per sonnel inside.
MOTOR VEHICLES AND RAILCARS
and t r ap
When mot or vehicles or r ailcar s ar e used t o t r anspor t
ammunit ion or explosives t o and fr om t he magazines,
t hey must be unloaded as quickly as pr act icable.
RED FLAG
A r ed (Br avo) flag must be pr ominent ly displayed
at t he ent r ance t o each magazine ar ea wher e per sonnel
ar e wor king. At t he discr et ion of t he commanding
officer , a Br avo flag may also be displayed on each
magazine wher e per sonnel ar e wor king.
EXPLOSIVES OPERATING AND
ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS
Hazar dous mat er ials should not be allowed t o
accumulat e wit hin an oper at ing or assembly building
except for t he minimum quant it ies necessar y t o maint ain
oper at ions. However , ammunit ion and explosives t hat
ar e par t of t he wor k in pr ocess wit hin t he building may
st or ed over night in oper at ing and assembly buildings
pr ovided t he following r equir ement s ar e st r ict ly ob-
ser ved:
Appr oved explosive limit s ar e not exceeded.
Compat ibilit y r equir ement s ar e met .
Explosives, mines, all-up r ounds, et c., ar e not
exposed. Cont a iner s of bulk explosives or
pr opella nt s must be pr oper ly a nd secur ely
cover ed.
The building must be equipped wit h an aut omat ic
spr inkler syst em. However , a waiver t o t his
r equir ement may be obt ained fr om t he CNO.
The building must be specifically included in t he
secur it y pat r ols schedule.
The fir e depar t ment must be made awar e of t he
buildings cont ent .
A r ed (Br avo) flag must be displayed t o indicat e
t he pr esence of ammunit ion or explosives.
If t he oper at ion in a building is t o be inact ive for a
per iod in excess of 108 hour s, all ammunit ion and
explosives must be r emoved t o magazines. Nor mally,
supplies exceeding appr oximat ely an 8-hour wor k
r equir ement must be kept in a r eady-ser vice magazine
locat ed at an int r aline dist ance fr om t he oper at ing
building.
MAGAZINE, MAGAZINE AREA,
AND STORAGE INSPECTIONS
All ar eas used for long- or shor t -t er m st or age or
holding ammunit ion explosives and/or ot her hazar dous
mat er ials must be per iodically inspect ed. At a minimum,
magazines must be inspect ed befor e init ial use, befor e
r euse aft er being empt y, and per iodically while in use
t o ensur e t hat t he facilit ies ar e capable of safely st or ing
ammunit ion, explosives, and/or ot her hazar dous mat e-
r ials. The inspect ion must include an examinat ion of
t he facilit y or locat ion, t he sur r ounding ar ea, and t he
mat er ial being st or ed. The inspect ion must addr ess, but
not be limit ed t o, t he following fact or s:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Housekeeping
Fir e hazar ds
Cont ent compat ibilit y
Net explosive weight
Gr ounding syst em and light ning pr ot ect ion
Secur it y syst ems
Physical condit ion and suit abilit y of t he facilit y,
including r oads, r ail ser vice, and power lines
Fir ebr eaks and fir e pr ot ect ive equipment
Envir onment al cont r ol
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Cont ent ident ificat ion, ar r angement , segr ega-
t ion, and condit ion
Post ing of fir e, chemical hazar d and safet y
infor mat ion, and explosive limit s
Fir st -aid equipment
Alar m syst ems
Unnecessar y combust ible mat er ial
Abnor mal odor s, t her momet er condit ion, and
log (if inst alled)
Evi den ce of t a mper i n g, for ced en t r y, or
sabot age
Cur r ent magazine st andar d oper at ing pr ocedur e
(SOP)
A log must be maint ained t o document all deficiencies
and cor r ect ive act ions t aken. Mandat or y log ent r ies
include t he dat e of inspect ion, t he inspect ion SOP used,
t he deficiencies det ect ed, and t he deficiencies cor r ect ed.
All ent r ies must be signed.
QUANTITY-DISTANCE
REQUIREMENTS
The r elat ionship bet ween t he quant it y of hazar dous
mat er ial allowed in an ar ea and t he separ at ion (safet y)
dist a nce bet ween such a r ea s is known a s quan-
tity-distance (QD). Q-D r equir ement s ar e designat ed
t o pr ot ect per sonnel fr om ser ious injur y or deat h and
all adjacent pr oper t y fr om dest r uct ion by fir es or
explosions.
As a Mineman, you nor mally will not det er mine t he
Q-D r equir ement s for an oper at ing building or a st or age
ar ea. However , you must be awar e of t he necessit y for
such r equir ement s and t heir pr inciples and applicat ions.
BASIC Q-D PRINCIPLES
The pr inciple consider at ions t hat for m t he basis for
Q-D r equir ement s ar e t he amount and t ype of mat er ial
involved, t he segr egat ion of mat er ial, t he separ at ion
2- 12
(safet y) dist ance, and t he mat er ial hazar d classificat ion.
Volume 1 of NAVSEA OP 5 pr ovides applicable Q-D
t ables.
Quantity of Material
Th e pot en t i a l h a za r d a r ea s u r r ou n di n g t h e
accumulat ion of explosives incr eases as t he quant it y of
explosives incr eases. Ther efor e, it is desir able t o
minimize t he quant it ies of explosives at anyone locat ion.
Limit s have been est ablished in most cases for t he
maximum amount of explosives per mit t ed in any one
pile and in any one magazine, and t he dist ances t hat such
piles or magazines ar e t o be separ at ed. Whenever
pr act icable, t he specified dist ances should be exceeded
t o affor d gr eat er safet y.
Type of Material
The pot ent ial danger s involved in t he st or age of
ammunit ion and explosives ar e not measur ed solely by
t he quant it y of explosives st or ed, but also by t he kind
of explosives. Ammunit ion and explosives used by t he
Navy ar e classified int o cer t ain br oad subdivisions, or
gr oups, for st or age pur poses. The mat er ials wit hin each
gr oup pr esent t he same gener al t ype of hazar d and ar e,
t her efor e, st or ed in t he same gener al manner .
