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1-PHASE I X E X PF E X L X PF 1000 kW X 1000 E X PF IXE 1000 Rotor Poles X RPM 120 Hertz X 120 Rotor Poles Hertz X 120 RPM Actual Watts IXE I v E X PF 746 X EFF kW X 1000 E X PF kVA X 1000 E
3-PHASE I X E X 1.73 X PF E X I X 1.73 X PF 1000 kW X 1000 E X 1.73 X PF I X E X 1.73 1000 Rotor Poles X RPM 120 Hertz X 120 Rotor Poles Hertz X 120 RPM Actual Watts I X 1.73 X E I X E X 1.73 X PF 746 X EFF kW X 1000 E X 1.73 X PF kVA X 1000 E X 1.73
= watts = power in kilowatts = apparent power in kilo-volt-amperes = output power in horsepower = motor speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) = synchronous speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) = number of poles = frequency in cycles per second (CPS) = torque in pound-feet = efficiency as a decimal = power factor as a decimal = horsepower
Introduction
You may need to convert Voltage, A mperage and electrical specifications from equipment into kW, kVA and BTU information that can be used to calculate overall power and HVAC requirements. The following section addresses the process of taking basic electrical values and converting them into other types of electrical values.
The specification nameplates on most pieces of computer, radio or network equipment usually list required electrical power values. These values are usually expressed in volts, amps, kilovolt-amps (kVA), Watts or some combination of all of the above. If you are an architect or engineer using equipment nameplate information to compute power and cooling requirements, you will find that the total power and cooling values will exceed the actual run requirements of the equipment. Reason: the nameplate value is designed to ensure that the equipment will start and run safely. Manufacturers build in a "safety factor" (sometimes called an "engineering cushion") when developing nameplate specifications. Some nameplates specify power requirements that are higher than the equipment will ever need. The most common engineering solution is to utilize only 80% of available capacity and therefore your computed results will overstate the power and cooling equipment requirement by a factor close to 20%. Develop the power and cooling budget using the nameplate specifications inserted into the formulae below and use the resultant documentation as your baseline. Document everything. There will come a day when you will need every amp of power you projected. Power budgets are notoriously consumed in a much shorter time than
predicted. Don't forget to add a "future factor" to your power and cooling budget. Power supplies double in power draw and heat output every two to three years. If you don't include these factors in your budgets, you will consume a 10 year power and cooling budget in three years (this happened to me, I know this is true).
For example, a small computer has a nameplate that shows 2.5 amps. Given a normal 120 Volt, 60 Hz power source and the ampere reading from equipment, make the following calculation: POWER (WATTS) = 2.5Amps x 120Volts = 300 WATTS
Generally: P=IE
P= Power(WATTS) I = Current(Amps) E = Voltage(Volts)
So: I = P/E and E = P/I Therefore: 1 Watt = 1 Ampere x 1 Volt Click here to see my Ohm's Law Pie Chart for complete relationships between power, current and voltage.
Example: An enterprise computer bvserver with a 4.7 amp rating and requiring a 208240 power source. Use 220 volts for our calculations. kilovolt-Amps (kVA) = Volts x Amps /1000 220 x 4.7 = 1034 1034 / 1000 = 1.034 kVA
THREE-PHASE
Example: A large disk storage system loaded with disks. The equipment documentation shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208-240 VAC power source. Do not calculate any value for the plug or receptacle. Use 220 volts for the calculation. kilovolt-Amps (kVA) = Volts x Amps x 1.73 / 1000 220 x 50 x 1.73 = 19,030 19,030 / 1000 = 19.030 kVA This would be rounded to 19
Computing KiloWatts
Finding KiloWatts requires using a power factor in the computation. The power factor is a number that adjusts the power calculation to reflect the efficiency of the use of the electricity supplied to the system. This factor can vary widely (usually from 60% to 95%) and is never published on the equipment nameplate and is not often supplied with product information. For purposes of these calculations, we use a power factor of .85. This random number places a slight inaccuracy into the numbers. Its OK and it gets us
very close for the work we need to do. Most UPS equipment will claim a power factor of 1.00. It is common for the power factor to be considered 1.0 for devices less than 3 years old. SINGLE PHASE
Example: We have a medium-sized Intel server that draws 6.0 amps and the power supply has a power factor of .85.
kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor / 1000 120 x 6.0 = 720 VA 720 VA x .85 = 612 612 / 1000 = .612 kW
Example: An enterprise computer server has a 4.7 amp rating and requires a 208-240 power source. I'll use 220 volts and a power factor of .85 for our example calculations. kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor x 2 / 1000 220 x 4.7 x 2 = 2068 2068 x .85 = 1757.8 1757.8 / 1000 = 1.76 kW
THREE-PHASE
Example: A large storage system loaded with disks. The equipment documentation shows a requirement for a 50-amp 208 VAC Power source. Do not calculate any value for the plug or receptacle. Use 220 volts for the calculation. kiloWatt (kW) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor x 1.73 1000 220 x 50 x .85 x 1.73 = 16,175.50 16,175.50/1000 = 16.175 kW
The only difference between kW and kVA is the power factor. The power factor, unless taken from the manufacturer's specifications, is an approximation. For this example, we use a power factor of .95. The kVA value will always be larger than the value for kW. kW to kVA kVA TO kW kW / .95 = kVA kVA x .95 = kW
There is NO conversion from kWH to kVA. These are two different measures. kWH is energy and kVA is power (not necessarily dissipated). If you look at kW (power) and kVA (power), then there is a relationship. That relationship is the power factor of the load.
Computing BTUs
Known Standard: 1 kW = 3413 BTUs (or 3.413 kBTUs) If you divide the electrical nameplate BTU value by 3413 you may not get the published kW value. If the BTU information is provided by the manufacturer, use it, otherwise use the above formula.
Shotgun Section
Here are conversions, short and sweet:
To convert kVA to Amps: Multiply kVA by 1000/voltage [ (kVA x 1000) / E ] For 3 Phase power divide by 1.73 [ (kVA x 1000) / E x 1.73 ]
To convert Watts to Volts when amps are known: Voltage = Watts / Amps E=P/I To convert Watts to Amps when volts are known: Amps = Watts / Voltage I=P/E For 3 Phase power divide by 1.73 To convert Amps to Watts when volts are known: Watts = Voltage x Amps P=ExI For 3 Phase power multiply by 1.73 To convert Horsepower to Amps: Horsepower = (E x I x EFF) / 746 Efficiency = (746 x HP) / (V x A) Multiply Horsepower by 746W (1 HP = 746 Watts)
Find Circuit Voltage and Phase Example: 40 HP at 480 (3 Phase) 746 multiplied by 40 = 29,840 29,840 divided by 480 (3 Phase) = 62.2 62.2 divided by 1.73 = 35.95Amps To convert kW to Amps: Multiply kW by 1000/voltage and then by Power Factor [ (kW x 1000) / E x PF ] for 3 Phase power divide by 1.73 [ ( kW x 1000) / E x PF x 1.73 ]
kW x 1000 / E
HP x 746 / E x EFF x PF
kW x 1000 / E x PF
kVA x 1000 / E
kW x 1000 / E x PF x 1.73
IxE
R x I2
E2 / R
HOW TO FIND KILOWATTS (kW) Direct Current E and I must be known: E x I / 1000
THREE PHASE
E x I x PF x 1.73 / 1000
HOW TO FIND KILOVOLT-Amps (kVA) SINGLE PHASE E and I must be known: E x I / 1000
HOW TO FIND HORSEPOWER (HP) Direct Current E, I and EFF must be known: E x I x EFF / 746
WHERE:
E = VOLTS P = WATTS R = OHMS I = AMPS HP = HORSEPOWER PF = POWER FACTOR kW = KILOWATTS kVA = KILOVOLT-AMPS EFF = EFFICIENCY (decimal)
W = total weight in lbs. to be raised by motor S = hoisting speed in feet per minute E = overall mechanical efficiency of hoist and gearing. For purposes of estimating E = .65 for eff. of hoist and "connected gear."
6.2415 x 1018 eV (Electron Volts) 0.2390 cal (calorie) (small calories, lower case c) 2.3901 x 104 kilocalorie, Calories (food energy, upper case C) 9.4782 x 104 BTU (British thermal unit) 0.7376 ft-lb (foot-pound force)2.7778 x 107 kiloWatt hour 2.7778 x 104 Watt hour
1 thermo chemical calorie = 4.184 J 1 International Table calorie = 4.1868 J 1 Watt hour = 3600 J 1 kiloWatt hour = 3.6 x 106 J (or 3.6 MJ) 1 ton TNT = 4.184 GJ
Useful to remember:
Dynes: In physics, the dyne (symbol "dyn", from Greek (dynamis) meaning power, force) is a unit of force specified in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units, a predecessor of the modern SI. One dyne is equal to exactly 10 micronewtons. Equivalently, the dyne is defined as "the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimeter per second squared": 1 dyn = 1 g x cm/s2 = 10 - 5 kg x m/s2 = 10 N The dyne per centimeter is the unit usually associated with measuring surface tension. For example, the surface tension of distilled water is 72 dyn/cm at 25C (77F).
