Distribution Automation Techniques

IEEE PES Distribution Automation Tutorial
Integrated
Volt - VAR Control

Bob Uluski Quanta Technology
What is Volt-VAR control?

The use of capacitor banks, voltage regulators, distributed generating units, static VAR compensator, and other devices :
To maintain acceptable voltages at all points along the feeder under all loading conditions To operate the distribution system as efficiently as possible without violating any load and voltage constraints To support the reactive power needs of the bulk power system during system emergencies
Page 2
The Cycle of Interest in this Topic
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
Page 3
How Is Volt-VAR Control Accomplished?

Traditional Devices for Volt-VAR Control
Fixed and switched capacitor banks (in substation and out on the feeder) Substation transformers with Load Tap Changers (LTCs) Voltage regulators (in substation and/or out on the feeder)
Future Devices for Volt-VAR Control

Distributed generating resources Static VAR compensators
Page 4
Approaches to Volt VAR

Traditional Approach
DLA Master Station
Switched Capacitor Bank
Distribution Power Flow
Distribution SCADA
SCADA Volt VAR Integrated Volt VAR
IVVC Application
Line Regulator
Substation RTU
Substation Transformer With Load Tap Changer
Substation Capacitor Bank
Page 5
Requirements for the Ideal Volt-VAR System

Maintain Acceptable Voltage Profile at all points along the distribution feeder under all loading conditions Maintain Acceptable Power Factor under all loading conditions Provide Self Monitoring alert dispatcher when a volt-VAR device fails Allow Operator Override during system emergencies Work correctly following Feeder Reconfiguration Take advantage of SmartGrid Devices (StatCOM, DG, etc.) Provide Optimal Coordinated Control of all Volt VAR devices Allow Selectable Operating Objectives as different needs arise
Page 6
Traditional Volt-VAR Control

Current/Voltage Sensor Current/Voltage Sensor Voltage Regulator "Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller
Distribution Primary Line

Capacitor Bank
"Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller
On/Off Control Command Signal
Volt-VAR flows managed by individual, independent, standalone volt-VAR regulating devices:

Substation transformer load tap changers (LTCs) Line voltage regulators Fixed and switched capacitor banks
Page 7
Limitations of Traditional Volt-VAR Control

Current/Voltage Sensor Current/Voltage Sensor Voltage Regulator "Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller
Distribution Primary Line

Capacitor Bank
"Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller
The system is not continuously monitored The system lacks flexibility to respond to changing conditions out on the distribution feeders can misoperate following automatic reconfiguration System operation may not be optimal under all conditions Cannot override traditional operation during power system emergencies System may misoperate when modern grid devices (e.g., distributed generators) are present reverse power flow from DG can trick standalone controller to believe feeder has been reconfigured
Page 8
Scorecard for Traditional Volt VAR
Volt VAR Requirements

Acceptable Voltage Profile Acceptable Power Factor Self Monitoring Operator Override Feeder Reconfiguration SmartGrid Devices Optimal Coordinated Control Selectable Operating Objectives
Traditional VAR X X
Volt-
Page 9
SCADA Controlled Volt-VAR

Volt-VAR power apparatus monitored and controlled by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Volt-VAR Control typically handled by two separate (independent) systems:
VAR Dispatch controls capacitor banks to improve power factor, reduce electrical losses, etc Voltage Control controls LTCs and/or voltage regulators to reduce demand and/or energy consumption (aka, Conservation Voltage Reduction)
Operation of these systems is primarily based on a stored set of predetermined rules (e.g., if power factor is less than 0.95, then switch capacitor bank #1 off)
Page 10
Overview of VAR dispatch

General objective is to maintain power factor as close to unity at the head end of the feeder without causing leading power factor Simplified formula for loss reduction due to average power factor improvement:
% Loss Reduction = (1 AVGPF2 / TPF2) x 100 Example: (1 - .942 / .992) = 9.84%
Simplified formula for demand reduction due to power factor improvement at peak load:
Demand Reduction = (1 / PKPF 1 / TPF) x 100 Example: (1 / .97 1 / .99) = 2.08%
Page 11
VAR Dispatch Components
Contains rules for capacitor switching
VAR Dispatch Processor
Radio
One-way communication link for capacitor bank control
Measures real and reactive power at substation end of the feeder
Substation RTU
Radio Real Power (MW)
Substation
OO
Reactive Power (MVAR)
Switched & fixed feeder capacitor banks Capacitor bank control interface Communications facility - one-way paging or load management communications is sufficient Means of monitoring 3-phase var flow at the substation Master station running VAR dispatch software
Capacitor Switch (Off Position)
Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)
Page 12
Monitoring Real and Reactive Power Flow

Real/Reactive Power Measurements Reported to VAR Dispatch Processor
Radio
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Page 13
VAR Dispatch Rules Applied

