GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES ENERGIZER: 1. THE GREEKS CREATED THEIR GODS IN THEIR OWN IMAGE. 2.

GREEKS BELIEVE IN PREDESTINATION WHICH MEANS HAVING NO CONTROL OVER EVENTS BECAUSE IT HAS ALREADY BEEN DECI-DED BY FATE OR GOD. 3. GREEK GODS WERE INTENSELY HUMAN THAT IS WHY PARA-DOXICALLY THE REASON THEY BECAME IMMORTAL 4. He was lord of the sky, the rain god, and the cloud gatherer, who wielded the terrible thunderbolt. ZEUS 5. in Greek mythology, the god of the heavens.URANUS 6. GREEK GODDESS RHEA MOTHER OF ZEUS IS ALSO KNOWN AS OPS 7. .FROM THE CASTRATION of Uranus AND HIS BLOOD THAT fell into the sea, emerged the goddess Aphrodite 8. KNOWN AS the god of fire AND METALWORKS HEPHAESTUS 9. in Greek mythology, the three avenging deities Tisiphone (the avenger of murder), Megaera (the jealous one), and Alecto (unceasing in anger). ERINYES / FURIES 10. a three-headed, dragon -tailed dog that guarded the entrance to the UNDer-world, or Hades. The mons-ter permitted all spirits to enter Hades, but would allow none to leave. CERBERUS LESSON PROPER: MYTHOLOGY Mythology is a part of ancient life. An explanation of things unknown to the people and settlers of old. It is as defined is a body of collection of myths addressing their origin, heroes legends and etc., but what are myths? A traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a fundamental type in the worldview of a people, as by explaining aspects of the natural world or delineating the psychology, customs, or ideals of society. ZEUS Zeus (jove), in Greek mythology, the god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian gods. Zeus corresponds to the Roman god Jupiter. Zeus was considered, according to Homer, the father of the gods and of mortals. He did not create either gods or mortals; he was their father in the sense of being the protector and ruler both of the Olympian family and of the human race. He was lord of the sky, the rain god, and the cloud gatherer, who wielded the terrible thunderbolt. His breastplate was the aegis, his bird the eagle, his tree the oak. Zeus presided over the gods on Mount Olympus in Thessaly (Thessalia). His principal shrines were at Dodona, in Epirus, the land of the oak trees and the most ancient shrine, famous for its oracle, and at Olympia, where the Olympic Games were celebrated in his honor every fourth year. The Nemean games, held at Nemea, northwest of rgos, were also dedicated to Zeus.

URANUS in Greek mythology, the god of the heavens. husband of Gaea, who personified the earth. Uranus was the father of the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the 100-handed giants. The Titans, led by their ruler, Cronus, dethroned and castrated Uranus. From the blood that fell upon the earth sprang the three Erinyes, or Furies, who avenge crimes of patricide and perjury. The severed genitals of Uranus fell into the sea, and from them emerged the goddess Aphrodite. Although Uranus may have been worshiped as a god by earlier inhabitants of Greece, he was never an object of worship for the Greeks of the historical period. RHEA ROMAN: OPS in Greek mythology, mother of the gods, a Titan the daughter of Uranus and Gaea, Heaven and Earth, and the sister and wife of the Titan Cronus. For many ages, Cronus and Rhea ruled the universe. Cronus, having been warned that one of their children was destined to seize his throne, tried to avert this fate by swallowing his offspring as soon as they were born. After the birth of her sixth child, the god Zeus, Rhea outwitted her husband by giving him a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he swallowed, thinking it was the baby. she had hidden the child in Crete (Krti). Later, when Zeus was grown, he forced his father to disgorge the stone. along with the five other children who had been born to Rhea: Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hestia, and Hera. In Roman mythology, Rhea was identified with Cybele, the great mother of the gods. POSEIDON ROMAN NEPTUNE god of the sea, the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, the brother of Zeus and Hades. Poseidon was the husband of Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, by whom he had a son, Triton. Poseidon had numerous other love affairs, however, especially with nymphs of springs and fountains, HE was the father of several children famed for their wildness and cruelty, among them the giant Orion and the Cyclops Polyphemus. Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa were the parents of Pegasus, the famous winged horse. He contended unsuccessfully with Athena, for the control of Athens. When he and Apollo, were cheated of their promised wages after having helped Laomedon, king of Troy, build the walls of that city, Poseidon's revenge against Troy knew no bounds. He sent a terrible sea monster to ravage the land, and during the Trojan War he helped the Greeks.