Units of force newton (SI unit) 1N 1 dyn = 1 kg x m/s2 = 10-5 N dyne = 105 dyn = 1 g x cm/s2 = 980665 dyn 444822 dyn kilogram-force, kilopond 0.10197 kp 1.0197 x 10-6 kp = gn x (1 kg) pound-force 0.22481 lbf 2.2481 x 10-6 lbf 2.2046 lbf poundal 7.2330 pdl 7.2330 x 10-5 pdl 70.932 pdl
1 kp
= 9.80665 N
1 lbf 1 pdl
4.448222 N
0.45359 kp
The value of gn as used in the official definition of the kilogram-force is used here for all gravitational units.
Mechanical
General Approximations - RULES OF THUMB Use these in the field for fast approximations:
At 3600 rpm, a motor develops a 1.5 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output At 1800 rpm, a motor develops a 3 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output At 1200 rpm, a motor develops a 4.5 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output At 900 rpm, a motor develops a 6 lb-ft of torque per HP at rated HP output At 575 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1 AMP per HP at rated HP output At 460 volts, a 3-phase motor draws 1.25 AMP per HP at rated HP output At 230 volts a 3-phase motor draws 2.5 AMP per HP at rated HP output At 230 volts, a single-phase motor draws 5 AMP per HP at rated HP output At 115 volts, a single-phase motor draws 10 AMP per HP at rated HP output
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onversion Table
nversion table package allows conversion from one set of units to another. It is for manual use and does no calculations. But, t sily printed table for reference. Most of the conversion factors are taken from the public domain information of the U.S. Nationa e of Standards and Technology, NIST.
Standard Prefixes
Prefix used in code Prefix for written unit Multiplier dahkMGTPEZdekahectokilomegagigaterapetaexazeta10 100 1000 1e6 1e9 1e12 1e15 1e18 1e21
Y-
yotta-
1e24
dcmmunpfazy-
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
1e-1 1e-2 1e-3 1e-6 1e-9 1e-12 1e-15 1e-18 1e-21 1e-24
Standard Units
Unit Symbol Definition Time second sec 1s Comments
international foot inch international mile international mile milli-inch Parsec League Astronomical Unit
0.3048 m 1.0/12.0 ft 5280.0 ft 1 mile 0.001 in 3.085678e16 m 3 mile 1.49598e11 m alternate symbol
Astronomical Unit yard Angstrom Angstrom furlong fathom Rod U.S. survey foot U.S. survey mile point pica
1.49598e11 m 3 ft 1e-10 m 1 Ang 220 yd 6 ft 16.5 ft (1200./3937.) m 5280 sft 1./72. in 1./6. in
alternate symbol
alternate symbol
C R F
gram gram pound mass Troy pound carat (metric) slug snail Short Ton Long Ton Ounce Grain Pennyweight
0.001 kg g 0.45359237 kg 0.3732417 kg 0.2 g 1 lb sec^2/ft 1 lb sec^2/in 2000 lbm 2240 lbm 28.34952 g 64.79891 mg 1.55174 g
(avoirdupois)
Force or Weight Newton Dyne pound force N dyn lb 1 kg m/s^2 1e-5 N lbm G
Joule British Therm. Unit British Therm. Unit British Therm. Unit calorie calorie Calorie electron volt erg Ton of TNT
1Nm 1055.056 J 1 BTU 1054.350 J 4.1868 J 4.184 J 4.1868 kJ 1.602177e-19 J 1e-7 J 4.184e9 J Power (International Table) alternate symbol (Thermochemical) (International Table) (Thermochemical) (nutritionists)
W hp
bar Pascal Pounds per sq. inch Pounds per sq. ft. kilo psi
bar Pa
psi
1 lb/in^2
psf ksi
atmospheres
atm
inHg
mmHg
0.1333 kPa
torr
Liter gallon
L gal
Pint (U.S. liquid) Quart (U.S. liquid) Pint (U.S. dry) Quart (U.S. dry) Acre Hectare Barrel (petroleum) Fluid Ounce Gill (U.S.) Peck (U.S.) Tablespoon Teaspoon Cup
1/8. gal 2 pint 0.5506105 L 2 dpint 1/640.0 smi^2 10000 m^2 158.9873 L 29.57353 mL 0.1182941 L 8.809768 L 1/32. pint 1/3. tbl 16. tbl Electromagnetism
Coulomb Volt
Co V
1As 1 W/A
Ohm Ohm Faraday Farad Stokes Oersted Webber Tesla Henry Siemens
ohm
1 V/A
\\Omega 1 V/A faraday farad stokes Oe Wb Tesla H S 96485.31 Co Co/V 1e-4 m^2/s 79.57747 A/m Vs Wb/m^2 Wb/A A/V
Magnetic flux Magnetic flux density Inductance Electrical Conductance Light and Radiation
lux lx lm sb ph
Iluminance
Luminous Flux
Bq Gy Sv
lbmole poise
quantity viscosity
Gravity's accel.