VAR Dispatch Processor VAR Dispatch Applies Rules Radio Processor to Determine if Cap bank switching is Reactive power Feeder needed below thresholdMeasurements No action required
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Page 14
Real and Reactive Load Increases

VAR Dispatch Processor Applies Rules to Determine if Cap bank switching is needed

Feeder Measurements
Radio
Reactive power Above thresholdAction required
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Page 15
Reactive Power Flow Exceeds Threshold

VAR Dispatch Processor VAR Dispatch Applies Rules Processor to Determine if Cap bank switching is Feeder needed Measurements
Radio Control Signal Sent to Cap Bank
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Page 16
Capacitor Switched On
VAR Dispatch Processor Determines Additional Capacitors Needed

Feeder Measurements
Radio
Substation RTU
Real Power (MW) Cap Bank Switched On Radio
Substation
OO
Capacitor Switch (On Position)
Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Energized)
Page 17
Change in Reactive Power Detected


Feeder Measurements
Radio
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Reactive Power (MVAR) Reactive Power From Supplier Reduced
Page 18
Change in Reactive Power Detected


Feeder Measurements
Radio
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Reactive Power (MVAR) Reactive Power From Supplier Reduced
Change detected by Substation RTU
Page 19
Benefits of VAR Dispatch vs Traditional
Contains rules for capacitor switching
Radio
One-way communication link for capacitor bank control
Measures real and reactive power at substation end of the feeder
Substation RTU
Substation
OO
Self Monitoring Operator override capability Some improvement in efficiency
Page 20
Overview of Voltage Control

DA Voltage Control function based on concept of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR). Principles of CVR:
Acceptable voltage band is between 114 and 126 volts Can operate in the lower half (114 - 120) without harming customer appliances or impacting the customer U.S. average delivered voltage = 122.5 V Considerable energy savings results over time
By reducing voltage at the time of the system peak load, you can reduce the peak and thereby achieve:
reduction in investments for new capacity, or reduction in demand charges for power purchases
Page 21
Affects of Voltage Reduction

Works best with resistive load (lighting and resistive heating) because power drawn decreases with the voltage squared . devices that operate using a thermostat generally do not reduce energy the devices just run longer the most reduction occurs right when the voltage is reduced and then some of the reduction is lost as some loads just run longer
one study found that 5% voltage reduction on a residential feeder reduced load by 4% initially and diminished to a 3 % drop in 4 hours (Proess, R.F. and Warnock, V.J. Impact of Voltage Reduction on Energy and
Demand, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol PAS-97, no. 5, pp 1665-71, Sept/Oct 1978
Page 22
Affects of Voltage Reduction (Motors)
Figure 1: Effect of voltage on motor loss At low loads, motor losses decrease as voltage decreases. Source: Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Page 23
Affects of Voltage Reduction
Page 24
Voltage Control Components

Communication link for End-of-Feeder Monitoring
Contains rules for Voltage Reduction
Voltage Control Processor
Comm Interface
Feeder measurements LTC Raise/Lower Commands LTC Controller
Substation Transformer
LTC
Substation RTU O O O O
Measures power and voltage at substation end of the feeder
Ensures that voltage does not drop below minimum acceptable value Comm Interface
Volt Meter or AMR
Current Transformer
OO
Real Power (MW) Reactive Power (MVAR)
Voltage OO TransformerOO
Bus Voltage Transformer
End of Feeder
Page 25
Load Below Voltage Control Threshold (No Control Actions)
Comm Interface
LTC Controller
LTC
Substation RTU O O O O OO
Comm Interface
Volt Meter or AMR
Voltage OO TransformerOO
End of Feeder
Page 26
Load Above Voltage Control Threshold
Comm Interface
LTC Controller
LTC
Comm Interface
Volt Meter or AMR OO OO End of Feeder
Page 27
Load Above Voltage Control Threshold (lower tap setting)

Lower Tap Setting
LTC Controller
Comm Interface
LTC
Comm Interface
Page 28
Benefits of Voltage Control versus Traditional Volt-VAR

Lower Tap Setting
LTC Controller
Comm Interface
LTC
Comm Interface
Self Monitoring Operator override capability
Page 29
What SCADA Volt VAR Cant Do

Does not adapt to changing feeder configuration (rules are fixed in advance) Does not adapt to varying operating needs (demand reduction, energy savings, etc) (rules are fixed in advance) Overall efficiency is improved versus traditional approach, but is not necessarily optimal under all conditions Operation of VAR and Volt devices is not coordinated Does not adapt well to presence of modern grid devices such as DG
Page 30
Volt VAR Scorecard
Volt-VAR Approach
Traditional VAR X X Volt- SCADA VAR X X X X Volt-
Page 31
Integrated Volt-VAR Control (IVVC)

Develops and executes a coordinated optimal switching plan for all voltage and VAR control devices - uses optimal power flow program as its engine Achieves utility-specified objective functions:
Minimize distribution system power loss Minimize power demand (sum of distribution power loss and customer demand) Maximize revenue (the difference between energy sales and energy prime cost) Combination of the above
Can bias the results to minimize tap changer movement and other equipment control actions that put additional wear and tear on the physical equipment
Page 32
Modeling Load Voltage Sensitivity