Segregation of Material
Some explosives ar e mor e hazar dous t han ot her s,
and some ar e pot ent ially mor e hazar dous when st or ed
wit h ot her s. Ther efor e, t he segr egat ion of cer t ain t ypes
of ammunit ion and explosives is imper at ive. Magazines
of differ ent sizes and designs ar e used, depending on
t he char act er ist ic of t he mat er ial t o be st or ed.
Separation Distance
The dist ance separ at ing t he locat ion of one explosives
locat ion fr om anot her explosives locat ion, and fr om
inhabit ed buildings or facilit ies, det er mines t he per mis-
sible amount of explosives at any locat ion. Separ at ion
dist ances ar e measur ed along a st r aight line fr om t he
out side of t he near est wall of t he st r uct ur e cont aining
explosives, or t he nea r est wa ll of t he cont r olling
s u bdi vi s i on wh en t h e s t r u ct u r e i s s u bdi vi ded.
Subdivisions ar e used wit hin a st r uct ur e t o pr event mass
det onat ion of mat er ial wit hin t he st r uct ur e.
Hazard Classification
The hazar d classificat ion syst em is based on a syst em
est ablished for int er nat ional use by t he Unit ed Nat ions
Or ganizat ion (UNO). The UNO syst em consist s of nine
classes of danger ous mat er ial. The nine classes and t he
t ypes of hazar dous mat er ials involved ar e shown in t able
7-1 of NAVSEA OP 5, volume 1.
You will deal pr imar ily wit h hazar d class-1 mat er ial
(ammunit ion and explosives, Depar t ment of Tr anspor t a-
t ion (DOT) classes A, B, and C; blast ing agent s). The
ammunit ion and explosives hazar d class 1 is fur t her
subdivided int o six divisions. These divisions ar e based
on t he char act er ist ics and pr edominance of t he associat ed
hazar ds and on t he pot ent ial for causing per sonnel
casualt ies or pr oper t y damage. The divisions and t ypes
of hazar ds expect ed ar e as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Division Designat or 1Mass det onat ing
Division Designat or 2Non-mass det onat ing,
fr agment pr oducing
Division Designat or 3Mass fir e
Division Designat or 4Moder at e fir e, no blast
Division Designat or 5Ver y insensit ive
Division Designat or 6Ext r emely insensit ive
STORAGE COMPATIBILITY
The assignment of class-1 ammunit ion and explosives
int o six divisions does not necessar ily mean t hat t he
differ ent it ems in a division may be st or ed or t r anspor t ed
t oget her . Compat ibilit y gr oups det er mine st or age and
t r anspor t at ion compat ibilit y for r ail and mot or modes,
while t he class and division designat or s det er mine
segr ega t ion r equir ement s for ca r r ia ge by vessels.
Explosive ar t icles t hat differ in minor r espect s maybe
assigned t o differ ent divisions if t heir pr edominat e haz-
ar ds differ .
Storage Compatibility Groups
A compat ibilit y gr oup accompanies t he hazar d class
t o complet e t he ha za r d cla ssifica t ion designa t ion.
2-13
Ammunit ion and explosives ar e assigned t o a compat ibil-
it y gr oup when t hey can be st or ed and t r anspor t ed
t oget her wit hout significant ly incr easing eit her t he
pr obabilit y of an accident or , for a given quant it y, t he
ma gn i t u de of t h e effect s of s u ch a n a cci den t .
Ammunit ion and explosives ar e assigned t o 1 of 13
compat ibilit y gr oups; mines and t heir explosive-loaded
component s fall int o 6 of t hese gr oups.
Storage Compatibility Tables
All ammunit ion, explosives, and r elat ed hazar dous
ma t er ia ls must be st or ed by compa t ibilit y gr oup.
Differ ent t ypes of ammunit ion and explosives, by it em
and division, may be mixed in st or age if t hey ar e
compat ible and, as r equir ed, ar e aut hor ized for mixed
s t or a ge by t h e NAVSEASYSCOM. Cr i t er i a for
per missible st or age of differ ent kinds of explosives is
gi ven i n NAVSE A OP 5, vol u me 1. Mi xi n g of
compat ibilit y gr oups in st or age is per mit t ed in accor -
dance wit h Transportation and Storage Data for
Ammunition, Explosives and Related Hazardous
Materials, NAVSEA SW020-AC-SAF-010, pr oviding
t he mat er ial is in it s pr oper packaging configur at ion.
EXEMPTIONS AND WAIVERS
Exempt ions and waiver s ar e wr it t en aut hor izat ions
t h a t a l l ow s peci fi c devi a t i on s fr om ma n da t or y
r equir ement s. The differ ence bet ween t he t wo is t he
t ime per iod for which t he deviat ion is gr ant ed. Nor mally,
an exempt ion is gr ant ed for a per iod of 5 year s or less,
wher eas a waiver is gr ant ed for a per iod of 2 year s or
less.
The pr ocedur es for r equest ing exempt ions and
wa i ver s con cer n i n g a mmu n i t i on a n d expl os i ve
r equir ement s ar e cont ained in OPNAVINST 8023.20.
All such r equest s ar e submit t ed t o t he CNO, via t he chain
of command and t he Commander , Naval Sea Syst ems
Comma n d (COMNAVSEASYSCOM).
Act ivit ies gr ant ed exempt ions and waiver s must
per iodically r eview t he necessit y for t he deviat ions.
Exist ing exempt ions and waiver s must be r evalidat ed
ever y 5 and 2 year s, r espect ively, in accor dance wit h
OPNAVINST 8023.20 and NAVSEA OP 5, volume
1. If an exist ing exempt ion or waiver is no longer
r equir ed, t he CNO must be infor med so t he exempt ion
or waiver can be canceled.
HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Accident s t hat occur duing t he handling of hazar dous
mat er ial can cause dest r uct ion of essent ial mat er ial,
injur ies, and somet imes deat h. Many accident s ar e caused
by lack of knowledge, by not using t he pr oper equipment
for t he job, and by car eless oper at ions. You must ensur e
t hat when you ar e involved in handling ammunit ion and
explosives, you have a t hor ough under st anding of t he
oper at ion and of t he hazar ds involved in t he use of t he
equipment . This sect ion discusses indust r ial mat er i-
als-handling equipment , or dnance-handling equipment ,
and dollies.
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS-
HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Indust r ial mat er ials-handling equipment (MHE) for
use in ammunit ion- and explosives-handling oper at ions
includes for klift t r ucks, pallet t r ucks, plat for m t r ucks,
cr ane t r ucks, war ehouse t r act or s, and war ehouse t r ailer s.
