Code Division Multiple Access:

DEFINITION: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques.Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. In CDMA every channel uses the full available spectrum.CDMA in Technical Term IS-95. CDMA WORKING SCHEMES: For Wireless systems there are two simple and common resources, frequency and time.Division by frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA). In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections. CDMA CODING PROCEDURE: CDMA is based on Coding Theory. Each station is assigned a code which is a sequence of numbers called CHIPS. In this example we have four stations each has a sequence of chips whichdesignate as A,B,C, and D. Rules For Encoding We Adopt the following Rules For Encoding. If a station needs to send a 0 bit it sends -1. If a station needs to send a 1 bit it sends +1. When a Station is idle, it sends no signal which is represented by 0.

CDMA Multiplexer:

CDMA Demultiplexer :

CDMA Different Systems:

IS-95. CDMA-2000 (which is also called WCDMA in Europe).

IS-95 System:
Mainly used in U.S. Standard was finished in 1993 and first commercially launched in 1996.Basic data rate is 9,6 kbps.Chip rate of 1.2288 Mchip/s. Allocated bandwidth is 1.25 MHz. CDMA-One was launched in 1999 with data rates up to 115,5 kbps. Fixed spreading code of length 64. Uses pilot channel in downlink direction to provide synchronization,channel tracking, and handover functions. In the uplink direction, orthogonal modulation is used, which permits the more robust non-coherent demodulation to be used.

CDMA-2000:
The third generation evolution phase of IS-95A/B CDMA2000 1x Offer up to 307 kbps data rates (compare to EDGE). Use same 1.25 MHz as IS-95/CDMAOne. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO delivers peak data speeds of 2.4Mbps and supports applications such as MP3 transfers and video conferencing. CDMA2000 1xEV-DV. CDMA2000 1xEV-DV provides integrated voice and simultaneous highspeed packet data multimedia services at speeds of up to 3.09 Mbps.1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV are both backward compatible with CDMA2000 1X and CDMAOne.The first 3G networks to be commercially deployed were launched in Korea in October 2000.

FUTURE OF CDMA:
CDMA has overcome most cynicism to dominate the worldwide wireless voice market.What about data services? Scheduling vs.Inteference Averaging CDMA appears to be an underdog for 4G, but still may win. Ongoing research on CDMA. Increase capacity by joint decoding (multiuser detection &

interference cancellation).Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, adhoc networks, dense wireless LANs etc. MultiCDMA: multiple antenna CDMA, multicarrier CDMA, multicode CDMA etc.

CONCLUSION:
CDMA is probably the most interesting multiple access method provided by spread-spectrum technology.Nowadays systems such as CDMA2000, its evolution versions, and European WCDMA are becoming more and more popular,as the networks are open commercially around the world. CDMA appears to be an underdog for 4G, but still may win.Ongoing researches on CDMA are as follows. Increase capacity by joint decoding (multi-user detection &interference cancellation) Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, ad hoc networks, dense wireless LANs. Multi-CDMA: multiple antenna CDMA, multicarrier CDMA, multicode CDMA.