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1. Definition: If the axes are rotated through an angle in the same plane by keeping the origin constant, then the transformation is called Rotation of axes. 2. Theorem: To find the co-ordinates of a point ( x, y ) are transformed to plane. Proof: Let x1Ox, yOY 1 are the original axes Let P ( x, y ) be the co-ordinates of the point in the above axes. After rotating the axes through an angle , then the co-ordinates of P be ( X , Y ) in the new axes X 1OX and YOY 1 as in figure.
( X , Y ) when the axes are rotated through an angle about the origin in the same
( X ,Y ) P ( x, y )
N M X
x1
O
1 y1 Y
LPM = xOX =
Let N be the projection to PL from M Now x = OL = OQ LQ = OQ NM = OM cos PM sin = X cos Y sin
y = PL = PN + NL = PN + MQ
PM cos + OM sin
= Y cos + X sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
(ii) If f ( X , Y ) = 0 is the transformed equation of a curve when the axes are rotated through an angle then the original equation of the curve is
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Proof: ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 Since the axes are rotated through an angle , then x = X cos Y sin ,
y = X sin + Y cos
It is in the form
AX 2 + 2 XY a cos sin + h cos 2 sin 2 + b cos sin +
BY 2 + 2GX + 2 FY + C = 0
Since XY term is to be eliminated
tan 2 =
sin 2 2h = cos 2 a b
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is
PROBLEMS 1. When the axes are rotated through an angle 30 , find the new co-ordinates of the following points. i) (0, 5) Sol. i) Given = 30 Old co-ordinates are (0,5) i.e., x=0, y = 5 ii) (-2, 4) iii) (0, 0)
x1 = x cos + y sin
= 0.cos30 + 5.sin 30 =
5 2
y1 = x sin + y cos
0.sin 30 + 5.cos30 = 5 3 2
5 5 3 2 2
x1 = x cos + y sin
( 2 ) .cos30 + 4.sin 30
2. 3 1 + 4. = 3 + 2 2 2
= 2. + 4. = 1+ 2 3
1 2
3 2
3 + 2, 1 + 2 3
x = ( 0, y ) x = x.cos30 y sin 30
= 0.
3 1 0. = 0 2 2
y = x.sin 30 + y.cos30
1 3 0. + 0. =0 2 2
New co-ordinates of the point are (0, 0) 2. When the axes are rotated through an angle 60 , the new co-ordinates of three points are the following i) (3, 4) ii) (-7, 2) iii) (2, 0) Find their original co-ordinates
x1 = 3, y1 = 4 x = x1 cos y1 sin
3.cos 60 4.sin 60
= 3.
1 2
4. 3 3 4 3 = 2 2
y1 = x1 sin + y1 cos
= 3sin 60 + 4.cos 60
3.
3 1 4+ 3 + 4. = 2 2 2
Co-ordinates of P are
3 4 3 4+3 3 , 2 2
x1 = 7, y1 = 2 x = x1 cos y1 sin
= ( 7 ) cos 60 2.sin 60 = 7. 2.
1 2
3 7 2 3 = 2 2
y = x1 sin + y1.cos
= 7.sin 60 + 2.cos 60 = 7.
3 1 27 3 + 2. = 2 2 2
Co-ordinates of Q are
7 2 3 2 7 3 , 2 2
x1 = 2, y1 = 0 x = x1 cos y1 sin
= 2.cos 60 0.sin 60 = 2. 0.
1 2
3 = 1 0 = 1 2
y = x1 sin + y1 cos
= 2.sin 60 + 0.cos 60
= 2.
3 1 + 0. = 3 2 2
Co-ordinates of R are 1, 3 3.
)
?
Find the angle through which the axes are to be rotated so as to remove the xy term in the equation. x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 2 x + 2 y 6 = 0
x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 2 x + 2 y 6 = 0 with ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
a = 1, h =2, b=1, g=-1, f=1, c=-6 Let be the angle of rotation of axes, then
= tan 1 2 a b
=
2h
4
SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS
1.
When the axes are rotated through an angle 45 , the transformed equation of a curve is 17 x 2 16 xy + 17 y 2 = 225 .Find the original equation of the curve.?
x + y 2
The original equation of
17 x1 16 x1 y1 + 17 y1 = 225 is
= 17 x + y 16 x + y x + y + 17 x + y = 225 2 2 2 2
2 2
= 17 (
x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy 2
) 16 ( y
x2 2
) + 17 ( x
+ y 2 2 xy 2
) = 225
Sol. The given equation is x cos + y sin = p The axes are rotated through an angle
x1 cos 2 + sin 2 = p x1 = p
The equation transformed to x = p
3.
When the axes are rotated through an angle 6 . Find the transformed equation of x 2 + 2 3 xy y 2 = 2a 2
Sol. Since =
X = X cos
X.