This equipment is classified by t ypes based on t heir use.
The following subsect ions discuss t he t ypes, select ion
and use, oper at ion and maint enance, and r epair of MHE.
Equipment Types
Indust r ial MHE appr oved for specific uses is assigned
a st andar d alphabet ical t ype designat ion t hat ident ifies
it s fir e and explosion safet y feat ur es and it s power sour ce.
These designat or s appear on t he sides and t he r ear of
each piece of MHE. The t ype designat ions ar e as
follows:
Type Ddiesel power ed; minimum accept able
safeguar ds against fir e hazar ds.
Type DSdiesel power ed; addit ional safeguar ds
t o exhaust , fuel, and elect r ical syst ems.
Type EEelect r ically power ed; safeguar ds against
ignit ing fir e or explosion; elect r ic mot or and all ot her
elect r ical equipment ar e complet ely enclosed. Gener ally
r efer r ed t o as spark enclosed.
2-14
Type EX for Class Ielect r ically power ed; all
elect r ical fixt ur es and equipment const r uct ed and
assembled so t hat t he t r uck may be used in cer t ain
at mospher es t hat cont ain flammable vapor s. Gener ally
r efer r ed t o as explosion proof.
Type EX for Class IIelect r ically power ed; all
elect r ical fixt ur es and equipment const r uct ed and
assembled so t hat t he t r uck maybe used in at mospher es
cont aining combust ible dust . Gener ally r efer r ed t o as
ignition proof.
Type Ggasoline power ed; minimum accept able
safeguar ds against ignit ing fir e or explosion.
Type GSgasoline power ed; addit ional safeguar ds
t o exhaust , fuel, and elect r ical syst ems over t ype G.
Type Hhand power ed.
Type HShand power ed; elect r ically conduct ive
nonspar king wheels or gr ound st r ap.
Always select t he pr oper equipment for t he oper at ion.
Gener ally, t he EE- and EX-t ype equipment s ar e used
in oper at ions t hat involve handling ammunit ion and
explosives inside buildings. The DS- and GS-t ype
equipment s ar e nor mally used in open ar eas or ar eas wit h
adequat e for ced vent ilat ion.
Equipment Markings
MHE t hat is used for handling ammunit ion and
explosives is paint ed solid yellow, wit h t he except ion
of explosion-pr oof t r ucks and t r act or s, These ar e paint ed
yellow wit h 6-inch blue diagonal st r ipes at 45 degr ees
acr oss each side and on t he r ear . Also t he designat ion
(EE, DS, et c.) is paint ed in 4-inch black block let t er s
on bot h sides and at t he r ear of all equipment . The
equipment s safe wor king load (SW), weight t est dat e,
and vehicle weight must be clear ly pr int ed on an
appr opr iat e space t hat is in view of t he oper at or .
Operator Safety
Per sonnel who oper at e MHE must obser ve t he
following safet y pr ecaut ions:
Check t he condit ion of t he MHE befor e st ar t ing
per iodically dur ing use, and aft er secur ing for t he
day.
Only qualified per sonnel who ar e pr oper ly t r ained
and licensed ar e t o oper at e MHE.
When t he engine is shut off, set t he br ake, and
lower t he for ks t o t he deck when leaving t he
equipment unat t ended.
Do not allow anyone t o st and or walk under any
elevat ed por t ion of t he equipment .
Keep ar ms and legs inside t he r unning lines of
t he equipment .
Do not put ar ms or legs bet ween t he upr ight s of
t he mast .
Do not use MHE for opening or closing door s.
Do n ot r emove over h ea d gu a r ds wi t h ou t
per mission of t he safet y officer .
Always ensur e t hat t he load is balanced and
secur ed and does not exceed t he capacit y of t he
for klift .
NOTE: This is not a complet e list ing of safet y
r egulat ions. Ensur e t hat you ar e familiar wit h t he
cont ent s of volume 1 of NAVSEA OP 5, and Handling
Ammunition, Explosives, and Hazardous Materials with
Industrial Handling Equipment (MHE), NAVSEA OP
4098.
Equipment Testing
Per iodic t est ing and fr equent inspect ions of MHE
is essent ial if equipment r eliabilit y and safet y ar e t o be
maint ained. Fr equency of t est s for shor e act ivit ies must
not exceed 500 oper at ional hour s of use or 12 mont hs,
whichever occur s fir st . These t est s must a lso be
per for med befor e placing t he equipment int o ser vice or
whenever component s ar e changed or r epair ed. A log
must be maint ained by t he t est ing act ivit y for each piece
of equipment t est ed, indicat ing dat e, place, by whom,
and disposit ion of each deficiency. This log must r emain
2-15
wit h t he equipment if it is assigned t o anot her act ivit y.
For fur t her infor mat ion on t est ing of MHE, r efer t o
NAVSEA OP 4098.
Explosives Drivers
Per sonnel involved in t r a nspor t ing ha za r dous
mat er ials must meet cer t ain qualificat ions t o be cer t ified
as an explosives dr iver . These qualificat ions ar e as
follows:
The dr iver must be at least 18 year s of age for
on-st at ion movement , and 21 year s of age for off-st at ion
movement .
The dr iver must have a valid st at e dr iver s license.
It need not necessar ily have been issued by t he st at e
wher e t he act ivit y is locat ed.
The dr iver must have a physical ever y 2 year s and
have a medical examiner s cer t ificat e.
The dr iver must ha ve a n explosives dr iver
ident ificat ion car d (St andar d For m 46), which must be
not ed wit h Explosives Driver.
All explosives dr iver s must r eceive at least 12
hour s of inst r uct ion and t r aining in dr iving t r ucks and
t r act or s, handling and t r anspor t ing hazar dous mat er ials,
r egulat ions and pr ocedur es per t aining t o t r anspor t ing
hazar dous mat er ials, pr oper ly using fir e ext inguisher s,
and complet ing and filing r equir ed r epor t s.
ORDNANCE-HANDLING EQUIPMENT
The handling of ammunit io, explosives, and ot her
hazar dous mat er ials should be kept t o a minimum.
However , when handling is necessar y, use pr oper ly t est ed
and t agged equipment designed for t he t ask.
