History..

The development of algebra is outlined in these notes under the following headings: Egyptian algebra, Babylonian algebra, Greek geometric algebra, Diophantine algebra, Hindu algebra, Arabic algebra, European algebra since 1500, and modern algebra. Since algebra grows out of arithmetic, recognition of new numbers - irrationals, zero, negative numbers, and complex numbers - is an important part of its history. Elements

approach to describing mathematical objects is relevant to the study of all areas of mathematics, and we begin exploring this approach later in this chapter. For now, we assume the existence of a suitable axiomatic framework for sets and focus on their basic relationships and operations. We rst consider some examples. Example 2.1.1 Each of the following collections of elements is a set.

Sets

Writing A = {1, 2, 3, 4 },means that the elements of the set A are the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Sets of elements of A, for example {1, 2}, are subsets of A. Sets can themselves be elements. For example consider the set B = {1, 2, {3, 4}}. The elements of B are not 1, 2, 3, and 4. Rather, there are only three elements of B, namely the numbers 1 and 2, and the set {3, 4}. The elements of a set can be anything. For example, C = { red, green, blue }, is the set whose elements are the colors red, green and blue. Ways in set In many settings, the upper case letters A, B, . . . , Z are used to name sets, and There are two ways of describing, or specifying the members of, a set. One way is byintensional definition, using a rule or semantic description. See this example: pair of braces {,} is used to specify the elements of a set. In example 2.1.1, V is a A is the set whose members are the first four positive integers. B is the set of colors of the French flag. nite a X = {1, 3, 5} Y = {n : n is an odd integer} = {. . . , 5, 3, 1, 1, 3, 5, . . .} n V = {cat, dog, sh} W = {1, 2}

The second way is by extension, that is, listing each member of the set. An extensional definition is notated by enclosing the list of members in braces:

diff. sets The basic number sets are: Real numbers () all the numbers on the number line Natural numbers () the counting numbers only (1, 2, 3...) Whole numbers the natural numbers, plus zero (0, 1, 2, 3...) Integers () the whole numbers, plus their negatives (-3, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3...) Rational numbers () all positive and negative fractions, including integers Irrational numbers numbers that can't be expressed as fractions. Written as decimals, they go on forever without repeating. Includes numbers like , e, 7, etc. Complex numbers () numbers of the form a+bi The "a" is the real part and the "bi" is the imaginary part The letter "i" represents the (imaginary) square root of -1. Imaginary numbers complex numbers of the form bi. (They have no real part.) Prime numbers () a number that is only divisibly by 1 and itself is a prime Composite numbers all non-prime numbers

C = {4, 2, 1, 3} D = {blue, white, red} Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathem set writing The Algebra of Sets Intuitively, a set is a collection of objects known as elements. But in the early 1900s, a radical transformation occurred in mathematicians understanding of sets when the British philosopher Bertrand Russell identied a fundamental paradox inherent in this intuitive notion of a set (this paradox is discussed in exercises 6670 at the end of this section). Consequently, in a formal set theory course, a set is dened as a mathematical object satisfying certain axioms. These axioms detail properties of sets and are used to develop an elegant and sophisticated theory of sets. This axiomatic

You are more than the sum of your past mistakes. You are more than the choices that youve made, You are more than the sum of your past mistakes, You are more than the problems you create, Youve been remade.