HADES ROMAN PLUTO Hades, in Greek mythology, god of the dead.

lord of riches, because both crops and precious metals were believed to come from his kingdom below ground. When the three brothers divided up the universe after they had deposed their father,Cronus, Hades was awarded the underworld. There, with his queen, Persephone, whom he had abducted from the world above, he ruled the kingdom of the dead. Although he was a grim and pitiless god, unappeased by either prayer or sacrifice, he was not evil. The underworld itself was guarded by Cerberus, the three-headed, dragon-tailed dog. Sinister rivers separated the underworld from the world above, and the aged boatman Charon ferried the souls of the dead across these waters. HERA ROMAN JUNO in Greek mythology, queen of the gods the sister and wife of the god Zeus. Hera was the goddess of marriage and the protector of married women. She was the mother of Ares, god of war; Hephaestus, god of fire; Hebe, goddess of youth; and Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth. Hera was a jealous wife, who often persecuted Zeus's mistresses and children. She never forgot an injury and was known for her vindictive nature. Angry with the Trojan prince Paris for preferring Aphrodite, to herself, Hera aided the Greeks in the Trojan War and was not appeased until Troy was finally destroyed. HESTIA Hestia, in Greek mythology, virgin goddess of the hearth. the eldest daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. She was believed to preside at all sacrificial altar fires, and prayers were offered to her before and after meals. Although she appears in very few myths, most cities had a common hearth where her sacred fire burned. In Rome, Hestia was worshiped as Vesta, and her fire was attended by six virgin priestesses known as vestal virgins. HERMES ROMAN MERCURY Hermes, in Greek mythology, messenger of the gods the son of the god Zeus and of Maia, the daughter of the Titan Atlas. As the special servant and courier of Zeus, Hermes had winged sandals and a winged hat and bore a golden Caduceus, or magic wand, entwined with snakes and surmounted by wings. He conducted the souls of the dead to the underworld and was believed to possess magical powers over sleep and dreams. Hermes was also the god of commerce, and the protector of traders and herds. As the deity of athletes, he protec-ted gymnasiums and stadiums and was believed to be respon-sible for both good luck and wealth. Despite his virtuous characteristics, Hermes was also a dangerous foe, a trickster, and a thief. In one version of a characteristic tale, on the day of his birth he stole the cattle of his brother, Apollo, obscuring their trail by making the herd walk backward.

When confronted by Apollo, Hermes denied the theft. The brothers were finally reconciled when Hermes gave Apollo his newly invented lyre. Hermes was represen-ted in early Greek art as a mature, bearded man; in classical art he became an athletic youth, nude and beardless. HEPHAESTUS often identified with the Roman god of fire, Vulcan. god of fire and metalwork the son of the god Zeus and the goddess Hera, or sometimes the son of Hera alone. In contrast to the other gods, Hephaestus was lame and awkward. Shortly after his birth, he was cast out of Olympus, either by Hera, who was repelled by his deformity, or by Zeus, because Hephaestus had sided with Hera against him. In most legends, however, he was soon honored again on Olympus and was married to Aphrodite, goddess of love, or to Aglaia, one of the three Graces. As the artisan among the gods, Hephaestus made their armor, weapons, and jewelry. His workshop was believed to lie under Mount Etna, a volcano in Sicily. GAEA GaIA, Ge , TERRA the personifi-cation of Mother Earth She was the mother and wife of Father Heaven, who was personified as Uranus. They were the parents of the earliest living creatures. DEMETER goddess of grain and the harvest daughter of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. When her daughter Persephone was abduc-ted by Hades Demeter's grief was so great that she neglected the land; no plants grew, and famine devastated the earth. Dismayed at this situation, Zeus, demanded that his brother Hades return Persephone to her mother. Hades agreed, but before he released the girl, he made her eat some pomegranate seeds that would force her to return to him for four months each year. In her joy at being reunited with her daughter, Demeter caused the earth to bring forth bright spring flowers and abundant fruit and grain for the harvest. However, her sorrow returned each fall when Persephone had to go back to the underworld. The desolation of the winter season and the death of vegetation were regarded as the yearly manifestation of Demeter's grief. Eleusinian CULT Mysteries THAT spread from Sicily to Rome,worshiped THEM as Ceres and Proserpine.