Except a s ot her wise indica t ed, por t a ble or d-
nance-handling equipment used ashor e must be t est ed
annually at 40 per cent of t he equipment s design load.
Th i s t es t i n g s ch edu l e mu s t be fol l owed for a l l
or dnance-lift ing equipment , unless specifically exempt ed
by higher aut hor it y.
Equipment t hat has sat isfact or ily passed t he per iodic
load t est r equir ement s must have t he name of t he t est ing
facilit y, t he dat e t est ed, and t he safe wor king load (SWL)
st enciled in legible, cont r ast ing color ed paint on a
conspicuous sur face, or t his infor mat ion maybe st amped
or et ched on a t ag t hat is secur ely at t ached t o t he
equipment . See figur e 2-4. New or dnance-handling
equipment r eceived in or iginal packaging if an inspect ion
shows t hat t he equipment is fr ee of defect s, may have
t he t est dat e changed t o t he cur r ent dat e wit hout r et est .
A r ecor d of each per iodic t est must be maint ained by
t he facilit y per for ming t he per iodic t est ,
For fur t her infor mat ion r egar ding t he t est ing of
or dnance-handling equipment , r efer t o Periodic Testing
Arrangements for Ordnance Handling Equipment,
NAVSEA SG420-AP-MMA-010.
Figure 2-4.Weight test inspection tag.
2-16
Figure 2-5.Mk 95 Mod 0 torpedo sling.
Lift ing equipment used for handling ammunit ion and Befor e you use any or dnance-handling equipment ,
explosives, specifically mines, includes adapt er s, booms,
hoist s, lift ing at t achment s, and slings. The following
subsect ions discuss var ious t ypes of handling equipment
and t heir uses.
Slings
In t he assembly ar eas, slings ar e used mainly for
cr at ing, uncr at ing, and mar r ying var ious sect ions of t he
mines. They ar e used for shipboar d loading and
off-loading of mines at dockside and for t r ansfer r ing t he
mines bet ween ships at sea. Slings can be classified int o
t he following t wo gr oups:
1. Nonmet allic nylon slings for m a choker hit ch
ar ound t he body of t he mine or t he mine component .
2. Mult iple-leg, wir e-r ope slings ar e shackled or
safet y-hooked t o lugs, r ings, eyebolt s, or lift ing eyes,
They ar e eit her an int egr al par t of t he load or ar e at t ached
t empor ar ily dur ing handling.
you should ver ify t hat it has been t est ed and t hat t he t est
dat e is cur r ent . Inspect t he equipment for evidence of
wear , such as fr ayed t hr eads, br oken st it ches, cut s,
damaged cables, loose fast ener s, missing safet y keeper s,
bent hooks, et c. If any such damage is not ed, r emove
t he equipment fr om ser vice.
MK 95 MOD 0 TORPEDO SLING. Alt hough
it s nomenclat ur e indicat es it is used wit h t or pedoes, t his
sling is also used wit h ot her cylindr ically shaped weapons
t hat ar e 21 inches in diamet er and wit hin it s r at ed lift ing
capacit y of 5,000 pounds. Fabr icat ed of nylon webbing
wit h a loop t hat is r einfor ced wit h a leat her pad at each
end, t he sling is used for loading t he Mk 67 mine aboar d
submar ines. As shown in figur e 2-5, t he sling is wound
t wice ar ound t he mine wit h one loop inser t ed t hr ough
t he ot her t o for m a double-wr ap choker hit ch. The loops
ar e r einfor ced wit h leat her wear pads, and bot h sides
of t he body have nylon wear st r aps so t hat eit her side
may bear dir ect ly against t he mine wit hout chafing.
2-17
Figure 2-6.Mk 99 Mod 0 weapons-handling sling.
MK 99 MOD 0 WEAPONS-HANDLING It is used for lift ing t he Mk 56 mine in and out of it s
SLING. The Mk 99 Mod 0 weapons-handling sling
is used at dockside and aboar d ammunit ion ships for
loading combat ant ships wit h cr at ed mines and pallet ized
unit loads of mines. This sling, shown in figur e 2-6,
consist s of four swiveled safet y hooks, each at t ached
t o a flexible, galvanized 1/2-inch, wir e-r ope leg. The
four legs ar e joined t o a 5 1/2-inch lift ing r ing t hat is
compat ible wit h st andar d car go lift ing gear used at
dockside or aboar d ammunit ion ships. It s r at ed lift ing
capacit y is 6,000 pounds. The sling is used for lift ing
one cr at ed Mk 56 mine or t wo Mk 55 mines in par allel
by t he suspension lugs.
MK 101 MOD 0 MINE SLING. Except for it s
shor t er lengt h, t he Mk 101 Mod 0 mine sling, shown
in figur e 2-7, is similar t o t he Mk 95 Mod 0 t or pedo sling.
shipping cr at e and for hoist ing oper at ions when mar r ying
or disassembling sect ions of t he Mk 56 mine. The sling
is made of nylon webbing and has a loop at each end.
One loop is r einfor ced wit h a leat her wear pad and should
always int er face wit h t he hoist ing equipment . The sling
is wr apped once ar ound t he body of t he mine t o for m
a single-wr ap choker hit ch so t hat t he r einfor ced loop
is posit ioned t o engage t he hoist ing equipment . This
slings lift ing capacit y is 5,000 pounds.
MK 111 MOD 0 SLING. The Mk 111 Mod 0
sling is const r uct ed in t he same manner and of t he same
mat er ials as t he Mk 95 and Mk 101 slings. As shown
in figur e 2-8, it is a single-wr ap sling used for hoist ing
oper at ions when mar r ying or disassembling sect ions of
t he Mk 67 mine, The slings lift ing capacit y is 5,000
pounds.
2-18
Figure 2-7.Mk 101 Mod 0 mine sling.
Figure 2-8.Mk 111 Mod 0 sling.
2-19
Figure 2-9.Mk 115 Mod 0 weapons-handling sling.
MK 115 MOD 0 WEAPONS-HANDLING
SLING. The Mk 115 Mod 0 weapons-handling sling
consist s of t wo 1/2-inch wir e r opes, 18 inches long,
joined at one end by a 5 1/2-inch st eel lift ing r ing. The
ot her ends of t he legs ar e t er minat ed wit h shackles.