Typical load models:
Constant power Constant current Constant Impedance Combination of the above
Accurate load model for IVVC:
Page 33
Integrated Volt-VAR Control Components

DLA Master Station
Distribution SCADA
IVVC Application
IVVC Software Optimal powerflow solution versus rule-based approach Processor For Running IVVC Software Centralized master station Substation based processor
Substation RTU
Line Regulator
Interfaces to field devices Substation LTC transformers Substation and line regulators Substation and line capacitor banks Voltage monitors (optional) Communication facilities (2 way preferred)
Page 34
Solution Technique
Power flow solution used by the optimization procedure to evaluate the effectiveness of the various possible control actions. Optimal IVVC solution utilizes an iterative process designed to reach the objective function within the defined constraints and limits. Selected optimization procedure results in the least number of control actions to achieve the optimum results.
Page 35
Acquire Field Data

DLA Master Station
Cap bank status, feeder voltage
Distribution SCADA
IVVC Application
Tap position, feeder load & voltage
Feeder load, LTC tap position, bus voltage, cap bank status
Substation RTU
Line Regulator
Tap position, Bus voltage

Cap bank stage 1 & 2 status
Page 36
Execute Online Powerflow Program

DLA Master Station
Real time feeder and substation data
Distribution Power Flow Switched Capacitor Bank
Powerflow results
Distribution SCADA
IVVC Application
Substation RTU
Line Regulator

Page 37
Determine Optimal Switching Plan

DLA Master Station
Distribution Power Flow Switched Capacitor Bank
Powerflow results
Opt switching plan for cap banks, LTC, and line regulators
Distribution SCADA
IVVC Application
Substation RTU
Line Regulator

Page 38
Execute Switching Plan

DLA Master Station
Switch cap bank on/off
Powerflow results
Opt switching plan for cap banks, LTC, and line regulators
Distribution SCADA
IVVC Application
Raise/lower tap setting
Substation RTU
Line Regulator
Raise/lower tap setting

Switch cap bank on or off
Page 39
IVVC Benefits
Dynamic model updates automatically when reconfiguration occurs Volt VAR control actions are coordinated System can model the effects of Distributed Generation and other modern grid elements Produces optimal results Accommodates varying operating objectives depending on current need
Page 40
Final Volt-VAR Scorecard
Volt-VAR Approach
Traditional VAR X X Volt- SCADA VAR X X X X Volt- Integrated VAR X X X X X X X X Volt-
Page 41
Questions?
For further information: Bob Uluski Quanta Technology Ruluski@quanta-technology.com
Page 42

Distribution Automation Techniques

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Distribution Automation Techniques

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IEEE PES Distribution Automation Tutorial

Volt - VAR Control

What is Volt-VAR control?

The Cycle of Interest in this Topic

How Is Volt-VAR Control Accomplished?

Future Devices for Volt-VAR Control

Approaches to Volt VAR

DLA Master Station

Switched Capacitor Bank

Distribution Power Flow

SCADA Volt VAR Integrated Volt VAR

Substation Transformer With Load Tap Changer

Substation Capacitor Bank

Requirements for the Ideal Volt-VAR System

Traditional Volt-VAR Control

Distribution Primary Line

"Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller

On/Off Control Command Signal

On/Off Control Command Signal

Volt-VAR flows managed by individual, independent, standalone volt-VAR regulating devices:

Limitations of Traditional Volt-VAR Control

Distribution Primary Line

"Local " Current/ Voltage Measurements Standalone Controller

On/Off Control Command Signal

On/Off Control Command Signal

Scorecard for Traditional Volt VAR

Volt VAR Requirements

SCADA Controlled Volt-VAR

Overview of VAR dispatch

VAR Dispatch Components

Contains rules for capacitor switching

VAR Dispatch Processor

One-way communication link for capacitor bank control

Measures real and reactive power at substation end of the feeder

Capacitor Switch (Off Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)

Monitoring Real and Reactive Power Flow

VAR Dispatch Processor

Capacitor Switch (Off Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)

VAR Dispatch Rules Applied

Capacitor Switch (Off Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)

Real and Reactive Load Increases

VAR Dispatch Processor

Reactive power Above thresholdAction required

Capacitor Switch (Off Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)

Reactive Power Flow Exceeds Threshold

Radio Control Signal Sent to Cap Bank

Capacitor Switch (Off Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Deenergized)

VAR Dispatch Processor

Capacitor Switch (On Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Energized)

Change in Reactive Power Detected

VAR Dispatch Processor

Capacitor Switch (On Position)

Capacitor Bank Controller Capacitor Bank (Energized)

Change in Reactive Power Detected

VAR Dispatch Processor

Change detected by Substation RTU