CRONUS ruler of the universe during the Golden Age. TIME Saturn in Roman mythology, ancient god of agriculture. He was one of the 12 Titans and the youngest son of Uranus and Gaea.

the personifications of heaven and earth. He attacked HIS FATHER Uranus and wounded him severely; Cronus thus became the ruler of the universe. ATHENA Daughter of Zeus Athena ranked as one of the most powerful goddesses in Greek mythology. Athena was the favorite child of Zeus, she sprang fully formed and armed from his head. (known as Minerva in Roman mythology) was protector of numerous Greek cities, especially Athens, and was associated with industry, art, wisdom, and warfare. The Greeks dedicated numerous buildings and shrines to Athena, including the prominent temple in Athens, the Parthenon. the Parthenon, became hers as a result of her gift of the olive tree to the Athenian people. ZEUS entrusted her with his shield, adorned with the hideous head of Medusa the Gorgon, his buckler, and his principal weapon, the thunderbolt. Also known as Pallas Athena. A virgin goddess, she was called Parthenos (the maiden). ARTEMIS one of the principal goddesses, counterpart of the Roman goddess Diana. She was the daughter of the god Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of the god Apollo. Leto is the daughter of the Titans Phoebe and Coeus. She was chief hunter to the gods and goddess of hunting and of wild animals, especially bears. Artemis was also the goddess of childbirth, of nature, and of the harvest. Although traditionally the friend and protector of youth, especially young women, Artemis prevented the Greeks from sailing to Troy during the Trojan War until they sacrificed a maiden to her. According to some accounts, just before the sacrifice, she rescued the victim, Iphigenia. Like Apollo, Artemis was armed with a bow and arrows, which she often used to punish mortals who angered her. In other legends, she is praised for giving young women who died in childbirth a swift and painless death. As the moon goddess, she was sometimes identified with the goddesses Selene and Hecate. SELENE goddess of the moon, the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia ROMAN LUNA. represented AS driving a chariot drawn by two horses, or sometimes, by two oxen

HECATE She was the goddess of sorcery and witchcraft. Greek goddess of darkness and crossroads. She was the daughter of the Titans Perses and Asteria

often represented with either three bodies or three heads and with serpents entwined about her neck.

ARES god of war and son of Zeus and his wife, Hera. The Romans identified him with Mars, also a god of war. The month of March was named for Mars. Aggressive and sanguinary, Ares personified the brutal nature of war. associated with Ares were his consort, Aphrodite, and such minor deities as Deimos (Panic) and Phobos (Fear), who accompanied him in battle. Although fierce and warlike, Ares was not invincible, even against mortals. The worship of Ares, believed to have originated in Thrace. Ares was an ancestral deity of Thebes and had a temple at Athens, at the foot of the Areopagus, or Hill of Ares. APOLLO son of the god Zeus and Leto, daughter of a Titan. He also bore the epithets Delian from Delos, the island of his birth, and Pythian, from his killing of the Python, the fabled serpent that guarded a shrine on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. The functions of the Greek sun god Helios were transferred to Apollo, in his identity as Phoebus. In Homeric legend, a god of prophecy. His most important oracle was at Delphi. He sometimes gave the gift of prophecy to mortals whom he loved, such as the Trojan princess Cassandra. Apollo was a gifted musician who delighted the gods with his performance on the lyre. He was also a master archer and a fleet-footed athlete, credited with having been the first victor in the ancient Olympic Games. His twin sister, Artemis, was the guardian of young women, and Apollo was the special protector of young men. He was also the god of agriculture and cattle and of light and truth. He taught humans the art of healing (see Asclepius). Some tales depict Apollo as stern or cruel. Apollo answered the prayers of the priest by shooting fiery, pestilential arrows into the Greek army. He also abducted and ravished the young Athenian princess Creusa and abandoned her and the child born to them ion. nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus. She was a hunter who dedicated herself to Artemis, goddess of the hunt, and, like the goddess, refused to marry. Perhaps because of his beauty, Apollo was represented in ancient art more frequently than any other deity.

APHRODITE the goddess of love and beauty and the counterpart of the Roman Venus. but she is ALSO described as having sprung from the foam of the sea, and etymologically her name may mean foam-risen. Aphrodite is the wife of Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of fire.

Her lovers include Ares, god of war, who in later mythology was represented as her husband. She was the rival of Persephone, queen of the underworld, for the love of the beautiful Greek youth Adonis.

EROS the god of love and counter-part of the Roman Cupid. In early mythology, creative power in the universe. Soon, however, he was thought of as a handsome and intense young man, attended by Pothos (longing) or Himeros (desire). the constant attendant of his mother, Aphrodite, goddess of love. he carried commonly the silver bow and arrows, with which he shot darts of desire into the bosoms of gods and men. MAJOR OLYMPIAN DEITIES 12 MAJOR OLYMPIAN DEITIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Hestia Athena 7. Ares 8. Apollo 9. Artemis 10. Aphrodite 11. Hermes 12. Hephaestus

Pantheon of gods CANONICAL TWELVE 1. Zeus (Jupiter) 2. Hera (Juno) 3. Poseidon (Neptune) 4. Hephaestus (Vulcan) 5. Ares (Mars) 6. Apollo (with removal of Hades and HestiA) 7. Artemis (Diana) 8. Demeter(Ceres) 9. Aphrodite (Venus) 10. Athena (Minerva) 11. Hermes (Mercury) 12. Dionysus (Bacchus)