Safet y hooks ar e supplied wit h t he sling. The Mk 115
Mod 0 sling shown in figur e 2-9, is used for t he gener al
handling of t he Mk 56 mine anchor and for hoist ing
oper at ions when mar r ying or disassembling t he anchor
sect ion and t he mechanism sect ion of t he Mk 56 mine.
The slings lift ing capacit y is 2,500 pounds.
Lifting Devices
In conjunct ion wit h hoist s, lift ing devices ar e used
for handling mines and mine component s in shop ar eas
and magazines, bot h ashor e and on boar d ship. Some
exa mples of devices t ha t ma ke up t his gr oup of
mine-handling equipment ar e car r ier s, lift ing plat es, lift ing
r ings, and eyebolt s.
MK 49 MOD 1 WEAPON CARRIER. The Mk
49 Mod 1 weapon car r ier is used as a lift ing at t achment
for hoist ing mines wit h suspension lugs spaced 14 inches
apar t . The st eel-plat ed car r ier , shown in figur e 2-10,
has a lift ing capacit y of 2,500 pounds and has four
hoist ing point s and t wo at t aching st uds. A fixed st ud
is at one end of t he st r ongback, and a pivot ing st ud is
at t he ot her end. They ar e locked in place on t he mine
by a quick-r elease pin.
MK 55 MOD 1 WEAPON CARRIER. The Mk
55 Mod 1 weapon car r ier is used t o handle mines wit h
suspension lugs spaced 30 inches apar t . The car r ier ,
shown in figur e 2-11, has a lift ing capacit y of 3,000
pounds. It consist s of t wo aluminum side plat es and
t wo st at ionar y st eel hooks; one hook has a spr ing-loaded
st eel safet y lat ch. A quick-r elease pin secur es t he lat ch
in t he locked posit ion. A lift ing eye is cent er ed on t he
t op of t he car r ier .
2-20
Figure 2-10.Mk 49 Mod 1 weapon carrier.
Figure 2-11.Mk 55 Mod 1 weapon carrier.
2-21
Figure 2-12.Mk 11 Mod 1 weapons dolly.
DOLLIES
Dollies a r e used for moving mines a nd mine
component s (eit her cr at ed or uncr at ed) for shor t dist ances
in t he mine shop assembly ar eas. They ar e also used
as st ands or st at ionar y fixt ur es dur ing assembly, t est ,
inspect ion, r epair , or r eplacement of par t s. For example,
t he placement of a mine sect ion dir ect ly under a hoist
hook for subsequent mar r iage t o ot her sect ions, or t he
posit ioning of mine sect ions for inst allat ion of smaller
component s, is usually accomplished wit h dollies. In
cer t ain inst ances, dollies ar e also used for mar r ying major
mine component s.
Mk 11 Weapons Dolly
The Mk 11 weapons dolly is used for moving major
mine sect ions t o t he hoist s in t he shop wher e mar r iage
t o ot her sect ions is accomplished. It is also used for t he
assembly, handling, maint enance, and t est ing of Mk 56,
Mk 60, and Mk 65 ser vice mines and most exer cise and
t r aining asset s.
The dolly, shown in figur e 2-12, is const r uct ed of
welded t ubular st eel and has a 3,000-pound capacit y.
It s cast er wheels allow it t o be maneuver ed in any
dir ect ion. Adjust able wheel assemblies pr ovide bear ing
sur faces for cylindr ical weapons fr om 9 t o 22 1/2 inches
in diamet er , When unlocked, t he wheel assemblies per mit
r ot at ion of t he loads t o posit ions convenient for inst alling
smaller component s. Load r ot at ion is r est r ict ed by
locking one of t he wheel a ssemblies (lock-wheel
assembly) wit h a locking scr ew t hat seat s in any one of
t he index holes in t he associat ed wheel suppor t .
The impr oved Mk 11 Mod 1 weapons dolly has a
welded gusset on ea ch wheel suppor t t o pr event
spr eading. It also has suppor t beams t hat r un t he ent ir e
lengt h of t he dolly. This eliminat es t he t ool t r ay found
on t he Mk 11 Mod 0 dolly, but gives bet t er wheel suppor t
2-22
Figure 2-13.Mk 21 Mod 0 dolly.
handling of explosive sect ions of Mk 56 and Mk 67
for t he full lengt h of t he dolly. The Mk 11 Mod 0 dolly
is obsolescent .
The Mk 11 weapons dolly has an inst r uct ion plat e
t hat shows t he pr oper wheel axle posit ions for var ious
diamet er mines. Posit ion locks under each end of t he
dolly anchor it t o t he deck and per mit it t o be used as
a st at ionar y wor k plat for m. A t iedown st r ap secur es
t he load, When handling cr at ed mines, st ow t he wheel
assemblies below t he bed at each end of t he dolly.
Mk 21 Mod 0 Dolly
The Mk21 Mod 0 dolly (for mer ly called t he univer sal
dolly) is ideal for handling cylindr ical mine sect ions of
var ious lengt hs and diamet er s. It is used for t he gener al
mines, as well as t he var ious ot her sect ions of t he Mk
67 mine. It s height is adjust able, bet ween 18 1/2 inches
and 28 inches, and it s lengt h can also be adjust ed,
bet ween 10 1/2 inches and 46 1/2 inches, depending on
t he sect ion suppor t ed. The Mk 21 dolly, shown in figur e
2-13, is const r uct ed of t ubular aluminum and has a
capacit y of 1,600 pounds. It is equipped wit h lockable
cast er s and clips t hat hold t he accessor y ext ension t ubes
when t hey ar e not in use.
AERO 51B MUNITIONS TRAILER
The Aer o 51B munit ions t r ailer is a flat -bed t r ailer
used for int r abase t r anspor t at ion of small quant it ies of
2-23
Figure 2-14.Aero 51B
mines and dest r uct or s bet ween magazines, assembly
shops, st agging ar eas, air fields, and dockside locat ions,
depending on t he dist ance. The t r ailer , shown in figur e
2-14, has an aut omot ive-t ype chassis wit h t wo axles and
four single wheels. It is equipped wit h hydr aulic-sur ge
br akes as well as mechanical par king br akes. A t ow bar
and a cable har ness ar e pr ovided for connect ion t o any
of a var iet y of t r act or s and t r ucks. Accessor y it ems (such
as chocks, t iedown st r aps, and an int er connect ing
elect r ical har ness) ar e st or ed in t oolboxes mount ed
under neat h t he for war d and aft sect ions of t he bed. The
cent er sect ion of t he bed is hinged and can be opened
t o pr ovide a hat chway acr oss t he full widt h of t he t r ailer .