More to You Than Your Roles

By Asia Sharif-Clark Ads by Google

You Are More, Tenth Avenue North If its good news, lets share it, but if its bad news, I want to know how it is. Tenth Avenue North writes powerful and wonderful worship songs, but this is one I have a little hesitation about promoting. The key to this chorus is the last stanza: Youve been remade. I almost wish this was the first stanza instead of the last, because, without it, the rest of the chorus simply isnt true. The Bible tells us we are responsible for our choices, we are accountable for our mistakes, and we are condemned by the problems we create. I might not want it that way, I might not like it that way, but that doesnt mean I should ignore the reality. I might not like or want the law of gravity, but I might want to keep that law in mind before I go jumping from a cliff. Ive heard it said before that, as Christians, we sometimes try to tell the good news before the bad news. In our mind, were skipping past the problems and moving people right into the kingdom of joy. But does it really work that way? Suppose I walked up to you and said, Im going to bail you out. Your reaction would probably be something like (if you were polite), Excuse me? or Who do you think you are? or Bailed out from what? Now suppose instead I walked up to you and said, Did you know youre going to be thrown in jail tomorrow? If you dont know youre going to jail, then getting bailed out isnt necessary or interesting to you. If we dont understand that we are the choices we have made, we will never understand why we are in big trouble. My fear is that sometimes we try to jump past the condemnation and judgment of sin and right into grace and love. But there is no such jump. We must go through condemnation and judgment to get to the grace and love. But no sinner can ever survive such a journey. Now comes the good news: God can remake us through the love and blood of Jesus Christ. Jesus is the reason we can become more than the sum of our past mistakes. But I cant agree with the line that we are more than the choices that youve made. If we do not choose to follow Christ, we will never be more than the bad choices we have made. Woe to the wicked! Disaster is upon them! They will be paid back for what their hands have done. (Isaiah 3:11, NIV) But if we are remade, as the song suggests, we dont have stay in guilt over the choices weve made, agony over our past mistakes, and torment over the problems we have created. Therefore there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. (Romans 8:1, NASB) But there is a great difference between Adams sin and Gods gracious gift. For the sin of this one man, Adam, brought death to many. But even greater is Gods wonderful grace and his gift of forgiveness to many through this other man, Jesus Christ. And the result of Gods gracious gift is very different from the result of that one mans sin. For Adams sin led to condemnation, but Gods free gift leads to our being made right with God, even though we are guilty of many sins. (Romans 5:15-16, NLT)

God Can Help You www.LifesGreatestQuestion.com Learn From This True Life Story A Prayer That Can Change Your Life Find Your Soulmate Now www.tanahoy.com With Psychic Readings from Tana Hoy 93% Accuracy Over 90000 Readings The Basics of Prayer everystudent.com Prayer has some ground rules. See how the Bible explains Prayer.

How often have you been asked, "So, what do you do?" Probably often enough that you keep a rehearsed line or two ready and handy. I can't count the number of times I've said with complete joy, "I'm Asia!" Only to hear, "And... what do you do?" As though who I am has little value. Fortunately, I learned that who I am is really all I am.

Who Are You... Really?

What I've learned not to do is start listing all the things I do for a living, to satisfy who's asking. I do, take a breath and think of two or three things I love doing, and share that. So they leave me with, "That Asia loves dancing, writing, and helping women solve problems!" Never feel obligated to respond with functions, you are not a machine. You are much more than your roles.

You are a combination of experiences and beauty. Picture a flower. Anyone you like. Now, ask yourself why is it important? I'll give you a moment. You don't really care... do you? It's beautiful and that's enough. You don't care that it has a function for bees and other life, or the roots do this and the stem does that, you're just glad it's here.

Try to see you the same way. A combination of beauty with experience.

Remember Kindergarten, when you showed up with complete joy and said, "Hi, I'm_______!" You made you special. Just by showing up. Wishing you peace as you show up today as you.

Attributes Are Not Everything

Each individual trait line carries two attributes, but they do not tell the whole story about their respective lines. There is no telling what major or minor trait would be more attractive if only you had enough points. Dont dump everything in one trait just because it gives you more of an attribute. Trait lines are one of the many ways you can gain in a certain attribute. It is true you most likely wont find other sources to give +300 of one attribute, but you could be lacking a lot of utility for your character if you only build by them.

Minors Are Never a Bad Choice

A complete build will most certainly be in multiples of fives, but if you have the points to spare dont be afraid to give up a major trait for two minor traits. The reason is because almost all minor traits are more character specific. Unlike most major traits, they are not concentrated on weapons or utility skills. They will almost always focus on things your character will do in any weapon or utility combination. This lets some of them to be in effect a lot longer than major traits whose bonus is expensed as soon as the linked weapon or utility skill is changed or is used.

Major Traits Come in All Sizes

Major traits are really diverse but generally they can be split into the following categories: damage modification, defense modification, attribute modification, recharge reduction, effect range increase, skill trigger effects, and misc. utility. Choose a good mix of these options for your trait build, dont specialize too much. This comes back to the idea that it is your builds responsibility to be flexible in all situations. Its easy to take all damage increasing traits, but think about what happens if you are bombarded with conditions with no way to remove them, and you could have spared 5 points for a trait that removed conditions whenever you dodged. Even though you could defeat the target, their conditions will eventually defeat you. The net gain in that case is a sad and lonely zero.