3 1 3X Y Y. = 2 2 2
+ Y cos
1 2
3 X + 3Y = 2 2
Transformed equation is
3 X Y X + 3Y f , =0 2 2
3X Y 3 X Y X + 3Y X + 3Y 2 = 2a + 2 3 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 3x 2 2 3 + Y 2 2 3 3 X XY + 3 XY 3Y = + 4 4
X 2 + 3Y 2 + 2 3 XY = 2a 2 4
3 X 2 2 3 XY + Y 2 + 2 3 3 X 2 + 2 XY + 3Y 2
X 2 + 3Y 2 + 3 XY = 8a 2
3 X 2 2 3 + Y 2 + 6 X 2 + 4 3 XY 6Y 2 X 2 3Y 2 2 3 XY = 8a 2
8 X 2 8Y 2 = 8a 2 X 2 Y 2 = a 2
4.
3x 2 + 19 xy + 3 y 9 = 0 ........... (1)
Angle of rotation of axes = =
x = X cos Y sin
X cos
y sin
X Y 2
4
+ Y cos
(X 3
X Y X Y X + Y X + Y 2 + 10 + 3 9 = 0 2 2 2 2
2
2 XY + Y 2 2
) + 10 ( X
Y2 2
) +3 ( X
+ 2 XY + Y 2 2
) 9 = 0
= 3 X 2 6 XY + 3Y 2 + 10 X 2 10Y 2 +3 X 2 + 6 XY + 3Y 2 18 = 0
16 X 2 4Y 2 18 = 0 8 X 2 2Y 2 = 9 8 X 2 2Y 2 = 9
5. Find the transformed equation of17 x 2 16 xy + 17 y 2 = 225 when the axes are rotated through an angle 45 ?
Sol. Let ( x, y ) the original equation of ( X , Y ) Angle of rotation = 45 Now X = x cos y sin
= x cos 45 y sin 45 =
x y 2
Y = x sin + y cos
= x sin 45 + y cos 45 =
x+ y 2
x y x+ y , f =0 2 2
x y x y X + Y 17 16 2 2 2
2
X +Y +17 = 225 2
x 2 + y 2 2 xy x2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy 17 16 +17 = 225 2 2 2
2 17 X 2 + 17Y 2 34 XY 16 X 2 + 16Y 2 + 17 X 2 +17Y + 34 XY = 450
18 X 2 + 50Y 2 = 450
9 X 2 + 25Y 2 = 225
GENERAL TRANSFORMATIONS
1. Definition: If the axes are rotated through an angle after shifting the origin in the same plane, then the transformation is called General Transformation New origin A = ( x1 , y1 ) , angle of rotation = as in figure
Y N
A
( X ,Y ) P ( x, y )
X M
X1
O
Y1
L
y1
We get the transformed equations as
X = ( x x1 ) cos + ( y y1 ) sin
Y = ( x x1 ) sin + ( y y1 ) cos
We can easily understand the translation and rotation satisfy commutative property.
PROBLEMS. 1. When the origin is shifted to (-2,-3) and the axes are rotated through an angle 45 find the transformed of 2x2 + 4xy 5 y2 + 20x 22 y 14 = 0 ?
Sol. Here ( h, k ) = ( 2, 3) , h = 2, k = 3
= 45
Let x1 , y1 be the new co-ordinates of any point ( x, y ) is the plane after transformation
x = x1 cos y1 sin + h = 2 x + x1 cos 45 y1 sin 45
= 2 +
x1 y1 2
x1 + y1 3 + 2
The transformed equation is
x1 y1 x1 y1 x1 + y1 2 2 + 4 2 3 2 2 2
x1 + y1 x1 y1 x1 + y1 5 3 + 20 2 22 3 14 = 0 2 2 2
2
x1 + y1 2 2
+ 42 2 x y + 4
x12 y12 x1 y1 x1 + y1 3 2 + 6 2 2 2
) (
x1 + y1 5 2
+ 9 3 2 x + y + 10 2 x1 y1 2 2 11 2
x1 + y1 3 2 14 = 0
(x
+ y1
2
+ 8 4 2 x1 y1
2
)
)
2
+2 x1 y1 6 2 x1 y1
4 2 x1 + y1 + 24 = 0 5 ( x1 + y1 ) 45 + 15 2 ( x1 + y1 ) + 10 2 ( x1 y1 ) 40 11 2 x1 + y1 + 66 14 = 0
x1 + y1 2 x1 y1 + 2 x1 2 y1
5 2
(x
12
+ y1 + 2 x1 y1 1 = 0
1 12 7 12 x y 7 x1 y1 1 = 0 2 2
i.e, x1 7 y1 14 x1 y1 2 = 0 The transformed equation is (dropping dashes)
2 2
x 2 7 y 2 14 xy 2 = 0
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 1. Find the transformed equation of 5 x 2 + 4 xy + 8 y 2 12 x 12 y = 0 . When the origin is shifted to 1, by translation of axes. 2. When the origin is shifted to (3,-4) by the translation of axis and the transformed equation is x 2 + y 2 = 4 , find the original equation. 3. When the origin is shifted to (2,3) by the translocation of axes, the co-ordinates of a point p are changed as (4,-3). Find the co-ordinates of P in the original system. Find the point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove the first degree terms from the equation
1 2
4.
ax 2 + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , where a 0, b 0
5. If the point P changes to (4,-3) when the axes are rotated through an angle of 135 , find the coordinates of P with respect to the original system. Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of
6.
1 2h Tan 1 so as 2 a b
to remove the xy term from the equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 , if a b and through the angle
, if a = b