Hinged bed panels have double r ails wit h holes at
int ends t o pr ovide a mount ing base for chocks and r oller
adapt er s.
The Aer o 51B t r ailer has a capacit y of 8,500 pounds
and can be t owed in t r ains of not mor e t han t hr ee.
Maximum t owing speed of one t r ailer is 20 miles per
hour (mph); however , if mor e t han one t r ailer is being
t owed, t he maximum speed is 10 mph.
munitions trailer.
GANTRY A-FRAME
The gant r y A-fr ame is used for suspending one
por t ion of a mine when mar r ying t o anot her . It has t wo
t r olleys and t wo air or chain hoist s suspended fr om a
15-foot I-beam suppor t ed at each end by a st eel A-fr ame.
The wor king height of t he gant r y is adjust able bet ween
appr oximat e height s fr om 10 t o 17 feet by t he oper at ion
of four independent spr ing-loaded bolt s and jacks
at t ached t o t he A-fr ame legs. The spr ing-loaded bolt s
seat int o locat ed holes in t he t elescoping legs of t he
A-fr ame.
Adjust ing t he height of t he A-fr ame r equir es fir st
t hat each jack be wound t aut ly t o assur e suppor t of each
leg. Then t he four spr ing-loaded bolt s ar e pulled out
of t heir r espect ive locat ing holes and held t ensioned by
t he inser t ion of ball-lock pins. The jacks ar e oper at ed
simult aneously t o maint ain t he necessar y lengt h of t he
legs of t he A-fr ame at any given t ime, t her eby ensur ing
maximum gant r y st abilit y. When t he A-fr ame is wit hin
appr oximat ely 4 inches of it s desir ed height , t he ball-lock
pins ar e r emoved, allowing t he spr ing-loaded bolt s t o
2-24
Figure 2-15.Gantry A-frame.
pr ess against t he t elescoping legs. The spr ing-loaded
maneuver ing of t he ent ir e st r uct ur e eit her indoor s or
bolt s snap int o t heir r espect ive locat ing holes when t he
out door s. The hoist s can be posit ioned anywher e along
desir ed height is r eached.
t he I-beam. The t r olley wheels t r avel on it s bot t om
fla nge.
Removal of a quick-r elease pin fr om t he sliding t ube
t hat for ms t he base of t he A-fr ame per mit s t he fr ame
The safe wor king load of t he gant r y A-fr ame, shown
t o be spr ead t o any one of four posit ions. Reinser t ion
in figur e 2-15, is eit her 3,000 or 4,000 pounds, depending
of t he quick-r elease pin maint ains t he t ube in a fixed
on t he hoist s used. However , t he 4,000-pound capacit y
posit ion. Th e fou r 8-i n ch ca s t er s per mi t ea s y
must NEVER be exceeded.
2-25
Figure 2-16.Bomb assembly stand.
BOMB ASSEMBLY STAND
The bomb assembly st and pr ovides a wor king height
plat for m in magazine or bomb assembly ar eas upon which
bombs of var ious weight s and sizes can be assembled.
The st and, shown in figur e 2-16, consist s of t hr ee t able
assemblies and four t r ay assemblies. The t able assemblies
a r e st r uct ur ed fr a me weldment s wit h folding leg
weldment s at each end t hat , aft er er ect ion, ar e secur ed
t oget her wit h t he cent er t able assembly t o for m one
complet e t able assembly. The t op of t he t able assembly
has t wo r ows of indust r ial-t ype r oller s and st ops at t he
ends of t he complet ely assembled t able. The t r ays ar e
also st r uct ur al fr ame weldment s wit h r oller s on t op t hat
suppor t and per mit a 360-degr ee r ot at ion of any bomb
being assembled.
Maint enance and t est ing of t he st and must be in
accor dance wit h Periodic Maintenance Requirements
Manual, NAVSEA AG-220BO-MRC-010. In addit ion
t o t hese r equir ement s, t he st and must be t est ed anyt ime
it is r eassembled.
RECOMMENDED READING LIST
NOTE: Alt hough t he following r efer ences
wer e cur r ent when t his TRAMAN was published,
t heir cont inued cur r ency cannot be assur ed.
Ther for e, you need t o be sur e t hat you ar e
st udying t he lat est r evision.
Ammunition and Explosives Ashore, Safety Regulations
for Handling, Storing, Production, Renovation, and
2-26
Shipping, NAVSEA OP 5, Volume 1, Naval Sea
Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Bomb Assembly Platform Stand, A/F32K-1A Part
Number 551AS100-1 and Small Bomb Assembly
Platform Stand A/F32K-10 Part Number
551AS200-1, NAVAIR 19-15-27, Naval Air Syst ems
Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1989.
Handling Ammunition, Explosives, and Hazardous
Materials with Industrial Materials Harding
Equipment, NAVSEA OP 4098, Naval Sea Syst ems
Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1976.
Handling, Packaging, Storing, and Transportation of
Underwat er Mi nes and Dest ruct ors f or
Shore-Based/Shipboard Operations, NAVSEA
S W0 2 3 - AB- WHS - 0 1 0 , Na va l S e a S ys t e ms
Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Mine Components A through C; Description and
Class-B Criteria, NAVSEA SW550-AA-MMI -010,
Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C.,
1988.
Motor Vehicle Drivers Handbook, Ammunition,
Explosives, and Hazardous Materials, NAVSEA
OP 2239, Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on
D.C., 1980.
Periodic Testing Arrangements for Ordnance Handling
Equipment, NAVSEASG420-AP-MMA-010,Na va l
Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
2-27
APPENDIX I
GLOSSARY
The ent r ies list ed in t his appendix ar e t er ms as t hey ar e used in t his t r aining manual.
ASSEMBLY-LEVEL ITEM A component , con- MINE BILL OF MATERIAL (MBOM) A
sit ing of one or mor e par t s, t hat is designed t o comput er -pr oduced, con s ol i da t ed l i s t for
funct ion as an end it em in a mine assembly. under wat er -mine mat er ial.