Gravity on Earth
Degree
deg
Pi/180
0.01 1852 m/hr 1 mi/hr 1. gal/min 360 deg/min Updated: 7/1/11 velocity velocity flow rate
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Energy in general is defined as the capacity for doing work. Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy:
P=Work/t=Energy/t
, where t is time. Although casually the terms energy and power are often used interchangeably, technically they have different meanings. The SI unit of energy and work (which are numerically the same) is the joule (J). A joule is the work done by a force of one newton for a distance of one meter. This unit is usually used in physics. Energy comes in many forms, such as heat, motion, gravitational, radiated solar power, and electrical. For different types of energy other physical units are also used. For example, the British Thermal Unit (Btu) is often used to measure the heat energy or compare fuels. One Btu is what's needed to heat one pound of water one degree F. The SI derived unit of power is watt (W). Watt is power required to produce or use of one joule of energy per second. This unit and its multiple kilowatt are usually used in ratings of various electric loads and sources of electricity, such as generators for homes.
How do we get an expression for electrical power from its general definition as work per unit time? By definition, work done by a constant force F when it moves an object by distance L in the direction of force is:
Work=FL
. We know that in an uniform electric field with voltage V over distance L, the force acting on a charge Q is equal to F=V/LQ. (Particularly, in the field of 1 volt/meter, force of 1 newton is acting on one coulomb charge). Substituting this into the above general expression of work gives the equation for P required to move a charge Q in an electric field: P = FL/t = VQ/t. The rate of charge flow Q/t is called electric current I. Replacing Q/t with I in the above formula yields a familiar expression for instantaneous value of electrical power: P=VI. In AC circuits voltage and current are often shifted in phase and are not sinusoidal. You can use the tools below to make instant online conversion between various SI, CGS, imperial and other energy and power units.
watt [W]: kilowatt [kW]: megawatt [MW]: gigawatt [GW]: terawatt [TW]: milliwatt [mW]: volt ampere [V*A]: newton meter/second: joule/second [J/s]: pound-foot/second: erg/second [erg/s]: ton (refrigeration): kilocalorie (IT)/hour: calorie (IT)/second: Btu (IT)/hour [Btu/h]: Btu (th)/hour: Btu (IT)/second: horsepower [hp]: horsepower (metric): horsepower (boiler):
0.001
0.001
0.000001
6.241506363e
0.000000001 megaelectron-volt
6.241506363e
1e-12
erg: watt-hour [W*h]: kilowatt-hour [kW*h]: watt-second [W*s]: newton meter [N*m]: hour [hp*h]:
10000000
1000
0.000277778
0.000000278
0.737562149 horsepower
10000000
0.000000373
horsepower (metric) hour: (IT) [kcal (IT), kcal]: (th) [kcal (th)]:
0.000000378
0.000284345 kilocalorie
0.000238846
0.000239006
0.238845897
3.412141633
calorie (th) [cal (th)]: calorie (nutritional): Btu (IT): Btu (th): (refrigeration) [ton*h]:
0.239005736
3.41442595
0.000238846
0.000947817
0.000947817
0.001341022
0.000948452
0.000000079
1.566639868e
horsepower (electric):
0.001340483
ton (explosives):
2.390057361e
10000000
10197.162130
0.101971621
NOTES
foot-pound force [ft*lbf]: : IT- International Table th- thermochemical unit inch-pound force [in*lbf]: inch-ounce [in*ozf]: poundal foot [pdl*ft]: therm: therm (US): Hartree energy: Rydberg constant:
0.737562149 8.850745792
141.61193266
23.730360457
0.000000009
0.000000009
2.293710449e
4.587420897e