MINOR GODS Hypnos god of sleep. ROMAN COUNTER-PART OF SOMNUS

FATHER OF Morpheus, in Greek mythology, god of dreams

MORPHEUS GOD OF DREAMS formed the dreams that came to those asleep. He also represented human beings in dreams. The name Morpheus is derived from the Greek word for shape or form. NIKE goddess of victory daughter of the Titan Pallas and the river Styx. Nike fought with the god Zeus in his battle against the Titans, and in Greek art is sometimes represented as winged and carrying a wreath or palm of victory. Dionysus ROMAN GOD Bacchus HE was the son of ZEUS and Semele daughter of the king and queen of the Greek city of Thebes. god of wine and vegetation, who showed mortals how to cultivate grapevines and make wine. GOD OF DRUNKEN REVELRY HE is often represented on Attic vases with a drinking horn and vine branches. Dionysus is also characterized as a deity whose mysteries inspired ecstatic,orgiastic OCCULT worship. The maenads, or bacchantes, were a group of female devotees who left their homes to roam the wilderness in ecstatic devotion to Dionysus. HE was good and gentle to those who honored him, but he brought madness and destruction upon those who spurned him. Asclepius the god of medicine. He was a son of Apollo and Coronis, a beauti-ful maiden of Thessaly. Angry because Coronis was unfaithful to him, Apollo killed her and tore the unborn Asclepius from her womb. He later sent Asclepius to the centaur Chiron to be raised. Asclepius learned all that Chiron knew about the art of healing and soon became a great physician. Because Asclepius threatened the natural order by raising people from the dead, Zeus killed him with a thunderbolt. EOS ERIS goddess of the dawn Associated with aurora Memnon, a Greek hero, king of Ethiopia is her son to the Trojan prince Tithonus. DISCORDIA GODDESS OF DISCORD GODDESS OF STRIFE instigator of the Trojan War daughter of Eris and Zeus

 ATE IRIS

Ate the goddess of rash actions and their consequences. She is said to have been responsible for the bitter quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles during the Trojan War. Zeus banished her from heaven after she had tricked him into taking a thought-less oath. goddess of the rainbow the daughter of the Titan Thaumas and Electra, daughter of the Titan Oceanus. As messenger of the god Zeus and Hera, Iris left Olympus only to convey the divine commands to humankind, by whom she was regarded as an adviser and guide. a sister of the winged monsters, the Harpies, Iris a beautiful maiden, with wings and robes of bright colors and a halo of light on her head, trailing across the sky with a rainbow in her wake.

Harpies foul creatures with the heads of old women and the bodies, wings, beaks, and claws of birds. DEMIGODS a mythological being who is half human and half god minor in a hierarchy of other gods

HERACLES hero noted for his strength and courage and for his many legendary exploits. Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek hero Heracles. He was the son of Zeus and Alcmene, wife of the Theban general Amphitryon. Hera, shortly after Hercules birth she sent two great serpents to destroy him. Hercules, although still a baby, strangled the snakes. As a young man Hercules killed a lion with his bare hands. As a trophy of his adventure, he wore the skin of the lion as a cloak and its head as a helmet. MARRIED Theban princess Megara, by whom he had three children. Hera sent a fit of madness upon him during which he killed his wife and children. HE purge himself by becoming the servant of his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae. Eurystheus, urged on by Hera, devised as a penance the 12 difficult tasks, the Labors of Hercules.

PAN god of shepherds and flocks. He was believed to be responsible for their fertility. Born in Arcadia, Pan was depicted with human arms and a human torso but with the ears, horns, and legs of a goat. A SATYR (HALF MAN HALF GOAT)

His father was Hermes and his mother was either Penelope,or the nymph Callisto. believed to be responsible for the sudden, inexplica-ble fear, or panic, that can overtake travelers in REMOTE MOUNTAINS. he invented the panpipes, or syrinx, when a nymph he was chasing was transformed into a stand of reeds to escape his advances.

PERSEUS slayer of the Gorgon Medusa he was the son of Zeus, and of Dana, daughter of Acrisius, king of rgos. Warned that he would be killed by his grandson, Acrisius locked mother and child in a chest and cast them into the sea. They drifted to the island of Seriphus, where they were rescued and where Perseus grew to manhood. Polydectes, king of Seriphus, fell in love with Dana, and sent him to procure the head of Medusa Zeus's Consorts and Offspring Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods, had many relationships with Greek goddesses and mortal women that resulted in offspring. Zeus even gave birth to a child without a motherAthena, the goddess of wisdom, sprang from his head. Metis is considered to be Athenas mother