ASSEMBLY TEST A t est by which such char act er is-
t ics as volt age, cont inuit y, r esist ance, leakage, and
balancing ar e det er mined t o exist or not t o exist ,
a s a ppr opr ia t e, du r i n g t h e a s s embl y a n d
maint enance of a mine.
ATOMIZATION The pr ocess of r educing t o fine
par t icles or spr ay.
LONG-CYCLE MAINTENANCE A specified
int er val of t ime at which pr ogr ammed maint e-
nance for mine assemblies is r equir ed.
MAINTENANCE The act ions r equir ed t o r et ain
mat er ial in a ser viceable condit ion or t o r est or e
it t o a ser viceable condit ion.
SHORT-CYCLE MAINTENANCE A specified
int er val of t ime at which pr ogr ammed maint e-
nance on assembled mines in configur at ions A,
B, and C is r equir ed t o be per for med.
SPARES The assembly-level it ems maint ained on sit e
in excess of t hose inst alled in mine assemblies.
VISCOSITY The pr oper t y of a fluid t hat r esist s t he
for ce t ending t o cause t he fluid t o flow.
VISUAL INSPECTION The class-B t est ing of mine
component s by sight , t est , or ma nipula t ion
wit hout t he use of t est inst r ument s.
MASTER RECORD SHEET (MRS) A pr epr int ed
for m u s ed by I MAs a n d ot h er a u t h or i zed
t echnicians t o pr ovide assembly, maint enance, and
oper at ional dat a for mines.
AI-1
APPENDI X I I
A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M S
The ent r ies list ed in t his appendix ar e abbr eviat ions and acr onyms as t hey ar e
used in t his t r aining manual.
CNO Chief of Naval Oper at ions
OSR over haul scr eening and r epair
COMNAVSEASYSCOM Comma n der ,
PMS pr ogr ammed maint enance schedule
Naval Sea Syst ems Command
Q-D quant it y dist ance
EED elect r o-explosive device
RFI r eady-for -issue
MBOM mine bill of mat er ial
S&A Safet y Device and Ar ming Gr oup
MHE mat er ials-handling equipment
SCBA self-cont ained br eat hing appar at us
MRS mast er r ecor d sheet
TRS t echnical r epair st andar d
MSDS mat er ial safet y dat a sheet
UNO Unit ed Nat ions Or ganizat ion
ORDALT or dnance alt er at ion
AII-1
APPENDIX III
REFERENCES USED TO DEVELOP
THIS TRAMAN
The r efer ences list ed in t his appendix wer e used t o develop t his t r aining
manual.
Ammunition and Explosives Ashore, Safety Regulations for Handling, Storing,
Production, Renovation, and Shipping, NAVSEA OP 5, Volume 1, Naval Sea
Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Bomb Assembly Platform Stand, A/F32K-1A Part 551AS100-1 and Small Bomb
Assembly Platform Stand A/F32K-10 Part Number 551AS200-1, NAVAIR 19-
15-27, Naval Air Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1989.
HandlingAmmunition, Explosives, and Hazardous Materials with Industrial Materials
Handling Equipment, NAVSEA OP 4098, Na va l Sea Syst ems Comma nd,
Washingt on, D.C., 1976.
Handling, Packaging, Storing, & Transportation of Underwater Mines and Destructors
for Shore-Based/Shipboard Operations, NAVSEA SW023-M3-WHS-010, Naval
Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Mine Components A through C; Description and Class-B Criteria, N AVS E A
SW550-AA-MMI-010, Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1988.
Motor Vehicle Drivers Handbook, Ammunition, Explosives, and Hazardous Materials,
NAVSEA OP 2239, Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1980.
Periodic Testing Arrangements for Ordnance Handling Equipment, N AVS E A
SG42O-AP-MMA-010, Naval Sea Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
Underwater Mine Maintenance System, NAVSEA SW550-FO-PMS-010, Naval Sea
Syst ems Command, Washingt on, D.C., 1990.
AIII-1
INDEX
A
Aer o 51B munit ions t r ailer , 2-23 t o 2-24
Air -pur ifying r espir at or s, 1-34
Air less spr ay paint ing, 1-27
Aisle safet y, 2-6
Aluminum sur face cor r osion, 1-17
Assembly
maint enance mast er r ecor ds, 1-12 t o 1-15
oper at ing buildings, 2-11 t o 2-12
B
Bat t er y, st or age/t hawing, 1-35 t o 1-36
Bleeder gun, 1-22
Bleeding, paint , 1-26
Blushing, paint , 1-26
Bomb assembly st and, 2-26
C
Chemical hazar d symbols, 2-7 t o 2-9
Classificat ion, hazar d, 2-13
Commanding officer safet y r esponsibilit ies, 2-2
Compat ibilit y
gr oups, 2-13 t o 2-14
t ables, 2-14
Conver sion Kit Mk 130, 1-6
Cor r osion cont r ol, 1-15 t o 1-18
D
Depot -1evel maint enance, 1-2
Dest r uct or Kit Mk 75, 1-6
Dist ance, separ at ion, 2-13
Dollies, 2-22 t o 2-23
Dr ier , paint , 1-31
Dr iver s, explosives, 2-16
E
Elect r ical safeguar ds, 2-9 t o 2-10
Equipment
mar kings, 2-15
t est ing, 2-15 t o 2-16
t ypes, 2-14 t o 2-15
Exempt ions, 2-14
Exit safet y, 2-6
Explosives
dr iver s, 2-16
limit r egulat ions, 2-5
oper at ing/assembly buildings, 2-11 t o 2-12
Ext er nal
mix gun, 1-22
t her mal-coat ed sur face cor r osion, 1-18
F
Fir e
hazar d symbols, 2-7 t o 2-9
pr event ion and cont r ol, 2-6
Flame-pr oducing devices, 2-6
Floor s, 2-6
G
Gant r y A-fr ame, 2-24 t o 2-25
Gr ound syst ems, 2-9 t o 2-10
H
Handling equipment
Aer o 51B munit ions t r ailer , 2-23 t o 2-24
bomb assembly st and, 2-26
dollies, 2-22 t o 2-23
gant r y A-fr ame, 2-24 t o 2-25
indust r ial equipment , 2-14 t o 2-16
lift ing devices, 2-20 t o 2-21
or dnance equipment , 2-16 t o 2-21
safet y, 2-6
slings, 2-17 t o 2-20
Hazar d
classificat ions, 2-13
symbols, 2-7 t o 2-9
Housekeeping r egulat ions, 2-5 t o 2-6
I
Indust r ial mat er ials-handling equipment , 2-14
t o 2-16
Inspect ions, magazine/st or age, 2-12
Inst r ument at ion gr ound syst em, 2-10
Int er mediat e-level maint enance, 1-2 t o 1-3
Int er nal-mix gun, 1-22
L
Lift ing devices, 2-20 t o 2-21
Light ning gr ound syst em, 2-10
INDEX- 1
Locker s, clot hing, 2-6
Long-cycle maint enance, 1-4
M
Ma ga zine
designat or s, 2-9
exit s, 2-11
oper at ions, 2-11
st or age, 2-10
Maint enance cycles
Conver sion Kit Mk 130, 1-6
Dest r uct or Kit Mk 75, 1-6
ext ensions, 1-4
Mast er r ecor d sheet s, 1-12 t o 1-15
Mat er ial
quant it y, 2-13
segr egat ion, 2-13
t ype, 2-13
Message for mat , supplement s B&E,
Mine handling
safet y, 2-1 t o 2-10
st or age, 2-10 t o 2-14
maint enance levels, 1-1 t o 1-6
Mines, paint ing, 1-18
Mot or vehicles, 2-6, 2-11
1-12
N
Nonbleeder gun, 1-22
O
Oper at or safet y, MHE, 2-15
or ange peel, paint , 1-26
Or dnance gr ound syst em, 2-10
Or ganizat ional-level maint enance, 1-1 t o 1-2
P
Paint
applicat ion, 1-32
br ushes, 1-30
composit ion, 1-31
pr epar at ion, 1-31 t o 1-32
r oller s, 1-31
r espir at or s, 1-33 t o 1-35
Paint ing
mines, 1-18
safet y, 1-32 t o 1-35
spr ay paint defect s, 1-26
Paint ing equipment , 1-21 t o 1-31
paint r oller s, 1-31
paint br ushes, 1-30
r espir at or s, 1-33 t o 1-35
sandblast ing hoods, 1-34 t o 1-35
spr ay guns, 1-21 t o 1-30
Peeling, paint , 1-26
Per sonnel limit r egulat ions, 2-4 t o 2-5
Pigment , paint , 1-31
Pinholes, paint , 1-26
Power
gr ound syst em, 2-9 t o 2-10
t ools, 1-20 t o 1-21
Pr essur e-feed gun, 1-22
Pr ogr ammed maint enance, 1-3 t o 1-6
assembly-level it ems, 1-5
cycle maint enance, 1-3 t o 1-4
maint enance ext ensions, 1-4
Q
Quant it y-dist ance
hazar d classificat ion, 2-13
pr inciples, 2-12 t o 2-13
r equir ement s, 2-12 t o 2-14
R
Railcar s, 2-11
Red flag, 2-11
Refueling, 2-6
Repor t ing for ms, 1-7 t o 1-15
Respir at or s, 1-33 t o 1-35
air pur ifying, 1-34
supplied air , 1-34 t o 1-35
Runs/sags, paint , 1-26
S
Safet y, 2-1 t o 2-10
aisles, 2-6
clot hing locker s, 2-6
elect r ical safeguar ds, 2-9 t o 2-10
equipment , 2-6
exit s, 2-6
fir e pr event ion, 2-6 t o 2-9
floor s, 2-6
handling equipment , 2-6
r egulat ions, 2-4 t o 2-6
r esponsibilit ies, 2-2 t o 2-4
smoking, t obacco, 2-6
t ools, 2-6
Safet y pr act ices
elect r ical/pneumat ic, 1-20 t o 1-21
INDEX-2
paint ing, 1-33
Sandblast ing hoods, 1-34 t o 1-35
Separ at ion dist ance, explosives, 2-13
Shop pr ocedur es, 1-18 t o 1-35
paint ing, 1-21 t o 1-35
t ools, 1-18 t o 1-21
Shor t -cycle maint enance, 1-3 t o 1-4
Slings, 2-17 t o 2-20
Smoking, t obacco, 2-6
Spr ay guns, 1-20 t o 1-30
assemblies/component s, 1-23 t o 1-24
car e, 1-26 t o 1-27
head r emoval/r eplacement , 1-29
oper at ion, 1-24 t o 1-26
t r oubles/causes/r emedies, 1-28
Spr ay paint defect s, 1-26
St ainless st eel sur face cor r osion, 1-17
St and, bomb assembly, 2-26
St at ic gr ound syst em, 2-10
St eel sur face cor r osion, 1-16 t o 1-17
St or age, ammunit ion/explosives, 2-10 t o 2-12
compat ibilit y, 2-13 t o 2-14
exit s, 2-11
inspect ions, 2-12
magazine oper at ions, 2-11
mot or vehicles, 2-6, 2-11
oper at ing/assembly buildings, 2-11 t o 2-12
oper at ions, 2-11
r ailcar s, 2-11
r ed flag, 2-11
r egulat ions, 2-10
St r iping, paint , 1-32
Suct ion-feed gun, 1-22
Super visor safet y r esponsibilit ies, 2-2 t o 2-4
Supplement
A r epor t , 1-7
B r epor t , 1-8
E r epor t , 1-9
F r ecor d, 1-10
G r ecor d, 1-12
H r ecor d, 1-13
J r ecor d, 1-11
K r ecor d, 1-13
L r ecor d, 1-14
M r ecor d, 1-14
N r ecor d, 1-15
Supplied-air r espir at or s, 1-34 t o 1-35
Symbols, fir e/chemical, 2-7 t o 2-9
T
Technician safet y r esponsibilit ies, 2-4
Thawing, bat t er y, 1-35 t o 1-36
Thinner , paint , 1-31
Tool safet y, 2-6
Tor que wr enches, 1-19
Tr ailer , Aer o 51 B munit ions, 2-23 t o 2-24
U
Under wat er Mine Maint enance Syst em, 1-1 t o 1-36
V
Veget at ion, 2-7
Vehicle, paint , 1-31
W
Waiver s, 2-14
Wr enches, 1-19
INDEX-3